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TITLE Selecte,d(Bibliog/raphy on Asianuand Pacific American .

,... Children and Families. Asian Pacific American Education OCcasional Papers. INSTITUTION National Association for Asian- and Pacific American Educationr.Berkeley, Calif. SPONS AGENCY National Ins*. ofI2ducation (ED), Washington, D.'C. PUB DATE [BO] \

GRANT NIE-G-79-0061 . NOTE 49p.t For.a related document, see UD 021-287. Not available in paper copy due to institution's restriction. VAILABLE FROM National, Association for Asian and Pacific American Educhtion, 141'4' Walnut Street, Berkeley,CA 94709,,

(write/for price1., . .. EDRS PRIG MF01 Plus postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. . DESCRIPTORS Annotated Bibliographies: *Asian Americans: *Children: *Educational Experience: *Family (Sociological Unit) :, *Mental Health : .Refugees: *Social Problems: Vietnamese People

IDENTIFIERS *paCifie Americani 4 . .ABSTRACT /This is an annotated 'bibliography of recent.articles, books, and scholarly papers on Asian and Pacific Americanchildren' and famill..es. Works are divided by topical area,.kitha primary focus on literatureZrelated to the eduCation of Asian/Pacific American children. There are four main topicaldivisions:. (11 education: (21 family:(31 ,mental health: and (41 sociil. issues. Under the ciAegory of education, subtopics include achievement, bilingualeducation and English as2S. seCondlanguage, the classroom, materials, research; and school programs. Topics listed under family includethe elderly; parent-child interactions, and socialization andacculturation. The section On mental health lists works on; attitudes, cognitive. development, communication, mental health issues, and personality. The final section on social issues is divided into works'on communities, demography, the media, social economic St dies, Vietnamese refugees, women, and youth. (APM)

**********************************************************************1 * Reproductions supplied by 'Epps are the best thatcan be made * ,from the original docitment., ********************************************************************** JUN u NO1

ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICAN/EDUCATION OCCASIONAL PAPERS

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF. EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS EDU TICIIYAL.116SOURCES INFORMATION %, CENTER .IERICI MATERIAL INMICROFIc.,HE ONLY Thisflocid'iSent 'has been reproduced as HAS BEEN GRANTED-BY received from )hii,.petson or organization originating it. n bn.ci Minor changes have been made to improve: reproduction ./ NI(Nis,PAe"

PoinIF.Ot view or opinions stated in this docu men! do pot necessarily represent official ME TO THE ,EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES tiositio0or policy INFQRMATION CENTER (ERIC)."

110% NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONFOR ASIAN AND PACIFIC AMERICANEDUCATION Asian Pacific Arneri Can ResearchSeminars

2 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON ASIAN AND PACIFIC AMERICAN

CHILDREN AND F411LIES' -

Compiled by:

AsiartPacific American Research Seminars

National Association for AsianAnd Pacific American Education

This project'is supported by a grant from the National Institute ofEducation (NIE-G-79- 063).

Copies of this bibliograhy can beobt ined from the Asian Pacific American Research Seminars,,AsianAm rian Studies Center, UCLA,' Los iblingeles CA 90024.r1/or $2.00( ate?Ials are sold at cost). - PREFACE

,The following is a limited bibliographyof articles and )1000ks. on Asian and Pacific American childrenand families. The bibliographywas prepared by the Asian Pacific'AmericanResearch -Seminars which is,a'projeot of theNational Association for,

Asian and. PacificAmerican-Educati4n.,The project is funded by k a grant from the National Institute of Education (NIE G-790063).

The bibliography isa product of a comprehensive computer- assisted search ofveociaLscience' journals, hooks,,and scholarly, papers... The bibliography focusedon materials. published'or 'released-withinthe last tenyears. It is divided_into topical '.areas with 4 prlmary focuson literature related to or commenting on the educhtign of Asian and Pacific Americanchildren. The bibliography is not intended to beall inclusive, but( rather iS,intended to initiatea continual- 4earch,' Cataloging, and collecting of materials of APA EducationalResearch, The User will note thatarticles have been depoSited at the Asian AmericanStudiesCpnter';,ibrarrilt UCLA. - Users are encouraged to refer materials thatwe have ''inadvertently left out or to submit new.materials to,the project. ' ,Please let us know howwe>.,can improve the usefulness of future bibliographies.

Asian Pacific American Research Seminars Asian American Studies Center UCLA Los Angeles, CA 90024

Finally, we w uld like to gratefully acknowledgeMs. Carol Iu for her compete t compilation of this bibliography.

Kenyon S. Chan, Ph. D. Project Director 1. ° or ,TABL4,OF cONTENTS

X. EXBLIOWPBY EDVCATION 1.\ Achievemdt

2. Bilingual SL 4 13., Clastkoom 6 4, Materials a 7 Ft, 5. Research 4 8 6. Sdhool

FAMILY\ 7. Families '10 8. 'Eldrly . 13 9. Parent-Child Inteiacti6As 14 10. SoCializatiOn-AccuItutation 16 ? V. MENTAL HEALTH. 11, Attitddes - , '21 'u 12.. Cognitive DevelOpMent 22 .0CoMmunication 26, % %MentaIffealth Issdes 26 151 Personality- 28 - V. SOCIAL:ISSUES 16. COmmunity-Studieg 3,3 17. bemograOhy 34 "18 .Media F 36 800ia1-40onomto Studle 17

20. Viatrufado Hauge:tog_ 40 21 Women

22. Youth

1 tt7 , Bk2ligaEaklay.

Catifornia Commiesienon the Statue or Women. "Arrirmative Action for Women, A Selected Bibliography." Sacramento, California, 1979. 2p.

. "Non-traditional Employment, A SelectedBibliography. acramento, California, 1979. 2p,

. "Statistical Reperew on the Statue ofWomen, A Selected BTEII6graphy." Sacramento, California, 1979. 4p.

Hawkins, John. "Asian Americans and Education." 1979. 14p. Bibliography on Asian American image,education/psychology, socioeconomic status/problems, relationshipbetween education and socioeconomic status, labor-market/employment,ethnic characteristics, won", instructional materials,and general.

Leggio, Pamela, Martin, TheodoraF., and Davis, Susan. "Resodrces for NonsexistInterethnic/Multiracial Education." 1979. 47p. This resource book is divided intothree major sections: interethnic/multiracial materials, ponsexistmaterials and publishers' addresses. The fii.st two sections are annotated lists of materials; the last givesthe names and addresses of their publishers. % Lin, Che-Hwei. "Preliminary Checklist of M. A. Thesesand Ph. D. Dissertations Related to AsianAmerican Studies in the UCLA Library." 1972. 30p. Three hundred and twenty-five referenCesare compiled in the preliminary checklist. Items are arranged alphabetically by author and encompass r search conductedin various disciplines about Chinese, Japanese, F lipino,,Hawaiian, and Korean subgroups. Liu, John M. "Annual Selected Bibliography." Amerasia Uotirnal, ,5(2):153-167, 1978.

"Annual Selected Bthlioqpaphy." Amerasia Journal. 6(2):105-120, 1979.

National Clearinghouse f9r BilingualEducation. "Outstantling Dissertations in Bilingual Education." Rosslyn, Virginia, 1979. 119p. The-book!'contains summaries of eightdissertations recognized bx the National ,Advisory Council onBilingual Education in 1979. The material presented in this bookrepresents a growing body of diverse scholarship in the fieldof bilingual education. Ohthiro$ OAry, "Annn41 tioltiot040 Othitour4phy." Atij4jonrn14:( 4(2);1,51-165# 1977, A oompilAtion of dootoroldl4mavrori,on40 WOO 4n44rrto4ta whioh cloth: with A414nAmo to4no or Avo vOlOVAHt to4 4tndy or their;' oxportonoto

The) v4oifto/A4lan AaxloanMontal floalth ResearchCantor. "P/AAMHRC Publications." Chicavo, Illinois, 19'00. A hibliogrAphy of P/AAMIIRCpublio4tiono of monoqraphy oarioti, ooculgtonA1 paps r 4orie4,cantereasearob rapeas i hrfdipi macletztao..and other publicationo.

ft. Ediu t' toil

1. Achievement

Asian and Pacifib AmericanFederal Employee Council-.. "Thenakke Case and Asian/Pacific Americans." Wanhtngton, D.C., 1977. 7p This fact sheet is intendedto show why Asian and Pacific Americans and those friendlytoward Asians shouldpay careful attention to the government'sposition toward Asiansas reflected in the Bakkecase and beyond.

Baldauf, RichardB., Jr. "The Validity of the MichiganTest of English Language Proficiencyas a General Measure of High School English Achievement inAmerican Samoa." Educational and Psychological Measurement,38:429-432, 1978. An examination of the relationshipbetween highkschool English grade point average (GPA) andMichigan Test of English Proficienc (MTELP) test results for 154English-Second-Language students (ESL) from 5 high schools inAmerican Samoa indicated the validity of the MTELPas a measure of English language,achievement for ESL high school graduates.

Baldauf, Richard B.', Jr. andAyabe,'Harold I. "Acculturation and Educational Achievement in AmericanSamoa Adolescents." Journal of Cross-CulturalPsychology, 8(2):241-256, 1977. The relationship of educationalachievement to overt and covert measures of acculturation was exploredfor 190 high school seniors from American Samoausing canonical variate analysis. Three statistically significantand situationally interpretable relationships were found to existbetween the overt and covert sets of variables, indicating.that multiple acculturative approaches were operatingsimultaneously within Samoan culture. adolescent LindQr0O, liehVY Clay. Maur inq Need Co 'Wilt:we 40410 - A Vosced-Chotce iy N AcH-N Aev Questionalte," itavettsi 191907-910719Th. TO M044W7d thd hddci to aohtaVelCu Aoh)o a quatottonnairewas oolISICtititdd Whioh requtted theatthleot to Mak!a 4 rovoddOholoa on d4011 Of 10 0411;4 of adidctiVdd. Tha auhlacla wdro college students, bank tollews,expectant, mothers4 and Chinese-aponhing iMmigrants.

MOntero, Darrot, and Tankawhima,Ronald. "Aaaimttation and Kc1tAottLI01441,AchtgivOmehtithei C400 of thd kido0Wi 00n0ration dayoneso-American." floototouical guartarty, LT11. 111(4);44°-'ioo A covtow or Una Lltaraturd rdvdatd ChCed oonfItotthqhYPoihoLiah concerning Japanese Americaneducationat achievement.Data from:a three-genorattonai, national441111) la or japanomo Amoricann Are 0 4\amined to determine thecorrelates 01 the second7generation responients' (the Nisei) educationalachhovement. Employing four measures of assimiiation-- cultural, structural, marital, and identificational-- the findings suggest thiit thegreater Cho ansiMitation of therespondent, the higher theeducationai achievement. Those findings and theirimplications cirri dincunnod.

Schwartz, Audroy Jaw's. 'Pho Culturally Advantagod: A Study of Japanese American Pupils." Soclolouy and Social Research, 55(3):341-531 1971.

A comparative\ study of publicschool pupils concludesthat the high scholastic achievementof Japanese Americans Isduo chiefly to values thatare tradition to the Japanese culture, and that these are not thescene an those leading to the achievement of middle cIassAnqlos. Most important aro the orientations relating to "collectIve"rather than "individual" action and to generation-basedlinear authority.

Traditional Values andContempprarx Achievement of Japanese-American Pupils. Los Angeles: University of California Center for the Study ofEvaluation, 1970. 47p. Comparison of Japanese Americanand Anglo sampleson value orientation variables supportthe hypothesis that thecompara- tively high achievementof Japanese Americans isrelated more to traditional Japanese culturalvalues than to acquired American values. Pupils enrolled in grades6; 9, and 12 in 23 racially-mixed LosAngeles schools are surveyed.

Yee, Leland Y., and La Forge,R e "Relationship between MentalM Abilities, Social Claps, an, oil ure to English in Chinese Fourth Graders." 11546 834, 1974. giourLcL_FatiOnaliolo, 66(6):826- The study attempted to examinethe relation between mental

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Y041110'4, hOhovt h., otat. "A4t4n AMdtt0400 14taiii0 htqhdi Widt10411Mt 14 041trotnt4." :i4evidmonto,Cal1rornt4; C4I1fotut4' tat 41 Logidi4Int0, Join* OmmottI044. tnt th0 144tcti 1-'1411 rot': Echooatoo, 191t. lt)0,

Thtd doctIMent 0040t'thom thd altudttonof Adtd0 Amdcledna ltl Po4t4000ndAry actRodtion, And to04)MtlidhAr$ toOpW114hictAitdth4 1.1VO4 t46 hovorUlly 1.0anItin a qVd4tol Ctdrdoi educdttouat 4dIf7determtnattonfor Adt4u Amottcaua as well 44t ltd qdhcir41 1t11,U14t10114.

