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Effects of Soil Balancing Treatments on Soils, Vegetable Crops and Weeds in Organically

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Effects of Soil Balancing Treatments on Soils, Vegetable Crops and Weeds in Organically Effects of Soil Balancing Treatments on Soils, Vegetable Crops and Weeds in Organically Managed Farms THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Andrea Leiva Soto, B.S. Graduate Program in Horticulture and Crop Science The Ohio State University 2018 Master’s Examination Committee: Dr. Douglas Doohan, Advisor Dr. Warren Dick Dr. Matthew Kleinhenz Dr. Steven Culman Copyrighted by Andrea Leiva Soto 2018 Abstract In Ohio, many organic farmers use the term ‘balancing’ to express the rationale of using a wide variety of soil amendments to improve soil quality and plant health. Soil balancing or the base cation saturation ratio (BCSR) approach is a method first proposed more than 100 years ago that aims to achieve the ‘ideal soil’. William Albrecht in the 1970’s concluded that if saturation of the major exchangeable cations is 65-85% for Ca, 6-12% for Mg, and 2-5% for K, plant nutrition will be balanced. Research conducted by Zwickle et al. (2011) indicated that many organic farmers believe balanced soils produce higher quality crops and have diminished weed infestations compared to unbalanced soils. One of the most commonly applied mineral amendments is gypsum, a source of both calcium and sulfur. For many farmers, soil balancing includes using amendments thought to enhance soil biology and increase the soil’s capacity to store and release minerals needed by plants. Soil amendments for these purposes may include compost, manure, micro-nutrient blends, seaweed extract, molasses or inoculation of microorganisms. Combined mineral and these organic/bio-active soil products can be very costly, as much as US $1000-1250/ha in the first year. While farmers believe they are benefiting from these expenditures, there is no objective evidence to confirm their belief. I conducted on- farm studies at six locations in Northeast Ohio, with the overall goal of determining the effect of gypsum, with or without “biological stimulants”, on the soil microbial community, crop quality, weed populations, and soil chemical characteristics. Soil samples were taken 2 weeks after amendments were applied and 3 weeks after crop harvest. Soil health and biological properties were measured, including soil respiration, active carbon, protein content, microbial biomass, and complete mineral analysis. Additional soil samples were taken each spring to determine the weed seed bank. Crop foliage samples were taken mid-season for nutrient analysis, and crop quality ii was determined after harvest. Farms differed in terms of soil texture, pH, organic matter content, and mineral content, including base saturation. However, all farms were much closer to the ideal ratios described above than anticipated. Further, differences in final soil nutrient levels, base saturation, crop and weed community effects were influenced more by the farm than by the treatments applied. After two years, soil sulfur levels were significantly higher in plots amended with gypsum. Failure to detect treatment response by other mineral amendments suggests the relatively narrow differences between the mineral blend applied to all plots and the soil balancing treatments. Cabbage and butternut squash foliage tissue tended to be deficient in K and Mg regardless of the treatment applied. This outcome was likely caused by excessive saturation of the soils’ cation exchange capacity with Ca and/or Mg. The only effect on marketable yield was butternut squash at one farm where the yield was higher in plots treated with gypsum and biological stimulant (BIO) compared to gypsum alone. The polar:equatorial diameter ratio of cabbage heads from plots amended with gypsum and BIO, were always closer to the ideal ratio compared to those from control plots. Active carbon (POXC) at one farm was higher in plots treated with gypsum. The weed seed bank density was lower at, one farm in plots treated with gypsum alone compared to the control and BIO treatment. The most important finding of this research is that farmers who attempt to balance soils must pay very careful attention to not induce deficiencies of K and Mg while raising Ca saturation. These findings are also in general agreement with those of previous investigators that a soil balancing approach is costly with questionable benefits. However, this experimentation shares a shortcoming with those earlier works, in that the term of research may have been too short to demonstrate beneficial outcomes. iii Dedicated to my family in Chile and Perú Especially my mother, Teresa Soto iv Acknowledgements Graduate school have been one of the experience I would recommend to everyone. It forces you to think pragmatically and reveals your weaknesses and strengths. I have learned that science is an endless learning pathway to follow, where peer communication is crucial. Along this journey, I am thankful for all my committee members (Drs. Warren Dick, Matthew Kleinhenz and Steve Culman) that were always willing to help me, guide me and answer my doubts. Foremost I would like to thank to my advisor Dr. Douglas Doohan, who gave me this opportunity and taught me not only about science, but also to be humble and open minded to all probabilities. Without his support and knowledge, I would not have been able to finish this project. Also, I acknowledge my former professor in Chile, Dr. Rodrigo Figueroa for his encouragement, advise and support from the start. All are exceptional Scientifics and mentors for my future career. I would like to thank my lab-mates in the Weed Science lab that helped me countless times during my graduate program, especially to Catherine Herms for her endless support, willingness and knowledge. Also, to all OARDC employees and faculty that make research to be enjoyable and easier. Always willing to assist students during the research process. Lastly, but not least, I am tremendously thankful for my family. My mother Teresa Soto who taught me to be honest, just and grateful to God every day. She has been my guidance, my friend, my role model and the most valuable person in my life. Equally I thank to my father Carlos Leiva, my brothers Rodrigo and Marcos Leiva, and my sisters in law Carla González and Rocío Murillo. They all have been my support along the years of study. Giving me love, encouragement and the seven nieces and nephews to enjoy and love unconditionally everyday. I also thank to Juan Piñeiro for all his help, love and support along this program. v Vita March 11, 1988 ..........................................Born, Santiago, Chile. March 2014 ................................................B.S. Agronomy Engineer, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. August 2015 to present ..............................Graduate Research Associate, Department of Horticulture and crop Science, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: Horticulture and Crop Science vi Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ii Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………..iv Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... v Vita ................................................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ x Effects of Soil Balancing Treatments on Soils, Vegetable Crops and Weeds in Organically Managed Farms ............................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Materials & Methods .............................................................................................................. 12 Description of Sites, Treatments and Field Experimental Design ........................................ 12 Soil Sampling Timing and Procedures ................................................................................. 14 Harvest, Measurements and Data Collection ........................................................................ 15 Soil Biological Tests Methods and Procedures .................................................................... 17 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 19 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................ 19 Effect of soil balancing amendments on soil chemistry ....................................................... 19 Effect of soil balancing amendments on cabbage and squash nutrient levels, yield and quality ................................................................................................................................... 25 Cabbage – 2016 Season. ....................................................................................................... 25 Butternut squash – 2017 Season. .........................................................................................
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