JASMR, 2015 Volume 4, Issue 1 DOI: 10.21000/JASMR15010114
THE CURRENT POLICY AND PROBLEMS ABOUT LAND RECLAMATION OF CHINESE MAINLAND1 Shuqin Zhao2, and Ling Zhang Abstract: To evaluate the damage of land affected by disturbances in the course of construction. In 2011 our government abolished the regulations of land reclamation implemented in 1988 and introduced new regulations for land reclamation. The single-appropriate suitability evaluation of the new regulation has two influences: first, it offers the land oblige an opportunity that could legally pursue a high economic value but at the cost of sacrificing the environment. Therefore, this makes the scientifically based land reclamation plan confronted with the risk of multi-appropriate choices. Secondly, it provides an opportunity for reclamation obligor to diminish their reclamation responsibility easier and with less investment. Besides, there exists the possibility that choosing an unreasonable reclamation structure will lead to the need to re-reclaim these sites. As a result, land reclamation will face social, economic, and ecological risks. It is one of the choices of effectively avoiding the risk to do multi-appropriate evaluation. In this paper, we considered the ecological environment, economy, social characteristics of Mengziling Nangou Ultra-poor magnetite and screened evaluation factors. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation of multi-appropriate results was made, and the optimization results were generated through establishing an evaluation index system, which not only can avoid the risk we mentioned above but is beneficial to supervision and administration. Additional Key words：Mainland China, damaged land, land reclamation, land suitability evaluation
______1 Oral paper to be presented at the 2015 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Lexington, KY Reclamation Opportunities for a Sustainable Future June 6 - 11, 2015. R.I. Barnhisel (Ed.). Published by ASMR; 1305 Weathervane Dr., Champaign, IL 61821. 2 Shuqin Zhao, College of Land Resources and Urban and Rural Planning, Shijiazhuang University of Economics，Shijiazhuang 050031, China and Ling Zhang, College of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, 29 Xue Yuan Road, Handian District, 100083, China. Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation, 2015 Volume 4, Issue 1 pp 117-136 DOI: http://doi.org/10.21000/JASMR15010114 For some unknown reason, the DOI doesn’t always work so if this is the case use in place of the DOI http://www.asmr.us/Portals/0/Documents/Journal/Volume-4-Issue-1/Zhao-CN.pdf
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Introduction
Li Keqiang, the Chinese premier, said in the Annual Conference Opening Ceremony of the Hainan Boao Forum for Asia in 2012, “Urbanization is where the greatest potential for China's domestic demand.” With the advancement of urbanization,3 China’s urbanization rate is far lower than the rate of industrialization process, and the rate of population urbanization is significantly lower than that of land urbanization, which is reflected by the amount of agricultural land, especially farmland that is occupied or destroyed by urbanization and industrialization. It will not only endanger the food security, but more importantly, it will reduce the land’s function of sustainable use, and even endanger the ecological security of mankind. To curb the land damage by coal production and construction activities, in 2011 China abolished the “regulations of land reclamation,4” which was introduced in 1988, and published the new “regulations of land reclamation.” The “regulations of land reclamation” promulgated in 1988 defined the term - “land reclamation” as the process of land reclamation, referring to the activities which are remediation measures taken to restore land which was damaged by digging, occupying, collapsing, and other activities in the process of coal production and construction, and make it to the desirable condition to be used. While, what is redefined in the new “regulations of land reclamation” promulgated in 2011 as “land reclamation” refers to the activities, which are taken as remediation measures to make the land damaged in the coal production and construction activities or due to the natural disasters, to achieve the status that is suitable to use. Under the provisions of the new regulations, the scope of land reclamation extends from land damaged by the coal production and construction activities to both the production and construction activities and natural disasters.
