Relevant News and Research 5.7 the Home Environment

Relevant news and research 5.7 The home environment

Last updated August 2021

Research: ...... 1 5.7.1 Smoking behaviour of parents ...... 8 5.7.1.2 Parenting practices ...... 11 5.7.2 Smoking behaviour of siblings ...... 13 5.7.3 Home smoking policies ...... 14 5.7.4 Socio-economic aspects of uptake ...... 14 News reports: ...... 16 5.7.1 Smoking behaviour of parents ...... 16 5.7.1.2 Parenting practices ...... 17

Research:

Nemati, H, Mohammadpoorasl, A, Ebrahimi, H, Atri, SB, & Sahebihagh, MH. (2021). Transition in Smoking Stages and Its Relationship with Family Psychological Function and Perceived Social Support in Adolescents of Tabriz, Iran. Int J Prev Med, 12, 67. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34447509

Roges, J, Bosque-Prous, M, Colom, J, Folch, C, Baron-Garcia, T, Gonzalez-Casals, H et al. (2021). Consumption of Alcohol, Cannabis, and Tobacco in a Cohort of Adolescents before and during COVID-19 Confinement. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(15). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34360141

Bradshaw, M, Kent, BV, Davidson, JC, & De Leon, S. (2021). Parents, Peers, and Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking: A Group-Based Approach. Youth Soc, 53(4), 676-694. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34393284

Budin, CE, Rajnoveanu, RM, Bordea, IR, Grigorescu, BL, & Todea, DA. (2021). Smoking in Teenagers from the Social Protection System-What Do We Know about It? Medicina (Kaunas), 57(5). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34066069

Blank, MD, Ozga, JE, Romm, KF, Douglas, A, Alexander, L, Doogan, NJ et al (2021). Geographic isolation predicts tobacco product use among youth: A latent class analysis. J Rural Health. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33978979

La Fauci, V, Mondello, S, Squeri, R, Alessi, V, Genovese, C, Laudani, N, & Cattaruzza, M. S. (2021). Family, lifestyles and new and old type of smoking in young adults: insights from an italian multiple- center study. Ann Ig, 33(2), 131-140. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33570085

Assari, S, Boyce, S, Caldwell, CH, & Bazargan, M. (2020). Parent Education and Future Transition to Cigarette Smoking: Latinos' Diminished Returns. Front Pediatr, 8, 457. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32974240

Khlat, M, Van Cleemput, O, Bricard, D, & Legleye, S. (2020). Use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis in late adolescence: roles of family living arrangement and socioeconomic group. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1356. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32887597

Scarinci, IC, & Garces-Palacio, IC. (2020). Engagement in Tobacco Use Prompting During Childhood or Adolescence and Its Association with Tobacco Use in Adulthood among Colombian Women. Tob Use Insights, 13, 1179173X20949265. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32874094

Zhao, X, Prandstetter, K, Jansen, E, Hahlweg, K, Schulz, W, & Foran, HM. (2020). Interparental Relationship Adjustment, Parenting, and Offspring's Cigarette Smoking at the 10-Year Follow-up. Fam Process. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32949416

Roberts, ME, Teferra, AA, Keller-Hamilton, B, Patterson, JG, & Ferketich, AK. (2020). Shared and Unique Risk Factors for Tobacco Use among Rural versus Urban Adolescents. Prev Med, 106239. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32853669

Assari, S, Mistry, R, Caldwell, CH , & Bazargan, M. (2020). Protective Effects of Parental Education Against Youth Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Blacks and Hispanics. Adolesc Health Med Ther, 11, 63-71. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32547284

Parks, MJ, Davis, L, Wilhelm, AK, McMorris, BJ, Borowsky, IW, & Shlafer, RJ. (2020). Parental incarceration and youth tobacco product use: Implications for prevention and the e-cigarette epidemic. Addict Behav, 107, 106428. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32311626

Sharma, R, Martins, N, Tripathi, A, Caponnetto, P, Garg, N, Nepovimova, E et al (2020). Influence of Family Environment and Tobacco Addiction: A Short Report from a Post-Graduate Teaching Hospital, India. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(8). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32326314

Braciszewski, JM, Vose-O'Neal, A, Gamarel, KE, & Colby, SM. (2019). Combustible Cigarette Smoking and Alternative Tobacco Use in a Sample of Youth Transitioning from Foster Care. Child Youth Serv Rev, 96, 231-236. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31571706

Mak, YW, Leung, D, & Loke, AY. (2019). The vulnerability to alcohol, tobacco, and drug use of adolescents in Hong Kong: a phenomenological study. BMC Pediatr, 19(1), 303. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31477051

Rafiee, G, Ahmadi, J, & Rafiee, F. (2019). Prevalence of Substance Abuse (Tobacco, Alcohol, Narcotics and Psychotropic Drugs) and Its Relationship to Family Factors in Pre-university Male Students in Shiraz 2017-2018. J Community Health. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31471833

Bilsky, SA, Cloutier, RM, Guillot, CR, Bynion, TM, & Lewis, SF. (2019). Relations Between Parental Distress Intolerance, Adolescent Motives for Cigarette Use, and Adolescent Cigarette Smoking Levels. Subst Use Misuse, 1-11. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31299868