2. 1st Ii 'qua haidnuf, Richard 11., .1r. "Validity of the Michigan Teat otEngliah Language PrOriC[dhily44 a General Measure of 111t School Eng l i.ah Ach tovment .In Amer Joan Samoa " Edlort t lona I 4 tlyt11101 0(1 tra I. Manraut tunont, 111 ;429 -4 It 2, 19 /II An examination tho ref.1. onah p between high school English grade t5int average (GPA.)ttttci Michicon Test of English Language Prof lc i:ency (MTELP) tost resul is for I.54 Eng I. i.. - :kteptki- Langt100`.1ditidt)11 tti(ESL) from five high schoolsIn American Samoa indicated theV4 Itaty of the MTELP as a measure of English language achievement forESL high school qra Ittates.

And Propst, Ivan K., jr. "Matching and Multiple-Choice. Cloze Tests." The journal of Educattonai Research,72(6):121- 126, 1979 For reliable and validM041811VOS of reading achievement are available to evaluateprograms for elementary EngLish-asa Second-Language (ESL) pupils. Four variations on the Cloze procedure, which has been previouslytested with disadvantaged and ESL elementary pupils,were evaluated using randomly assigned groups of fourth and fifthgrade students.

and Propst, Ivan K., 'Jr. "Preliminary gVidence Regarding the Validity ofa Modified Cloze Procedure-for Lower Elementary ESL Students." Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38:451-455, 1978. The Cloze procedure, which researchhas shown to provide a valid measure of reading achievement,requires language production skills and readingstrategies not yet available to elementaryschsol English-Second-Language(ESL) pupils who are not literate in theirvernacular. A modified Cloze procedure, designed toovercome this problem, was found to have high concurrentvalidity with traditional vocabulary and readingmeasures.

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t=;ttt iloh, Atan t'ontcoit Il.1141,a .1hclulolo Viov14mai tittilAihv BilinluAl atiAqoq, How otLi t'ity Univotpity ndW Ymk, nunt0t. Otilldd, n(11119(141 ratti4li Ito4=At.41 thttt, t112, lip. Vattona conaiotationa odocatico 00914M ltd .11q0U404:14.1 OttUttOt4IJii0 Acsolipt, o*-incaCional-rinalico, loalninq Iii43411 104. Olo9tAtt c104;tottwiniattcaFatilontrl' bolt" coqiittivo dovoolopfliont,otc, haroinqton, Charlo, ro4tc4titm, nociat 411(1 Ciiii11141 1.'41nAt ovuoitinitty noviow, 19/11.

Tho atilcto Invoottgatoo thototationohti botwoon cultnial piuralidm ctit0 rtoct4l :Ittattftcatton,and LIXAMilidm tho implica tionti or titer VAtitMd kwiAtitti ,Ar ,Auc,Ati(m. it tho quomtion or Wilt thoicoltnial piniallam mhditaotvo tho pnupono for oppioolaton whon it lint* hiatio allachod tticot,cI 11 rttt at icat ton.'

nondiCknen, DanielP. "Shirtin otoomt, PatAtAl Annwoi;.i And Cho Toaching t)t Englimhto Astantl." Pallor promohtod hororo tho AmiAn Amorican Ammomhly rot' Policy Pols...larch, . Now York. City Untvornity or Now Yovh,City Colloqo, Oopt. of Antan t;tnaton In tflin eh:lay, the relationshipof Amorican linquintic thoory to teaching Englishart a :;ocond hantInatlo im tracod ovoi Cho pant. Cow docadon. Tholtmitationn or tho mtiuctinatint porad i.qmtn. aI a tuntago toa rn IIIIJ n I tua I i Aro d. I. !wit:Plod

N.ltion.aI Cleat inghouse for III [Aiwa t ion. "out t and in, isse r ta t ions in B 1.1 inqua Educa t Ion. " Ios91 yn, Virginia, I 9 79. 11.9p. This book contains summariesof eight. dissertations recognizt .t,lythe National Advisory Councilon Bilingual Education in 1979. The material presented in thisbook repre sents orowino body of diverse schollrip inthe field mf bilingual education.

Pinga, Estela G. "Bilingual-BiculturalEducation for Filipino Americans." Berkeley, California: Berkeley Unified School District, Asian American BilingualCenter, 1976. 10p. Various issues involved in thebilingual-bicultural education of Filipino Americansare addressed. Specifically, its aim is to define the roleof bilingual educat.i6n for theFilipino immigrant student. 4tdt,thOn 0, r.)4 141,-4= 1;19 84.;lio I citthill=c4i Ia ttOin4a L aii hov1o* (13tt.

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Amoetatton or Chinmiti ToAdhotri. TACT E.:iAA tt,ik.ini tot to, iI 11, ts It, /p.

Thim C I cat or A bimonthly finviml(tor cotit Iltsl rojovant to tomehinq Ahont Chloomo Amott(..iwsa1, I t moe0thlAry lovolim Atnontwod on A .lingtime

11.110,1tit, RiehatO jr al0 rete!r, "A l'toqr0-1!) Repott on a titanfo'r Currftulum Am,w!)7im4'nt in Am, ,..1,11 1')72.

The plan calls for A six staoe dovelopmont tacit' one and two represent a needs ass4ksmont fet testinu,in which the target population and general subjectarea.; to be a:,3sesed are deteTined. The rema1ninq four stage); .ire portormed for oai-th test developed. They include: item pool development, item filtering at the technical and_ lay levels,and actual performanCe by item.

Barclay, James R. and Wu, Wu -Ti n. "CIAP0.1'00M Climate!; in Chinese and American Elementary Schools: A Cross-Cultural Study." Paper presented at the Biennial Mooting ofthe Society for Research in Child Development, March 17-20,1977, Now Orleans, Louisiana. 34p.

h 4 J' ' This Stddy is a crOs -cultural comparisonof elementary classroom climates on a multi-methodmultiscore inventory (the Barclay. Classroom Climates Inventory).

Hati, Don, Jr., andHata, Nadine t. "I Wonder Where the Yellow Went? Distorgtons and,OmisStchs of Asian'Amerieansin California Education." :Paper-presented at theAnnual Meeting of the American,E4ucational Research'Association,April:16-19,s 1974f: Chicago,- Illinois,. 20 Inadequate coverage ofinority groups in standard U.S. history and sdcial ,studes textbooks to the extent that they have encouraged the perpetuationof negative stereotypes'is 0 discussed. Recommendations to remedy-thesituation is presented.

Isser, Natalie. "Asian Americans: Thenow, andTomorrow." Paper presented at World Educators COnferenceon Multicultural Education, July,'1976,Honolulu,Hawaii. 15p. This paper documents Americandiscrimination against Chinese and Japanese groups from the1850s through the 1940s. Segi.egation in schools,textbook bias, media stereotypes, and problems of acculturation.*are discussed.

Schwartz, Lita L. "Asian Americans: Now." Paper presented at World Educators Conferenceon Multicultural Education, July, 1976, Honolulu, Hawaii. llp. This paper reviews the currentstatus of Asian Americans in rthe U.S. schools f;om-berspectivesof textbook content and teaching methods.rThe author pointsout that findings of a survey of the 1950s and early 1960s textbooksreveal limited inclusion or reference to anythingAsian.

Tharp, Cathie Jordan. "Learning-Teaching Interactins among Polynesian-Hawaiian Children ina School Context: Rationale, Method, and Preliminary Results." Technical Report #67. Paper presented at the Annual Meetingof the American Anthropological Association, November17-21, 1976, Washington, D.C. 16p. This paper reports researchon interactional patterns associated with teaching and learningamong Polynesia-Hawaiian children. Wong, Jean H. "Chinese-American Identity and Children'sPicture t Books." Unpublished paper. 1971. 17p. A survey was made of all childrens'books about Chinese, Chinese Americans, or China for pre-kindergartenthrough third-grade reading level to determine how thebooks represent the Chinese or Chinese American to the young child.

,4. Materials

Baldauf, Richard B., Jr. andDunn-Rankin Peter. "A Progress Report on a Plan for CurriculumAssessment in American Samoa." 1972. 713 1

The plan calls fora six stage developmfentprocess. Stages one and two represent a needsassessment for testing, in which the. target populationand general subjectareas to be assessed are determined. The remaining fourstages are performed for each test developed. They include: item pool development, item filteringat the technical and laylevels, and actual test performanceby item.

Kepler,- Mary., Multi-Ethnic Guide, AnIntroduction. Working Draft. ..Pasadena, California:'Pasadena City Unified School District, 1972. 172p. This developmental guidewas wrAten to help children and . teachers gain an understandingand respect for all ethnic groups and learn to appreciate thestrengths inherent in their differenceas well as in their similarities. Leggio, Pamel, Martin, Theodora F., and Davis,Susan. "Resources for Nonsexist Interethnic/Multiracial Education." 1979. This resource book is dividedinto three major sections: interethnic/multiracial materials,nonsexist materials, and publishers' addresses. The first two sectionsare annotated lists of materialS; thelast gives thenames and addresses of th6ir publishers. Wei, Tam Thi Dang. .Handbook for Teachers ofVietnamese Refugee Students. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Office of Education, 1977. 98p. This teacher's handbookdelineates core features ofVietnamese culture, identifies conflictsVietnamese childrenmay face as students in American schoolsand provides suggestionsfor accurate school records, gradeplacement and assessment and g instruction in English.

5. Research

Baldauf, Richard B., Jr. "Evaluation Models andInstrumentation: Problems for Title I in America'sPacific Possessions." Paper presented to the Trust TerritoryTitle I Conference, February 9-14, 1978. An overview of the system analysis approach to evaluationand the psychometric models currently proposed to evaluateElementary and Secondary EducationAct Title I projects is presented.

and Propst, Ivan K.,'Jr. "Preliminary Evidence Regarding the Validityof a Modified Cloze Procedure for Lower plementary ESLStudents." Educational and Psychologi- cal Measurement. 38:451-455, 1978. The Cloze procedure, whichresearch has shown to providea valid measure of readingachievement, requires languageproduction skills and reading strategiesnot yet available to elementary school English-Second-Language(ESL) pupils who are not literate

8 14 in their vernacular. A modified Cloze 'procedure.,designed, to overcome this problem,was fOund to have high validity with traditional concurrent vocabulary and readingmeasures. Baldauf, Rich4rd B., Jr. and Propst, Ivan K.,Jr. "Use Matching `-N--Tests for ElementaryESL Students." The Reading Teacher, 32(6),:683-690,, 1979.

A modification of the Clozeprocedure offers advantagesfor use with a specific populationin the Mariana Islands.

IrYine, Jack B. "Some Considerations ofSue-Kirk Study-on Chinese-Americans and ItsApplications to Merritt College's Chinese Population." Oakland, California: Merritt College, 1973. 12p.

A study conducted by DeraldSue and Barbara Kirk in1972' of Chinese-American studentsattending the Universityof California at Berkeley (UCB) is comparedwith a study and observations of Chinese-American students attending MerrittCollege. Montero, Darrel. "Research among Racial and An Overview." Cultural Minorities: Journal of Social Issues,33(4):1-10, 1977. This paper.-has threeobjectives: a) to providea brief review of the status of research b) to present among racial-and cultural minorities, an overview of the volume'scontributed paper, and c) to discuss certainrecurring themes in the this issue. articles of

"ResponSe Effects in theUse of the Mail Questionnaire. and theFace-to, Face Interviewamong a National Sample of Japanese Americans." 1977. The objectiYe ofthe paper is twofold: first, to determine the ,extent to which a response effect is present whentwo different methods of data collectionare employed -- the mail questionnaire and the face-to-face interview; and second, todetermine wha-E. factors may help to explainthe presence ofa response effect.

6. School Programs

Fruehling, Royal T. "The Honolulu Project: Evolution and Insights." Educational Perspectives,12(2):2-17, 1973. The Honolulu Project whichis focused toward the of elementary teachers preparation As described andanalyzed by, one of its directors. Students participating inthe project, recount their joys and frustrations in "on-the-job-training." A visualrecord of someaspects of activities in theschools is included in Chattopadhyay'sassessment of strengths and nesses of the Honolulu Project. weak-

Leung, Erick Kwong Wing. "A Sociological Studyof'the Chinese Language Schools in the SanFrancisco'Bay-Area." 'Doctoral ,5 k dissertation, May 1975. Missouri:, University of 144p-. Missouri.

Historical and sociologicalfactors that gave riseto Chinese language schools are discussed. An analysis on the utility of these Chiriese language Schools and .theirrelationship'to the broader education in UnitedStates.is made. Wohl, Seth F. "Lower East Side PreparStory School: An Alteinative to the Conventional HighSchool, Program. Fist year of operation, 'final report.-Brooklyn; New York: ,New.York.City Board of-Educatisan, Officeof Educational_Evaluation,1971. .95p. , The first year reportanalyzes the academic'aChievement, `attendance, testing;academic credit, Englishlanguagepro- ficiency, and attitudes'ofthe sixty minority students who -' attended the .alternativehigh school in Chinatown.