______3 The National Bureau of Statistics Data: To the end of 2013, China's total population is 1,360,720,000 people, urban resident population is 731,110,000, rural resident population is 629,610,000. China's urbanization rate reached 53.7%, increased by 1.1 percentage points over the previous year. 4 "Land reclamation regulations" issued in November 8, 1988, shall take effect as of January 1, 1989. The land damaged by natural disasters is included in this definition. And the process of land reclamation is transformed from “causing damage and reclaiming it” to “unified planning, source
118 JASMR, 2015 Volume 4, Issue 1 DOI: 10.21000/JASMR15010114 control, and combining prevention with reclamation in the whole process.” Meanwhile, the constraints force in land reclamation is from the single force – “the administrative regulatory constraints” to “multiple mechanisms consist of economic incentives, regulatory constraints and public supervision,” which will strengthen the liability and obligations of persons doing these activities. Finally, in order to improve the effects of the implementation of regulations, the government introduced a package of measures such as the implementation scheme of the new regulations, the regulation of reclamation report preparation, the quality control standards of land reclamation, etc. Due to the lower rate of land reclamation in the past in our country (Hu, 2003), we will face a great task of reclamation in the future. However, the theory, technology, method, and experience that support land reclamation are relatively few (Li Shuzhi, 2014). How to implement and improve the new regulations of land reclamation is important to the damaged land’s reclamation and utilization in the future. Using a typical case of land reclamation about suitability evaluation aspects, this paper reflects the current situation of Chinese policy implementation and the problems we may face, and puts forward suggestions about improving the process of evaluation and the current policy..
The reclamation system principles of damaged land
According to the system theory, the land reclamation system consists of two subsystems, one is the original land use static balance system broken by land damaged or disturbed in the process of coal production and other construction activities, with new non-equilibrium systems of land use. For the reduction of land function, this new non-equilibrium system could aggravate the relationship of area, shown in Fig. 1 (a). The other one is to make the non-equilibrium land use systems converted into a steady-state equilibrium system, which can coordinate regional development and improve the land function as Fig.1 (b).
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Land use system Suitability Unbalanced of the original evaluation land use steady state of the system damaged Comprehensive land land value Land Land Comprehensive damaging reclamation land level
Decline of Unbalanced The new land Land function land land use use equilibrium improving function system system
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Feedback circuit of the land reclamation system
Land reclamation is a process of turning damaged land into available land. By the analysis of production and construction land use status, the prediction of land damaged condition is the foundation of evaluating the function of the unbalanced land use system. On the basis of suitability evaluation of the damaged land, making sure of damaged land reclamation type and quality standards, and according to the land type and quality standards, designing the appropriate engineering is the precondition for improving function of the new balanced land-use system. And determining the damaged land type and doing suitability evaluation is the determinant aspects of turning the unbalanced land use system into a new balanced land use system successfully.
The Method of Damaged Land Suitability Evaluation and Its Improvement
The Method of Damaged Land Suitability Evaluation At present, researchers of domestic damaged land suitability evaluation are mainly focused on aspects as the following: (1) Suitability evaluation in different reclamation districts, mainly including loess plateau mining area, northeast gentle hill and hillock mining district, southern hills and mountains mining district, Huang-huai-hai plain mining area and western sand mining district (Zhang Chunlai et al., 1997; Shi Xueyi et al., 1999; Bian Zhengfu, 2005; Liang Bing, and Bai Guoliang, 2005; Zhou Wei, 2007; Li Zhiqiang et al., 2007; and Liu Geng et al., 2008). (2) Suitability evaluation of different industry characteristics, for instance, the research on bauxite by
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Qin Shiya (2010), and the empirical research on coal mine by Hu Zhenqi and Zhao Shuqin (2006), Liu Erwei and Zhao Yixue (2010), and Xue Yufen et al. (2013). (3) Suitability evaluation of different types, for example, Xiang Mingshun (2012) conducted research on the features and reclamation potentials of the damaged land in Wenchuan Earthquake. (4) Research of suitability evaluation methods, mainly including the method of extreme conditions (Wang Shidong et al., 2012), index methods (Wang Huan et al. 2010), fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (Dou Feifei et al., 2013), extension method (Liu Wenkai et al., 2006), GIS method (Zhang Tingting et al., 2012), artificial neural network evaluation method (Xiao Jie, 2011) etc.
