Landscape Character Assessment of the Tay Landscape Partnership Area

Prepared by LUC in association with STAR Group for the Tay Landscape Partnership October 2012

Project Title: Landscape Character Assessment of the Tay Landscape Partnership Area

Client: Tay Landscape Partnership

Version Date Version Details Prepared by Checked by Approved by Principal

1 14/9/12 First draft PDM/SO/MJ NJ NJ

2 4/10/12 Final draft PDM NJ NJ

3 22/10/12 Final report PDM NJ NJ

H:\1 Projects\54\5472 LIVE Tay Landscape Partnership\B Project Working\LCA\Tay LCA v3 20121022.docx

Landscape Character Assessment of the Tay Landscape Partnership Area

Prepared by LUC in association with STAR Group for the Tay Landscape Partnership October 2012

The Tay Landscape Partnership is a joint initiative between Perth & Countryside Trust, Perth & Kinross Heritage Trust, The Gannochy Trust and Perth & Kinross Council. The Tay Landscape Partnership is generously supported by:

 Perth & Kinross Countryside Trust

 Perth & Kinross Heritage Trust  Heritage Lottery Fund  The Gannochy Trust  Perth & Kinross Council  Perth & Kinross Quality of Life Trust  Perth Civic Trust  Thomson Charitable Trust

Planning & EIA LUC Offices also in: Land Use Consultants Ltd Registered in England Design 28 Stafford Street Registered number: 2549296 Landscape Planning Edinburgh Bristol Registered Office: Landscape Management EH3 7BD Glasgow 43 Chalton Street Ecology Tel: 0131 202 1616 London NW1 1JD LUC uses 100% recycled paper Mapping & Visualisation [email protected] FS 566056

EMS 566057 Contents

1 Introduction 1 Background 1 Role of the landscape character assessment 1 Study area 2 Structure of the document 2

2 Methodology 5 Principles of landscape character assessment 5 Desk research 5 Preliminary landscape classification 7 Community and stakeholder workshops 7 Field survey 8

3 Human History of the Landscape 13 Introduction 13 Changing climates 14 Barriers and connections 19 Landscapes of power 20 A generous land: farming, fishing and the 24 Designing and adapting nature 26

4 Landscape Classification 29 Existing landscape character assessments 29 Landscape hierarchy 30

5 The Changing Landscape 35 Introduction 35 Forces for change 35 Management guidelines 46

6 The Tay Landscape 53 Overview of the area 53 Character type descriptions 55 Type 1 Igneous Escarpment 56 Type 2 Dipslope Farmland 60 Type 3: Lowland Ridge 63 Type 4: Carse 67 Type 5: Firth Terraces 71 Type 6: Firth 74 Type 7: River Corridors 78 Type 8 Broad Strath 82 Type 9: Lowland Farmland 85 Type 10: Settlement 89 Type 11 Igneous Hills 94

7 Potential Actions 100 Introduction 100 Overarching projects 100 Specific projects 101 Appendix 1 104 Consultation invitees 104

Appendix 2 106 Analysis of forces for change 106

Tables Table 2.1 Consultation events 7 Table 4.1 Existing landscape types 29 Table 4.2 Landscape classification 30 Table 5.1 Forces for change: key themes 35 Table 5.2 Management principles and partners 47

Figures Figure 1.1 Study Area Figure 3.1 Quaternary geological timeline Figure 3.2 Approximate historical sea levels Figure 3.3 Ploughed-down raised beaches Figure 4.1 Regional Landscape Character Types Figure 4.2 Landscape Character Types and Areas Figure 6.1 Topography: Elevation

Figure 6.2 Topography: Slope Figure 6.3 Land Use Figure 6.4 Woodland Cover Figure 6.5 Historic Environment Figure 6.6 Natural Heritage Designations Figure 6.7 Key Viewpoints

1 Introduction

1 Introduction

Background

1.1 This document reports on a study of the landscape of the area around Perth and the inner . The study considered the character of the landscape and how it has been influenced by geological, hydrological and cultural history, and has been shaped by these to form the unique area that it is today. An innovative approach was used, involving a review of the character of the area, both from published assessment information and fieldwork. Extensive consultation with community groups gathered local knowledge and aspirations. The study drew on Historic Land- use Assessment data to better understand cultural influences on the physical landscape.

1.2 The Tay Landscape Partnership (TLP) is a joint project managed by Perth & Kinross Heritage Trust and Perth & Kinross Countryside Trust. It brings together a variety of partners with an active interest in the local landscape, and aims: “To celebrate and enhance for future generations the cradle of medieval Royal : a tryst of landscapes, where the rivers Tay and Earn converge to give the place its unique character”

1.3 The landscape partnership scheme is currently in its development year (March 2012 – February 2013). Following a successful second round funding application, Phase 1 delivery of the project will take place from 2013 to 2016.

Role of the landscape character assessment

1.4 Landscape character assessment (LCA) is an established approach to describing and classifying the landscape, in order to gain an understanding of what gives a locality its ‘sense of place’. As a planning tool, it can help ensure that development and change does not adversely affect this sense of place.

1.5 As part of the preparation of the TLP second round Heritage Lottery Fund application, a LCA is required. The LCA will inform the Landscape Conservation Action Plan, a cornerstone of the second round funding application.

1.6 The brief for the study recommended the updating of existing LCA reports for the area, with additional detail relevant to the specific area. The project brief requires that: “The LCA will describe the elements and patterns of environmental, cultural and historic features that make the area different and distinctive. It will assess the condition of the landscape and the opportunities for restoring and strengthening these elements, and identify actions that will address the threats to its character.”

Objectives

1.7 The objectives of the study are set out in the project brief:

 “To produce a Historic Landscape Characterisation for the area, providing an historic dimension to the landscape

 To produce a detailed description and analysis of the varying landscape types paying attention to combinations of geology, landform, soils, vegetation, landuse, field patterns, and human settlement

 To describe the archaeological, historic and cultural elements of the landscape and how these interweave with the land

 To identify key aesthetic and perceptual features

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 1 23 October 2012  To provide prioritised opportunities for restoring and strengthening the key elements of the landscape

 To identify risks and threats to the landscape and produce a list of actions to address these  To assess the landscape impact of the Development Plan prepared by the Carse of Initiative

 To assess the sensitivity of the Partnership landscapes to change”

Study area

1.8 The provisional area of the TLP is centred on the from Scone to Newburgh. It includes the , Kinnoull and Moncreiffe Hills, and in Strathearn. This area covers 200 km2, the maximum extent for Landscape Partnership schemes, although the extent and coverage of this area may be amended prior to finalisation of the second round funding application.

1.9 In order to capture the wider setting of this area, a buffer of 2 km was applied to the provisional boundary. This extends the area covered by the LCA to around 380 km2. The provisional boundary and study area are shown in Figure 1.1.

Structure of the document

The remainder of the LCA report it structured as follows:

 Section 2 describes the methodology used to develop the LCA;  Section 3 presents the historical development of the study area;

 Section 4 sets out the classification of the landscape;  Section 5 identifies pressures for change in the area and principles for managing these;  Section 6 describes the landscape of the area, and sets out the landscape types and areas identified in terms of their characteristics, forces for change and management guidelines; and

 Section 7 presents potential actions which could be developed into projects to deliver benefits for the landscape.

Abbreviations used in the report

 CC community council  ELC European Landscape Convention  HLA Historic Land-use Assessment

 LCA landscape character assessment  LCT landscape character type  PKC Council  PKHT Perth and Kinross Heritage Trust  SAC Special Area of Conservation  SNH Scottish Natural Heritage  SPA Special Protection Area

 SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest  TLP Tay Landscape Partnership

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 2 23 October 2012 2 Methodology

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 3 23 October 2012

2 Methodology

Principles of landscape character assessment

2.1 Landscape character is the distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements that makes one area of landscape different from another. Variations in geology, soils, landform, land use, vegetation, field boundaries, settlement patterns and building styles all help give rise to different landscapes, each with its own distinctive character and ‘sense of place’. These differences are the product of both natural and human influences.

2.2 Landscape character assessment involves mapping, classifying and describing these variations in landscape character. The resulting classification of the landscape can be used as a basis for making judgements about the character and condition of the landscape, and to identify how landscape character can be maintained.