'"Lower,East Side PreparatorySchool,: An Alternative _to.theConventiond1 HighSchool 'program." 'Final,Report. Brooklyn, New'york: New York City Board-ofEducation, Office of Educational Evaluation,1972. 114p, In the. second evaluation report,a history of the project is provided as wellas infoimation on the characteristics the program in operation, of the eValuation design, thefindings after three trimesters,,andthe recommendations for of the program. the recycling

III. Family 7. Families

California Office of StatewideHealth Planning and:Development. "Issues in Planning Servicesfor California's Childrenand Youth." Sacramento, California, 1980. This document isan effbrt to begin the dialoguethat will lead to a Master Plan for California's children andyouth. The discussion is presentedin three parts: Part I - The Condition of California'sChildren, summarizessome of the most important problems ofchildren, with indicationsof trends; Part II Money and Programs describesthe service system at the present time; andPart III-Where To? WhatNext? suggests some alternativesfor the future.

Chao, Rose, and .Sung,Betty Lee (ed.) "Chinese Immigrant Children." 6100-Preliminary report, MonographNo. 5. Nevi York: City University "w"--of New Ybrk, NewYork City College, Dept.of Asian Studies, 1977. 46p.

The purpose of this studyis to investigate theadjustment process of Chinese elementary schoolchildren who are recent

10 immigrants to the UnitedStates. Contrasts are drawn the between ife style of Chinese familiesin Chinatown,and those I livi g in Elmhurst,Queens. Kikumur Akemi, and Kitano, HaryH.*I.A. "Interradial Marriage: ',A Picture of theiJapanese Americans." Journal of SociaL Issues,' 29,(2):67-82, 1973. '1, \ , 4 A'revkew of past studies and an'analysisof current rates of intermarriage show a historicalpattern which initially/showedi a high and,almost exclusivepreference for, othei Japanese, which began to show slightchanges in the second generation, and which has reached the 50% level by the third'generation,

- Kim, Dong Soo. , ,Soo. "How They Fared,, in AmetiicanHomes,: A Follow-up Study Adopted Rorean'Children.,' Children Today 1977. 6(2):2-6 Reports findings and recommendations,froma study that assessed the self-condept, dUringadolescent of 406' Korean children who,had been,adoptedby American Lee, Dong Chancy:::",Korean Family :Organizationin', theUnite4,,$tates: HRole and.Value Confi4dtsin,a.:Foreign Culture." at the Americari',AnihrOpAlogical-AsSociatioriAn41.W,W,Otin4Paper prese d

November 19-24, 197.4; MexicoCity, Mexico. 1.4115., :.: ;. The purpose of this \ study,IS to inv stigake bowKorean families. With traditional family,back'groundp adjust to and maintain the family a foreign culture structure in a c\iitural'systemwhere ',roles, yalueS and livingconditiOns.are quite differentfrom those in a, Korean getting'. Husband-wife and parent-child relationships are analyzed.

,Lee, Don Chang. ."Korean , Wife-American'Husband Familiesin . America." , Paper presentedat the Annual Meeting ofthe American Anthro ological AssOciation,December 2-6, 1975,San Francisco, . ia. 16p. ", Califon . : . 'P--# ' . The study is based on data from 50 Koreanwife-American;HuSband families in the state ofGeorgia randomly selected of 350'such families: from a ,list Field-interViews with bothhusband'-and wife regarding'family characteristicsand adjustment problems' in United Statesare discussed. _ Lee,'Ivy. "Profiles of Asians inSacramento.. Final Report." Washington, D.C.: Dept. of Health,, Education,and Welfare, 1973. 65p. ti This project was undertakento provide more informationon the condition of Asians. Descriptive and deMographicdata are presented. Social servicesusage, community needs, and family characteristics are discussed. Li, Peter S. "Occupational Achievement and KinshipAssistance, among Chinese Immigrants in Chicago.: Sociological Quarterly, 18:478-489; 1977. Building on the basic modelof Blau and Duncan, thispaper explores the process of stratificationamong Chinese immigrants in Chicago, alp examinesthe-effects of kinship 'the career cycle. assistance,on This study suggeststhe usefulnessas well as the limitations of kinshipassistante,in the stratification process of ethnic minorities.

Marshall, Harvey'H., Jr.and qiobu, Robert M. Test-of the Minority "An Alternate Status.and FertilityRelation." Pacific Sociological Review,21(2):221-7237, 1978. The study examines the relation between'relativegroup size' 'And family sizes of white,Japanesej Chinese Americans. and FIlipino' The family sizes of eadhminority, where it isa relatively small proportiono -the state population,are Compared witha state where eAchgroup is a relatively. large .-proportion, adjusting for appropriate compositionaldifference's. Comment's from T. K. Burchon the study is alSO included..;

Office of, Special Concerns. "Summary and RecomMendatiOns, Conference on PacifiC/Asian American Families andHEW-Relatedc, Issues.," Prepared for .theDiVision'of Asian AMerican HEW. Affairs, \N Washington, D.C.: Dept;ofjlealth, Education, and -:..1978. 288p.. Welfare, The socioeconomic peed!of Pacific and /'' Asian'American(PAAI families and Depaetmentof Heafth,:Education,.and Welf4re .:°program8-4iaving themostOmpact.',tn thelivesofPAAs' are _..analyzed,in.,this:,.coAferObereport.- Ratliff, Bascom W.,,Moon, Harriet Faye., andBonacci,, Gwendolyn "Intercultural Marriage: tie Korean-AmerIcan Ekperience." Social Casework,52(4)1221-226, 1978, The problems experientedby Korean wives ofAmericans were discussed.- Marriagecounselors were encouraged' tounderstand. Korean-and American marriagestyles, teir interaction,and their problemareas.

Rosario, Florangel k, "Exploratory Olaservationson Family Interaction Patternsand Family Planning inthe Filipino Community of Waiaftia, Hawaii." Honolulu, Hawaii: East -West Center, University of Hawaii, 1971,. 35p. Several social-psychological4nd cultural variablessuch as h and-wife interactionpatterns,-level of aspirations, orientation degreeof traditionalism/cosmopolitanism a perceptual outlook -- allknown to be correlates offamily plannin4pAcceptante and fam'.ly size norms are examined in this. study ofa Filipino enclave in Waialua,Oahu, Hawaii,

Schmitt, Robert C. "Recent 'Trends' in H aiian Interracial Marriage Rates by0cCupation." Journal of M rriage andthe Family. 3(2):37*-374,1971. 4 Wide occupational differentialsin' interracial marriagerates in Hawaiii have persistedfor more thana decade, althotgh all

12 groups have recorded increases. Rates shoired high negative correlations with incomelevels.. Suzuki, Bob U. ,"The Asian-American Family," in MarioD. Fantini and Rene Cardenas (eds.), Parenting in a MulticulturalSociety, New York: Longman, 1980. Pp. 74-102. The article describes thecontemporary Asian American

Yanagisako, Sylvia Junka. "Two Processes of Changein Japanese- American Kinship." Journal of AnthropologicalResearch. 31;196-224, 1975.

Two procesesrof change inJapirlese-American kinshipare analyzed u"s"ing a theoreticalframework which differentiates the '"cultu5A1 structureof kinship (kinshipas a system of symbols and meanings)from the poCial structureof kinship (the patterning ofactual interaction between,kinsmen).

Yanagisako,-Sylvia Junko. "Variance in American Kinship:Implir cations for Cultural Analysis." American Ethnologist,' 5(1): 15-29, 1978. An explication of the theoreticalconsequences of Schneider's scheme of the behavioral,normative, and cultural his articulation\of systems and the "pure"-and'"conglomerate"levet-di-the cultutal.systemtcoMpelsuS to reassess the goals ofcul ural analysis ana Suggests the kindof theory of meaninga d action. that-will prpveVmost instructivein such an endeavor.

Yanagisako, Sylvia Sunk°. "Women-Centered Kin,Networks Bilateral Kinship." n'-Urban American-Ethnologiat 4(2):.20.77226, \ , .1977. t The present analysis of kinshiprelationships in an Urban Japanese-American communityattributes the centralityof women in interhousehold networksto the ofnewnormative expectations of the rold offemale kin.

8. Elderi'y

Kalish, Richard A.,sandYuen, Sam. "Americans of East Asian Ancestry: Aging and the Aged." Gerdntologist,11(1):36-47, Spring, 1971, part 2. The purposes of thispaper are 'twofold: first, toassess the state of knowledge about thelives of elderly people ofEast 'Asian ancestry now livingin'the United States, withparticular focus upon those fromJapan, China, and the Philippines; and second, to suggestavenues for research with these grOups. Montero,. Darrel. "The Elderly JapaneseAmerican: Aging Among the First Generation Immigrants." Genetic PsychologyMonographs, .m101:99-1181, 1980.

13 1 fl -4- :; 0 . $ . A _,The present paper examined the social 'disengagementtheory, ich 'suggests that olderpeople 'often.donot wish .t e same level of immersion to maintain 'in sotial relationsas their age increases. The study is based,upona nationa39 random sample of 1,002 first-generationJapanese limericas (Issei). .

, Peralta:,. Victoria and Horikawa,Herbert. "Needs and Potentialities Assessment of,Asian-AmeridanElderl in Greater Philadelphia. A Project .of the Mid-AtlanticRegion Researdh Committee." 1978. 61p. ./ AW The study 'reported on-inthis document,WAsundertaken to c-, develop ,a ,service delivery ',, model- thatwotad accuratelyreflect the Asian American's specificcultural needs, values,and traditions A needs assessment studyof 255 Asian American elderly in the Philadelphiaaria, are desctibed.

AY' 9. Parent-Child Interactions j

Belknap, Elizabeth'F. "Parental Attitudesin a Hawaiian Home- stead Community: An Exploration.'" EducationalPerspectives, 12(1):15-23,-1973. This study surveys lowerincome families in Hawaiian i home land, Waimanalo'. Culture conflict, parentattitudeS, and parent-teacher-cooperationare discussed; Borke, Helene and So, Sarah. "PercePtiOns of EmotionalResponses sr:4'p Stial Interactionsby Chinese and American JOurnal of Cross-Cultural Children." Psychology,.3(3)':309=314, 1972. ',This study examined emotionalresponses of primary level Chinese and Americanchildren. Cultural variations in' child-raising was suggestedas an explanation of differences found.

William and Frost, Lois. "A Comparison of Maternal and Infant Behavior in Care Japanese-Ameri an, American,and Japanese Families." InWillam Lebra (ed.),M ntal Health Research in Asian and the Pacific, Vol. Ho olulu, Haaii: East-West Center Press,"1971. 26p., The mother-child relationshipsof thirty Japanese-American mothers of the third generationand thirty white Americans with their first bornthree -to -four months oldinfants were observed to determine.the.similarityof behavior between, Japanese. Americans andJapanese, and between and white-Americans. Japanese Americans

Chao, Rose and Sung, BettyLee (eds.) "Chinese Immigrant Children." Preliminary Report, MonographNo. 5. New York: City University of New York, New York CityCollege, Dept. of AsianStudies, 1977. 46p.

The purpose of this studyis,to investigate theadjustment process of Chine* elementary schoolchildren'who are recent immigrants to the UnitedStates. Contrasts are drawn betwedh the life style of Chinesefamilies in Chinatownand those

14 On J' ti living in Elmhurst,Queens. Lee, Dong Chang. "Korean Family States: Role and Organization in theUnited Value Conflicts ina Foreign Culture." Paper presented atthe Alperican Anthropological Annual,Meeting, November Association 14p. 19-24, 1974, MexicoCity, Mexico. The purpose of this study is to investigatehow Korean families with traditionalfamily backgrounds culture and maintain adjust to a foreign the family structure'ina cultural system where roles, values,and liVing conditions different from thoSe are quite in Korean setting.-Husband-wife and parent-childrelationshipsare analyzed.

Sollenberger, RichardT. Practices and "Chinese-American ChildRearing uvenile Deliriquency." Child and Family, 8(3):279-288, 969. The study based'on.interviewswith 69 Chinese and participant mothers. observations in Chinatownfor 7 weeks confirmed theassumption that low the Chinese-AmdricanS delinquency rateamong was due to theirchild-rearing practices( theircultural values, and ture. their familialstruc-

Zax, Melvin and Takahashi,Shigeo. "Respons6 and AmericanChildren. Styles AmongJapanese. Japanese PsychologicalResearch, '9(2):58-61( 1967.4 c In a hallow -up of an earlier study comparingthe extreme respori'se tendenciesof college students, was done of 12-year old a similiar study children of thesetwo cultural The Japanese childrenof 'both sexes groups. were found to makesigni- ficantly were extremeresponses and significantly mediate responsesthan American more inter- These findings children, ashypothesized. were thought tosuppor inferences about differential child-rearingpractices in two and their effects cultural groups on the development,ofrestraint.