Abidin, S, Fitriyani, P, & Setiawan, A. (2019). Correlations between adolescents' perceptions of family health tasks and adolescents' smoking behaviors in Indonesia. Enferm Clin. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31253569

Lindstrom, M, & Rosvall, M. (2019). Parental separation/divorce in childhood and tobacco smoking in adulthood: A population-based study. Scand J Public Health, 1403494819846724. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31068100

Collado, A, Felton, JW, Taylor, H, Eure, A, & Yi, R. Conscientiousness explains the link between childhood neglect and cigarette smoking in adults from a low-income, urban area-the differential effects of sex. Child Abuse Negl, 2018; 88, 152-158. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30508683

Lewis, T, Kotch, J, Proctor, L, Thompson, R, English, D, Smith, J et al. The Role of Emotional Abuse in Youth Smoking. Am J Prev Med, 2019; 56(1), 93-99. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30573150

Mak, HW. Parental belief and adolescent smoking and drinking behaviors: A propensity score matching study. Addict Behav Rep. 2018 May 1;8:11-20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29977991

Dancoine, PF, Gentina, E. Different Effects of Social Support on Adolescent Smoking and the Mediation by Smartphone Dependence. J Addict Med, 2018. Jun 15, 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29912726

Kristjansson, AL, Kogan, SM, Mann, MJ, Smith, ML, Juliano, LM, Lilly, CL, James, JE. Does early exposure to caffeine promote smoking and alcohol use behavior? A prospective analysis of middle school students. Addiction, 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29707859

Luk, TT, Wang, MP, Leung, LT, Chen, J, Wu, Y, Lam, TH, Ho, SY. Perceived family relationship quality and use of poly-tobacco products during early and late adolescence. Addict Behav. 2018 May 24;85:38-42. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29843039

Viana, TBP, Camargo, CL, Gomes, NP, Felzemburgh, RDM, Mota, RS, Lima, C. Factors associated with cigarette smoking among public school adolescents. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2018;52:e03320. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29846486

Habibi, M, Hosseini, F, Darharaj, M, Moghadamzadeh, A, Radfar, F, Ghaffari, Y. Attachment Style, Perceived Loneliness, and Psychological Well-Being in Smoking and Non-Smoking University Students. J Psychol. 2018 May 19;152(4):226-236. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29630459

Ikram, UZ, Snijder, MB, Derks, EM, Peters, RJG, Kunst, AE, Stronks, K. Parental Smoking and Adult Offspring's Smoking Behaviors in Ethnic Minority Groups: An Intergenerational Analysis in the HELIUS Study. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017 Jun 21. pii: 3882649. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29617888

Timmermans, EJ, Veldhuizen, EM, Snijder, MB, Huisman, M, Kunst, AE. Neighbourhood safety and smoking in population subgroups: The HELIUS study. Prev Med. 2018 Apr 12;112:111-118. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29654838

Sajjadi, H, Jorjoran Shushtari, Z, Mahboubi, S, Rafiey, H, Salimi, Y. Effect of socio-economic status, family smoking and mental health through social network on the substance use potential in adolescents: a mediation analysis. Public Health. 2018 Feb 20;157:14-19. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29475107

Luk, TT, Wang, MP, Leung, LT, Wu, Y, Chen, J, Lam, TH, Ho, SY. Associations of perceived interparental relationship, family harmony and family happiness with smoking intention in never- smoking Chinese children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2017 Oct 6;7(10):e017523. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28988179

Asawa, K, Doshi, A, Bhat, N, Tak, M, Chhajlani, A, Bhosle, S, Jain, S, Shah, D. Relationship between Parental Bonding and Tobacco Specific Practices as Predictors of Tobacco Usage in Adults. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017 Jul;11(7):ZC36-ZC41. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28893040

Shih, RA, Parast, L, Pedersen, ER, Troxel, WM, Tucker, JS, Miles, JNV, Kraus, L, D'Amico, EJ. Individual, peer, and family factor modification of neighborhood-level effects on adolescent alcohol, cigarette, e-cigarette, and marijuana use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017 Aug 8;180:76-85. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886395

Warren, JC, Smalley, KB, Barefoot, KN. Recent Alcohol, Tobacco, and Substance Use Variations between Rural and Urban Middle and High School Students. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2017;26(1):60-65. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28890649

Cambron, C, Kosterman, R, Catalano, RF, Guttmannova, K, Hawkins, JD. Neighborhood, Family, and Peer Factors Associated with Early Adolescent Smoking and Alcohol Use. J Youth Adolesc, 2017. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28819911

Glenn, NM, Lapalme, J, McCready, G, Frohlich, KL. Young adults' experiences of neighbourhood smoking-related norms and practices: A qualitative study exploring place-based social inequalities in smoking. Soc Sci Med. 2017 Sep;189:17-24. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28778059

Larsen, K, To, T, Irving, HM, Boak, A, Hamilton, HA, Mann, RE, Schwartz, R, Faulkner, GEJ. Smoking and binge-drinking among adolescents, Ontario, Canada: Does the school neighbourhood matter? Health Place. 2017 Aug 10;47:108-114. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28802872