Policy and guidance

2.3 The European Landscape Convention (ELC) is a Europe-wide initiative to encourage the protection, management and planning of landscapes. It came into force in the UK in March 2007, and applies to all landscapes, regardless of condition or quality. The ELC gives the following definition: “‘Landscape’ means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors”1

2.4 Landscape character assessment (LCA) is a recognised approach to identifying character and distinctiveness through the examination of these interactions. LCA was developed as a technique in the 1980s, and current guidance is contained in Landscape Character Assessment: Guidance for England and Scotland.2 The document sets out a number of the key principles and definitions which apply to LCA.

2.5 Landscapes are classified into:

 Landscape character types, which are generic types of landscape that may occur in different areas, but share similar characteristics

 Landscape character areas, which are unique, geographically discrete, examples of a landscape character type, which have their own distinct identity while sharing the generic characteristics

2.6 A key part of LCA is consultation with a wide range of interested stakeholders. The ELC requires the “participation of the general public, local and regional authorities, and other parties with an interest” in landscape,3 and this is also emphasised in the LCA Guidance. Stakeholders can contribute valuable local knowledge as landowners and managers; as members of the local community; or as representatives of special interests, such as historic buildings or wildlife.

Desk research

2.7 The first stage of the process was a desk-based review and analysis of existing information relevant to the study area, including published material and GIS datasets. Analysis of the following informed an understanding of the physical nature and development of the study area:

1 European Landscape Convention, Article 1a. 2 Swanwick, C and Land Use Consultants (2002) Landscape Character Assessment: Guidance for England and Scotland. Scottish Natural Heritage and The Countryside Agency. 3 European Landscape Convention, Article 5c.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 5 23 October 2012  Geology;

 Topography and slope analysis;  Drainage;  Land cover and woodland cover;  Historic environment, including designated and undesignated assets, and historic land-use assessment;

 Existing landscape character assessment;  Landscape designations at a national and local level;  Biodiversity designations;  Paths, cycleways and access;  Road and rail network; and

 Wildness mapping prepared by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH).4 2.8 A number of the above datasets were mapped and combined, allowing correspondences to be identified between, for example, land cover and topography, and to establish where distinct changes in landscape occur.

Existing landscape character assessment

2.9 The study area is covered by two existing LCA studies, both published by SNH as part of their national programme of character assessment:

 Tay Landscape Character Assessment (Land Use Consultants, 1999); and  Landscape Character Assessment (David Tyldesley Associates, 1999). 2.10 These are discussed further in Section 4 of this report.

Literature

2.11 A brief review of relevant literature relating to the TLP project area included guidebooks, historic accounts, poetry and literature, together with paintings and photography. This provided an overview of how the study area is, and has been, portrayed and perceived more widely.

2.12 In tandem with the LCA, a study of the ‘intangible heritage’ of the area was also undertaken.5 This report sets out the “folklore, art and literature, traditional livelihoods and practices, and place-names and language” of the landscape, and identifies key cultural connections. Where applicable to local character, information from the intangible heritage study has formed a background to the character descriptions.

Historic analysis

2.13 Drawing on the information collated above, a detailed landscape history of the study area was developed, focussing on drawing out the key relationships between perceptible historic character and important assets. The historic narrative, set out in Chapter 3, defines the key processes that have shaped the landscapes of the study area, and has informed recommendations relating to the conservation or enhancement of individual historic assets.

2.14 Historic Land-use Assessment (HLA), prepared by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, is a key dataset in understanding the origins and function of historic landscapes. HLA coverage for the study area is incomplete, and is absent from the majority of , making quantitative analysis of the historic landscape record difficult. This analysis was therefore more interpretive, based on review of available material including aerial photography and historic mapping.

4 Scottish Natural Heritage (2012) Mapping Scotland’s Wildness Phase 1 – Identifying Relative Wildness. 5 Viewscape (2012) Baseline Survey of Intangible Heritage for the Tay Landscape Partnership.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 6 23 October 2012 Preliminary landscape classification

2.15 Following the review of existing data, the information was drawn together to inform a preliminary definition of local landscape character types and areas. This process was designed to integrate physical, natural and cultural heritage factors into a single characterisation of the study area. In doing so, it reflects the following:

 the results of the GIS-based desk analysis and review of landscape attributes;  the analysis of historic landscape character and land use, based on information contained within the HLA and our own analysis for the area currently not covered by this dataset; and

 the objective of nesting local character areas within regional character areas (as defined by the SNH LCAs), where appropriate.

2.16 The draft classification was backed by a preliminary identification of key characteristics, covering physical influences, natural heritage, cultural heritage and land use. This preliminary classification provided the basis for testing and refinement through both field survey and community consultation. The classification was carried out at a scale of 1:25,000, as appropriate for a district-level assessment.

Community and stakeholder workshops

2.17 A series of three community and stakeholder workshops were held during the LCA process to gather local views. Consultation is a key aspect of LCA, ensuring that the classification reflects local perceptions of, and aspirations for, the landscape.

2.18 The three workshops were held on Tuesday evenings in Perth, at four-week intervals in June, July and August 2012. In association with TLP officers, a list of potentially interested community and special interest groups, land owners and managers and public sector agencies, was drawn up, and these parties were invited to each of the three events. The events were facilitated by the Small Town and Rural Development (STAR) Group, specialists in community planning and public involvement.

2.19 By holding three successive events, attendees were able to observe the evolution of the LCA, and to see how their comments had informed the development of the work. A summary of the three consultation events is included in Table 2.1. A complete list of invitees is included in Appendix 1.

Table 2.1 Consultation events

Event Organisations Focus of discussion attending*

Workshop 1 Base Scotland Introduction to LCA 26 June 2012 Braes of the Carse Findings of the desk analysis; Conservation Group British Horse Society Preliminary classification of landscape Friends of PKHT character types and areas, including names Guidelines and boundaries CC Draft key characteristics PKC Perth Civic Trust RSPB Scone District CC Tay Ringing Group

Workshop 2 Braes of the Carse Refined classification of landscape character 24 July 2012 Conservation Group types and areas Scouts Changes made since previous workshop Bridgend, Gannochy and

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 7 23 October 2012 Event Organisations Focus of discussion attending*

Kinnoull CC Key characteristics and special qualities Earn CC Change in the landscape (past, present, Friends of PKHT future) Perth Civic Trust Forestry Commission Key forces for change and areas potentially Longforgan CC under pressure PKC Perth Left Bank Community Trust RSPB Tayside Geodiversity Woodland Trust

Workshop 3 Braes of the Carse Finalised landscape classification 21 August Conservation Group Pressures for change: What? Where? How 2012 Forestry Commission significant? Friends of PKHT Guidelines Guidelines for managing change: What? Newburgh Sailing Club Where? Who should be involved? PKC Means of influencing policy and delivery Tay Regeneration Project Tay Ringing Group Tayside Geodiversity

*Based on sign-in sheets taken at the events. A small number of interested individuals also attended each session.

Field survey

2.20 Concurrently with the consultation workshops, field surveys were undertaken to confirm and refine the findings of the desk-based analysis. Several visits were made to the site area, in order to record:

 attributes and characteristics of each character area;  landscape condition and intactness;  the visual and landscape influence of key natural or cultural heritage features;  current and potential landscape changes; and

 visual sensitivity including key views, vistas, and landmarks. 2.21 Surveys were carried out from public roads, core paths, rights of way and other accessible areas.

Finalised classification

2.22 Following the consultation and field survey, the landscape classification was finalised, and more detailed descriptions of key characteristics or attributes (positive and negative) were developed. These descriptions form the ‘baseline’ of the LCA, establishing the present character of all parts of the study area. Descriptions for each area include distinctive qualities of landform and land cover, aesthetic aspects including views, and historic and modern human influences on the landscape.

2.23 The finalised landscape classification is described in Section 4, and the descriptions are given in Section6.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 8 23 October 2012 Forces for change and guidelines

2.24 With a landscape character baseline in place, the next step was the identification of key types of change that could affect the landscape of the TLP project area over the coming decades.

2.25 A review was conducted of statutory and non-statutory plans and strategies, including emerging local development plans, forestry strategies and other documents such as the Carse of Gowrie Initiative Development Plan and the Inner Tay Masterplan. More generic drivers of change, such as development, agricultural practices or climate change were also examined as relevant to the area. The review aimed to identify the change in question, the key drivers, and the range of effects it could have across the project area, and was distilled as a summary of the threats facing each landscape, and also any opportunities that ongoing change may present.