15 10. Socialization-Acculturation

Baldauf, Richard B.,Jr. "Educational Policy andCultural Change in American Samoa." Paper presented to the of the Australian Conference Anthropological Society,August, 1978, Sydney, Australia.

The rise of modernism inrecent years, has suggesteda different role for education,,that of an agent'ofcultural change. These approaches to therole of education in cultural change are examinedin the American Saftrancontext for three distinct periodsof educational development territory. in the

and Ayabe, Harold I. "Accultufation and EducatiOhal Achievement in AmericanSamoan Adolescents."-Journal of Cross=Cultural Psychology, 8(2):241-256,1977. The relationship of educationalachievement to overt and covert measures of acculturationwas explored for 190 high school seniors from Americah Samoa using canonicalvariate analysis. Three statistically signficantand situationally interpretable relationShipswere found .to exist between the ()Vert and covert setsof variables, indicatingthat multiple acculturative approacheswere operating simultaneouslywithin Samoan adolescent culture. Bunch, Ralph. "Political Orientations: Comparing Japanese in Portland and Japan." Paper presented at the Conference the Asian Studies of on the Pacific Coast, East-WestCenter, 1975, Honolulu, Hawaii. 12 . The purpose of this studyis to compare data on sample of Japanese, Japanese groups Americans, and,Americans fromthree separate sources to determinepolitical orientations andthe socialization influencing theJapahese Americans' attitudes. Harrington, Charles. "Bilingual Education, Social and Cultural Pluralism." Stra ification' Equal Opportunity Review, ummer, 1978. The article investigatesthe relationship betweencultural pluralism and social stratification,and examines the implications of the various models of bilingual education. It raises'the question ofwhether cultural pluralismmight serve the purpose of oppressionwhen it has historically been attached to socialstratification.

Howard, Alan. "Education in 'ina Pumehana: The Hawaiian- American Studentas a Hero. Final Draft." Paper presentet at American Ethnological Society meeting, April 5-9,1972, Montreal, Canada. 29p.

Socialization patterns froma Hawaiian-American communityare described in terms of thestrategies and tactics utilizedby Hawaiian-American children indealing with the contigenciesset for them first by theirparent and later by teachersin the

16 22 -public -school.

isser,' Natalie. "Asian Americans:Then, Now and Tomorrow." Paper presented at-World Educators tonferenceon Multicultural Education, July, 1976,Honolulu, Hawaii. 15p. This paper documentsAmerican discrimination and Japanese against Chinese gro9ps from the 1850s throughthe 1940s. Segregation in schools,textbook bias, media Stereotypes; and problems ofacculturation are discussed. Kim, Young Y. "A Causal Model ofCommunication Patterns of Foreign Immigrants in the Process ofAcculturation." Paper presented at the AnnualMeeting of the Speech CoMmunication. Association,.62nd, DeceMber27- 30,.1976, San Francisco, California.. 37p.

Communication,patterhs offoreign immigrahts in tIeprocess of'acculturation areconceptualized on cognitiveand behavioral levels,. The cognitiv6 level is of an immigrant's observed in, the complexity perception of the hostsociety; the behavioral level, in the immigrant's involvement in the hostsociety through interpersonal andmass communication. Kurokavia, Minako. "Acculturation and ChildhoodAccidents among . Chinese and JapaneseAmericans." Genetic Psychology 79(1):89-159, 1969. Monographs. The mothers of 151 Chinese and JapaneseAmerican children were interviewed to determinethe relationship between 'childhood accidents andacculturation of their child. Leung, fric Kwok Wing. "A Sociological Study ofthe Chinese Language Schools in the San Francisco Bay Area." Doctoral dissertation. Missouri: University of Missouri, 144p. 1975. Historical and sociological factors that gave riseto Chinese language schoolsare discussed. An analysis on the utility of these Chinese language schools and their relationshipto the broader educationin the United States ismade. Llanes, Jose R. "Moving toward CulturalPluralism: Part 1: The Process of Enculturation."Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the WorldEducators Association,July, 1976, Honolulu, Hawaii. 17p. Culture is viewed froma sociological perspectivethrough presentation of acase study of social consciousness San Francisco. in Referring to the work ofMilton Gordon, the author discusses two theoriesof social integration: 1) lation and 2) pluralism. assimi-

Masuda, Minoru, Lin, Keh-Ming, and Tazuma, Laurie."Adaptional Problems of VietnameseRefugees, I: Health and Mental Health Status." Archives of GeneralPsychiatry, 36:955-961,1979.

17 The authors report the two-yearresults of -ongoing research on the Vietnamese refugees basedon the use of the Cornell Medical Index (CMI). The responseson the CMI orOthe first (1975) and second (1976)administrations indicatea high and continuing level ofphysical and mentaldysfunction.

, Lin, Keh-Ming, andTazuma, Laurie. "Adaptational Problems of VietnameseRefugees, II: Life Changeb and Perceptions of Life. Events." Archives of General Psychiatry, 37:447-450, 1980. This article is 130 a companion piece to a previousarticle that dealt with the healthand mental health status ofthe Vietnamese refugees inthe.United States. This study documents-the Vietnameseperceptions of the lifeevents that have swirled about-themas well as the occurrences of events. these life

, Matsumoto, Gary H., and Meredith,Gerald M. 'Ethnic Identity inThree Generations ofJapanese Americans." Journal of Social Psychology,81:199-207, 1970. Three generations ofJapanese Americans (Issei,Nisei, and Sansei) of Seattle,Washington, were studiedby a newly. devised Ethnic IdentityQuestionnaire. Sex was not a significant factor in ethnicidentificatibn, butage, education, occupational prestige, andreligion did appear tohave some relevance. The results also indicatea considerable residue of ethnic identity inthe third generation Sanseiand considerable acculturation ofthe Issei. Matsumoto, Gary M., Meredith, Gerald M., and Masuda,Minoru. "Ethnic Identification:Honolulu and Seattle Journal of Cross-Cultural Japanese-Americans." Psychology, 1(1):63-76,1970. This study compared the magnitude of ethnicidentification among three generationsofJapanese-Americans in Honolulu, Hawaii. Ethnic identification was,measured by a recently constructed Ethnic IdentityQuestionnaire. The first generation Japanese immigrant (Issei)scored higher than thevcond (Nisei) and third (Sansei)generations. Meredith, Gerald M. and Meredith, ConnieG.W. "Acculturation and Persohalityamong Japanese-American College Hawaii." Students in Journal of SocialPsychology, 68:175-182, 1966. The study compared personality patterns ofthird-generation (Sansei) Japanese-Americanand Caucasian-Americancollege students on the 16 P. F.Questionnaire. Analysis of the findings indicated five first-order personalitydifferences among the males and four differencesamong the females. A second- order analysis indiated Japanese-American males higheron introversion, whileJapanese-American females scored anxiety. higher on

. "Amae and Acculturationamong Japanese-American College Students in Hawaii." Journal of Social Psychology, 70:171-180, 1966.

18 The purpose of the studywas to determine the differentes between Sansei collegestudents and ecomparablegroup of Caucasian Americanson a set of basic personality At a higher-order level dimensions. of analysis, Sanseiappear more' introverted, more anxious,closer in proximity toclincially- diagnosed neurotics andlower in leadership potAntialthan Caucasians. There is a striking parallelbetween the introversion-linked-with anxietypattern of the Sansei and theory of amae. Doi's

. "Observations on the Acculturationof4Japanese Americans in Hawaii." Psychologia, 8(1-2):41-49, 1965. Research studies onacculturation of SanseiJapanese Ameri- cans in Hawaii are reviewed.Some ecological considerations and Doi's theory ofamae and its applicabilityto accultui- tion researchare discussed. Montero, Darrel. "For Japanese-Americans,Erosion." New York Times, p. A21, December4, 1978. The study's findings suggest that the demise ofJapanese American ethnic valuesmay serve to bring about the leveling off of the Nisei and Sansei's socio-economicachievement. and Levine, Gene M. "Third Generation Japanese Americans: Prospects and Protents." A study of the SanseiJapanese Americans.reveals,strong leanings toward acculturationand assimilation in both their personal and economiclife.

and Tsukashima, Ronald. "Assimilation and Educa- tional Achievement: the Case of the SecondGeneration Japanese-American." Sociological Quarterly, 18(4):490-503, 1977 A review of the literature reveals three conflictinghypotheses concerning Japanes'e Americaneducational Achievement. from a three-generational, Data national sample of JapaneseArwri- cans are examined to determine thecorrelates of the secondgeneration respondents' (theNisei) educational achievement. Employing four measures ofassimilation-- the findings suggest that the greater theachievement of the respondent,the higher the educational achievement. These findings and their cations are discussed. impli-

Nandi, Proshanta K. andJohnson, Daniel M. "The Quality of Life of Asian Americansin Middle Size Cities: A Neglected Area of Research." Bridge: An Asian American Perspective, 5(4):51-53, 1977.

Several questions concerningthe lives of Asian Americansin middle size cities andsmaller communitiesare addressed.

otr tiJ Excerpts from one interviewconducted as part ofa research project are presented inthis article. Ethnic identity and quality of lifeare among the issues discussed. Olympia School District. "An Ethnic Anthology." Olympia, Washington, 1975. 47p. 2 The main. P urpdse of thisanthology is providea sampling of insights related toracially and culturally different: experiences, with an emphasison the Asian American experience.

Pierce, Robert C., Clark,M. Margaret, and Kiefer,Christie W. "A 'Bpotstrap' ScalingTechnique." Human Organization, 31(4):403-410, 1972. A pictorial, language-free.methodfor assessing some of the cognitivekraspects of acculturationis presented, anda practical and inexpensivescaling technique is described which is guaranteed toprovide internal consistencyeven where the quantities hivenot previously been measured. Ryu, Jung .S. "Mass Med s Role in the Assimilation A Study of Korean I Process: rants in the Los AngelesArea." Paper presented at nual Meeting of the InternatIonal Communication Assoc , April 25-29, 1978,,,Chica.ga, Illinois. 20p. A study conducted to determinethe relationships between three variablet related tothe assimilationprocess of immigrants to the. UnitedStates -- familiarity withEnglish, degree of identification withthe new culture, anddegree of attachment to the homeland-- and three variables related to media needs -- the need for information, the needto become integrated into thenew culture, and the need forachieving proficiency in English. Suzuki, Bob H. "Education and the Socialtzatkonof Asian Ameri- cans: A Revisionist Analysisof the "Model Minority" Thesis." Amerasia Journal, 4(2):3-51,1977. This author propoSesa theorli-Which seeks to explain.the behavior patterns of AsianAmericans within the .context of socio-historical forces and thecontemporary social system. The notion that Asian Americanshave acWieved middle class status and have been almostcompletely assimilatq into the American mainstream is challenged.

Tamminga, Harriet L. "Past and Present SchoolSystem Response to Asian Immigrants."Paper presented at Annual Meetingof the American Sociological Association,September 5-9, 1977, Chicago, Illinois. 39p. The influence of the schoolsystem's ideology, goals, and implementation of goalson the acculturation of Asian immigrants to American life is discussed.,

20 Yao, Esther Lee. "The Assimilation ofContemporary Chinese Immigrants." Journal of Psychology,101:107-113, 1979. The assimilative patterns by selecting133-first7generation Chinese Americana in metropolitanareas were examined. Their assimilation interms of both extrinsic andintrinsic cultural traits was measuredby two attitude inventories. Comparison between the intrinsicand extrinsic culturaltraits shows that the former hasa lower degree of assimilation the latter. than

IV. Mental Health

11. Attitudes

Arkoff, Abe, Meredith, Gerald,and Dong, Janice. "Attitudes of Japanese-American and Caucasian-AmericanStudents Toward Marriage Roles." Journal of Social Psychology,59:11-15, 1963. The study compared the marriagerole attitudes of Japanese Americans with those heldby a.comparable Caucasian-AmeriCan group. The Japanese-American males,however, were found to be more male-dominant intheir conception of marriagethan either the feTgles of theirown ethnic group or the Caucasian- American maleS'. Some possible impllcations ofthe result were discussed.

Arkoff, Abe, Meredith, Gerald,and Iwahara, Shinkuro. "Male- Dominant and Equalitarian.Attitudes in Japanese,Japanese- American, and Caucasian- American Students." Journal of Social Psychology, 64:225-'229, 1964. The study was an attemptto determine the marriage role attitudes of a group ofJapanese college students andto evaluate these attitudes in thelight of those found in comparable Japanese-Americanand Caucasian- American groups. No significant differencewas found in the marriage-role attitudes of male and femaleCaucasian Americans, but the Japanese and the Japanese-Americangroups both showed significant sex differences, themales being more male dominant and the females more equalitarianin attitude.

