Preface: Pardon My Sarong—Dorothy Lamour's Legacy Introduction: the Wartime Search for the South Seas
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Notes P reface: Pardon My Sarong—Dorothy Lamour’s Legacy 1 . People , October 7, 1996. 2 . Salt Lake Tribune , September 23, 1996. 3 . Fort Worth Star-Telegram , September 22, 1996. 4 . Honolulu Star-Bulletin , October 2, 1996. 5 . Salt Lake Tribune , September 23, 1996. 6 . “Stanley,” “Grass Skirts and Romance,” HMAS Mk. III (Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1944), 176. 7 . “Stanley,” “Grass Skirts and Romance,” 176. 8 . “Stanley,” “Grass Skirts and Romance,” 177. 9 . Hugh Laracy, “World War Two,” in Tides of History: The Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century , ed. K. R. Howe, Robert C. Kiste, and Brij V. Lal (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994), 166. I ntroduction: The Wartime Search for the South Seas 1 . C i t e d i n BP Magazine , 1(2) March 1929, 44. 2 . Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle (1890; Charleston, SC: Forgotten Books, 2007), 376. 3 . Peter Hopton to his father, December 31, 1942, PR000587, Australian War Memorial, Canberra. 4 . Frank R. Corkin, Jr., Pacific Postmark: A Series of Letters from Aboard a Fighting Destroyer in the War Waters of the Pacific (Hartford, CT: Case, Lockwood, and Brainard, 1945), 8, 22. 5 . Peter Schrijvers, The Crash of Ruin: American Combat Soldiers in Europe during World War II (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 4, 206. 6 . Debbie Lisle, “Consuming Danger: Reimaging the War/Tourism Divide,” Alternatives 25, (2000): 91, 111. See also Richard White, “Sun, Sand, and Syphilis: Australian Soldiers and the Orient, Egypt, 1914,” Australian Cultural History 9, (1990): 49–80; Richard White, “The Soldier as Tourist: The Australian Experience of the Great War,” War and Society 5, (1987): 63–77; David Farber and Beth Bailey, “The Fighting Man as Tourist: The 182 NOTES Politics of Tourist Culture in Hawaii during World War II,” Pacific Historical Review 65, (1996): 641–60; Bertram M. Gordon, “Warfare and Tourism: Paris in World War II,” Annals of Tourism Research 25, (1998): 616–38. 7 . Robin Gerster and Peter Pierce, On the War-Path: An Anthology of Australian Military Travel (Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing, 2004), 1. See also Sean Brawley and Chris Dixon, “Colonel Zimmer’s Sea Shell Collection: Souvenirs, Experience Validation, and American Service Personnel in the Wartime South Pacific,” in Coast to Coast and the Islands in Between: Case Studies in Modern Pacific Crossings , ed. Prue Ahrens and Chris Dixon (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010), 77–87. 8 . Gordon, “Warfare and Tourism,” 617. 9 . An exception is Rebecca L. Stein, “Souvenirs of Conquest: Israeli Occupations and Tourist Events,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 40, (2008): 647–69. 10 . Elizabeth Richards, “The Australians in France, 1916–19: Towards a Social History,” in Ranging Shots: New Directions in Australian Military History , ed. Carl Bridge (London: Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, 1998), 19–34; James Curran, “‘Bonjour Paree!’: The First AIF in Paris, 1916–1918,” Journal of Australian Studies 60, (1999): 18–26; Sean Brawley and Chris Dixon, “‘Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels and Brown Buddies’: An Exploration of Australian and American Perceptions of New Guinea Natives during the Pacific War,” International Journal of Historical Studies 1, (1988): 7–26; Brawley and Dixon, “The Hollywood Native: Hollywood’s Construction of the South Seas and Wartime Encounters with the South Pacific,” Sites: A Journal for South Pacific Cultural Studies 27, (1994): 15–29; Brawley and Dixon, “War and Sex in the South Pacific, 1941–1945,” Australasian Journal of American Studies 18, (1999): 3–18; Brawley and Dixon, “Colonel Zimmer’s Sea Shell Collection,” 77–87; James Wieland, “There and Back with the Anzacs: More than Touring,” Journal of the Australian War Memorial 18, (1991): 49–56; Bart Zino “A Kind of Round Trip: Australian Soldiers and the Tourist Analogy, 1914–1918,” War and Society 25, (2006): 39–52. 11 . See, for example, David R. Woodward, Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2006), 7; Janet Butler, “‘Very Busy in Bosches Alley’: One Day of the Somme in Sister Kit McNaughton’s Diary,” He alth and History 6, (2004): 18–32; Nathan Wise, “A Working Man’s Hell: Working Class Men’s Experiences with Work in the Australian Imperial Force during the Great War,” PhD Thesis, University of New South Wales, 2007; Peter Dean, “The Making of a General: Lost Years, Forgotten Battles: Lieutenant General Frank Berryman, 1894–1941,” PhD Thesis, University of New South Wales, 2007; Jeff Kildea, Anzacs and Ireland (Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 2008). Richard White’s impact has also moved beyond Australia; see Mario Ruiz, “Manly Spectacles and Imperial Soldiers in Wartime Egypt, 1914–19,” Middle Eastern Studies 45, (2009): 351–71. NOTES 183 12 . Barthes, cited in Malcolm Crick, “Tourists, Locals and Anthropologists: Quizzical Reflections on ‘Otherness’ in Tourist Encounters and in Tourism Research,” Australian Cultural History 10, (1991): 6. 