McCutcheon, VV, Agrawal, A, Kuo, SI, Su, J, Dick, DM, Meyers, JL, Edenberg, HJ, Nurnberger, JI, Kramer, JR, Kuperman, S, Schuckit, MA, Hesselbrock, VM, Brooks, A, Porjesz, B, Bucholz, KK. Associations of parental alcohol use disorders and parental separation with offspring initiation of alcohol, cigarette and cannabis use and sexual debut in high-risk families. Addiction, 2017. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28804966

Sharma, P, Wadhwan, V, Aggarwal, P, Sharma, N. Adolescent tobacco menace: Attitudes, norms, and parental influence. Indian J Dent Res. 2017 Jul-Aug;28(4):465-469. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28836542

Sheikh, MA. Confounding and Statistical Significance of Indirect Effects: Childhood Adversity, Education, Smoking, and Anxious and Depressive Symptomatology. Front Psychol. 2017 Aug 2;8:1317. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28824498

Daw, J, Margolis, R, Wright, L. Emerging Adulthood, Emergent Health Lifestyles: Sociodemographic Determinants of Trajectories of Smoking, Binge Drinking, Obesity, and Sedentary Behavior. J Health Soc Behav. 2017 Jun;58(2):181-197. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28661779

Aho, H, Koivisto, AM, Paavilainen, E, Joronen, K. Parental involvement and adolescent smoking in vocational setting in Finland. Health Promot Int, 2017. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28549167

Banzer, R, Haring, C, Buchheim, A, Oehler, S, Carli, V, Wasserman, C, Kaess, M, Apter, A, Balazs, J, Bobes, J, Brunner, R, Corcoran, P, Cosman, D, Hoven, CW, Kahn, JP, Keeley, HS, Postuvan, V, Podlogar, T, Sisask, M, Varnik, A, Sarchiapone, M, Wasserman, D. Factors associated with different smoking status in European adolescents: results of the SEYLE study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2017. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28386649

Lacey, RE, Zilanawala, A, Webb, E, Abell, J, Bell, S. Parental absence in early childhood and onset of smoking and alcohol consumption before adolescence. Arch Dis Child. 2016. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27831906

Mayne, SL, Auchincloss, AH, Moore, KA, Michael, YL, Tabb, LP, Echeverria, SE, Diez Roux, AV. Cross- sectional and longitudinal associations of neighbourhood social environment and smoking behaviour: the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis. J Epidemiol Community Health, 2016. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27885050

Beach, SR, Lei, MK, Brody, GH, Miller, GE, Chen, E, Mandara, J, Philibert, RA. Smoking in young adulthood among African Americans: Interconnected effects of supportive parenting in early adolescence, proinflammatory epitype, and young adult stress. Dev Psychopathol. 2016 Oct 20:1-13. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27760580

Talip, T, Murang, Z, Kifli, N, Naing, L. Systematic review of smoking initiation among Asian adolescents, 20052015: Utilizing the frameworks of triadic influence and planned behaviour. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(7):3341-55. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27509974

Bernat, DH, Choi, K. Differences in cigarette use and the tobacco environment among youth living in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. J Rural Health, 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27443961

Gregoire, B, Azagba, S, Asbridge, M. Smoke-free homes, smoking susceptibility and familial smoking among never-smoking high school students: a cross-sectional analysis. CMAJ Open. 2016 Jun 7;4(2):E298-303. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27398377

Duncan, DT, Rienti Jr, M, Jr, Kulldorff, M, Aldstadt, J, Castro, MC, Frounfelker, R, Williams, JH, Sorensen, G, Johnson, RM, Hemenway, D, Williams, DR. Local spatial clustering in youths' use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana in Boston. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016 Apr 20:1-10. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27096932

Green, KM, Johnson, RM, Milam, AJ, Furr-Holden, D, Ialongo, NS, Reboussin, BA. Racial differences and the role of neighborhood in the sequencing of marijuana and tobacco initiation among urban youth. Subst Abus. 2016 Apr 19:0. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27092865

Dietz, NA, Arheart, KL, Sly, DF, Lee,DJ, McClure, LA. Correlates of smoking among youth: the role of parents, friends, attitudes/beliefs, and demographics. Tob Induc Dis, 2016; 14:9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27013933

Caleyachetty, R et al. Cumulative social risk exposure in childhood and smoking and excessive alcohol use in adulthood. Eur J Public Health, 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26847204

Ribeiro Sarmento, D, Yehadji, D. An analysis of global youth tobacco survey for developing a comprehensive national smoking policy in Timor-Leste. BMC Public Health, 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26800672

Wang, M et al. Prevalence and associated factors of smoking in middle and high school students: a school-based cross-sectional study in Zhejiang Province, China. BMJ Open, 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26769793

Kravitz-Wirtz, N. A discrete-time analysis of the effects of more prolonged exposure to neighborhood poverty on the risk of smoking initiation by age 25. Soc Sci Med, Jan 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26685707