Johnson, Frank A. and Marselle;Anthony J. "Differential Attitudes toward Verbal Behaviorin Students of Japanese and European Ancestry." Genetic PsychologyMonographs, 97:43-76, 1978. This cross - cultural studywas designed to show differences in attitudes toward verbalbehavior between third generation Japanese-American college studentsand students of third, fourth, and fifth generationswhose ancestors emigrated from European and Commonwealthcountries.

21 Py Meredith, Gerald M., and Ching,Donna R. "MarriagerRole Attitudes amongJapanese-Americanand Caucasian-American College Students " Psychological Reports, 40:185-1286, 1977. The study replicatedan earlier study of Marrigge-role attitudes among Japanese-Americanand Caucasian-Am5rican opllege students in Hawaii for 41third-generation '(Sansei) Japanese Americans and 31 CaucasianAmericans enrolled in human developmentcourses. Attitudes toward marriage roles on the 28-item Jacobson scale indicated'sexdifferences but non-significant ethnic effects andno interaction. Sue, Stanley, Zane, Nolan, andI, Joanne. "Alcohol Drinking Patterns among Asian andCauOaA9ianAmericans." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 10(1):41-56,1979. The study was exploratory toassess potential ethnic and cultural influences on drinkingbehavior. Information was obtained on self-reported drinkingpatterns, demographic backgrounds, body weight, degree ofassimilation (among Asians), self and parental attitudes towarddrinking, and reasons (social, physiological, behavioraland emotional) why they regulated or controlled drinking.

12. Cognitive Develo2ment

Bekanan, Punthip, Sapp, GaryL., and Noisuwane, "The Utility of Verbal Modelsin Changing Self-Esteem of Institutionalized Thai andAmerican AdolescentS-i" Journal of Social Psychology, 96:155-161,1975. The study appraised the effectsof four independent variables'-- nationality, age of verbal model,sex of verbal model, and age of subject -- on changes in level ofself-esteem. Pretest- posttest change scores were analyzed ina 2x3x2x2x ANOVA. Thai subjects gained significantlymore than American subjects, and significant interactions fornationality by age of model, and sex of verbal model byage of subject were obtained.

Borke, Helene, and So, Sarah. "Perception of Emotional Responses to Social Interactions by Chineseand American Children." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,3(3):309-314, 1972. This study examined emotionalresponses of primary level Chinese and American children. Cultural variations in child-raising was suggestedas an explanation of differences found.

Chang, Theresa S. "The Self-Concept of Children inEthnic Groups: Black American and Korean American." Elementary School Journal, 76(1):52-58,,,1975. This study found self-ratings ofKorean-American children to be higher than those of BlackAmerican children on behavior, intellectual and socialstatus, happiness and satisfaction,/ but lower than those of Blackchildren on

22 physical appearance and popularity. Significant differences were also found for grade l'evel andsex.

Chu, Lilly. "The Sensitivity of Chineseand American Children to Social Influences."Journal of Social Psychology, 109:175-186, 1979. The study examined cross-culturaldifferences in imitation and conformity betweenAmerican and Chinese childrenin a series of ambiguousperceptual tasks. Douglas, Joan Delahanty andWong, Ann Catherine. "Formal Operations: Age and Sex Differencesin Chinese and American Children." ChildDevelopment, 48(2):689-692,1977. Hong Kong Chinese and Americanadolescents were given three . Piagetian tasks of formaloperations in order toassess cultural, age andsex differences. Significant effectswere . demonstrated with Americans,older subj#QA-As, and males performing at more advancedlevels. Pit'ssuggestion that the 'acquisition of formaloperations depends in parton educational/cultural factors whichfoster a particular apti- tude for such thinking isconfirmed.

Farhmeier, Edward D. and Medin,Douglas L. in the Similarity "Dimensionality Judgments of Young Children." Paper presented at the Biennial Meetingof the Society for Research in Child DOvelopment, April10 -13, 1975, Denver, llp. Colorado. In order to examine the nature of dimensional processingin children, 20 kindergarten and 20 third gradeChinese-American children were asked to,make similarity judgments forunidimen- . sional sets of stimulidiffering in color, size,andshape, respectively. Forty white kindergatenchildren also did all three tasks. Implications of-resultsare discussed. Harris, Dale B.-, de Lissovoy,.Vladimir, and Enami, Junko. "The Aesthetic Sensitivityof Japanese and American Children." Journal of Aesthetic Education,9(4):81-95, 1975. This is a report of a study which compared aestheticsensi- tivity in a sample ofJapanese and American children. In the sense that datawere collected in gradesone, four, seven, and ten in both countries,the study is developmentalas well as cross cultural. Aesthetic sensitivityas used in this report is limited to the appreciationof art reproductions and bases the criterion forits measurement on the judgment experts. of

Hsi, Victor and Lim, Virginia. "A Summary of Selected Research Studies on Cognitive andPerceptual Variables." Berkeley, California: Berkeley Unified School District;Asian American Bilingual Center, 1977. 15p. This paper reviews andsummarizes selected findingsconcern- ing two hypotheses aboutperceptual abilities: field 23 ,29 dependence-independence And thecarpenter theory. The conclusion of thepaper discusses the implicationsand Applications /of theseresearch findings to thepedagogy for Asian American students. Iwawaki, Saburo, and Zax, Melvin. "Personality Dimensionsand Extreme Response Tendency.",Psychological Reports, 1969. 25:31-34,

In a'study of the relationshipbetween,pathology and rating style, 68 subjects rated10 Rorschach' innlotson 15 semantic differential scales. Subjects were selectedfrom a total of 158 Japanese ,collegestudents as extreme neuroiicism and/or extraversionscores based on the Japanese the Maudsley Personality,Inventory. version of

Marselia,Anthohy J. "The Structure of Americans of Japanese Cognitive Abilities in and of European Ancestryin Hawaii." Journal of SocialPsychology, in press, 1980. The study compared the structure of cognitiveabilities-in 219 American collegemen and women of North European ancestry (AEA) and Japaneseancestry (ASA) residing in Hawaii. Results indiOated that thestructure of cognitive abilities differed considerablyfor the twogroups, although the general nature of theabilities appeared thesame. Ogawa, Dennis M. and Welden,Terry A. of Feedback Behavior "Cross-Cultural Analysis within Japanese Americanand Caucasian American. Small Group." Journal of Communication, 195, 1972. 22(2):189- This study investigated the occurrence of feedbackas a sequential event in bothJapanese American and Caucasian American smaligroupdiscussions. The obtained results provided support forthe experimental hypothesis American groups manifest that Japanese significantly less feedbackbehavior than Caucasian Americangroups when indexed by teams of coder-,observers. The concept of "enryo"and a characteristic Japanese family code.ofconduct are introducedas possible factors influencingJapanese American communication.

Salkind, Neil J., andKojima, Hideo. "Cognitive Tempo in Japanese and American Children." Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in ChildDevelopment, March 17-20, 1977,New Orleans, Louisiana., lip. The purpose of this studywas.to compare performandee by Japanese and American childrenon matching familiar figures test, the primary measure of cognitive tempo.Factorial analyses of variancerevealed significantage x nationality interaction for botherrors and latency.

30 Shaw, Marvin E., and lwawaki,Saburo. "Attribution of Responsi ility by Japaneseand Americana asa Function of Age." Journal of Cross-Cultural, 1972. Psychology, 3(1):71-81, Two age groups of' Japanese and Americans wereexperimentally compared in the attributionof responsibility. Forty Japanese and 40 Americanswere administered the AR Questionnaire, which incorporates fivelevels of causality (Association, CommisRion, Foreseeability,Intentionality, and Justification), two outcome qualities, (goodand bad), and two (high and low). outcome intensities

Shizuru, Lanette S. and Marsella, Anthony J. "Cross-Cultural Differences in SensoryProcesses: A Factor- Analytic' Approach." Journal of Social Psychology, press, 1980.

The study examined the hypothesisthat an individual's cultural environmentinfluences the sensory mediationof information processing. Nine sensory tasks associatedwith either visual, auditory,or kinesthetic-tactile receptor systems were performed by114 Japanese Americanand 57 Caucasian American males.

Tsang, Saul-LiM. ,"MathematicalCognitive Structures of Junior High Students Educatedin the United States andof Those Recently Arrived from HongKong, an Exploratory Study.", Berkeley, California:Berkeley Unified SchoolDisttict, Asian American BilingualCenter, 1977. 20p. An exploratorly study comparingthe mathematical cognitive structure of a group of juniorhigh students educated inthe United States with that ofa group of students recently arrived from Hong Kong. The work association technique was employed to retrieve the mathematical cognitivestructures frOm bothgroups of students. Yanagida, Evelyn, and Marsella, AnthonyJ. "The RelationShip between Depression andSelf-Concept Discrepancyamong Different Generations of Japanese-AmericanWomen." Journal of Clinical' Psychology, 34(3):654-659,1978. , Investigated the relationship betweenreal-ideal self-concept discrepancy and depression amongdifferent generations and age groups of Japanese-Americanwomen in Hawaii. Present findings revealed thatself-concept discrepancy anddepression are related positively for-certaingenerations (i.e., Nisei,' young Sansei), but not others (i.e.,old Sanse44 Yonsei). Zax, Melvin and Takahashi, Shigeo. "Response Styles among Japanese and American Children." Japanese Psychological Research, 9(2):58-61, 1967. In a follow-up of an earlier study comparing theextreme response tendencies of collegestudents, a similiar study wa done of 12-year old childrenof these two.eulturalgroups.

25 31 ;

The Japanese children of bothsexes Olare found to make significantly few extreme responses and signiOcantly more intermediate-l'esponses than the Americanchildren, as hypothesized. These findings were thoughttp support inferences about dikferentialchild-rearing prabtioes in two cultural groups andheir effectson the'develoOment of restraint. 4r

13; Communication

Ishii, Satoshi, Cambra, RonaldE., and Klopf, Donald. "Communi- cations Apprehension ofJapaneseand. Americans in Three Speaking Situations." jo

Kim, Young Yun. "Inter-Ethnic and Intra-Ethnic Communication: A Study of Korean ImmigrantsinChicago." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of theWestern Speech Communication Association, November 20-23, 1977,Phoenix, Arizona. 40p. This study provides evidence oftrends in Korean immigrant communication patterns. Data were analyzed for interethnic communication, intraethnic communication,numbers' and types of acquaintances, and the immigrAnt'sindividual characteristics.

Ogawa, Dennis M. "Communication Characteristics of Asiansin American Urban Settings: The Case of Honolulu Japanese." Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 1975. '23p. Traditional familialismas a basic 'antecedent for understanding Japanese American communicationin Honolulu is examined.

14. Mental Health Issues

Fong, Stanley L. M. "Assimilation and Changing Social Rolesof Chinese Americans." Journal of SociafIssues, 29(2):115-128, 1973. The article describes the effectsof social change, primarily in the form of cultural andsocial assimilatibn, on adjustment and social roles in Chinese Americans. Most affected have been traditionalnorms regarding the family and sex role stereotypes. It is reported thatdisparate ilf9 styleshave led to subgrouping within theChinese grouir:'

The Journal of Social Issues, 29(2), 1973. x This volume is dedicated solelyto Asian Amerficafi issues.

26 32 The first part isiOn the Ac the second part, Ps'oholo Asian Ameribans.

Kpo,.Wen. "Theories of Migration and MentalHealth; An Empirical Testing on Chinese-Americana." actiRlAsaiensiand Medicine, 10(6)*297-306,' 1976. This investigation tested the app"Licabilityof four migra- tory theories in specifying the moststressful life changes among immigrants and the impact of thesestresses on their' mental health. The four theoretical notions-- social isolation, cultural shock, goal-strivingstress, and cultural change -- were explicated andtested against a data 'set on Chinese immigrants. The empirical evidence showed that the four theories accounted forless than a quarter of the variance of the mental impairmentscores.

Marsella, Anthony, Kinzie, David,and Gordon,. Paul. "Ethnic Variations in the Expression ofDepression." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 4(4):41A-458,1973. Samples of Americans of Japanese,Chinese, and European. ancestry evidencing clinical leVelsof depression were administered a depressionsymptom checklist, and the results were submitted to a factor analysis. Groups differed with respect to the functional dimensionsexpressed by the patterns.

Murray, Michael D., and Gordon,Charles. "Ethnic Variations' in the Phenomenology ofEmotions: 1. Shame." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,5(3):312-328, 1974. As part of a larger series of investigationon ethnic variations in connotative meaning ofemotions, Americans of Japanese, Chinese and European ancestrywere administered a twenty-scale semantic differentialfor various emotions including shame. Results were factor analyzed. The concept of "shame' was discussed andrelated to the cultural tradition of the, various ethnicgroups studied.

