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The Quodlibetal Questions J> \) John-J2_uns Scotus GOD AND CREA TURES The Quodlibetal Questions Translated with an Introduction, Notes, and Glossary by Felix Alluntis, O.F.M. and Allan B. Wolter, O.F.M. PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS 1975 Contents Abbreviations xiv Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvu Prologue 3 Question One: IN DIVINE THINGS, IS IT THE ESSENTIAL OR THE NOTIONAL THAT IS MORE IMMEDIATE TO THE DIVINE ESSENCE? Arguments Pro and Con 5 Body of the Question 6 Article I Preliminary Remarks 6 1. The Meaning of "Essence" 6 2. The Meaning of "Essential" and "Notional" 9 3. The Meaning of "More Immediate" 19 Article II Solution of the Question 20 Article III Reply to various Objections 23 Reply to the Initial Argument 29 Question Two: COULD THERE BE SEVERAL PRODUCTIONS OF THE SAME TYPE IN GOD? Arguments Pro and Con 31 Body of the Question 32 Article I An Evaluation of the Reasons for the Negative Conclusion 32 Article II Solution of the Question 44 1. Indirect Argument or the Reductio ad impossibile 44 2. The Positive Proof 46 3. Confirmation from the Philosopher 48 Article III Objections and their Solutions 50 Question Three: ARE THESE TWO COMPATIBLE: A RELATION RELATED TO ITS OPPOSITE IS A REAL THING; AND, AS RELATED TO THE ESSENCE, IT IS ONLY AN ASPECT? Arguments Pro and Con 60 V CONTENTS CONTENTS Body of the Question 60 Question Six: IS "EQUALITY" IN THE DIVINE A REAL Article I Is the Relation of Origin a Thing and, RELATION? if so, What Kind of Thing? Article II As Related to the Essence, is the Relation a Arguments Pro and Con 130 Thing and What Kind of Thing? Body of the Question 1 30 Article I Is there a Real Foundation for Equality in the 1. The Relation as Related to the Essence is a Thing Divine? 130 2. Logical Consideration of the Statement "The 1. The Foundation for Equality in General relation as related to the essence is a thing." 66 131 2. The Foundation of Equality in God 132 3. Solution of the Principal Question 68 3. Is Each of these Foundations for Equality Real? 133 Article III Resolution of various Doubts 69 1) First question: Is magnitude in God something Reply to the Initial Argument 78 extramental? 133 Question Four: COULD THE FIRST DIVINE PERSON 2) Second question: Is eternity a real or extramental REMAIN CONSTITUTED AS A PERSON, DISTINCT FROM basis for equality? 141 THE OTHER PERSONS, APART FROM THE 3) Third question: Is power a real basis for equality? 143 RELATIONSHIP OF ORIGIN? Article II Are the Terms Related really Distinct? 145 Arguments Pro and Con 80 Article III Is Equality in the Persons according to an Body of the Question 80 Extramental Foundation? 154 Article I Is it Repugnant that the First Person be Reply to the Initial Arguments 157 Constituted by a Relation? Article II By What Relation could the First Person Question Seven: CAN IT BE DEMONSTRATED BY be Constituted? NATURAL AND NECESSARY REASON THAT GOD IS Article III What is the Interrelation of those Relations OMNIPOTENT? Admittedly Present in the First Person? 98 Arguments Pro and Con 159 1. Is there some Distinction of Properties in the Body of the Question 160 Article I The Necessary Distinctions First Person? 99 160 2. From What Considerations could One Prescind and 1. Demonstration of Simple Fact and of the still have the First Person? 103 Reasoned Fact 160 Reply to the Initial Argument 105 2. Two Meanings of Omnipotence 161 Article II Solution of the Question 162 Question Five: IS THE RELATION OF ORIGIN 1. Concerning the First Conclusion 164 FORMALLY INFINITE? 2. Concerning the Second Conclusion 165 Arguments Pro and Con 108 3. Concerning the Third Conclusion 169 Body of the Question 108 4. Concerning the Fourth Conclusion 172 Article I The Meaning of the Question 108 5. Concerning the Fifth Conclusion 181 Article II Solution of the Question: Paternity is not Reply to the Initial Arguments 182 Infinite 114 1. Reply to the Argument about Infinite Power 182 1. The First Principal Reason 114 2. Reply to the Argument about the 2. The Second Principal Reason 118 Generation of the Son 185 3. The Third Principal Reason 120 3. Reply to the Argument about the Article III Objections and Answers 123 Creation of the Angels 188 Reply to the Initial Argument 128 Vll VI CONTENTS CONTENTS Question Eight: DOES THE DIVINE WORD HAVE SOME Article II Given Body in General, is it Repugnant to CAUSALITY OF HIS OWN AS REGARDS CREATURES? Place in General that no Ubiety Exist? Arguments Pro and Con 198 Article III Given this Body, this Place, but this Body not Present in this Place, is it Possible that this Body Body of the Question 199 Article I Is there some Formal Aspect of Causation should Lack this Ubiety? Proper to the Word? Article IV If this Body and Place Exist and this Body is 1. Negative Answer: Three Proofs Present in this Place, can it still Lack this Ubiety? 