2.26 With an understanding of both landscape character and forces for change, the LCA can suggest responses to the threats, and identify potential for opportunities where they arise. This has been done through the development of management guidelines, which set out how such threats can be met and mitigated. Guidelines have been established in terms of overarching principles, as well as location-specific aspirations, and have informed recommendations on potential actions to conserve or enhance the landscape.

2.27 Forces for change and guidelines are discussed in more detail in Section 5, and location-specific information is included in Section 6. Potential actions are set out in Section 7.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 9 23 October 2012

3 Human History of the Landscape

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 11 23 October 2012

3 Human History of the Landscape

Introduction

3.1 This section of the LCA provides a broad narrative relating the human contribution to the development of the area’s landscape. It is not intended to be an exhaustive list of ‘people, places and dates’, but instead draws out the key themes and broad processes that have influenced the area’s character and contribute to its quality, diversity and value.

Seeing history in the landscape

3.2 Across the landscape, change occurs at a range of scales, rates and intensities and involves complex interactions between natural and man-made processes. Over around 10,000 years, these interwoven processes have created the diverse landscapes that are used and valued by local people and visitors alike.

3.3 Virtually none of Scotland’s landscape remains unmodified by human activity – and the Tay Landscape Partnership area is no exception. From the earliest times, human communities have harnessed, adapted and altered their environments, gradually ‘domesticating’ and transforming habitats and ecosystems. At the landscape scale, broad processes of political, social and economic change are writ large, and can often be readily discerned and interpreted. Successive phases of change rarely completely erase the preceding patterns of land use and land cover – as illustrated by the wealth of archaeological sites and areas of ancient and semi-natural habitat throughout the area. Landscapes are therefore built up of layers of multiple histories – some recent, some modern; some widely understood, and others awaiting rediscovery and interpretation.

3.4 Although the whole landscape can therefore be considered to be ‘historic’, this section of the LCA attempts to draw out the significant factors in its development that make an important contribution to the character and significance of the area. The time-depth visible in the area’s landscape has an important influence on how local people and visitors experience, understand and value their surroundings. This helps create a sense of place in both space and time, contributing to distinctiveness and community identities.

Key themes

3.5 Although the historical influences on the TLP landscapes are wide-ranging and cover the full gamut of Scotland’s history from the close of the last ice age, they are perhaps best understood in the context of the following themes, which continue to have relevance in contemporary patterns of landscape change:  Changing climates: the physical landscape of the area has been wrought by successive fluctuations in global climate, influencing patterns of land use and settlement – and posing major challenges to future management;

 Barriers and connections: the area sits at the junction of a range of historic and contemporary communication routes – and natural barriers – that emphasise its strategic importance through time;

 Landscapes of power: this strategic significance has resulted in successive generations seeking to control the region, and has left a rich legacy of the material expressions of individual and institutional power;

 A generous land: the relatively benign climate, fertile soils and rich natural resources have contributed to the area’s reputation as ‘the Garden of Scotland.’ This productivity has been a key component of the area’s economy throughout history, and continues to be a major influence in rural areas; and

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 13 23 October 2012  Designing and adapting nature: harnessing the productive potential of the area has required significant vision and effort to reshape the environment through drainage, cultivation and planting and management of woodlands. The area has a particularly rich heritage of designed landscapes that reflect the wealth generated from agriculture in the past, but which will require careful management in future to conserve their character and cultural significance.

Changing climates

Introduction

3.6 While climate change is rightly regarded as a major threat to existing land use and ways of life, past fluctuations in global climate played a critical role in shaping the landscapes of the TLP area. Over the last 10,000 years, climate change has influenced significant shifts in sea level, ecosystem composition and function and the pattern and nature of human settlement.

Shifting sea levels

3.7 Ice sheet growth and retreat had important indirect impacts on the area’s landscape through its effects on relative sea level, both before and during the period of human occupation. The build-up of ice during the late Devensian glacial stages6 depressed the level of the land surface. This effect was greatest near the centre of the ice sheet – on Rannoch Moor – where the ice was thickest and therefore at its heaviest. At the Devensian glacial maximum7 the glacial front was located only a few kilometres northwest of modern Perth.

3.8 As sea levels rose sharply, a vast quantity of water was liberated, drowning extensive areas of land exposed during the cold period. As a result of the depressed land surface, relative sea level was significantly higher than today most notably Cold stages in blue, warm stages in green during both the late-Devensian (Windermere interstadial around 14,600 years ago) and also in the early Flandrian (around 11,700 years ago). Figure 3.1: Quaternary geological timeline

Note on dates and dating systems: The following section of the LCA makes use of information derived from a range of sources which often make use of different date reference systems. Where possible, dates are expressed in the text as ‘years ago’ for clarity in reference to the time of writing. However, where events – such as geological periods or archaeological ‘ages’ etc. – are more commonly understood in relation to other date systems, these are also provided. Radiocarbon dates: generally quoted in calibrated years before present (cal BP) – ‘the present’ in this context is held to be 1st January 1950, prior to large-scale above-ground testing of nuclear weapons, which significantly altered the quantity of atmospheric carbon-14 (the radioisotope used in ‘carbon dating’). Ice Core dates: obtained from continuous ice accumulation data from northern Greenland, such dates are usually quoted in years before AD2000 (b2k) Calendar dates: dates of archaeological sites and specific periods are generally quoted in relation to calendar dates – in years, or millennia, BC or AD

6 The Dimlington and Loch Lomond stadials, between 26,000 and 13,000; and 11,000 and 10,000 years before present respectively 7 During the Dimlington stadial / Perth Stage ice limit (Loch Lomond readvance reached )

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 14 23 October 2012

Figure 3.2: Approximate historical sea levels (derived from LiDAR data)

Devensian shoreline Flandrian shoreline

Figure 3.3: Ploughed-down raised beaches, looking east from Elcho Castle

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 15 23 October 2012 3.9 Wave action created characteristic ‘raised beach’ formations, marooned well above current sea levels by the gradual recovery of the landmass (‘isostatic rebound’). These formations can be readily appreciated on the southern shores of the Tay, from all the way upstream beyond Abernethy and into Strathearn as illustrated in Error! Reference source not found.. On the northern side of the Tay, at least two phases of Devensian (late glacial) raised marine deposits are present in the Carse. The rates of rebound varied significantly around the coasts of Scotland as ocean volume approached present-day levels, resulting in major marine transgressions in some areas, including the Firth of Tay. Data available for lower Strathearn suggests that sea level reached between 8-10m above current levels around 7,000 years ago (Cullingford et al. 1980; Smith et al. 1985).

3.10 During these periods of marine incursion, the low-lying areas of the Carse of Gowrie and lower Strathearn would therefore have been inundated, with the exception of a series of islands composed of more resilient bedrock outcrops. This Main Postglacial Transgression, as this event is known, resulted in major coastal change in low-lying parts of the study area. As the sea receded, it left behind flat plains of fertile, silt-rich clays – forming the substrate of the Carse of Gowrie and lower Strathearn. The islands, with accumulated marine material, would become key focal points of settlement as the landscapes of the Carse evolved.

Effects on character: The area’s history of sea level change has been fundamental in shaping how human settlement has developed and expanded through time. It is the key structuring influence on current patterns of land use and settlement and is, in many instances, relatively easy to discern in the landscape. This reinforces the impression of dynamism – and vulnerability – in the landscape, with features of past change being particularly useful to illustrate potential future impacts.

First settlers

3.11 The first settlers returning to the Firth would have encountered a significantly different landscape. Much of the carse would have been underwater or coastal marsh, providing rich and varied opportunities for hunting and gathering wild resources.

3.12 Based on the sparse Mesolithic record from the region, specifically the large site excavated at Morton in northeast Fife, provides a useful model for how some hunter-gatherer communities were using the wider area during the 4 and 5th millennia BC. It is likely that people were exploiting both marine and terrestrial resources around the Tay coastline and, as illustrated by the discovery of a logboat of likely Mesolithic date at Friarton during the 19th century (Geikie 1881). The Tay and Earn would have provided important routes into the heavily forested interior, although the character and navigability of the channels during this period is not well understood (Brown and Keough 1992). Recent evidence from southern Scandinavia also suggests that more mountainous regions may also have been seasonally important for Mesolithic communities – as contemporary material from the Ben area may indicate.