Masuda, Minoru, Lin, Keh-Ming, andTazuma, Laurie. "Adaptional Problems of Vietnamese Refugees,I: Health and Mental Health Status." Archives of General Psychiatry,36:955-961, 1979. The authors report the two-yearresults of ongoing research on the Vietnamese refugees basedon the use of the Cornell Medical Index (CMI). The responses on the CMIon the first (1975) and second (1976)administrations indicate'a high and continuing level of physicaland mental dysfunction.

. ?"Adaptional Problems of VietnameseRefugees, II: Life Changes and Perception of Life Events." Archives of General Psychiatry, 36:447-450, 1980. This article is a companion pieceto a previous article that dealt with the health and mental healthstatus of the Vietnamese

27 refugees ra the UnitedStates.. 'Thisstudy documents the letnamesekparcoptions of the lifeevents that have swirled about theml*m well as the occurrences of theselife events. Sue, Stanley. "Psychologtonl,TheoryNandImplications for Asian Americans.".Personnel and Guidance 1977. Journal, 55(7)1381-309,

The primary plIrpose ofthis artici'd is tostress the import- ance of control among AsianAmericans and to facilitate some understanding and awareness of the issues facingthis group, etither'Ehan to providesome guidelines for couniling. and MCK nney, Herman. "Asian Americans in theCommunity Mental Health re System." 4514):111,-118,' 1975. jyjtl.ojOrAmericanJoy, A' study f Asi4b American patientsreceiving care in community monta1-1jelthjraci1ities suggests that rates ofpsychopathology among 4 i cans have been underestimated ment facititi and that treat- re not responding to theneeds of this group. anefSuei- eiald W. "MMPI Comparisons betweenAsian- American and No -AsianStudents Utilizinga Student Health Psychiatric Cli iop:\ Journal of CounselingPsychology, 21(5):423-427,19/74. Results ildicat AhatAsian students when control stUdent compared with under-utilized the clinicservices, possesse vore pronouncedMMPI-scale elevations, and exhibiteprobléijsinvoIvingsomaticcomplaints, family discord and sec al introversion. and Wagn Nathaniel (eds.). Asian-Americans: Psychological 1,spectives. Palo Alto, California:Science and Behavior Books,Inc., 1973. 300p. The pgrposeof thisbook is the integratiOnof the research findin4s 014.h impressionisticmaterial to;rprovidea better understarei of Asian Americans. Yao, Esther Le "Min-Ming: A Child ofa Different Culture." The purpose of thispaper focuses on determining potential mental problems Min-ming's and on techniquesfor-working with Chinese-immigrant parents. The objectives of thepaper are reached by drawingsome educational implications case study. from this

15. Personality

Arkoff, Abe, Meredith, Gerald, and Iwahara,Shinkuro. Deference Patterning in "Dominance- Motherland Japanese,Japanese-American, and Caucasian-AmericanStudents." Journal of Social Psychology, 58:61-66, 1962. The study compared patterns of dominance anddeference in Motherland-Japanese, Japanese-American, andCaucasian-American

28 university students. Analysis of the results indicated that sax and ethnic) statuswore important'determiners of tatit taste differenees. The test snores of the several sex and ethnic groups were compared and disCUssed.

Meredith, Gerald, and Jones, Ronald. "Urban-Rural. Differences in Need Patterns of ThirdOeneration jaPaneme- Americans in Hawaii." journal of Boatel Psychology, 53121-23, 1961. The present investigation was designed tomeasure differences in personality needs between urban andrural Japanese-Americans in Hawaii. No significant difference in need patterningwas found between the urban and ruralgroups, and several possibl0explanations of this findingare presented.

Bekanan, PUnthip, Sapp, Gary L., andNoisuwane, Tpwin. "The Utility of Verbal Models in ChangingSelf-Esteem of Institu- tionalized Thai and AmericanAdolescents." Journal of Social Psychology, 96:155-161,1975. The study appraised the effects offour independentt variables-- nationality, age of verbal model,sex of verbal motiel, and age of subjett -- on changes in level of self-esteem. Pretest- posttest change scores were analyzed ina 2x3x2x2x ANOVA. Thai subjects gained significantly morethan American subjects, and significant interactions for nationalityby.age of model, and sex of verbal model byage of subject were obtained.

Bergsman, Lily Chu. "A Cross-Cultural Study of Conformityin Americans and Chinese." Saratoga, California: R & E Research Associates, 1977. The three experiments in this investigationwere all concerned With Conformity inChinese and Americans. A cross-cultural comparison of the effects of model'scompetence and status, and reinforcement and sexwas discussed.

Borke, Helene. "The Development of Empathy in Chinese and American Children between Three and SixYears of Age: A Cross-Culture Study." Developmental Psychology, 9(1):102-108, 1973. A series of social interaction situationsrepresenting the four emotions of happy, afraid, sad, andangry were administered to 288 American children and 288 Chinesechildren. This cross cultural study confirms the resultsof previous vesti- gations that very young childrenare capable of empathic responses.

. "The Development of Empathy in Chineseand Ame ican Children between Three and Six Years ofAge: A Cross-Cultural Study. ". Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Carnegie-Mellon University, Department of Psychology, 1973. 21p.

tJ5 As in the previous Oi Ation Chang, Theresa 0, "The Self-COncelyt of Childrenic;hnic GrouPel Slack American And Korean American," Alementary, school -journal 76(1)152-50 1975, This study found self- ratings ofKorean-Amorioan ohildron to be higher than those of Black Americanchildren on behavior,' intellectual and social status,happiness and satisfaction, but lower than'those of BlackChildren on physical appearance and popularity, Significant differences were also found forgrads lavel andsex. Chu, Lily, "The Sensitivity of Chinese And American Children 1,:to Social Influences." Journal of Social Psychology, V.1091175-106, 1979. .The study examined cross- cultural differencesin imitation and conformity between American and Chinesechildren in a series of ambiguous perceptual tasks.

Huang, Lily C. and Harris, Mary B. "Altruism and Imitation in Chinese and Americans: A Cross-Cultural'Experiment." journal of Social Psychology, 93(2)3193-195, 1974. A field experiment was conducted in Taipei,Taiwan, and Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A., to determinethe effects of observing a model on accepting and actuallymailing a letter. It was predicted that Chinese beingmore conformistwould help less than more "materialistic" Americans inthe refusing model and helpful rewarded model conditions,and more in the no model and helpful unrewarded model conditions. In fact, the only statisticallIvsignificant differencefound was that a higher percentage of letters accepted by Chinese subjects were actually received.

and Harris, Mary B. "Conformity in Chinese and Americans: A Field Experiment." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 4(4),:427-434, 1973. A cross-cultural field experiment to determine theeffects of a model's social status and specifictask competence on imitation or conformity was conducted inTaiwan, Republic of China, and Albuquerque, New Mexico,U.S.A. The results indicated that Chinese weremore conforming than Americans and that, in both countries, the model'sstatus had a significant effect and competencea negligible effect on conformity.

Iwawaki, Saburo and zax, Melvin. "Personality Dimensions and Extreme Responie Tendency.." Psychological Reports, 25:31-34, 1969. In a study of the relationship between pathology and rating style, 68 subjects rated 10 Rorschach inkblotson 15 semantic differential scales. Subjects were selected from

.`26 4 total Of 150 JApaHeae 0011090 Stildents as eutree henrotioisM And/or 04travers1on meoVeS 040e4on the J4p4nose varaien of the Mends-toy Personalityinventory.

1W4w4k10 0Atinro,"Aak, M4A.V114, 410 toat,olltWk4, 411011. "e$tvcimi y or Oasponae among Japanese eud AMorioan chiidree." Journa or. Hoolai Payoholeuy . 79(2)C.151-J590 1969, 14paneast ond Amerioen sohoet ohildren or throeage greups ware cc mpared for extreme reoponae otyle in mekingmomantio differential ratinga or Korechaeh inkblots.

Johnmon, f'r'ank A.,Mersoila, AnthonyJ., and johneon, Colleee "Hociel and Payohologioal Aepeota of VarbelOehavior in Japaneae-Amoricena," Amerioan Journator.Psychiatry 111.(5); 500-503, 1974. The authors discuaa the vorb41 behaviorpatterns of English- speaking Japanese-Americans living inHewett, in terma of four cultural themea of Moiji-tarnJapan: 1) a strong sense of gender differences, 2)a concern for hierarchy and status, 3) an emphasis upon uolf-offecaent, and 4)a focus on nonver,- bat communiCation. Those behaviors may be mial,nterproted by Caucasian Americans unfamiliar with thedepeneue-American's culture of or Kuo, Hwang Kwang and Marsella, Anthony J. "The geaning and Measurement of Machiavellianism in Chinese andAmerican College Students." Journal of Social Psychology, 101:165-173, 1977. The study examined the factorialstructure of the MACH IV scale in matched samples of 128 male andfemale Chinese and American college students. It was hypothesized that the groups would differ with respect to the factorialstructure of the MACH IV'because of the ethnocultural differencesin meaning of the factorial terms and in their behavioralreferents, correlates, and functional implications. Results support the hypothesis.

Lindgren, Henry C. and Yu, Raymond. "Cross-Cultural Insight and Empathy among Chinese Immigrants to theUnited States." Journal of Social Psychology, 96(2):305-306,1975. The study identified correlates of cross-culturalsensitivity, ihsight, or empathy that 91 17-66year old Chinese immigrants living in San Francisco develop withrespect to their host culture.

Meade, Robert D. "An Experimental Study of Leadershipin India." Journal'of So9al Psychology, 72:35-43, 1967. The present.fosdy was undertaken to determinethe effect of authoritarid democratic leadershipon productivity and morale in tilt' atqosphere of a boys' club in.India. "Leadership Studies of Chinese and Chinese-Americans." Journal of Cross-Cultural'Psychology, 1(4):325-332,1970.

31 Tha 40-0y Otititie4t0 th0 Ohinaeu AMetloOno 4n 4t1001 onttiotitOfi011.Oi- ,140Mk4oL4tto reanietehip, While Chine4o 4,1400 Woi:e 0nouebernily to tinttiLiiitattati 104444:041V, Theoe citrf4canoa Oro outiottietod 0 L'eri-oortOn or oultutal 00000tione,

Moiodtrh, Oest0M M,"litak'voi'eon01 Nocn'tor JApottoiaa-AmattoAtt AttO c4utiaplatt-Amatte4u Conduct t14enrelit haw4it." Jeninat or 14;1!)1-i0i, °4"11 1'1/6.

Tha 0:'atoaut etinlY foon00,1 on titerinreilietooncit neede or ft.? Male anti 9j ram4la J41140000 AMetiOan And 44 Whiter 0110 40 tstuale CAttoAmLAti hMothla 0c111090 OtA16101114411A Hawaii. Thm rendamontat tuterpet00114i foratione ot'ientetiOn-heheviov (rivo 00ato wateraJwittiatavad and OnalyAact rot hoth ethnic analeeK dirresioncep.

. "Poftionetily Cotrol0io0 or Pidqin English iltIcAuctmoonq Jetlaneeo-- 11rt1tsi Corleqe :it-wit:Wein 110w0ii." Javanoeo Peplholoutoar iterioatch, 6(4):l16-101, The rittnly invoetiqntud the., pornon0lity ohrti'acioilntictlor oolloqo-lovel depanowu Amotiorine In WitnictilforLiFtod h) tomrldini 1pooch oonition oonuee or metrole Pidqin etioqe. rind- iugs woio dimonnnoti in foim0 to' theopatationor physiological, oducniionat anti noolo-onlinial vatiahlon.

":4ix Temperament aMonq JApanono-Amorionn Colloqo :;tii(lontn in Hawaii." journal ot Hocial Hsycholouy, 11(2): 1.49-1,56. Tho Toiman-Milos Masculinity dud FeminiLy Testwan adminintored to 65 Caucasian,911 Japanese American, and 40 Chinese American undergraduates. PrIK differences wore found between the male groupn. The difforondbs between female Caucasians and Asian groups were ntatintically niqnificant. The findings are discussed with reference to exploitative and accomodative sex-role litrategLes.

Ogawa, Dennis M. , and Welden, Terry A. "Cross - Cultural. Analysis of Feedback Behavior within Japanese American and Caucasian American Small Group:" Journal of Communication, 22(2):189- 195, 1972. This study investigated the occurrence of feedbackas a sequential event in both Japanese American and Caucasian Ameri- can small group discussions. The obtained results provided support for the experimental hypothe,sis that Japanese American groups manifest significantly less feedback behavior than Caucasian American groups when indexed by teams of coder- observers. The concept of "enryo" and a characteristic Japane§e family code of conduct are introducedas possible. factorg influencing Japanese American communication.

