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Picture Post and the Photographic Essay: Émigré

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Picture Post and the Photographic Essay: Émigré PICTURE POST AND THE PHOTOGRAPHIC ESSAY: ÉMIGRÉ PHOTOGRAPHERS AND VISUAL NARRATIVES, 1938-1945 by Amy Alice Shulman A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Art History, Curating and Visual Studies School of Languages, Cultures, Art History and Music The University of Birmingham January 2017 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the pioneering British weekly magazine Picture Post (1938-1957) which introduced a mass audience to the innovative style of European photojournalism characterised by the format of the photographic essay. Founded by the Hungarian émigré, Stefan Lorant (1901-1997) and led by Sir Tom Hopkinson (1905-1990) from 1940 until 1950, Picture Post has not yet been the focus of a single academic publication. This thesis explores the concept of visual narration through a selection of photographic essays published in the magazine between 1938 and 1945, and utilises the unpublished corresponding contact sheets to expose the manipulation of photographs. The present work has utilised archival material of the Picture Post archive, which forms part of the Hulton Archive at Getty Images, London, to inform a discussion surrounding the topics of manipulation, migration and memory in relation to photography, in order to identify the specific approach of Picture Post to photographic narration. The subject of migration and visual narrative is of great importance to this study, and so this thesis will promote the significance of the presence of émigré photographers in Britain during the Second World War, in order to redefine the analytical framework for looking at the photographic essay. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Sarah McDonald, Curator of Hulton Archive, for her expertise and knowledge of the Picture Post archive and also the Sir Tom Hopkinson Archive housed at Cardiff University. I give my utmost thanks to Amanda Hopkinson, daughter of former Picture Post editor, Sir Tom Hopkinson and photographer Gerti Deutsch, for her kindness, generosity and support of this work. Thank you to my supervisor, DDr Jutta Vinzent, for her continuing advice and guidance. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Nicola and Calvin, and my partner, Phil, for their love and support throughout this doctorate, and always. CONTENTS List of Illustrations Introduction 1-34 Chapter One Reading Photographs: Picture Post and the Photographic Essay 35-106 Chapter Two Forced Separation: A Connection between Migration and Photographic Narration 107-191 Chapter Three Liberation: Picture Post and Images of the Holocaust 192-260 Conclusion 261-271 Illustrations 272-341 Appendix 1 Circulation figures for Picture Post, 1938-1952 342 Appendix 2 Offer of appointment as Assistant Editor at Picture Post 343 Appendix 3 Memo from Sir Tom Hopkinson to Edward Hulton, date unknown 344 Bibliography 345-382 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Note: The illustrations taken from Picture Post can be found at The Picture Post Historical Archive (Gale), www.gale.cengage.co.uk/picturepost and the unpublished contact sheets can be found at the Picture Post collection, Hulton Archive, Getty Images, London 1. ‘The Press’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 1, 1 October 1938, 55-61, photographer unknown 2. ‘The Laugh That Went On. The True Story of Lilliput’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 1, 1 October 1938, 73, photographer unknown 3. ‘The World Looks at No. 10’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 1, 1 October 1938, 10- 14, photographs by Kurt Hutton 3a. Detail of portrait photographs, ‘The World Looks at No. 10’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 1, 1 October 1938, 10 4. ‘This is How a Poppy Blooms’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 1, 1 October 1938, 54, photographer unknown 5. ‘What Are They Looking At? A Flying Zebra? A Collision?’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 2, 8 October 1938, 32-33 and 74, photographs by Felix H. Man 6. ‘Operation’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 1, 1 October 1938, 31-37, photographs by Felix H. Man 7. ‘How Picture Post is Produced’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 13, 24 December 1938, 44-52, photographs by Kurt Hutton 7a. First photograph in series, detail, ‘How Picture Post is Produced’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 13, 24 December 1938, 44 7b. Detail of photograph of Stefan Lorant and Edward Hulton, ‘How Picture Post is Produced’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 13, 24 December 1938, 45 7c. Detail of photographs 1-4 in ‘How Picture Post is Produced’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 13, 24 December 1938, 46 8. Front cover of Picture Post, ‘What We Are Fighting For’, volume 8, number 2, 13 July 1940, photographer unknown 9. Unpublished contact sheets for ‘What Are They Looking At?’, photographs by Felix H. Man 10. Unpublished contact sheets for ‘The World Looks At No. 10’, photographs by Kurt Hutton 11. Unpublished contact sheets for ‘Operation’, photographs by Felix H. Man 12. ‘Whitechapel’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 3, 15 October 1938, 23-28, photographs by Humphrey Spender; words by William Cameron 12.a Detail of photograph on page 26 of ‘Whitechapel’ 13. ‘Unemployed! 