3.13 Unlike the Firth of Forth, the Tay lacks the large, multi-period shell middens that are often taken to characterise the east coast Mesolithic. (A single example, at , was excavated in the 1950s.) It has been suggested that the large shell midden sites developed in response to economic stress, with communities falling back on to readily available food sources. This is sometimes attributed to a short-lived, but significant, climatic downturn experienced across northwest Europe around 8,200 years ago (Alley et al. 1997; Mellars 2007). The conditions around the Firth of Tay may have been such that patterns of exploitation did not focus on large- scale gathering of shellfish and so never generated comparable sites. Equally, there is the potential for natural disaster to have wiped away traces of such sites on the Main Postglacial Shoreline. Just over 8,000 years ago, a significant undersea earthquake, caused by the effects of isostatic rebound, occurred off the coast of present-day Norway. Triggering one of the largest submarine landslides ever identified, it released c. 3,330km3 of sediment and set in train a

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 16 23 October 2012 catastrophic tsunami that inundated much of Scotland’s east coast8, with water travelling up to 80km inland and 20m above sea level at the time.

3.14 What is certain is that Mesolithic communities would have needed to be highly adaptable, as climate throughout the early Holocene was unpredictable and would have resulted in significant uncertainty. Groups would therefore have required a range of strategies to survive. Despite this uncertainty, skeletal evidence from southern Scandinavia9 indicates that later Mesolithic populations were significantly healthier, better nourished and likely longer-lived than the first farming communities in the same areas. Relationship with the landscape

3.15 Pollen records from northern Fife (Black Loch10, in the Ochils) indicate that the landscape on the southern side of the Tay was covered in dense, oak-dominated forest by around 8,500 years ago (Whittington et al. 1991). The influence of human communities in the landscape at this time is uncertain, although it is likely that some small-scale management of key woodland resources was undertaken. Current estimates of the Mesolithic population in Scotland runs into the thousands (Tolan-Smith 2008), therefore their capacity to make significant local changes should not be underestimated.

3.16 It is likely that the majority of human activity was concentrated along the coastline and navigable watercourses, as opening routes through primary forests would have been challenging. Mesolithic communities in Scotland, and across Europe, are frequently assumed to have had an indivisible relationship with their environment, based partly on ethnographic study of comparable contemporary societies or those from the recent past – most notably Native American and Canadian First Nations peoples.

3.17 For non-sedentary communities, routine passage through the landscape, visiting the same sites in a yearly round can reasonably be assumed to have had critical cultural – as well as economic – significance. Striking landmarks, such as the scarps of Kinnoull and Moncreiffe Hills, the carse ‘inches’ and the Braes of the Carse are likely to have been key markers in both space and time – associated with particular activities and imbued with wider meaning and cultural significance. These features would have been particularly impressive during this period, as they would have risen almost directly from the Firth. Such vantage points would also have been useful in spotting game and resources, and identifying and/or communicating with other groups in the area.

Understanding the Mesolithic on the north side of the Tay, along the foot of the Braes of the Carse, is a major opportunity to address a significant knowledge gap.

Influence of climate on environment, settlement patterns and land use

3.18 There have been numerous fluctuations in global climate during the current, generally warm, period – which has in turn affected the extent and nature of human settlement and land use. Physical landscape

3.19 Changes in precipitation – and landcover – influence the behaviour of river systems, changing rates of flow and patterns of erosion and sedimentation. The character of river corridors, particularly those of large, powerful river systems such as the Tay, is likely to have changed dramatically in response to climatic fluctuations and both natural and man-made changes in land cover in the catchment. Pollen records indicate that, from at least the middle Bronze Age, human communities had a significant impact on woodland cover, clearing land for agriculture, fuel and construction. A largely open, farmed landscape was in place on the southern side of the Tay by around 1400BC (Whittington et al. 1991). However, the extent of earlier woodland clearance is

8 Known as the Holocene Storegga Slide (Bugge 1987; Smith et al. 2004; Dawson et al. 1988), this event was originally interpreted as a major storm surge (e.g. Smith et al. 1985). 9 Currently, no Mesolithic skeletal remains have been recovered in Scotland – other than a few small bones from midden sites on the west coast. 10 Black Loch II core

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 17 23 October 2012 only hinted at, and recent work indicates that even comparatively large clearings (c.2km across) would be invisible in the pollen sequences of large peat basins, such as Black Loch (Tipping 2009).

3.20 Particularly during periods of comparatively colder, wetter climatic variation relatively sparse woodland cover is likely to have contributed to accelerated erosion and more potentially more extensive floodplain formation as sediment was deposited in the lower reaches of river systems11. While no definitive information is available for either the Tay or the Earn, it is possible that the current configuration of a single large channel within the floodplain is, at least in part, an indirectly man-made feature dating from after the Neolithic (Brown 2000). The alternative vision of low-gradient river valleys as heavily braided, with numerous small channels threading between dense riparian woodland, has significant implications for the potential use of rivers for inland travel. Uphill, downhill – climatic cause and effect in settlement patterns

3.21 Between 2000 and 1500BC, there appears to have been significant expansion of settlement into upland areas across Britain. Bronze Age settlement in the , such as at Law Hill, lies well above current limits of cultivation and, although finds of this period are numerous in lowland areas, settlement evidence is sparse. While conventional wisdom dictated that climatic amelioration and population pressure in the early Bronze Age encouraged settlement at higher altitudes (e.g. Burgess 1980), palaeoclimatic evidence indicates that there was, in fact, a major deterioration (Tipping and Tisdall 2004). What appears certain is that woodland cover continued to decrease, with likely combined climatic and anthropogenic origins, potentially making areas of better quality soil available for agriculture (Davies 200912). During this period, particularly after 1500BC less distinct seasonality may have encouraged the development of agricultural systems that were not strongly differentiated by location, potentially resulting in greater pastoral activity and small-scale cultivation in both upland and lowland areas. Within the study area, much of the lower lying land in the Carse of Gowrie would have remained extremely wet, due to the poorly drained carse clays. This is likely to have reduced the attractiveness for settlement and agriculture prior to the advent of drainage techniques and more substantial ploughs able to deal with the heavy soil. (This is supported by the distribution of archaeological sites recognised from aerial photography, which are generally concentrated around the ‘inches’.)

3.22 What is clear is that the landscapes around the Firth were opening up, presumably with increasing intervisibility between settlements and communities. Ritual and funerary monuments, such as the impressive cairn on Pole Hill above , were deliberately placed on hilltops where they could be seen from a distance, in contrast to Neolithic ceremonial sites in the region which appear to be clustered in valley bottom locations. While the meaning of such sites will likely always remain the subject of debate and conjecture, the physical and symbolic connection between a community, their ancestors and ‘their’ area of landscape embodied by the construction of monuments is a powerful and readily appreciable statement. This pattern of locating monumental structures in prominent locations continued into the Iron Age, with an impressive series of forts in the Sidlaws and the northern Ochils. These are discussed in more detail below.

3.23 While later shifts in climate, such as the ‘Medieval Climatic Anomaly’ (c.AD950-1200) are also likely to have affected settlement and agricultural patterns, the archaeological record for the rural medieval period is still relatively poorly understood, particularly in lowland areas where intensive agriculture and continuity of settlement has obscured past remains. Flooding

3.24 Climate and weather, coupled with topography, played a major role in influencing the development of urban Perth. The Tay is the largest and most powerful river system by volume in the UK – discharging a similar amount of fresh water to the Thames and Severn combined13. As

11 Relatively few rivers in Scotland have been subject to systematic study – but of those that have been examined, few show evidence of extensive floodplain development during the Neolithic (Johnstone, Macklin and Lewin 2006; Tipping 2007) 12 It should be noted that Davies’ model is based around pine-dominated upland woodland, rather than the broadleaved woodlands that appear to have been prevalent around the Firth during this period (although pollen records are very limited) 13 McManus 1968, M. H. Al-Jabbari, J. McManus and N. A. Al-Ansari (1980). ‘Sediment and solute discharge into the Tay Estuary from the river system’. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences, 78, pp s15s32

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 18 23 October 2012 well as providing a potential navigation route and major opportunities for trade, throughout history the river has also represented a significant threat to Perth and its people.