Schwartz, Audrey James. "The Culturally Advantaged: A Study of Japanese American Pupils." Sociology and Social Research, 55(3):341-353, 1971. A comparative study of public school pupils concludes that

32 rfld hi9h wohoidat4P 40ht'. dOtOilt OtJapartadd"AMdti0444 1 44d ohiAti4 tO vA1404 thAtOVA ttettlitton t#4 Old JApanodo LA41t44:0. Ah4 thAt Oidda440 Ctut- Old 44(40 da t40-4140 toa4%to t4,4 aohtd004004t 1.or mt4410 otAAA An0A-44. 14140t tioPLottwit 04.A rho .:J4:00MOrtkilio VoldLifl9tk4 400440LIVO" 14r4d#: thoo "tn4t vIduait" 40ttonAn4 tO.4040t4t14-tiadd4 lino4v cinithylvity

nhqw, MAIvin S. 4$0 twAwakt,44huto. "Attrthurion or Holvonoi htttty by Aapanoula 4130 hMdt'ioanaam 4 tounotton or A.J0.6 J9""41 9r CY9"-°Out41 PAY01y1i2ly, 1(1)01-01, 19 / TWo 49d 9V1104 4 or JAvanototo 4114Amess wovo oxpoctmoutalty 0044.1440.i so tha 04u-t-thttrAph of roopono aft t ttv, Pilo r *tdtiiija .)r tlto study woicotntorptato4In rdVititi or 041t4t-dl ittrrolcino0A Luv41-tidd 410 V41011r41 roviAtApckttorh40 4000thilw ,Jvcit4i ohitht4t citoiti4tittoo In thc.Atitthhttoh or facioohothility

.1,4he Mdivin 4141 T4k4h4uhi, Shi9do. "Vd4V01440 Styitto among AmiAnouct ;WO AbioiriOall ChtiOutth." JaTanotio tooyOlolovcal It000acoh 9(2);ti0-61,1961. In a rolliow.up 4Ar an 0411101 tatUdycomparing tho oxtrom9 Itipoilootontitmoiori Or Oollatja 1:11%10011tb, a aiM11141 otudy W44 timid or 1)-yoal old ohildton or thoaotwo cUltuvill utoup0. Tho Japan000 childton or bothanx014 wouo rohh41 Mako aigniriCantly tOWortiXtT0M0 Ucla5!01100ti anti aluniricantly moio intormodinto rouponuou than tho/W01-1.0411 chilaten, Ati hypothoulAod. Mono rindingo wore thoughtto Aupport intoi- enceu about dirrorontiol child-roarin(1practicon in two cultural uroups And thoit-ortocta on tho dovotopmont ot rostratnt.

V, lit I ltuniom

16. Community

Honq, LAwroncu K. "Recent nun in the Chinene-American C(.mmitlity: Issues of Adaptations and lmpacts." International Migration Review, 10(4) :509-14,1976. The article raises the followingquestions: What is the relationship between migrationpatterns and the adaptation of . immigrants? What is the relationship betweencommunity organization and adaptation?What are the socieconomic impacts of the recent immigrantson the established Chinese community.

Li, Frederick P., et al. "Health Care for the ChineseCommunity in Boston." American journal of Public Health,. 62(4):536-530, 1972.

This report discusses some social andcultural orgins of health needs among Chinese-Americansand describes the role of community participation inhealth programming forone Chinese community, the Chinatownof Boston.

33 N 11414 Pf ctoriAinat 40+1 dO NO", 64 044lio $ 'Mt* Ogi4Ay C4t N raft Aot 6 #4140C1skfla 16 04444 1Ad eictdal: A No91.0otti.) Av 004 illoA.' ii40 NI 411 Amoi,ivooi ..,:ttum 41. .11., i, 140.

stiV10.141 ,4601011o6q 0,1000416.4 1N4 11Vcsat.4 Ada t ct# hfticoltL;4614 mOato 0i103 01110q on4 omailgt 16 oouiiiii#6111=4 41110 4.1.11claaa1 t t+41-J011,141g ri+4M O60 1,000410W q461601.0444411411't ,, 4 tqoaal*,6 1,4011,i401, Atc ti4c3001.04 16 thimovnt,i010, tt6610 ttlatittty 4i,1 k1i4Itty or iirca cRa 4O6,,,V1_60 t4b606 11:7*.itticsil,

V1, lor ti=4y, " ,ritomoo 4 twvaAlk A4-1611.A. A .atomin ' tat" ell-Wst100, 19(4) ;44-41, ITY/. Tho gitto1a cii4060tica to Ktil=d411 t4OIMinnIIIVIn Icitffiqtit unlInIct, rAlltily ILIOItil'a, IIrcs atyle 4n1 cu1n04titni,

tewo,1;alky

AaaoAAation r chtrimiu To4011(114 "ract a and rtqnlea ationt chtneae Ameticana. arch rtact000, 04111'4)164a,14/I. fip. to t titan lot. t'o 1 hict ton or root ti and 14th ciuAli( ChIMPlo Ametionna, inctomation and0414 nto plomontod klooqtaphic tooation or epineaci in Amotica,Oho pattorn or Chineoe luittnt qvatt.on to the 0.:i.,andincome and 000npattonu or Chineal Amettoana. In audit ton, 4 brief ohlunolutlyOf Chtnnne Amett'- oan htntoryins preaented.

nnvean rtethe Cotinuti. "We, The Apilan Americans." Sniti nd, Mdryland: ittiroml or thoCenuun (00('),1971. 14p. 1910 Connnu dataon Aaian Amer toana were analyzed, Gooqvn- phio diattihntton, populationtronda, mocioeconomio-otattta, and, employment patternswove dincnoned.

inhikawa, Michael. "AsianAmericann and Pacific PeoplonlA Caae of Mistaken Identity." California: California State Advisory Committee to theUnited Staten Commissionon Civil Rights, 1975. 75p. An initial attempt to Presenta demographic sketch of Asian Americans and Pacificpeoples and to describe generally the areas in which theyencounter significant problems'. Six communitieswere consulted: Chinese, Guamanian, Japanese, Korean, Filipinos, and SamoanAmericans of California. Lee, Ivy. "Profiles of Asians inSacramento. Final Report." Washington, D.c.: Department of Health, Education,and Welfare, 1973. 65p. This project was undertakento provide more information on , the conditions of Asians. Descriptive and demographicdata are presented. Social servicesusage, community needs, and, family characteristicsare discussed..

Marshall, Harvey H., Jr. andJiobu, Robert M. "An Alternate

34 Test of he Minority Status and FertilityRelation." Pacificociological Review, 21(2):221-237, 19'78. The study examines the relation betweenrelative group size and the family sizes of white,Japanese, Chinese, and Fili- pino Americans. The family sizes of each minority,where it is a relatively small proportionof the state population,are compared with a state where eachgroup is a relatively large proportion, adjusting for appropriatecompositional differences. Comments from T. K. Burchon the'study is also included. Owan, Tom. "Asian Americans: A Case of Benighted Neglect." AAMHRC Occasional Paper, No. 1,May 13, 1975. /7p. The needs of Asian Americansare discussed: the undercount of the Asian American population,the phenomenal rise of Asian immigrants, the projecteddoubling of the Asian American population by 1980, and theconcentration of this population inn urban areas are significantreasons for the reordering of program priorities so that Asian Americansare not excluded from federally funded benefitsand services.

Pascua, Reynaldo, Jr. "Rural Asian-Americans-1,- An Assessment. A Report of the Yakima ValleyAsian American"]ask Force." Washington: Commission on Asian AmericanAffairs, 1976. 44p. Underlying this reporton Asian Americans in central Washington State is the concept that AsianAmericans do have common problems, experiences and needs. Included in this report are statistics on Yakima Valley AsianAmericans, a brief look at the historical prodess, anda special section headed "Attitudes and Employment."

Shu, Ramsay Leung-hay andSatele, Adele Salamasina. "The Samoan Community in Southern California: Conditions and Needs." AAMHRC Occasional Pappr, No. 2,November, 1977. 125p. The study was designed toprovide baseline data on he needs of the Samoan community inSouthern California. Aeneral demographic and socioeconomic profileof the communi y is presented. In addition, informationwas sought on cultural patterns and'on the respondents'perceptions of community needs, their utilization ofvarious medical services, and the special needs of elderlySamoans.

Yuan, D. Y. "Social Consequences of RecentChanges in the Demographic Structure of New YorkChinatown." Phylon, 35(2): 156-164, 1974. A 1969 sample survey of 565 householdsin New York's China- town indicates that the pattern ofrecent Chinese immigration is characterized by youngage, low sex ratio, high educational level, high rate of occupationaldowngradkng, and a high proportion of nuclear families.

35 18. Media

Asia Society. "Backgrounder: Treatment of AsiaDeficient in ti.S. Schools aooks,Survey Shows." New York: Asia'Society, 1976. 18p. This study draws upon evaluationsof 306 tests incommon use in the 50 states. In addition to the texts' generalfailure to include genuine representationsof Asian experiences, their style and tone also reinforcetheir western-centered approach. Asian Americans for Fair Media. "The Asian 'Image in the United States: Stereotypes and Realities."New York: Asian Ameri- cans for Fair Media, 1976. 16p. Myths and stereotypes about Asiansthat are perpetuated by the media are listed and brieflydescribed in this booklet, The Asian image in children'stextbook is also described.

Fong, Katheryn M. "FCC Oral Arguments of the ChineseMedia Committee." San Francisco, California: Chinese for Affir- mative Action, California ChineseMedia Committee, January 8, 1973. 13p. Monitoring of televisionprograms has revealed that few programs present Chinese characters. The Chinese which are represented in television showsperpetuate stereotypes.

Hata, Don, Jr., and Hata, NadineI. "I Wonder Where the Yellow Went? Distortions and Omissions of AsianAmericans-in California Education." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American EducationalResearch Association, April 16-19, 1974, Chicago, Illinois. Inadequate coverage of minoritygroups in standard U.S. History and Social Studies textbooksto the extent that they have encouraged the perpetuationof negative stereotypes is discussed. Recommendations to remedy the situationis presented.

Isser, Natalie. "Asian Americans: Then, Now, and.Tomorrow." Paper presented at World EducatorsConference on Multi- cultural Education, July, 1976,Honolulu, Hawaii. 15p. This paper documents Americandiscrimination against Chinese and Japanese groups from the1850 through the 1940s. Segre- gation in schools, textbook bias,media stereotypes, and problems of acculturationare discussed.

Matsuoda Tsukasa, "Japanese-American History Given Away." California Council for the Social StudiesReview, 10(2):23- 27, 1970. The author criticizesan educational television program, the Japanese-Americans, whichwas developed to break the

36 stereotyped image of theJapanese-Americans but instead reinforces the image,as historically inaccurate and incomplete oreflecting the bias of thewriters' complete acceptance omiddle class American valuesand attitudes.

Ryu, Jung S. "Mass Media's Role in theAssimilation Process: A Study of Korean Immigrantsin the Los Angeles Area." Paper presented at the AnnualMeeting of the International Communication Association,April 25-29, 1978, Chicago, 20p. Illinois. A study conducted to determinethe relationships between three variables relatedto the assimilation procesd of immigrants to the UnitedStates -- familiarity with,English, degree of identification withthe new culture, degree' of attachment to the homeland-- and three va les related to media needs-- the need for information, th bed to become integrated into the riew culture,and the needor achieving proficiency in English. Wong, Jean H. "Chinese-American Identity andChildren's Picture Books."Unpublished paper. January, 1971.( 17p. A survey was made of all children'sbobks about Chinese, Chinese Americans, or China forpre-Kindergarten through third- grade reading level todetermine how the booksrepresent the Chinese or ChineseAmerican to.the young child.

19. Social-Economic Studies

Association of Chinese Teachers. "Facts and Figures about Chinese,Americans." San Francisco, California,1977. 6p. In this brief collection offacts and figures about Chinese Americans', information and data,arepresented on geographic location'of Chinese in Arrie4pa,the patterof Chinese immigration to the U.S., and inbbme,and occupati ns of Chinese Americans. In addition, a brief chronologyof Chinese American history' is presented.

The Journal of SocialIssues, 29(2), 1973. This volume is dedicated solelyto Asian American issues. The first part ison the Acceptance of Asian Americans; the second part, Psychologicaland Interpersonal Status of Asian Americans.

Jiobu, Robert M. "Earning Differentials between Whites and Ethnic Minorities: the Casesof Asian Americans, Blacks, and Chicanos." Sociology and Social Research,61(1):24-38, 1976. The three aspects of thedifferential earnings between non-Spanish surnamed, native-bornWhites and Blacks, Chinese, Mexican, and Japanese Americansare considered: 1) rates of

/13 return on age, education, andoccupation, 2) the net cost of minority status; and 3)the possible effects of raising minority socioeconomic statusto white levels.