Roohafza, H, Kasaei, Z, Heidari, K, Omidi, R, Alinia, T, Naji, M, Jaberifar, M, Sadeghi, M. Better view on attitudes and perceived parental reactions behind waterpipe smoking among Iranian students. J

Res Med Sci, 2015; 20(11): 1032–8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26941805

Tondowski, CS et al. Parenting styles as a tobacco-use protective factor among Brazilian adolescents. Cad Saude Publica, Dec 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26872228

Sharma, S et al. Predictors of tobacco use among youth in India: GATS 2009- 2010 Survey. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26625758

Alcala, HE et al. Social cohesion and the smoking behaviors of adults living with children. Addict Behav, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26562680

Andersson, M. A, Maralani, V. Early-life characteristics and educational disparities in smoking. Soc Sci Med, Nov 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26434393

Kandel, DB et al. Intergenerational patterns of smoking and nicotine dependence among US adolescents. Am J Public Health, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26378847

Pfortner, TK et al. Does the association between different dimension of social capital and adolescent smoking vary by socioeconomic status? a pooled cross-national analysis. Int J Public Health, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26337555

Vaughn, MG et al. Are homeschooled adolescents less likely to use alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs? Drug Alcohol Depend, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26338482

Ivory, VC et al. Do changes in neighborhood and household levels of smoking and deprivation result in changes in individual smoking behavior? A large-scale longitudinal study of New Zealand adults. Am J Epidemiol, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26271117

Kim, HH, Chun, J. Examining the effects of parental influence on adolescent smoking behaviors: a multilevel analysis of the Global School-Based Student Health survey (2003-2011). Nicotine Tob Res, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26272211

Masood, M et al. Within-family discussion on harmful effects of smoking and intention to initiate smoking among European adolescents. J Addict Med, 2015. Jul-Aug 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26241085

Baheiraei, A et al. The role of family on hookah smoking initiation in women: a qualitative study. Global Journal of Health Science, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26156895

Hampson, SE et al. Prospective predictors of novel tobacco and nicotine product use in emerging adulthood. The Journal of Adolescent Health, Aug 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26206439

Allahverdipour, H et al. Cigarette smoking and its relationship with perceived familial support and religiosity of university students in Tabriz. Iran J Psychiatry, Jun 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26877746

Ali, MM, Dean, D. The influence of nonresident fathers on adolescent and young adult cigarette smoking. Families, Systems & Health, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26030181

Escario, JJ, Wilkinson, AV. The intergenerational transmission of smoking across three cohabitant generations: a count data approach. Journal of Community Health, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25796208

Calvanese, AV et al. Understanding attitudes, beliefs, and information seeking regarding hookah smoking in parents of college students: an exploratory qualitative pilot study. Respiratory Care, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25691766

Cheney MK, Oman RF, and Vesely SK. Prospective associations among youth assets in young adults and tobacco use. Am J Prev Med, 2015; 48(1 Suppl 1):S94-S101. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25528715

Lakon CM, Wang C, Butts CT, Jose R, Timberlake DS, et al. A Dynamic Model of Adolescent Friendship Networks, Parental Influences, and Smoking. J Youth Adolesc, 2014. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25239115

Racicot S and McGrath JJ. Development and psychometric properties of the Social Smoking Situations (S) Scale: An enhanced measure of social exposure to smoking during adolescence. Addict Behav, 2014; 41C:256-262. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452074

Taha F, Galea S, Hien D, and Goodwin RD. Childhood maltreatment and the persistence of smoking: A longitudinal study among adults in the US. Child Abuse Negl, 2014; 38(12):1995-2006. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25466425

Green MJ, Leyland AH, Sweeting H, and Benzeval M. Socioeconomic position and early adolescent smoking development: evidence from the British Youth Panel Survey (1994-2008). Tob Control, 2014. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25380762

Jitnarin N, Heinrich KM, Haddock CK, Hughey J, Berkel L, et al. Neighborhood environment perceptions and the likelihood of smoking and alcohol use. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2015; 12(1):784-99. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25594781

5.7.1 Smoking behaviour of parents

Kim, S, Selya, A, Wakschlag, LS, Dierker, L Rose, JS, Hedeker, D, & Mermelstein, RJ. (2021). Estimating causal and time-varying effects of maternal smoking on youth smoking. Addict Behav, 120, 106982. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34022755

Oztekin, C, Batra, M, Abdelsalam, S, Sengezer, T, Ozkara, A, & Erbas, B. (2021). Impact of Individual, Familial and Parental Factors on Adolescent Smoking in Turkey. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(7). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33918478

Chen, MY. (2021). The Negative Impact of Parental Smoking on Adolescents' Health-Promoting Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33802561

Chadi, N, Ahun, MN, Laporte, C, Boivin, M, Tremblay, RE, Cote, SM, & Orri, M. (2021). Pre- and postnatal maternal smoking and offspring smoking trajectories: Evidence from a 20-year birth cohort. Prev Med, 106499. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33667469

Kitano, N, Shiroyama, T, Suzuki, K, Yamano, T, Tomiyama, M, Ueno, M et al. (2020). Association of household smoking status in childhood with young adults' educational attainment and smoking status: Results from a series of population-based cross-sectional surveys in Japan. Prev Med Rep, 18, 101066. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32099769