2. Objection to these Proofs Reply to the Initial Argument 3. Answer to the Objection Article II Is some Mode or Order in Causing Question Twelve: IS THE RELATION OF A CREATURE TO GOD AS CREATOR THE SAME AS THE RELATION Proper to the Word? 210 Article Ill Is some Relationship of Causality or any TO GOD AS CONSERVER? Relationship of His to a Creature Included per se in the Arguments Pro and Con 271 Word's Constitutive Property? 212 Body of the Question 272 Reply to the Initial Argument 216 Article I Is the Real Relation of the Creature to God as Creator and as Conserver the Same? 272 Question Nine: CAN GOD BRING IT ABOUT THAT AN Article II Can a Thing be Said to be at once Created ANGEL INFORM MATTER? and Conserved? 275 Arguments Pro and Con 218 Article III Can Something be Created without being Body of the Question 219 Conserved after the Instant of Creation? Reply to the Initial Arguments Article I The Meaning of the Question 219 Article II Answer to the Question 219 Question Thirteen: ARE THE ACTS OF KNOWING AND Article III Some Objections and their Solutions 228 APPETITION ESSENTIALLY ABSOLUTE Reply to the Initial Argument 2 OR 35 ESSENTIALLY RELATIVE? Question Ten: CAN GOD CONVERT THE EUCHARISTIC Arguments Pro and Con SPECIES INTO SOMETHING PREVIOUSLY EXISTING? Body of the Question Arguments Pro and Con 236 Article I There is some Absolute Entity Involved in Body of the Question 237 Every Operation including lntellection Article II How this Absolute Entity is Related to the Article I The terminus a quo or the Separated Quantity 2 37 Article II The terminus ad quem or What Preexists 242 Object Connected with It Article III About the Conversion Itself 251 1. The Operation, Some Claim, must Involve a Real Relationship to the Object Reply to the Initial Arguments 2 55 288 2. How are We to Understand the Claim that the Question Eleven: IF BOTH BODY AND PLACE REMAIN, Operation Implies a Relation? CAN GOD CAUSE THE BODY NOT TO HAVE UBIETY? 3. Analysis of the Arguments in the First Section Arguments Pro and Con Article III Is a Relationship to the Object Essential Body of the Question to the Act of Knowing or Appetition? Article I Given Place in General, is it Repugnant Article IV The Question Understood as Referring to the for a Body in General to Lack Ubiety? Subject 312 Reply to the Initial Argument 312 Vlll lX CONTENTS CONTENTS Question Fourteen: CAN THE SOUL LEFT TO ITS Question Seventeen: ARE ACTS OF NATURAL LOVE NATURAL PERFECTION KNOW THE TRINITY OF AND MERITORIOUS LOVE SPECIFICALLY THE SAME? PERSONS IN GOD? Arguments Pro and Con 388 Arguments Pro and Con Body of the Question 388 Body of the Question Article I The Meaning of Natural Dilection or Love 388 Article I Imperfect Knowledge Article II The Meaning of Meritorious Love or 1. Knowledge of the Terms "God" and "Trinity" Dilection 389 2. Knowledge of the Proposition "God is a Article III Solution of the Question 391 Trinity" Reply to the Initial Argument 397 Article II Perfect Immediate Knowledge Article III Mediate Knowledge Question Eighteen: DOES THE EXTERIOR ACT ADD SOME GOODNESS OR BADNESS TO THE INTERIOR ACT? Question Fifteen: IS THE POSSIBLE INTELLECT Arguments Pro and Con 399 ACTIVE OR PASSIVE AS REGARDS THE CONCEPT Body of the Question 399 OF A CREATURE? Article I The Source of Moral Goodness or Badness 400 Arguments Pro and Con 344 Article II The Source of Laudability and Culpability 406 Body of the Question 345 Article III Is the Goodness or Laudability of the External Article I Formation of the Word according to the Action Distinct from That of the Interior Act? 408 Manner in Which We Understand in the Present Life 345 1. The Exterior Act has Its Own Moral Goodness 408 2. The External Act is Imputable 416 ,1. In the Intellective Part of the Soul there is an Reply to the Initial Argument 416 Active Principle of Intellection 345 2. Which Factor is Active in Intellection? 35° Question Nineteen: IS THE UNITY IN CHRIST OF THE 3. Is it the Agent or the Possible Intellect That is HUMAN NATURE WITH THE WORD MERELY THE Active in Intellection? 355 ASSUMED NATURE'S DEPENDENCE UPON THE WORD? Article II How the Notion or Word is Formed in the Arguments Pro and Con 418 Intellect of the Blessed in Heaven Body of the Question 418 Reply to the Initial Arguments Article I The Type of Unity to be Posited Here 418 Article II The Possibility of Such a Union on the ARE FREEDOM OF WILL AND Question Sixteen: Part of the Assuming Person 42 1 NATURAL NECESSITY COMPATIBLE AS REGARDS 1.
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