Levine, Gene N. and Montero,Darrel M. "Socioeconomic Mobility among Three Generations of Japanese Americans." Journal of Social Issues, 29(2):33-48,1973. Data from a three generationalsurvey of Japanese Americans indicate that the occupationaland educational attainments of the first generation (Issei)'are reflected in the achieve- ments of the second and thirdgenerations. Findings suggest that two different currents flow in''theJapanese American community, one relatively traditional,the other more assimi- lationist. It is expected that onlyassimilationists will survive -- but in a modifiedfashion.

Li, Peter So. " Occupational Achievement andKinship Assistance among Chinese Immigrants in Chicago." Sociological Quarterly, 18:478-489, 1977. Building on the basic modelof Blau and Duncan, thispaper explores the process of stratificationamong Chinese immigrants in Chicago, and examines theeffects of kinShip assistance in the stratificationprocess of ethnic minorities.

Macaranas, Federico M. "Education and Income Inequality:The Case of Young Filipino Americans." Bronx, New York: Manhattan College, School of Business ResearchInstitute, 1978. 79p. This paper analyzes themacro relationships among education, income, and related socio-economicvariables pertaining to young Filipino Americans. Differences in schooling enrollment patterns among the Filipino, Chinese,and Japanese communities in the United Statesare also examined from a micro-perspective. Office of Special Concerns. "A Study of Selected Socio-Economic Characteristics of Ethnic MinoritiesBased on the 1970 Census, Vol. II: Asian Americans." Washington, D.C.: Office of Special Concerns, Office of theAssistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Departmentof Health, Education, and Welfare, 1974. This study focuseson generating, specific national and local data on selected socio-economiccharacteristics of five Asian American sub-groups from the 1970census. The Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Koreans, and Hawaiiansare examined.

Pascua, Reynaldo, Jr. "Rural Asian-Americans-- An Assessment. A Report of the Yakima Valley AsianAmerican Task Force." Washington: Commission on Asian AmericanAffairs, 1976. 44p. Underlying this reporton Asian Americans in central Washington State is the concept that AsianAmericans do have common problems, experiences and needs. Included in this reportare 38 .<1 statistics on" Yakima Valley Asian Americans,a brief look at the historical process, anda special section headed "Attitudes and Employment."

Pido, Antonio J.A. "A Cross - Cultural Change of GenderRoles: The Case of Pilipino Women Immigrantsin Midwest City, U.S.A." Paper presented at the Annual Conferenceon Ethnic and Minority Studies, April 19-22, 1978,La Crosse, Wisconsin. 54p. This paper examines the socialstatus of women in Pilipino culture and the way this is affectedby exposure to American culture when they immigrate. Changes in the political, economic, and social status of Pilipinoimmigrants to the United States are detailed.

Roos, Patricia A. "Questioning the Stereotypes: Differentials in Income Attainment of Japanese,Mexican-Americans, and Anglos in California." Revised version of a paper presented at the Ann al Meeting of the AmericanSociological Association, Svtember -9, 1977, Chicago, Illinois. 49p. toying data from the 1970census, this study investigates w ether all non-Anglo ethnics experience monetarydiscrimina- "tion in employment. Two minority groups at opposing posifions on the socioeconomic spedtruirt, aaPahege AMericans andMexican Americans, are compared to the Anglopopulation.

Shu, Ramsay Lepng-hay and Satele,Adele Salamasina. "The Samoan Community in Southern California: Conditions and Needs." AAMHRC Occasional Paper, No. 2, November, 1977g.125p. The study was designed to provide baselinedata on the needs of the Samoan community in SouthernCalifornia. A general demographic and socioeconomic profileof the community is presened. In addition,` information was soughton cultural patterns and on the respondents' perceptionsof community needs, their utilization of various medicalservices, and the special needs of elderly Samoans.

Wilber, George L., et al. "Minorities in the Labor Market." Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky, Social Welfare Research InStitute, 1975. Vol. 1Spanish Americans and Indians in the Labor Market Vol. 2 Orientals in the American Labor Market Vol. 3 Metropolitan and Regional Inequalitiesamong Minorities in the Labor Market Intergroup inequalities and discriminationwere examined at the national level in both volumes 1 and 2. The third volume presents similar data for regions and metropolitanareas. Yee, Leland Y. and La Forge, Rolfe. "Relationship between Mental Abilities, Social Class, andExposure of English in Chinese Fourth. Graders." Journal of Educational Psychology,

39 66(6):826-834, 1974. The study attempted to examine the relation }3etWeenmental abilities as defined by rawscores on the Wechsler Intelli- gence Scale for Children (WISC), social class, and,exposure to English in 53 American-born Chinese to ?.qcyear olds attending a private school in San Francisco. AP-significant relation was found between social clhss and ithesix WISC Performance subtests. f

20. Vietnamese Refugees

Burmark, Lynell and Kim, Hyung-chan., .",the.ChallAenge,ofEduca- ting Vietnamese Children in American Shobls!.? Integrated

Education, 16(1):2-8, 1978. T ) This article describes the demographic 'and sbcioeconomic4 4 distribution, and the cultural and linguistic background of the Vietnamese population for undertandingVetilaMese children's adaption to the UnitedStales.

Masuda, Minoru, Lin, Keh-Ming, and Tazuma',:Laurid. "Adaptional Problems of Vietnamese Refugees,I: Health and. Mental Health Status." Archives of General Psychiatry/ 36:955-961, 1979. The authors report the two-year results of ongoingresearch on the Vietnamese refugees based on theuse of the' ornell Medical Index (CMI). The responses On the CMI on the firit (1975) and second (1976) administrationsindicatea high and continuing level of physical and mentaldysfunction.

, Lin, Keh-Ming, and Tazuma,.Laurile. "Adaptibnal Problems of Vietnamese Refugees/ L/fe'Changes and Perception of Life Events." Archives-of Gerieral.Psych4atry; 37:447-450, 1980. This article is a companion pieceto a preVious article that dealt with thehealth and mental health statusof the Viet-; namese refugees in the United Sthtes. This stUdy.documents the Vietnamese perceptions of the life ei.rentsthat have swirled about them as well as theoccurrences 'of these life - events. .

Montero, Darrel. "Vietnamese RefUgees in America: Toward a . Theory of Spontaneous International-Migration ' International Migration Review, 8(4).:624-648, 1979., This article proposes a model describing, thespontaneous migration pattern of the Vi4tnamese refugeescompared to the more traditional immigration pattern ofother Asians in the United States. This study Aalso discusses the factorscontri- buting to the socioecobbmic statUs ofthe'Vietnamese refugees and attempts to.forecast the prospedts,for,theVietnamese in America. and McDowell, Judith. "Refugees: Making It."New York Times, March 12, 1979. Some socio-economic indicators showing theVietnamese refugees advancement in the U.S.society are discussed. The author concludes that "withincreasing familiarity with the English language and withexpanding job market that can allow them to take advantageof their educational and occupational backgrounds, theVietnamese face a bright future.

Office of Family Assistance. "Report to the Congress: HEW Task Force for Indochina Refugees." Washington, D.C.: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,Social Security Administration, September 21, 1977. 112p. A brief, historical review outlines theimplementation and activities of the Indochinese RefugeeAssistance Program.

Van Hoof t, Gordon E. "A Broad Look at Programs thatServe Vietnamese Refugee Children." Albany, New York: New York State Education Department, 1976. 12p. Resettled Indochinese Refugeesare widely scattered across New York State with the only majorconcentration in New York City. It was found that the experience inthe.vast majority of the schools has been excellent. A wide variety of accomodations have been made in differentschool districts to cope with the entrance of refugeechildren. Wei, Tam Thi Dang. "Handb000k for Teachers of Vietnamese Refugee Students." Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Office of Education, 1977. 98p. This teacher's handbook delineatescore features of Vietnamese culture, identifies conflicts Vietnamesechildren may face as students in AMerican.schools and providessuggestions for accurate school records, gradeplacement, and assessment and instruction .in English.

21. Women

Braun, Jean S. and Chao, Hilda M. "Attitudes toward Women: A Comparison of Asian-born Chinese and AmericanCaucasians." Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2(3):195-201,1978. Asian-born Chinese and Caucasian Americanmen and women were compared on attitudes towardwomen, using the Spence-Helmreich Attitude toward Women Scale. Women were more liberal than men on two factors: first, vocational, education,and intellectual roles; second, marital relations and obligations. Ethnic differences were nota main effect on other factors. Pido, Antonio J.A. "A Cross-Cultural Change of Gender Roles: The Case of Pilipino Women Immigrants inMidwest City, U.S.A." Paper presented at the Annual Conferenceon Ethnic and Minority Studies, April 19-22, 1978, La Crosse,Wisconsin.

41 7 This paper examines the socialstatus of women in Pilipino culture and the way this is affected byexposure to American culture when they immigrate. Changes in the political, economic and social status of Filipinoimmigrants to the United States are detailed.

Wilber, George L, et al. "Minorities in the Labor Market. II: Orientals in the American LaborMarket." Lexington, Kentucky University of Kentucky, Social WelfareResearch Institute, 1975. 207p. The major task of this report isto desribe and evaluate the participation andstatus achievemens,of Asians in the labor market, with particularattention to factors affecting such participation and whether differences'in participation as compared to that ofwhites reflect discrimination. irt

Yanagida, Evelyn and Marsella, AnthonyJ.;:"1 he Relationship between Depression and Self-Concept DisCrepancyamong Different Generations of Japanese-American Women."Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34(3):654-659, 1978. Investigated the relationship between real-idealself-concept discrepancy and depressionamong different generations and age groups of Japanese American women in Hawaii.Present findings revealed that self-conceptdiscrepancy and depression are related positively'for certain generations (i.e.,Nisei, young Sansei), but not others (i.e., olderSansei, Yonsei).

Yanagisako, Sylvia Junko. "Women-Centered :Kin Networks in Urban Bilateral Kinship." American Ethnologist, 4(2):207-226r 1977. The present analysis of kinship rela#conshipsin an urban Japanese American coffimunity attributes thecentrality of women in interhousehold networks to the creation ofnew normative expectations of the role okfemale kin.

t 0 Yoshioka, Robert, Jung, Betty, andGee,'Emma. "Asian American Women: Stereotyping Asian Women; Chinese Immigrants; Issei- The First Women." Civil Rights Digest, ,6(3) :,43-53, 1974. The first of the three parts 9f thisarticle provides a brief outline of the stereotypiesapplied to Asian American women and a useful backdrop on the other twoparts. The second part on Chinese immigrants focuseson the strong family ties. The third and last 'partconcerns, the quiet- ness and modesty of the Issei equated with weakness in America, but in reality,aresure signs of strengths.

22. Youth

California Office of Statewide Health Planningand Developmeftt.

42 "Issues in Planning. Servicesfor California's Children and Youth." Sacramento, California: California Office of Statewide Health Planning andDevelopment, 1980. 121p. This documdnt is an effortto begin the dialogue that will lead to a Master Plan forCalifornia's Children and Youth. The discussionis presentedin three parts: Part I - The Condition of California'sChildren, summarizessome of the most important problemsof children, with indicationsof trends; Part II- Money and Programs, describes the service system at the presept time; andPart III, Where to? What Next?, suggest some alternativesfor the future.

Dalbert, Joe and Robinson,Norman. "ChineseYouth Gangs: An Investigation of Their Originsand Activities in Vancouver Schools."' Paper presentedat the American Educational Research Association AnnualMeeting, March, 1978, Toronto, Canada. 25p. This study investigated the origins and activitiesof Chinese youth gangs in the Northeastsection of the city of Vancouver, Canada over a threeyear period (1975-1978). This study also makes comparisondbetweenthe Chinese youth and gangs studied earlier gangs studied by other researchers. Recommenda- tions are made for theimprovement of educational for Chinese youth. provisions

Kendis, Kaoru Oguri, andKendis, Randall Jay. "The Street Boy Identity: An Alternate Strategy of Boston'sChinese-Americans." Urban Anthropology, 5(1):1-18,1976. Notes that while the streetboy strategy does notemerge fully developed, the boysare deliberately trying to forgea new and hybrid identity forthemselves, accepting those aspects of each culture thatwill serve to meet theirneeds as they see them, al4 rejectingthose aspects of each that will not.

Sung, Betty Lee. "Gangs in New York'S Chinatown." Monograph No. 6. New York: City-University of New York, NewYork City College, Department of AsianStudies, 1977. 106p. Interviews were conducted -withmembers of the Chinatown community and withpersons working in this community inorder to examine the phenomenon ofgangs among Chinese youths in New York. Some immigration figures,as well as arrest statistics are offered to helpillustrate the changes in the character of Chinese youthgangs over the years. Wong, Paul. "A Survey by Dr. PaulWong of Chinese Immigrant Youths in San Francisco,1970: BASPC.Staff Analysis." Oakland, California: Bay Area. Social Planning Council,1971. 64p. Questionnaire responses obtainedfrom 255 youths were analyzed to provide the studycommitted with information about Chinese immigrant youth. Adjustment problems and family backgrounds are discussed.

43 1 () a. al