3.25 Occupying a low-lying platform of land adjacent to the Tay, scarcely rising more than 7m OD, the City of Perth has experienced over 30 major flooding events recorded between 1209 and the present day. In the winter of 1209/10, the royal castle at Perth (approximately on the site of Perth Museum) was swept away by particularly severe winter flooding. King David I took the decision not to rebuild it, altering the trajectory of that quarter of the city’s development through the grant of the land to the Dominican order (‘Black Friars’), with a friary founded in the vicinity in 1230.

3.26 Until the Victorian era, Perth was the lowest bridging point on the Tay (as well as the highest point navigable by sea-going vessels). Successive bridges fell victim to extreme winter flood events – and occasionally even contributed to disastrous flooding of the city. In 1774 and 1814, ice floes carried on meltwaters formed dams against (‘Smeaton’s Bridge’), causing the Tay to flood much of Perth.

3.27 The threat of flooding has also resulted in significant changes in the farmland of lower Strathearn. Extensive flood defences were constructed during the 20th century14 to protect the high quality farmland – fixing the course of the and altering the function and dynamics of the flood plain.

Barriers and connections

Natural barriers, cultural frontiers

3.28 Forming the northern edge of Strathearn, the Gask Ridge cuts through the western portion of the study area. While not especially high, the ridge affords excellent views across Strathearn and across western Strathmore to the edge of the Highlands.

3.29 During the first century AD, the people of lowland Scotland experienced the end of the world as they knew it. Although later prehistoric communities had detailed knowledge of, and in some instances, contact with the Roman military in advance of the Flavian campaigns in the AD 70-90s, the general populace would have had little concept of the technical, military and political expertise ranged against them. The Roman surveyors recognised the strategic value of the ridge, and its potential to counter the significant threat posed by tribes in the mountainous interior of the Highlands. A series of watchtowers, fortlets and forts, connected by a military road, was established to provide surveillance of the Highland line, stretching from at least to the fort at Bertha, located at the confluence of the Tay and Almond. Although the relationship between the ridge system and the forward ‘glen-blocking’ forts remains the subject of debate, these installations represent the earliest formal frontier system anywhere in the Empire15. As such, during the AD70s, the ridge and associated forts formed the edge of the Roman world.

3.30 Sitting on the fringes of the Highlands, the study area also represents something of a cultural crossroads, which has shaped the history of the region, the development of the landscape and current perceptions of heritage and identity. The region saw the integration of Pictish and Gaelic kingship and the formation of Scotland as a single political entity.

Communications

3.31 The Tay has long represented a vital waterway into the heart of Scotland, and played an important role in shaping the development of Perth and the medieval burghs in the study area.

3.32 Perth was granted burgh status by David I in the mid-12th century and developed steadily in influence, gaining a royal castle (destroyed by flood in 1209) and a number of religious houses. Its position on the river ensured that it was able to tap into thriving maritime trade networks as the highest navigable point for transhipment of goods to land-based transport or lighter watercraft that could negotiate further upriver. Perth had three phases of harbours, the first – of

14 No flood defences are depicted on either the First or Second Editions of the Ordnance Survey 25” map 15 Re-dating of the German to the reign of the Emperor Trajan (AD98-117)

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 19 23 October 2012 presumably medieval date – was located adjacent to Perth Bridge at the end of the High Street and is depicted on the 1715 town plan. A second harbour lay at the mouth of the town lade, while the third was developed at Friarton during the 19th century. All three harbours carried a busy trade with Scandinavia, the Baltic, the Low Countries and the east of England. However, as ships became larger during the 19th century the difficulties of navigating the river channel hampered the city’s competitiveness. ’s more extensive port facilities, and opportunities for expansion unconstrained by river channel issues or available land, eclipsed Perth as the major maritime centre during the 19th century. Partly due to this economic setback, Perth has potentially retained more of its historic form and character than may otherwise have been the case.

3.33 Newburgh, on the north coast of Fife, is closely associated with Lindores Abbey, founded as a daughter house of Kelso Abbey in the late 12th century. A burgh charter was granted by Alexander III in 1266, affording the settlement wider economic opportunities and the ability to tap into growing trade networks. Although now restricted largely to pleasure craft, a number of jetties still line the banks of the Tay at Newburgh – and are visible through the vennels from the High Street, underlining the importance of the river to the town’s heritage.

3.34 Small harbours serving the Carse of Gowrie, such as Port Allen and Powgavie, were an important facet of agricultural improvements enabling the easy import of lime fertiliser (along with coal) from Fife, and convenient export of agricultural produce. These harbours, along with Errol and , were connected to branches of the turnpike road network in the late 18th century. Before this, the roads through the Carse were largely inaccessible to carts for six months of the year (Old Statistical Account 1797). Improving the road network enabled more rapid improvement of the Carse, through the import of fertiliser, and also allowed estates to market their produce more widely. More recent roads, particularly the M90 and A90, have had a major impact on the landscape, and also how travellers appreciate the landscape and historic character of the area.

3.35 The Scottish Central and Dundee and Perth railways were commissioned by Act of Parliament in 1845, with the two merging in 1848. These routes connected Perth to the central belt via , with stations at , Forteviot and within the study area; and Perth to Dundee with numerous stops at the main settlements in the Carse. A further route, the Edinburgh and Northern railway, was constructed at the same time and passed through Newburgh, Abernethy and Bridge of Earn. The routes constructed were determined not only by the physical landscape, but also by the desire of landowners to protect their views. Shipping interests initially refused to countenance a new bridge over the Tay, and the original Perth station had to be located at Barnhill. While many of the stations on these lines have since been taken out of use, the network remains a strong presence in the landscape, and had a critical influence on agricultural practice and exploitation of other resources – resulting in lasting change in economic conditions and landscape character.

3.36 In Newburgh, the enormous revetment walls supporting the railway as it winds around Clatchard Craig and White Craig are a distinctive feature. It divides the medieval core of the town from later additions, adding further contrast to already distinct urban forms. In Strathearn, the railway is a distinctive landscape feature, particularly in sections built on elevated bankings and where the course is particularly straight. Similarly, the line through the Carse follows a very straight route through the landscape, with numerous level crossings at intersections with the rural road network providing a reminder of its presence, even when screened by vegetation.

Landscapes of power

Power of place in Strathearn

3.37 Discovered through aerial photography in fields to the south of Forteviot, an extensive complex of early prehistoric ritual and funerary remains – dating from the later Neolithic (c.2,800BC) through to the early historic period (c.5-10th centuries AD) – confirms that this section of Strathearn has been considered to be a special place for millennia.

3.38 Although invisible in the current landscape, these sites illustrate the lasting significance attached to places throughout history. The fertility of the alluvial soils undoubtedly made the area

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 20 23 October 2012 attractive for settlement – but the reasons for such sustained ritual activity are less clear. The monuments constructed over a sequence extending more than 3,000 years would have remained visible in the landscape for significant periods. Successive communities may have ascribed meaning to the remains, and even sought to associate themselves with ‘ancestors’ both real and folkloric to legitimate their connections to the land.

3.39 The site is located on a gravel terrace above the Earn, in a bend in the Water of May and enclosed to the north by the river and the Gask Ridge beyond, and by the Ochils to the south. The rising ground frames views to the east and west and creates a striking backdrop. The Neolithic remains, a ‘palisaded enclosure,’ has few excavated parallels in Scotland, with examples known in England and across much of northern Europe. It would have been a truly monumental structure, with a huge area enclosed by a circuit of massive timber posts standing up to 6m high (Noble & Brophy 2007). The manpower and resources required to undertake the construction of such a site would have been significant – and the effect in the landscape would undoubtedly have been impressive. Early farming communities are argued to have been intrinsically concerned with the act and maintenance of enclosure – defining the cultivated area, preventing stock from straying and keeping out potential threats (Bradley 1995; 1998). Symbolically enclosing a large area, separate from domestic buildings, suggests that the act itself – as well as whatever activities were performed within – was important.

3.40 The enclosure was replaced by at least two additional phases of Neolithic activity, in the form of a timber circle and a later henge monument erected around 2,500BC (both of which overlie an extremely rare Neolithic cremation cemetery). In turn, the henge was adapted in the early Bronze Age (c.2,100-1950BC), with the insertion of a high status burial in a stone-lined grave (‘cist’). As well as illustrating the shift in ritual focus from the communal approach of the Neolithic to the individualism of the Bronze Age, this represents remarkable continuity of symbolic use over a very long period. How these monuments related to their landscape context is unclear, given the uncertainty that exists with regard to environmental reconstruction from limited records, but its importance transcended changing cultures, economies and potentially major landscape change (in relation to accelerating woodland clearance).