Kerr, DCR, Tiberio, SS, Capaldi, DM, & Owen, LD. (2020). Intergenerational congruence in adolescent onset of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31916782

Jackson, C, Dickinson, DM, Hayes, KA, & Miller, AL. (2019). Joint Effects of Parental Smoking Cessation and an Antismoking Parenting Program on Children's Susceptibility to Smoking: A Three- Year Prospective Study. J Prim Prev. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31820268

Madras, BK, Han, B, Compton, WM, Jones, CM, Lopez, EI, & McCance-Katz, EF. (2019). Associations of Parental Marijuana Use With Offspring Marijuana, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use and Opioid Misuse. JAMA Netw Open, 2(11), e1916015. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31755950

Janakiram, C, Sanjeevan, V, & Joseph, J. (2019). Intergenerational Transfer of Tobacco Use Behaviour from Parent to Child: A Case Control Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 20(10), 3029-3035. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31653151

Steeger, CM, Epstein, M, Hill, KG, Kristman-Valente, AN, Bailey, JA, Lee, JO, & Kosterman, R. (2019). Time-varying effects of family smoking and family management on adolescent daily smoking: The moderating roles of behavioral disinhibition and anxiety. Drug Alcohol Depend, 204, 107572. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31585356

Schall, T. (2019). A Warning for Smoking Parents. Biol Psychiatry, 86(5), e17-e18. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31416518

Oliveira, L, Santos, A, Farah, BQ, Ritti-Dias, RM, Freitas, C, & Diniz, PRB. Influence of parental smoking on the use of alcohol and illicit drugs among adolescents. Einstein (Sao Paulo), 2019. 17(1), eAO4377. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30652736

Pape, K, Svanes, C, Malinovschi, A, Benediktsdottir, B, Lodge, C, Janson, C et al. Agreement of offspring-reported parental smoking status: the RHINESSA generation study. BMC Public Health, 2019. 19(1), 94. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30665381

Clergue-Duval, V, Mary-Krause, M, Bolze, C, Fombonne, E, & Melchior, M. Early Predictors of Trajectories of Tobacco Use Level from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: A 16-Year Follow-Up of the

TEMPO Cohort Study (1999-2015). Eur Addict Res, 2018. 25(1), 2-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30562732

Dickter, CL, Forestell, CA, & Volz, S. The effect of parental smoking on preadolescents' implicit and explicit perceptions of smoking-related cues. Psychol Addict Behav, 2018. 32(7), 759-769. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30451518

Agu, CF, Weaver, S, Abel, WD, Rae, T, Oshi, SN, Smith, PW, Ukwaja, KN, Ricketts Roomes, T, Meka, I, Oshi, DC. Are Adolescents likely to Start Smoking Early if Their Parents are Smokers? A Study of Jamaican High School Students. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018 Apr 23;19(S1):25-31. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29682917

Chen, J, Ho, SY, Wang, MP, Lam, TH. Parental smoking, rejection of parental smoking, and smoking susceptibility and behaviors in Hong Kong adolescents. Addict Behav. 2018 Feb 13;82:19-22.. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29477902

Gugushvili, A, McKee, M, Azarova, A, Murphy, M, Irdam, D, King, L. Parental transmission of smoking among middle-aged and older populations in Russia and Belarus. Int J Public Health, 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29302722

McGrath, JJ, Racicot, S, Okoli, CTC, Hammond, SK, O'Loughlin, J. Airborne Nicotine, Secondhand Smoke, and Precursors to Adolescent Smoking. Pediatrics. 2018 Jan;141(Suppl 1):S63-S74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29292307

Hamilton, TG, Green, TL. Intergenerational differences in smoking among West Indian, Haitian, Latin American, and African blacks in the United States. SSM Popul Health. 2017 Feb 7;3:305-317. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29349225

Andrade, RCC, Ferreira, AD, Ramos, D, Ramos, EMC, Scarabottolo, CC, Saraiva, BTC, Gobbo, LA, Christofaro, DGD. Smoking among adolescents is associated with their own characteristics and with parental smoking: cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2017 Nov 17:0. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29166435

Clawson, AH, McQuaid, EL, Dunsiger, S, Bartlett, K, Borrelli, B. The longitudinal, bidirectional relationships between parent reports of child secondhand smoke exposure and child smoking trajectories. J Behav Med, 2017. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29022139

Teixeira, CC, Guimaraes, LSP, Echer, IC. Factors associated with smoking initiation among school- aged adolescents. Rev Gaucha Enferm. 2017 May 18;38(1):e69077. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28538810

Treur, JL, Verweij, KJH, Abdellaoui, A, Fedko, IO, de Zeeuw, EL, Ehli, EA, Davies, GE, Hottenga, JJ, Willemsen, G, Boomsma, DI, Vink, JM. Testing familial transmission of smoking with two different research designs. Nicotine Tob Res, 2017. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28575460

Yanez, AM, Leiva, A, Estela, A, Cukic, I. The associations of personality traits and parental education with smoking behaviour among adolescents. PLoS One. 2017 Mar 23;12(3):e0174211. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28333969