4 Industrial Transfers’, Picture Post, volume 2, number 3, 11 February 1939, 43-48, photographs by Tim Gidal and Kurt Hutton 13a. Detail of photograph on page 43 of ‘Unemployed!’ 14. ‘Health for All’, Picture Post, volume 10, number 1, 4 January 1941, 32-35, photographs by Felix H. Man; words by Julian Huxley 14a. Detail of photograph on page 33 of ‘Health for All’ 15. ‘Inside London’s Coloured Clubs’, Picture Post, volume 20, number 3, 17 July 1943, 19-21, photographs by Felix H. Man 16. ‘A Girl Learns How to Make a Hat’, Picture Post, volume 25, number 11, 9 December 1944, 22-23, photographs by Edith Tudor-Hart and Felix H. Man 17. ‘The First Coloured Service Girls Get Down to Work in Britain’, Picture Post, volume 17, number 5, 31 October 1942, 10-11, photographs by Gerti Deutsch 18. ‘Child Characters’, Picture Post, volume 29, number 13, 29 December 1945, 22-23, photographs by Gerti Deutsch 19. Front cover of Paris-Match, photographer unknown 20. Unpublished contact sheets for ‘Whitechapel’, photographs by Humphrey Spender 20a. Detail of unpublished contact sheet for ‘Whitechapel’ 21. Unpublished contact sheets for ‘Unemployed!’, photographs by Tim Gidal and Kurt Hutton 21a. Detail of contact sheets for ‘Unemployed!’ 21b. Detail of contact sheets for ‘Unemployed!’ 22. Unpublished contact sheets for ‘Coloured Service Girls’, photographs by Gerti Deutsch 22a. Detail of contact sheets for ‘Coloured Service Girls’ 22b. Detail of contact sheets for ‘Coloured Service Girls’ 23. Unpublished contact sheets for ‘Inside London’s Coloured Clubs’, photographs by Felix H. Man 23a. Detail of contact sheets for ‘Inside London’s Coloured Clubs’ 24. Unpublished contact sheets for ‘A Girl Learns How to Make a Hat’, photographs by Kurt Hutton and Edith Tudor-Hart 24a. Detail of contact sheets for ‘Inside London’s Coloured Clubs’ 25. Unpublished contact sheets for ‘Child Characters’, photographs by Gerti Deutsch 26. ‘Their First Day in England’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 12, 17 December 1938, 56-58, photographs by Gerti Deutsch and Kurt Hutton 26a. Detail of photograph from ‘Their First Day in England’ 27. ‘A Mother Wanted’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 3, 15 October 1938, 29-32, photographs by Felix H. Man 27a. First photograph in series, ‘A Mother Wanted’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 3, 15 October 1938, 29, photograph by Felix H. Man 27b. Photographs 2-5 in series, ‘A Mother Wanted’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 3, 15 October 1938, 30-31, photographs by Felix H. Man 28. Unpublished contact sheets for ‘A Mother Wanted’, photographs by Felix H. Man 28a. Unpublished contact sheets, cropped, ‘A Mother Wanted’, photographs by Felix H. Man 29. Anonymous, ‘Adoption of Children’, The Times, 7 July 1937, 7, The Times Digital Archive 30. Anonymous, advertisement for the Children’s Aid and Adoption Society, The Illustrated London News, 11 May 1935, xv, The Illustrated London News Archive 31. Photographs 4-6 in series, ‘Their First Day in England’, Picture Post, volume 1, number 12, 17 December 1938, 57, photographs by Kurt Hutton and Gerti Deutsch 32. Unpublished contact sheets for ‘Their First Day in England’, photographs by Kurt Hutton and Gerti Deutsch 33. Unpublished contact sheets for the ‘killed’ photo essay, ‘Refugee Children’, photographs by Gerti Deutsch 34. ‘We Are Happy’, Picture Post, volume 5, number 7, 18 November 1939, 42-44, photographs by Gerti Deutsch 35. Anonymous, ‘Rehearsals for the Evacuation of School Children’, The Times, 29 August 1939, The Times Digital Archive 36. Anonymous, ‘Farewell to the Children’, The Daily Mail, 15 December 1939, 7, The Daily Mail Historical Archive 1896-2004 37. Dudley S. Cowes (artist), ‘Leave Hitler to Me Sonny’, Ministry of Health issued poster, ink, watercolour and graphite on paper, Second World War, The National Archives, Kew, INF 3/87, exact date unknown 38. Anonymous, ‘Don’t Do It, Mother’, Ministry of Health issued poster, Lithograph on paper, Second World War, Imperial War Museum collections, Art.IWM PST 3095, exact date unknown 39. ‘School in Exile’, Picture Post, volume 6, number 12, 23 March 1940, 35-41, photographs by Felix H. Man 40. ‘A Child’s View of the War’, Picture Post, volume 7, number 6, 11 May 1940, 17- 19, photographs by Gerti Deutsch 41.
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