Defence or display? – hillforts

3.41 The Sidlaws and the Ochils ‘top and tail’ the study area, creating significant visual and physical barriers in the landscape – and creating a range of vantage points suitable for fortification. The area has a particularly rich assemblage, and dense distribution, of mainly Iron Age, and some early historic, fortified sites.

3.42 The later prehistoric ‘forts’, although often located in defensible positions, are interpreted as functioning mainly as symbols of power in the landscape rather than as communal refuges in times of crisis. Some recently excavated examples indicate continuity of use from the Bronze Age, while others assume additional significance during the early historic period – most notably the two Castle Laws (one above Abernethy, the other above Forgandenny). Although several forts do exhibit evidence of settlement, in the form of hut platforms, is it probable that the majority of the contemporary population were living and farming elsewhere – presumably on the gravel terraces adjacent to the Earn and the Tay, and on the drier inches in the Carse. However, the relationships between fortified sites and domestic sites in their hinterlands are not well established. This raises a range of interesting questions around how the landscape may have been divided, and how this may have related to large defensive/monumental sites – and whether this can be discerned. Some of the forts appear to have been augmented through time, developing more sophisticated and extensive defences – such as the ‘chevaux-de-frise’16 at the Law Hill fort.

3.43 Many of these sites remain upstanding and are readily appreciable in the landscape by non- specialists. As such, given the density of distribution, they represent an important aspect of upland historic character which has considerable potential for access, interpretation and community archaeology.

16 Rows of vertically set stones, interpreted as anti-cavalry defences – based on medieval and post-medieval portable defensive obstacles

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 21 23 October 2012 ‘Shock and awe’: landscapes of the Roman interlude

3.44 The arrival of the Roman military in southern and central Scotland during the 1st century AD represented a turning point for the Iron Age people of the region. Virtually overnight, existing power structures, ways of life and economic activity were turned on their heads. Although warfare was an intrinsic part of later prehistoric culture, the overwhelming superiority of the Roman army in the field made resistance – at least in the south – futile and dangerous.

3.45 The study area lies behind the 1st century frontier established on the Gask Ridge and by the forward ‘glen-blocking’ forts. In addition to the primary impact on the landscape resulting from the construction of roads, signalling networks and fortifications, the presence of the Roman military appears to have had wider effects.

3.46 The Black Loch pollen core (Whittington, op cit) indicates that, during the period that spans the main Roman incursions into the area, a marked decrease/virtual absence of cereal pollen, and a regeneration of woodland can be observed17. This implies that the native population may have moved en masse to avoid the Romans; alternatively, there may have been an element of forced relocation or indeed deadly reprisals for resistance. In any case, landscapes that were largely agricultural – and could have supported reasonably substantial populations – appear to have emptied of their people in a short space of time. (There may be alternate interpretations that relate to economic changes geared to supply the occupation force – but this is not supported by evidence from the military zone in northern England).

3.47 Significant Roman remains survive within the study area – but in much-reduced form. The Flavian/Antonine fort at Bertha, on the northern edge of Perth, and the Severan Legionary fortress at (and associated temporary camps) are major assets. However, their visibility in the current landscape does not match their historical effect or significance.

Scotland’s cradle: Forteviot and the birth of Alba

3.48 As noted above, the Tay represents a major barrier to land-based travellers. The Ochils, the Gask Ridge, Moncreiffe Hill and the river funnel travellers towards Perth, creating a natural ‘pinch-point’ in communication routes – making the city’s location of critical strategic significance. Lying on the boundary between lowland and highland Scotland, the study area also represents a cultural crossroads from at least the early historic period.

3.49 According to early medieval texts, Strathearn was at the centre of Southern Pictland. A palace, located at Forteviot, is referred to in the Pictish king lists, the St Andrews Foundation Legend and the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba. A rich assemblage of early medieval sculpture, including the Dupplin Cross and a unique carved arch thought to originate from a chapel at the palace site, confirms the site’s significance. Recent investigations as part of the Strathearn Environs and Royal Forteviot (SERF) project, run by the Universities of Glasgow and have sought to locate the palace site and better understand its wider landscape context, its relationships to earlier power centres and how it may have contributed to the subsequent development of the area.

3.50 The 9th century was a period of major political and cultural upheaval in Scotland. Viking incursions into the Pictish kingdoms of the northeast, and the kingdoms of Strathclyde, Dal Riata and Northumbria, threatened the existing social order and, as key leaders were killed in conflict, created the potential for significant power vacuums. Into this context, shrouded in the mystery of fragmentary medieval texts, emerged Kenneth mac Alpin (Cinead mac Ailpin). Although long held to be ‘the first king of Scotland’ who vanquished the Picts and unified the embryonic nation, the reality is likely to have been significantly different. The available evidence suggests that Kenneth was himself of Pictish descent and inherited – rather than won – the title of ‘King of the Picts’, beginning the process of fusion of Gaelic and Pictish kingship18. This gradual integration was formalised in AD906 at Scone in a meeting between King Constantine II and Bishop Cellach which equalised the rights and responsibilities of Picts and Gaels.

17 This is paralleled on sites in Aberdeenshire, potentially indicating a Roman presence during the Flavian (1st century), Severan (early 3rd century) and post-Severan (to AD390) periods – and was sufficiently punitive to lead to collapses in native agricultural societies and/or economies (Whittington and Edwards 1993). 18 Four subsequent kings after Kenneth are described as ‘King of the Picts’ (Woolf 2004)

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 22 23 October 2012 3.51 The as-yet unlocated palace at Forteviot represented a major shift in the expression of power in the landscape. From documentary sources, it appears to have been an entirely unenclosed, undefended complex – quite distinct from the earlier centres of Dark Age power at fortified sites such as Dunadd in Knapdale, Dundurn at the head of or Castle Law, Abernethy. This suggests an elite entirely comfortable in their position and power, and secure in the knowledge that they are unthreatened in their own lands. Funerary sites

3.52 The ritual and funerary significance of the area around Forteviot appears to have been resurrected around 2,500 years after the abandonment of the Bronze Age sites.

3.53 Early historic round and square barrows (earthen mounds covering a central burial) and a series of unenclosed graves were recognised through aerial photography, and have been targeted for excavation by the SERF project. Whether the remains of the prehistoric sites were visible in the landscape at this time cannot be determined – but these later burials do not overlap the earlier monuments, suggesting that some level of legibility may have remained. The potential connection of these early history remains to the Pictish royal centre remains tantalisingly obscure – but the individuals interred in the barrows are likely to have been important figures in their day.

3.54 Despite this ancient continuity and undoubted significance of place, the whole area appears to have been given over to agricultural use by the 13th century. Whether this relates to a general invisibility of the remains – or a deliberate slighting of the past – is unclear.

Feudalism, farms and friars

3.55 The emergence of Scone as a major royal and ecclesiastical centre during the 12th century shifted the political geography of the region towards , around Scone Abbey (founded as an Augustinian Priory between 1114 and 1120) – the site of which has recently been confirmed through geophysical survey (O’Grady 2007). By the end of the century, Scone was one of the key seats of the Scottish kings. However, this role was relatively short-lived as Scotland’s monarchs became increasingly Norman, rather than Gaelic, in character (the last king crowned at Scone was Robert Bruce in 1306 – until Charles II in 1651). However, the symbolic importance of Scone and the Stone of Destiny continue to resonate through Scottish popular culture.

3.56 The ‘Normanisation’ of the Scottish Crown and nobility during the 11th and 12th centuries saw the introduction of the feudal system, and the development of centres of lordship across Scotland – with consequent social and economic impacts on the largely rural population. Intended to consolidate the power and influence of the Crown, the feudal system touched every aspect of life, from land holding and agricultural practice to taxation and military service.

3.57 Early earthwork castles, mottes, were established as centres of power, devolved from the King to the local nobility. The best example within the study area is at Errol – likely to have been the seat of the Hays of Errol, who received lands in the Carse of Gowrie from William I in 1178. The establishment of this new order set in train a process that would entirely reshape the economy and appearance of the study area.