Dwivedi, S, Pathak, R, Agarwalla, R, Ali, W. The intergenerational transmission of tobacco habit: Role of parents and the family. J Family Med Prim Care. 2016 Apr-Jun;5(2):373-377. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27843844

Alves, J, Perelman, J, Soto-Rojas, V, Richter, M, Rimpela, A, Loureiro, I, Federico, B, Kuipers, MA, Kunst, A E, Lorant, V. The role of parental smoking on adolescent smoking and its social patterning: a cross-sectional survey in six European cities. J Public Health (Oxf), 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27160860

Lochbuehler, K, Schuck, K, Otten, R, Ringlever, L, Hiemstra, M. Parental smoking and smoking cognitions among youth: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Addict Res. 2016;22(4):215-32. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27161506

Stojanovic-Tasic, M et al. Influence of family smoking habits and passive smoking on smoking status among Belgrade university students. Subst Use Misuse, 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26829003

De Genna, NM et al. Prenatal and postnatal maternal trajectories of cigarette use predict adolescent cigarette use. Nicotine Tob Res, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26712844

El-Amin, SE et al. Transmission of smoking across Three Generations in Finland. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26712771

Emerson, E. Exposure to second hand tobacco smoke at home and child smoking at age 11 among British children with and without intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26635126

Veeranki, SP et al. Associations of adolescents' cigarette, waterpipe, and dual tobacco use with parental tobacco use. Nicotine Tob Res, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26438651

McIntire, RK et al. Secondhand smoke exposure and other correlates of susceptibility to smoking: A propensity score matching approach. Addictive Behaviors, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25967679

5.7.1.2 Parenting practices

Dangol, G, Poudel, KC, & Kim-Mozeleski, JE. (2021). The Role of Parental Involvement in Cigarette Smoking among Adolescents in Nepal. J Psychoactive Drugs, 1-9. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34278947

Silva, D Costa, D, Rocha, GSA, Monteiro, E, Gomes, B, Souza, CFQ, & Aquino, JM. (2021). Association between family dynamics and use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by adolescents.

Rev Bras Enferm, 74(3), e20200829. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34287491

Mehanovic, E, Vigna-Taglianti, F, Faggiano, F, Galanti, MR, & Group, E U-D S. (2021). Does parental permissiveness toward cigarette smoking and alcohol use influence illicit drug use among adolescents? A longitudinal study in seven European countries. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34120221

Amiri, S, Fathi-Ashtiani, M, Sedghijalal, A, & Fathi-Ashtiani, A. (2021). Parental divorce and offspring smoking and alcohol use: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Addict Dis, 1-23. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33648433

No authors listed. Even Vigilant Parents May Be Unaware of Children's Tobacco Use. (2021). Am J Nurs, 121(3), 15. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33624997

Grenard, DL, Valencia, EJ, Brown, JA, Winer, RL, & Littman, AJ. (2020). Impact of Caregiving During Emerging Adulthood on Frequent Mental Distress, Smoking, and Drinking Behaviors: United States, 2015-2017. Am J Public Health, e1-e8. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33058707

Wu, TS, & Chaffee, BW. (2020). Parental Awareness of Youth Tobacco Use and the Role of Household Tobacco Rules in Use Prevention. Pediatrics. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33020248

Chadi, N, Winickoff, JP, & Drouin, O. (2020). Parental Optimism and Perceived Control over Children's Initiation of Tobacco, Cannabis, and Opioid Use. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(17). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32858864

Koning, I, de Looze, M, & Harakeh, Z. (2020). Parental alcohol-specific rules effectively reduce adolescents' tobacco and cannabis use: A longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Depend, 216, 108226. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32853999

Sartor, CE, Ye, F, Simon, P, Zhai, ZW, Hipwell, AE, & Chung, T. (2020). Youth Perceptions of Parental Involvement and Monitoring, Discrepancies With Parental Perceptions, and Their Associations With First Cigarette Use in Black and White Girls. J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 81(2), 180-189. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32359047

Nakhoul, L, Obeid, S, Sacre, H, Haddad, C, Soufia, M, Hallit, R et al (2020). Attachment style and addictions (alcohol, cigarette, waterpipe and internet) among Lebanese adolescents: a national study. BMC Psychol, 8(1), 33. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32299500

Shaikh, MA. (2020). Tobacco use in school students in Afghanistan, Oman and Kuwait and association with parental monitoring: analysis of data from Global School-based Student Health surveys. East Mediterr Health J, 26(1), 122-128. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32043555

Reynolds, AJ, Magro, SW, Ou, SR, & Eales, L. (2019). Are parent involvement and school quality associated with adult smoking behaviors? Findings from an urban early childhood cohort. Prev Med, 105768. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31323283

Kisely, S, Abajobir, AA, Mills, R, Strathearn, L, Clavarino, A, Gartner, C, & Najman, JM. (2019). Child maltreatment and persistent smoking from adolescence into adulthood: a birth cohort study. Nicotine Tob Res. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30874810