According to the “regulation for land reclamation plan preparation” (TD/T (1031.1-2011)), the types of damaged land are mainly excavation and cover occupation at present in China (Table 1). The evaluating indexes of land suitability emphasize the indexes in economical field (Table 2). The method of extreme conditions is usually used to evaluate suitability of reclamation of the damaged land. It is based on the "bucket principle" of the system engineering, emphasizing the effect of dominant limiting factor. The results of evaluating units depended
upon the quality of the worst condition of the factor: vi minvij .
The mathematical relationship expression is as follows:
2 Rj max Vaij 10 max Vbij 10 max Vcij i 1,2,n
Where Rj is the evaluation result of j evaluating unit;
Vaij is the suitability grade for agriculture of the i-th evaluation factor in j evaluating unit;
Vbij is the suitability grade for forestry of the i-th evaluation factor in j evaluating unit;
Vcij is the suitability grade for pasture of the i-th evaluation factor in j evaluating unit.
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Table 1 Table of damaged land type Land damage Open pit (pit) Land Waste dump by digging Borrow area occupation Waste-rock yard Others Hillock Land Water resistance Tailings pond subsidence subsidence land Seasonal water-produced Red mud heap subsidence land Non-water resistance Buildings and collapse land structures Others Contaminated land Others
The principle for determining the land reclamation type is that we give priority to reclamation for agricultural land. The Chinese will take responsibility to insure that the national and the world’s food security is still the number one priority of reclamation targets. Compared with other countries, China considers the ecological benefits to be of lessor importance which may cause that structure of the reclaimed land not to be at an optimal level and the function of new equilibrium land-use system would be diminished.
Taking the Mengzi Ridge Nangou ultra-poor magnetite5 of Wangchanggou Village, Mengzi Ridge Town, Kuancheng Manchu Nationality Autonomous County, Hebei Province as an example, the utilization structure of the land is dry land, garden plot, other garden plot, forest land, other forest land, shrub land, other grassland, and mining lease, before development and utilization of the mine (Table 3).
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5 Intended recoverable reserves in Mengziling Nangou Ultra-poor magnetite mine area are 7003780 tons. Promoted splitting and opencast working from top to bottom, the production capacity is 800 kt/a, mine exploration life is 9.22 years. The ore grade is TFe13.95%, mFe8.95%.
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Table 2. The main limiting factors of land reclaimed for agriculture, forestry, grassland, and grade standards Evaluation on Evaluation on Evaluation on Limiting factors and classification index suitability of suitability of suitability of arable land forest land grassland <3 1 1 1 4-7 1 or 2 1 1 Terrain slope 8-15 2 1 1 (degree) 16-25 3 2 or 1 2 26-35 not 2 2 >35 not 3 or 2 3 or 2 Loam 1 1 1 Clay, Sandy loam 2 1 2 Soil texture Heavy clay, Sand 2 or 3 2 3
Sandy soil, gravelly not not or 3 not
lithic not not not >100 1 1 1 99-40 2 1 1 Effective soil 39-30 3 1 1 depth (cm) 29-10 not 2 or 3 2 <10 not 3 or not not No or little flooding, Good 1 1 1 drainage Short-term seasonal flooding, 2 2 2 Drainage Comparatively good drainage conditions Comparatively long-term seasonal 3 3 3 or not flooding, Poor drainage Long-term seasonal flooding, Very not not not poor drainage 2.0%—1.0% 1 1 1 Oil organic 1.0%—0.6% 2 or 3 1 1 matter ＜0.6% 3 or not 2 or 3 2 or 3 Relatively high 1 1 1 Soil nutrient Middle 2 1 1 content Relatively low 3 or not 2 or 3 2 or 3 Degree of Relatively good 1 1 1 Road General level 2 1 or 2 1 or 2 accessibility Relatively poor 3 2 or 3 2 or 3 Note: 1 - comparatively suitable; 2 - barely suitable; 3 – unsuitable; not - difficult to use
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The mining involved areas such as open pit, discharge field, industrial sites, roads for transportation, and surface soil storage. During the process of mining exploration, the damage of the open pit to soil, crop, and forest-grass vegetation resources is mainly due to excavation, where the surface soil is completely peeled off. Therefore, vegetation is destroyed, which does additional damage to soil resources. Dump, industrial site, transport road, and overburden dumps are mainly damaged by cover occupation, which can lead to a variety of serious consequences such as the soil surface structure was destructed, surface vegetation was damaged, and the ability of soil and water conservation decreased. What is worse, surface runoff leads to the loss of soil nutrients, which reduces the soil organic matter and causes the deterioration of soil.
