Bathymetric Lidar Mapping of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation
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Prepared by Submitted to Tim Webster, PhD Elizabeth Kennedy Kevin McGuigan, Kate Collins, Stantec Consulting Ltd. Nathan Crowell, Candace MacDonald Applied Geomatics Research Group April 27, 2015 NSCC, Middleton Tel. 902 825 5475 email: [email protected] Bathymetric Lidar Mapping of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation How to cite this work and report: Webster, T., McGuigan, K., Collins, K., Crowell, N., MacDonald, C. 2015. Evaluating a topo-bathymetric lidar sensor to map Submerged Aquatic Vegetation in Lake Banook. Technical report, Applied Geomatics Research Group, NSCC Middleton, NS. Copyright and Acknowledgement The Applied Geomatics Research Group of the Nova Scotia Community College maintains full ownership of all data collected by equipment owned by NSCC and agrees to provide the end user who commissions the data collection a license to use the data for the purpose they were collected for upon written consent by AGRG-NSCC. The end user may make unlimited copies of the data for internal use; derive products from the data, release graphics and hardcopy with the copyright acknowledgement of “Data acquired and processed by the Applied Geomatics Research Group, NSCC”. Data acquired using this technology and the intellectual property (IP) associated with processing these data are owned by AGRG/NSCC and data will not be shared without permission of AGRG/NSCC. Applied Geomatics Research Group Page i Bathymetric Lidar Mapping of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Executive Summary An airborne topographic-bathymetric lidar survey was undertaken at Lake Banook, Dartmouth Nova Scotia on September 24, 2014. The focus of the study was to test the limitations of the lidar sensor for the application of monitoring submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) distribution and biomass in a lake environment. The sensor used was a Chiroptera II integrated topographic bathymetric lidar sensor equipped with a 60 megapixel multispectral camera. Ground truth data was collected during the aerial survey and included depth, Secchi depth, and turbidity measurements. Conditions during the survey were calm and clear but followed a storm of high wind and rain on September 22. The aircraft used ground-based high precision GPS data from a permanent Nova Scotia High Precision Network monument set up nearby. Standard data products generated included a digital elevation model (DEM), digital surface model (DSM), and lidar reflectance grid all with 1 m resolution, and an aerial orthophoto mosaic at 20 cm resolution. New and innovative techniques were developed to classify SAV that encompassed multiple components of the data obtained during the aerial survey including the reflectance, aerial photographs, and bathymetry data. The method involved normalizing the reflectance data and aerial photographs for depth, classifying SAV using a threshold value for each layer, and combining each layer using a weighted approach. The map of SAV presence/absence agreed with our ground truth data with more than 80% accuracy. Successful laser penetration was limited to 4.5 m depth by a combination of turbidity and depth itself, which sharply dropped off in many dredged and steep-sided areas of the lake. The SAV map was spatially limited to the areas where laser penetrated to the bottom of the lakebed but within the area of good bathymetric data returns we were able to successfully classify SAV. Of the area that we classified (32.32 hectares) , 54.9% of the area contained SAV (17.74 hectares), which varied in height from less than 0.1 m to 1.88 m. Applied Geomatics Research Group Page ii Bathymetric Lidar Mapping of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................................. ii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Figures ....................................................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................................................... vii 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Study Area ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Water Clarity .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 2 Methods ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Sensor Specifications and Installation ................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Meteorological Conditions .................................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Lidar Survey Details ............................................................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Ground Truth Data Collection ............................................................................................................................... 8 2.5 Aerial Survey Data Processing ............................................................................................................................. 12 2.5.1 Lidar Processing ............................................................................................................................................... 12 2.5.2 Lidar Reflectance ............................................................................................................................................. 14 2.6 Air Photos ............................................................................................................................................................ 14 2.7 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Mapping ........................................................................................................... 16 2.7.1 Presence/Absence ........................................................................................................................................... 16 2.7.2 Height and Roughness ..................................................................................................................................... 21 3 Results .......................................................................................................................................................................... 21 3.1 Lidar Depth Validation ......................................................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation ........................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1 Presence/Absence ........................................................................................................................................... 23 3.2.2 Height and Roughness ..................................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.3 Validation and Comparison ............................................................................................................................. 26 Applied Geomatics Research Group Page iii Bathymetric Lidar Mapping of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation 3.2.4 Depth Analysis ................................................................................................................................................. 31 4 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................................................... 32 4.1 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................................... 32 4.2 Lake Banook Bathymetry ..................................................................................................................................... 32 4.3 Future Work ......................................................................................................................................................... 33 5 Conclusions................................................................................................................................................................... 35 6 References .................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Applied Geomatics Research Group Page iv Bathymetric Lidar Mapping of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Table of Figures Figure 1.1: Lake Banook and the bathymetric lidar study area, which included the southern tip of Lake MicMac and Sullivan’s Pond. .........................................................................................................................................................