13 . Charles Allan Fraser to Elsie Halsi, June 5, 1943, Fraser Family Papers, MS 2269, Folder 7, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. 14 . Leslie C. Schneider to Mrs. Schneider, February 10, 1943, Folder 19, Box 20, MS 1881, World War II Collection, Special Collections, University of Tennessee, Knoxville (Tennessee Collection). On this issue of traveling shap- ing the national self, see E. Ann Kaplan, Looking for the Other: Feminism, Film, and the Imperial Gaze (New York: Routledge, 1997), 5–6. 1 5 . E d w a r d S a i d , Orientalism (1978; New York: Vintage Books, 1979); K. R. Howe, Nature, Culture, and History: The “Knowing” of Oceania (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2000), 1–2. See also Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific, 1768–1850: A Study in the History of Art and Ideas (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960). 1 6 . D e a n M a c C a n n e l l , The Tourist: A New Theory ofe th Leisure Class (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1976), 91–96. See also Eric Cohen, “The Study of Touristic Images of Native People,” in Tourism Research: Critiques and Challenges , ed. Douglas G. Pearce and Richard W. Butler (London: Routledge, 1993), 36. 1 7 . S e e J o h n U r r y , The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies (London: Sage, 1990), 9; Malcolm Crick, cited in David Engerman, “Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History,” American Studies International 32, (1994): 11. See also Crick, “Representations of International Tourism in the Social Sciences: Sun, Sex, Sights, Savings, and Servility,” Annual Review of Anthropology 18, (1989): 307–44. 18 . Engerman, “Research Agenda for the History of Tourism,” 11. 19 . Lisle, “Consuming Danger,” 95. 20 . Gerster and Pierce, On the War-Path , 2. 21 . Crick, “Tourists, Locals and Anthropologists,” 12. 22 . See Brawley and Dixon, “Hollywood Native,” 15–29. 23 . See MacCannell, The Tourist. 2 4 . N e i l R e n n i e , Far-Fetched Facts: The Literature of Travel and the Ideas of eth South Seas (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 1–45. 2 5 . J o h n T r u m p b o u r , Selling Hollywood to the World: U.S. and European Struggles for Mastery of the Global Film Industry, 1920–1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), xiii. 2 6 . K e r r y S e g r a v e , American Films Abroad: Hollywood’s Domination of the World’s Movie Screens from the 1890s to the Present (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1997), 12, 66. On the American influence on the Antipodean film market, see also Tom O’Regan, “Australian Cinema as National Cinema,” in Film and Nationalism , ed. Alan Williams (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002), 92; Diane Collins, Hollywood Down Under: Australians at the Movies, 1896 to the Present Day (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1987). 184 NOTES 27 . Glenn K. S. Mann, “Hollywood Images of the Pacific,” East -West Film Journal 5, (1991): 16. See also Norman Douglas, “Electric Shadows in the South Seas: The Pacific Islands in Film—A Survey,” in Moving Images of the Pacific Islands: A Guide to Films and Videos , ed. D. Aoki (Honolulu: Center for Pacific Island Studies, 1994), 3–19. 28 . Sarina Peterson, “Darkness and Light: Dusky Maidens and Velvet Dreams ,” Camera Obscura 20, (2005): 185. This notion of texts being “haunted” by the works of earlier writers is borrowed from Dennis Porter, Haunted Journeys: Desire and Transgression in European Travel Writing (Princeton, NJ:, Princeton University Press, 1991), 12. 29 . See Janet Staiger, Interpreting Films: Studies in the Historical Reception of American Cinema (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992). Reception history has been derived from reception theory in literary stud- ies and has been extended to other cultural productions. See, for example, Cristle Collins Judd, Reading Renaissance Music Theory: Hearing with the Eyes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000); John Butt, Bach: Mass in B Minor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). An example of a reception history aligning with the study of the tourists and tourism is Joshua Hagen, Preservation, Tourism and Nationalism: The Jewel of the German Past (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006). 30 . See Marty Zelenietz, “Villages without People: A Preliminary Analysis of American Views of Melanesians during World War II as Seen through Popular Histories,” in Remembering the Pacific War , ed. Geoffrey M. White (Honolulu: Center for Pacific Islands Studies, 1991), 188–98. Most of the historiography devoted to the Pacific War continues to reflect the tradi- tional emphasis on operational matters. In the Australian context, that emphasis has been exemplified by the publication of the Official History of Australia in the War of 1939–1945, which ran to 22 volumes and which continues to hold a special place for Australians in the historiography of World War II.