According to the mine characteristics and the prediction of intended damaged land, the main limiting factors of land to be reclaimed can be seen in Table 4. Through comparison of the land quality of evaluating units with the grade standards of agriculture, forestry, and grassland land uses, and using the method of extreme conditions, the land reclamation suitability evaluation results of Mengziling Nangou Ultra-poor magnetite were obtained that can be seen in Table 5.
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Table 3 Summary of the intended damaged land area Proportion Industrial First-class Second-class Area of the Open pit Dump Mine road Overburden site total area dumps （hm2 （hm2） land type land type （%） （hm2） （hm2） （hm2） （hm2） ） Arable 1 Dry land 1.129 6.23 0.7 0.259 0.17 land Garden plot 2.678 14.77 0.802 1.515 0.258 0.103 Garden 2 Other garden plot 1.053 5.81 0.817 0.157 0.079 plot Forest land 6.001 33.1 4.704 1.024 0.043 0.073 0.157 Forest Shrub land 0.312 1.72 0.061 0.196 0.055 3 land Other forest 6.242 34.43 5.468 0.589 0.185 land Other 4 Grassland 0.123 0.68 0.028 0.095 grassland Town, village, 20 Mining land 0.592 3.27 0.592 mining land Total area（hm2） 18.13 12.58 1.44 2.15 1.46 0.5 Proportion of the total area 100 69.4 8 11.9 8 2.7 （%） Cover Cover Cover Cover The way of damage Excavation occupation occupation occupation occupation The extent of damage Heavy Heavy Moderate Heavy Heavy
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Table 4. Nature of the land to be reclaimed within the participating unit. Open pit Open pit Transport Overburden Dump Industrial site slope platform Road dumps Terrain slope (°) >35 <3 <3 <3 4-7 <3
Clay / Clay / Clay / Soil texture Loam Loam Loam Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam
Effective soil depth 40 40 30 40 40 40 (cm) Good Good Good Good Good Good Drainage conditions drainage drainage drainage drainage drainage drainage
Organic matter 1.0 - 2.0% 1.0 - 2.0% ＜0.6% 1.0 - 2.0% 1.0 - 2.0% 1.0 - 2.0%
Relatively Relatively Relatively Relatively Relatively Relatively Nutrient level high high low high high high Degree of road Relatively Relatively Relatively Relatively Relatively Relatively accessibility good good good good good good
Table 5. Results of suitability evaluation on land reclamation Area No. Reclamation unit Damage type Reclamation Land Use （hm2） 1 Open pit slope Forestry, grassland 12.58 Excavation 2 Open pit platform Forestry, grassland 3 Dump 1.44 Cover occupation Forestry, grassland 4 Industrial site 2.15 Cover occupation farming, forestry, grassland 5 Transport Road 1.46 Cover occupation farming, forestry, grassland 6 Overburden dumps 0.5 Cover occupation farming, forestry, grassland — Total 18.13
As is seen in Table 5, open pit slope and open pit platform are suitable for forestry and grassland; dump is suitable for forestry and grassland; industrial site, transport road, and overburden dumps are suitable for cultivation, forestry, and grassland. Combining the natural condition of the reclaimed land area, land reclamation should be based on the overall land utilization plan and ecological environment plan, and the degree of how feasible the usage of land could be after being reclaimed should be taken into account. Next, we should holistically pay
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attention to the opinions and concerns of local related departments，the public and the proprietors. Lastly, we could decide a preliminary direction of how to utilize the land after being reclaimed,
such as suitable for cultivation - dry land (X1), suitable for forestry - forest land (X2), shrub land
(X3), other forest land (X4), grassland - artificial grassland (X5), and other grassland (X6).