3.58 Although it is likely that the Church had been a presence in the region from around the 8th century (there are suggestions of an early church at Abernethy), the 12th century onwards saw a significant increase in the power of religious houses – and their effects on the landscape. Perth alone had at least three friaries (Carmelite, Dominican, Franciscan) and an Augustinian priory; in addition to Lindores Abbey (Tironensian), Scone Abbey (Augustinian) and Elcho priory (Cistercian nunnery)19. Monastic land-holdings in the Carse of Gowrie were amongst the first to be systematically drained, beginning the process of transforming the area into some of Scotland’s best farmland. The monks were able to claim ‘privileges’ (effectively a tax break from the Pope, established by Papal Bull) on land they drained and brought into cultivation. In addition, they introduced fruit-growing to the Carse, beginning the long history of orchards in the area.

19 abbey (Cistercian) was also a significant influence

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 23 23 October 2012 A generous land: farming, fishing and the Firth

Agriculture

3.59 From prehistory through to the 18th century, agriculture appears to have been concentrated on the inches, on freer-draining alluvial soils and on the drier ground of the Braes of the Carse. In areas of current rough grazing in the Braes, areas of characteristic medieval/post-medieval settlement and agriculture survive as upstanding archaeological landscapes – often in association with the remains of earlier periods. Particularly good examples are found at Evelick, where later prehistoric settlement and hillfort ramparts are overlain by medieval or later field boundaries. Fragmentary remains of open ridge and furrow fields are preserved in several upland areas – and also within designed landscapes (notably Megginch) where the development of parkland, policy woodlands and orchards protected the earlier field systems from the effects of later intensive agriculture. Some boundaries of these characteristically sinuous field patterns are fossilised within later enclosures around Errol.

3.60 As noted above, the region’s monastic houses played a major role in beginning the process of realising the agricultural potential of the carseland. Although not closely dated, some of the network of historic ‘pows’ (canalised streams and drainage ditches) may have their origins in this period. However, it was not until the 18th century that drainage and agricultural expansion began to really take hold. Groome’s Ordnance Survey Gazetteer of 1882-4 recalls that: “…numerous parts which now are very fine arable land were, down to 1760 or even later, either morasses or large stagnant pools. The soil on the perfectly flat portions is a blue clay of very rich quality; while that on the inches is dark brown clay-loam, locally called 'black land' of an older formation and of greater fertility.”

3.61 The heavy clay soils were difficult to cultivate with the traditional Scots plough, but incoming technology, and publications by enthusiastic ‘Improvers’ in England and elsewhere in Scotland, influenced landowners to invest in their holdings.

3.62 The process of enclosure was, in comparison with other areas of central and lowland Scotland, completed relatively late due to these technical difficulties. However, the outcome transformed the landscape – and continues to be the principal structuring influence to this day. Although the carse and valley-floor landscapes of Strathearn are very flat, the winding course of the river and the route of numerous drainage ditches necessitated the development of a relatively organic field pattern, with few of the formal designed layouts common in Fife and Lothian. Field size, even prior to 20th century amalgamation, was relatively large – particularly to the south of the A90. To the north of the road, fields tend to be more regular and smaller in size, reflecting their often earlier date.

3.63 Much of the landscape across the study area dates to this late 18th and 19th century period of rapid advance and remains largely intact. The economic success of agriculture derived at least in part from the high quality soil resource, and the intensive improvement efforts of landowners and their tenantry – but also from the geographical position of the area and the high quality transport links in place by the late 18th century, exporting produce by sea, road and rail.

3.64 The intensification of agriculture from the late 19th century, and the development of ever more effective machinery obliterated the majority of traces of previous field systems in lowland areas, ploughing away cultivation ridges, upstanding archaeological sites and monuments.

Orchards and fruit-growing

3.65 Cultivation of fruit in the Carse of Gowrie appears to stem directly from the influence of the monastic houses in the area (Hayes 2007; Easson 1947; Dowden 1903). Activity appears to have been relatively small-scale until the 18th century when, following the Act of Union in 1707, increased political and economic stability made commercial orchards more viable (Hayes 2007; Storrie 1949). Apples were the principal crop, with pears, plums and damsons also grown widely, and some examples of cherry and greengage cultivation. An interesting anomaly is recorded in the Old Statistical Account, which records the growing of melons at Castle Huntly, in a steam-

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 24 23 October 2012 warmed melon pit20. In addition, the Account describes the significant area under glass, also at Castle Huntly, which facilitated the growing of peaches, nectarines, apricots, figs, almonds and other unspecified fruits.

3.66 Orchards are widespread in the study area, and in a variety of situations. Several, such as Fingask, Megginch and Castle Huntly, are associated with historic designed landscapes. Others are associated with larger 18th century farmsteads and those at Newburgh lie within the backlands of the medieval town. Documentary records indicate that, despite the cultural value and importance of orchards in the Carse, they do not appear to have represented a significant aspect of the rural economy – representing, at best, around 2% of income in 1842 (Second Statistical Account 1834-45, vol. 10). Unfortunately, the Old Statistical Account does not provide figures for the value of orchards during the late 18th century for comparison – simply recording the number and condition of the assets (although it indicates that the orchards at Monorgan were considered to be the best in the Carse of Gowrie).

3.67 Many orchards appear to have been cultivated as part of an agricultural system that combined fruit-growing with arable crops planted, or livestock grazing, between the rows of trees, optimising returns from the land. During the 19th century, the Carse orchards were subject to a range of pressures that contributed to the ultimate decline of commercial growing. The introduction of newly-developed farm machinery, in the form of the horse-drawn reaper (invented 1831) and the reaper-binder (1872) are likely to have been too unwieldy to successfully harvest crops planted in orchards. Although the coming of the railway in 1848 enabled landowners to export produce more effectively, it also allowed access to national grain markets – increasing the attractiveness of expanding cereal cultivation. In parallel, Victorian globalisation brought a wider range of imports from the Americas and Europe that could outcompete local produce in terms of cost and attractiveness. By 1884, an account of the area’s produce suggests that many orchards were already neglected (Robertson 1884, in Hodd 1975). Similarly, maintaining and harvesting orchards was relatively labour-intensive – particularly in the context of increasingly intensive and partially mechanised arable agriculture.

Salmon fisheries

3.68 The Tay salmon fishery, which developed from the 16th century, was an important driver of trade. In its later phases, it resulted in distinctive built heritage in the form of fishing stations, ice houses and later fishing lodges and, at Fleukie Lodge on the north side of the Tay, narrow-gauge railways connecting the fishing station to the main rail network. From the mid-18th century, preserved salmon were shipped from the Tay to ports across Britain, northern and Mediterranean Europe.

3.69 Distinctive ‘Tay coble’ boats, developed specifically for salmon-netting, remain a feature of the riverside – both in use by present-day anglers and as decaying relics in the mudflats and onshore. In the lower Firth, the introduction of fixed stake nets in the late 18th century was highly successful, but also deeply controversial with the proprietors of upriver netting operations, resulting in lengthy litigation and the outlawing of the practice in estuaries. The growth in popularity of sport angling during the later 19th and early 20th centuries increased economic competition with netting, along with the need to maintain appropriate numbers of fish in the upper catchment.

3.70 The establishment and expansion of the Tay Salmon Fisheries Company in 1899, eventually becoming a virtual monopoly on control of fishing rights, heralded a significant shift in the industry from an essentially artisanal activity to a more streamlined business. Through the 20th century, the Tay Salmon Fisheries Company was one of the largest of its kind in Scotland, with netting taking place from Newburgh up as far as Stanley with takes of fish remaining high (up to 40,000) until the late 1980s. However, sharp declines in the salmon population and the devaluation of salmon as a commodity, due to the development of the aquaculture industry, had a severe impact on the viability of netting in the Tay. The company was wound up in 1996 and commercial netting ceased.

3.71 Salmon fishing is an important aspect of the cultural heritage of the study area but one that has left a relatively subtle legacy in the built environment. In addition to the structures noted above,

20 Statistical Account 1791-99, vol. 19, p.468-9, Longforgan Parish

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 25 23 October 2012 the importance of the industry is also recorded in 18th century folk art in the form of gravestone carvings. A number of headstones in the churchyard depict traditional cobles, salmon and the act of netting – providing an evocative insight into the social, economic and cultural importance of the industry at the time.