Rodriguez-Planas, N, & Sanz-de-Galdeano, A. Intergenerational transmission of gender social norms and teenage smoking. Soc Sci Med, 2018. 222, 122-132. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30623797

Drouin, O, Winickoff, JP, Thorndike, AN. Parental optimism about children's risk of future tobacco use and excessive weight gain. Acad Pediatr. 2018 Sep 21. pii: S1876-2859(18)30625-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30248470

Bailey, JA, Epstein, M, Steeger, CM, Hill, KG. Concurrent and Prospective Associations Between Substance-Specific Parenting Practices and Child Cigarette, Alcohol, and Marijuana Use. J Adolesc Health. 2018 Jan 30. pii: S1054-139X(17)30859-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29396083

Barrera, DJ. Gender Differences in the Transmission of Smoking From Filipino Parents to Their Offspring: The Role of Parenting, School Climate, and Negative Emotions. Subst Use Misuse. 2017 May 4:1-10. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28471256

Wise, MH, Weierbach, F, Cao, Y, Phillips, K. Tobacco Use and Attachment Style in Appalachia. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2017 Apr 24:1-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28436706

Nelson, KM, Carey, KB, Scott-Sheldon, LA, Eckert, TL, Park, A, Vanable, PA, Ewart, CK, Carey, MP. Gender Differences in Relations among Perceived Family Characteristics and Risky Health Behaviors in Urban Adolescents. Ann Behav Med, Dec 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27995548

5.7.2 Smoking behaviour of siblings Mahboubi, S, Salimi, Y, Jorjoran Shushtari, Z, Rafiey, H, Sajjadi, H. Sibling cigarette smoking and peer network influences on substance use potential among adolescent: a population based study. Int J Adolesc Med Health, 2017. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29252196

Bares, CB, Maes, HH, Kendler, KS. Familial and Special Twin Influences on Cigarette Use Initiation. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2017 Apr;20(2):137-146. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28303776

Kawada, T. Comment on tobacco use among siblings of childhood cancer survivors: A report from the childhood cancer survivor study. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2016. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27873454

5.7.3 Home smoking policies Gorini, G, Carreras, G, Cortini, B, Verdi, S, Petronio, MG, Sestini, P, Chellini, E. Smoke-free homes and youth smoking behaviour in Italy: findings from the SIDRIAT longitudinal study. Nicotine Tob Res, 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27287390

Cattaruzza, MS. Tobacco-free homes for tobacco-free generations: establishing positive smoke-free role models for youth. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia, Jul 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26138044

Luh, DL et al. Effect of self-reported home smoking restriction on smoking initiation among adolescents in Taiwan: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26116613

5.7.4 Socio-economic aspects of uptake

Kim, S, & Selya, A. (2021). Rural disparities in adolescent smoking prevalence. J Rural Health. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34339070

Wu, S, Yoder, G, Lee, NY, Yan, S, & Wolfersteig, W. (2021). Racial Disparities in School Lunch Program Participation and Cigarette Use: Evidence from Arizona Youth Survey Data. Subst Use Misuse, 56(10), 1516-1526. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34196571

Mallol, J, Urrutia-Pereira, M, Mallol-Simmonds, MJ, Calderon-Rodriguez, L, Osses-Vergara, F, & Matamala-Bezmalinovic, A. (2021). Prevalence and Determinants of Tobacco Smoking Among Low- Income Urban Adolescents. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol, 34(2), 60-67. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34107753

Krinner, LM, Warren-Findlow, J, & Bowling, J. (2020). Examining the Role of Childhood Adversity on Excess Alcohol Intake and Tobacco Exposure among US College Students. Subst Use Misuse, 1-12. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32657199

Anyanwu, PE, Craig, P, Katikireddi, SV, & Green, MJ. (2020). Impact of UK tobacco control policies on inequalities in youth smoking uptake: A natural experiment study. Nicotine Tob Res. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32469404

Mehanovic, E, Mathis, F, Brambilla, R, Faggiano, F, Galanti, MR, Vigna-Taglianti, F, & Group, E U-DS. (2020). Do the socioeconomic context and the European geographical area modify parental influences on smoking experimentation among adolescents? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32080764

Janssen, E, Le Nezet, O, Shah, J, Chyderiotis, S, Brissot, A, Philippon, A et al. (2019). Increasing socioeconomic disparities in tobacco smoking decline among French adolescents (2000-2017). J Public Health (Oxf). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31774505

Valencia, MLC, Tran, BT, Lim, MK, Choi, KS, & Oh, JK. (2019). Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Early Initiation of Smoking, Alcohol Drinking, and Sexual Behavior Among Korean Adolescents. Asia Pac J Public Health, 31(5), 443-453. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31431057

Gagne, T, Quesnel-Vallee, A, & Frohlich, KL. (2019). Considering the age-graded nature of associations between socioeconomic characteristics and smoking during the transition towards adulthood. Prev Med, 123, 262-269. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30935999

Nagrath, D, Mathur, MR, Gupta, R, & Zodpey, SP. (2019). Socio-demographic and socioeconomic differences in tobacco use prevalence among Indian youth. Prev Med Rep, 14, 100832. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31011516