Selecting a random combination from X1 to X6, we can reclaim the land to a single type, or separate it into two or several combinations (Table 6). Every combination mentioned above can meet the requirement of the Land Use Planning of Kuancheng County. Meanwhile, they also coordinate with the status quo of land use, corresponding to the principle of adjusting measures to local conditions, and are harmonious with the natural condition and scenery of the surrounding land.
Table 6 Land use structure adjustment table before and after reclamation, Unit: hm2 Before Reclamatio Reclamatio Reclamatio Reclamatio No. Name reclamation n structure n scheme 1 n scheme 2 n scheme 3
013 Dry land 1.129 X1 X1 021 Orchard 2.678 023 Other garden plots 1.053
031 Forest land 6.001 X2 X2 032 Shrub land 0.312 X3 X3
033 Other forest land 6.242 X4
042 Artificial grassland X5 X5
043 Other grassland 0.123 X6 X6 X6 X6 203 Mining land 0.592 Total 18.13 18.13 18.13
However, there is no doubt that there exist differences among different types of combination as to their comprehensive benefits and influences for the society, economy, and ecology. For
example, Plan 1, the combination of X1, X3, and X6, increases the amount of arable land; Plan 2,
combination of X2 and X6, increases the area of forest land in the mine; and Plan 3, combination
of X5 and X6, mainly increases that of grassland. Because the plan of land reclamation only focuses on establishing some encouragement policies for arable land, rather than provide
127 JASMR, 2015 Volume 4, Issue 1 DOI: 10.21000/JASMR15010114 necessary selection criteria for other multi-suitability, it only offers the land managers an opportunity about the land reclamation scheme to pursue a high economic value legally but at the cost of causing ecological problems. Therefore, this makes the science of reclamation planning confronted with the risk of selection about multi-suitability.
Both the combination of reclamation direction and that of reclamation structure is diversified.
For example, we can define (X1, X3, X6) = (4.11, 12.58, 1.44); or (X2, X6) = (12.58, 5.55). We can also have all the intended damaged land reclaimed to grassland. However, there are great differences among farming land, forestland, and grassland in the reclamation measures, technical scheme, and technical standard, especially in the reclamation investment. In general, the cost to reclaim arable land is higher than that for forestland, grassland, and other faming land. In addition, the compilation and regulation of the reclamation scheme only stipulates the qualitative selection standards, such as the principle of the best comprehensive benefits reclamation, of sustainable use of land after being reclaimed, of economic feasibility and technical rationality principle, as well as that of combining social and economic factors. Without giving quantitative optimization schemes of reclamation structure specifically, it provides an opportunity for the reclamation planner to choose an easier reclamation plan to legally diminish reclamation responsibility. Besides, it is possible that their unreasonable choices on reclamation structure leads to re-reclamation. As a result, land reclamation will have risks at social, economic, and ecological benefits.