Ball, J, Sim, D, Edwards, R. Addressing ethnic disparities in adolescent smoking: Is reducing exposure to smoking in the home a key? Nicotine Tob Res, 2018. Mar 15, 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29554315

Kurupath, A, Sureka, P. A Study on Tobacco Use Among School Children. Community Ment Health J, 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29396797

Morris, T, Manley, D, Van Ham, M. Context or composition: How does neighbourhood deprivation impact upon adolescent smoking behaviour? PLoS One. 2018 Feb 8;13(2):e0192566. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29420655

Wellman, RJ, Sylvestre, MP, O'Loughlin, EK, Dutczak, H, Montreuil, A, Datta, GD, O'Loughlin, J. Socioeconomic status is associated with the prevalence and co-occurrence of risk factors for cigarette smoking initiation during adolescence. Int J Public Health. 2017 Nov 7. pii: 10.1007/s00038- 017-1051-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29116338

Yaya, S, Bishwajit, G, Shah, V, Ekholuenetale, M. Socioeconomic Disparities in Smoking Behavior and Early Smoking Initiation Among Men in Malawi. Tob Use Insights. 2017 Aug 14;10:1179173X17726297. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28839446

Thomas, DP, Hefler, M. How to reduce adolescent smoking in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Glob Health. 2016 Nov;4(11):e762-e763. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697485

Liu, Y, Wang, M, Tynjala, J, Villberg, J, Lv, Y, Kannas, L. Socioeconomic differences in adolescents' smoking: a comparison between Finland and Beijing, China. BMC Public Health. 2016 Aug 17;16:805. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27534849

Polanska, K, Wojtysiak, P, Bak-Romaniszyn, L, Kaleta, D. Susceptibility to cigarette smoking among secondary and high school students from a socially disadvantaged rural area in Poland. Tob Induc Dis. 2016 Aug 15;14:28. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27531970

Wi, CI, Gauger, J, Bachman, M, Rand-Weaver, J, Krusemark, E, Ryu, E, King, KS, Katusic, SK, Juhn, YJ. Role of individual-housing-based socioeconomic status measure in relation to smoking status among late adolescents with asthma. Ann Epidemiol, 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27266369

Green, MJ, Leyland, AH, Sweeting, H, Benzeval, M. Adolescent smoking and tertiary education: opposing pathways linking socio-economic background to alcohol consumption. Addiction, 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27162105

Kuipers, MA et al. Socioeconomic differences in parenting strategies to prevent adolescent smoking: a case study from the Netherlands. Int J Behav Med, 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26883869

Cremers, HP et al. A longitudinal study on determinants of the intention to start smoking among Non-smoking boys and girls of high and low socioeconomic status. BMC Public Health, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26163878

Riggs, NR, Pentz, MA. Inhibitory control and the onset of combustible cigarette, e-cigarette, and hookah use in early adolescence: The moderating role of socioeconomic status. Child Neuropsychology, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26095200

Sweeting, H, Hunt, K. Adolescent socioeconomic and school-based social status, smoking, and drinking. The Journal of Adolescent Health, July 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26095407

Ayubi, E et al. Socioeconomic Determinants of inequality in smoking stages: a distributive analysis on a sample of male high school students. American Journal of Men's Health, 2015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26008735

News reports:

Staff, Jeremy, Maggs, Jennifer L., Ploubidis, George B. and Bonell, Chris. Risk factors associated with early smoking onset in two large birth cohorts. Addictive Behaviors, 2018. June 12, 2018. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306460318306233

Weinstock, Cheryl Platzman. Peers and parents may have influenced drop in childhood smoking. Reuters 2018. July 12, 2018. Available from: https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-health-smoking- children/peers-and-parents-may-have-influenced-drop-in-childhood-smoking-idUKKBN1K12OR

Newman, Tim. Parental absence increases chance of nicotine and alcohol use in children. Medical News Today, 2016. Oct 11, 2016. Available from: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/313367.php

No authors listed. Group identifications affect likelihood of teenagers smoking, drinking and taking cannabis. Medical News Today, 2016. Mar 8, 2016. Available from: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/307551.php

5.7.1 Smoking behaviour of parents Chambers, SA, Rowa-Dewar, N, Radley, A and Dobbie, F. A systematic review of grandparents' influence on grandchildren's cancer risk factors. PLoS One. 2017 Nov 14;12(11):e0185420. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0185420

No authors listed. Indulgent grandparents 'bad for children's health'. BBC News, 2017. Nov 15, 2017. Available from: http://www.bbc.com/news/health-41981549

No authors listed. If mom or dad is a smoker, their teenager is more likely to be a smoker too. Medical News Today, 2015. Sept 18, 2015. Available from: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/299744.php?tw

No authors listed,. Growing up with smokers doubles risk for adult smoking among Hispanics. Medical News Today, 2015. May 22, 2015. Available from: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/294301.php?tw

5.7.1.2 Parenting practices

Neumann, Janice. Unsupervised teens more likely to use tobacco, pot and alcohol. Reuters, 2015. Sept 18, 2015. Available from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/18/us-health-adolescents- unstructured-time-idUSKCN0RI1LL20150918