The improvement of the suitability evaluation method for damaged land In the context of the basis of land use, natural factor (ecological factor) is the leading factor of land resource utilization, and pursuit of ecological benefit is the basis and premise of land reclamation; judging from the ultimate object of land use, social factors have become dominant as the goal or purpose of land reclamation. The pursuit of economic benefits is at the center of land reclamation, as well as the vitality of land reclamation and social benefits, ecological balance, economic efficiency, and social feasibility thus measures taken for realizing the objective of the
128 JASMR, 2015 Volume 4, Issue 1 DOI: 10.21000/JASMR15010114 mining area, a new equilibrium in land use system is designed and implements the comprehensive economic benefits, ecological benefits, and social benefits for the best land reclamation structure as shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 2. The process of optimizing Land reclamation structure
Social suitability of Damage Social reclamation The land original to the land benefit land Land use Economic structure Economic suitability of benefit reclamation Land land composite level Ecological Ecological Land use benefit suitability of structure reclamation land Land use Land after structure the Integrated reclamation land use structure
In this paper, considering ecological environment, economy, and society characteristics of the mining area, the author takes steps given in Fig. 1 on the above multi-appropriate reclamation combination (Table 6), to establish the screening evaluation factors and evaluation index system shown in Table 7.
The selecting system includes three aspects, ecological benefit, social benefit, and economical benefit. The ecological benefit of land reclamation in the mining area is that the economic activities of land reclamation factors can bring direct or indirect ecological effects on the condition and quality of our life and production or through influencing the structure and function of the natural ecosystem. During the final stage of investment behaviors, it may advance the positive succession of the natural ecosystem which is named “positive ecological benefit.” However it may cause the natural ecosystem to emerge by retrogressive succession,
129 JASMR, 2015 Volume 4, Issue 1 DOI: 10.21000/JASMR15010114 namely “negative ecological effect.” The social benefit of land reclamation in a mining area is the influence in social environmental system and macroscopic social affection brought by the land reclamation. In other words, it is the extent which land reclamation could contribute and impact from the social point of view, on the basis of achieving economic benefits and ecological benefits, which is to achieve social development goals (promoting rural economic development, increase employment opportunities, reduce urban-rural difference, equitable distribution, etc.). That is to say, the social suitability of land reclamation project is human-centered, whose impact on social, ecological and other aspects is from the perspective of social study. The social benefit of land reclamation in a mining area is the benefit that the investment or other economic agents acquired through land reclamation economic investment, labor, technology and other activities. The comprehensive land suitability results chosen by the selecting system are in Table 8.
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Table 7. Selecting system of multi-appropriate suitability evaluation Target Index Meaning of the Indicators Employment effect of the mining area is used to reflect the reclamation contribution and influence to the local farmers’ Employment employment. Dump of opencast mine reclamation increased effects of mining large amounts of cultivated land, mine enterprise then hired land- area lost farmers to plough and sow, which promoted the local farmers’ employment, increased their income, and is conducive to the promotion of local social stability. Public satisfaction in the mining location is the proportion of the number of satisfied people to the number of the total population. Public Where: Public satisfaction survey in the project area should satisfaction in Social include local farmers, the mine enterprise workers, government mining location benefits officials, and the public should have a representative survey which should reflect the views of all groups in the project. Social stability is reflected by the number of the total dispute cases minus the number of land ownership disputes after reclamation. The contribution and impact of the mining areas where farmers get rid of poverty. The process of land Social stability reclamation is also land readjustment process, in which the mine production and construction enterprises will get local farmers' land, in return they give a sum of money as redundancy payments, which will help the farmer to get rid of poverty, and promote society to be harmonious and stable. Green vegetation coverage is the proportion between the area of forestland, grassland, and crop area and the total area of the The change rate mine. Green vegetation coverage change rate is the proportion of the green difference between the total damaged area of green vegetation, vegetation and total reclamation area accounts for the total area of the land coverage proportion. The more the value increased after reclamation, the greater ecological benefits that land reclamation brings to Ecological the mine area. benefit The macroscopic ecological environment around the land reclamation project has formed, and it needs to rearrange the destroyed part. The disturbance of the ecological environment biodiversity of will inevitably bring about changes in animals, plants, and soil mining area microorganism. Biodiversity located in mining area refers to the scope of mining location within a variety of living organisms (animal, plant, micro-organism) regularly posed by combing the ecological complexes of stability.
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Table 7, continued.
Target Index Meaning of the Indicators Mine location microclimate conditions is reflected by wind speed, air humidity, air temperature, soil temperature, moisture Microclimate evaporation, and other changes in the composition of the various of mining area micro-climate factors. And microclimate change reflects the contribution of the reclamation implementation to the ecological environment in mining areas. Change the past scene - broken plots and messy distributed ditch Landscape road. Combine the industrial and agricultural production with ecological Ecological natural scenery and cultural landscape to form beautiful rural effects of benefit scenery and enhance the beauty of the landscape and visual effects mining area of mining. The effect of soil and water erosion management is mainly reflected by the soil and water loss control rate. Soil erosion control rate is a ratio between the governance area and the total erosion area. Control of soil Reclamation that destructed original landform to cultivated land, erosion grassland and forest, etc. can have the effect of windbreak and sand- fixation. Thereby it can effectively prevent soil and water loss in the mining area. Land quality condition is reflected by the change of various Land quality elements of layer thickness, nutrient conditions, the condition of condition moisture, soil texture, and some other physical and chemical properties of soil Land The ratio of the land which has been used in the mining area and the utilization rate total area of the mine, usually expressed in percentage. Mining area is in the model of “do reclaim while destruction.” If the Area of amount of destructed land is greater than the quantity of cultivated Economic cultivated land land to reclaim, then cultivated land area is not increased, but benefit reduced, which we called "negative effects". Investment Reclamation money drives other industries. impetus effect Per capita annual net Farmers’ annual net income consists of salary income, income of income of household business operation, property income and transfer income. farmers in the The income resulting from the yield increase and lower cost after Mining the land reclamation, or higher compensation. District
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Table 8. Land-use structure adjustment table, before and after reclamation
Reclamation No. Name Before reclamation scheme2 013 Dry land 1.129 021 Orchard 2.678 023 Other garden plots 1.053
031 Forest land 6.001 X2 032 Shrub land 0.312 033 Other forestland 6.242 042 Artificial grassland
043 Other grassland 0.123 X6 203 Mining land 0.592 Total 18.13
Conclusion and Discussion
(1) Based upon the results of single suitability evaluation as shown in Table 5, we know that single suitability evaluation could provide for land oblige the legitimate chance to pursue the reclamation plan with high economic value but with high risk of ecological problems, making the scientific soundness of the reclamation plan confronted with the risk of multi-appropriate choices. In addition, single suitability evaluation provides an opportunity for the reclamation manager to choose an easier plan with less input to diminish reclamation responsibility. Besides, there exists the possibility that choosing unreasonable reclamation structure leads to re-reclamation. As a result, there are risks of social, economic, and ecological benefits facing land reclamation. Multi- suitability evaluation of land reclamation is one of the options to avoid risks.
(2) Considering ecological-economic-social characteristics of the mining area this paper, through screening evaluation factors, established an evaluation selecting system for multi- suitability results shown in Table 5, and obtained the optimization results (forest land X2, other grassland X6), which not only can effectively avoid risks mentioned above, but also be conducive to supervision and management.
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(3) This paper established a comprehensive evaluation system based only on these specific indicators of the mine. Due to the non-unique feature of the index, there also exists a risk of non-optimal choice caused by indicator selection of a comprehensive evaluation system. If applied to other mining areas, the index needs to be optimized according to the situation of other mines.
Acknowledgment
This research was a part of the project, “Study on land reclamation system,” undertaken by Land and Resources Department of Hebei Province. We gratefully acknowledge the help of: Shuming Liu, the director of Land Consolidation Center, Hebei Province, for valuable suggestions; Science and Technology Department of Hebei Province with sponsor; Dr. Ling Zhang and Richard Barnhisel and the anonymous peer reviewers for useful comments and suggestions to improve this manuscript.
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