Designing and adapting nature

Estate centres and designed landscapes

3.72 From the 17th century onwards, increased stability meant that the aristocracy were less concerned with creating and maintaining defensible homes, which had driven the development of sophisticated tower house architecture through the 15th and 16th centuries. 16th century Elcho Castle provides a key example of the transitional architecture of the time – while still an easily defensible tower, its large windows and ground level entrance hint at a structure more concerned with providing a spacious home (although it is the only entrance – and is covered by an unusually large number of gunloops, making forcing an entry an unpleasant prospect!). While small gardens and indeed orchards had long been part of the domestic aspects of estate centres (gardens were recorded at Megginch in the 16th century), the coming centuries would see the transformation of estate landscapes and changes that would radically alter the character of the study area.

3.73 The trend for estate improvement that gripped the area, and Scotland more generally, from the 18th century onwards was concerned with more than simply enhancing agricultural practice. ‘Improved’ estates were required to be self-sufficient in raw materials, particularly timber, as well as contributing produce from kitchen and walled gardens and providing pleasure grounds for the proprietor, their family and guests. The agricultural wealth generated by the fertile soils of the area provided proprietors with the means to pursue significant programmes of estate enhancement, including:  Remodelling / rebuilding castles and replacing with country houses;

 Developing ranges of estate buildings to coherent designs, including farmsteadings, stable blocks and estate villages – with particularly fine examples at Kinfauns and on the Rossie Priory Estate at Kirkton of ;

 Laying out estate cores to a unified aesthetic vision – adding avenues, structured views, terrace gardens and eyecatching planting, often of exotic species; and

 Expanding estate woodlands for timber, to provide cover for game and to provide shelter for crops as well as extending the influence of design landscapes well beyond the estate cores.

3.74 The study area contains a particularly large number of designed landscapes of varying sizes, from the large Inventory-listed landscapes (like Dupplin Castle, Scone Palace, Errol Park, Fingask, Megginch, Kinfauns, and Rossie Priory) to far smaller sites such as Seaside. The influence of designed landscapes is ever present in the study area as they remain key structuring element in the landscape. Estate woodlands and shelterbelts form the main woodland elements in the lowland landscape, and preserve much of the area’s ancient woodland – for instance on Moncreiffe Hill, Kinnoull Hill and in Glen Carse.

Reed bed management

3.75 The reed beds lining the intertidal flats in the upper Firth are a nationally important resource for biodiversity. However, they are not a wholly natural habitat and appear to have had a human origin. The Statistical Account records that, in the late-18th century, a number of estates experimented with planting reed in the Tay mudflats to assist in stabilising the banks and to provide thatching material (as mechanically threshed straw was effectively crushed and useless for thatch). Once established, the beds were maintained by frequent cutting – which continued on a commercial basis until very recently. The RSPB has taken over management for conservation purposes and will continue to cut the reed to secure its habitat value.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 26 23 October 2012 4 Landscape Classification

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 27 23 October 2012

4 Landscape Classification

Existing landscape character assessments

4.1 The study area is covered by two existing LCA studies, both published by SNH as part of their national programme of character assessment:

 Tay Landscape Character Assessment (Land Use Consultants, 1999); and  Fife Landscape Character Assessment (David Tyldesley Associates, 1999). 4.2 Both studies were undertaken at a scale of 1:50,000. However, the Fife study appears to be more detailed, identifying smaller units with more accurately-drawn boundaries. The Tayside study presents more of a ‘broad-brush’ approach. Both studies excluded urban areas.

4.3 The Tayside LCA covers Perth and Kinross and Angus. It describes 15 landscape character types (LCT) across the region. Around 80 individual character areas are defined and named, but not separately described. The character areas are also grouped into regional character areas (RCA). The study area falls into the Tayside Lowlands RCA, which encompasses all of lowland Perth and Kinross and Angus.

4.4 The Fife LCA identifies 15 LCTs across the whole of Fife. The LCTs are divided into over 100 named character areas, though these are not individually described.

4.5 The LCTs present within the study area are listed in Table 4.1, and are illustrated in Figure 4.1.

Table 4.1 Existing landscape types

Code LCT Locations

TAY6 Lowland Hills Gask Ridge; the Hills north of Perth

TAY7 Lowland River Corridor River Tay

TAY8 Igneous Hills The Ochil and Sidlaw Hills

TAY10 Broad Valley Lowland The Tay valley and Strathearn

TAY11 Firth Lowlands Carse of Gowrie

FFE1 The Uplands The western Ochils

FFE3 Upland Foothills The Ochils south of Newburgh

FFE8 Lowland Glacial Meltwater Lindores Valley Valley

FFE11 Coastal Hills Northern part of the Ochils, facing the Firth of Tay

FFE12 Coastal Terraces A small area west of Newburgh

FFE14 Coastal Braes Very narrow strip of woodland at Ballinbreich

FFE15 Coastal Flats ; a small area east of Newburgh

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 29 23 October 2012 Landscape hierarchy

4.6 The review of the existing LCAs identified that coverage was inconsistent in scale between Tayside and Fife, though largely consistent in the way that individual units were identified and classified. The large size of the Tayside landscape units is appropriate to the extent of the LCA study area, but the size of the TLP study area requires a more detailed classification. The existing LCT boundaries form a framework into which smaller local LCTs and character areas are nested.

Landscape types

4.7 Eleven LCTs have been developed for this study, and form the highest level of the landscape hierarchy. They represent the range of different landscapes which occur within the study area, from the igneous uplands to the estuarine mudflats. LCTs share a set of common characteristics, though there are local variations within each.

Character areas

4.8 The eleven LCTs have been further subdivided as appropriate, into a total of 35 character areas. These represent discrete geographical areas within the study area, which each have their own individual sense of place. There may be smaller scale variations in character within these areas, but they are consistent when considered at the scale of the TLP study area.

4.9 The LCTs and character areas developed for this study are listed in Table 4.2 and are shown in Figure 4.2. Full details of each type and area are provided in Chapter 6.

Table 4.2 Landscape classification

Landscape Character Type Landscape Character Area

1 Igneous Escarpment 1a Kinnoull Hills

1b Braes of the Carse

2 Dipslope Farmland 2a Sidlaw Dipslope

3 Lowland Ridge 3a Gask Ridge

3b Gask Scarp

3c Moncreiffe Hill

3d Moncreiffe Scarp

4 Carse 4a and Errol Inches

4b Carse of Gowrie

5 Firth Terraces 5a Mugdrum and Carpow Terraces

5b Newburgh Terraces

6 Firth 6a Inner Firth of Tay

6b Inner Firth of Tay with Reedbeds

6c Outer Firth of Tay

6d Outer Firth of Tay with Reedbeds

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 30 23 October 2012 Landscape Character Type Landscape Character Area

7 River Corridors 7a Perth Riverside

7b Kinfauns

8 Broad Strath 8a Tay-Earn Confluence

8b Lower Strathearn

9 Lowland Farmland 9a Scone Farmland

9b Forgandenny and Abernethy Farmland

9c Longforgan Farmland

9d Tay-Almond Farmland

10 Settlement 10a Medieval Perth

10b Post-Medieval –Victorian Perth

10c 20th century and later Perth

10d Scone

10 Settlement 10e Bridge of Earn

10f Abernethy

10g Newburgh

10h St Madoes

10i Errol

10j

10k Longforgan

11 Igneous Hills 11a Northern Ochils

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 31 23 October 2012

5 The Changing Landscape

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 33 23 October 2012

5 The Changing Landscape

Introduction

5.1 The landscape around the Tay continues to change. Processes described in Chapter 3 are ongoing, and today a range of pressures and forces for change are acting on the study area. These pressures manifest as a range of potential threats to the landscape, but may also present opportunities for its enhancement.

Forces for change

5.2 A number of forces for change have the potential to affect the landscape of the study area over the coming decades. Ongoing natural processes such as coastal erosion and deposition will occur alongside changes in agriculture and the spread of development. The forces for change acting on the study area occur at a variety of scales, from the global pressures associated with climate change, to very local issues such as preservation of a building or tree.

5.3 A series of key ‘themes’ emerged during the LCA process, under which key drivers for change can usefully be grouped. Many of these themes overlap, or are closely interlinked. For example, new agricultural methods may be driven by climate change, and may in turn drive changes to woodland management. The themes are set out in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1 Forces for change: key themes

Theme Description

Transport New road and rail infrastructure, increase in road traffic, alternative modes of travel

Energy Renewable energy proposals (wind, biomass, energy crops and tidal power), grid infrastructure

Trees and woodland National aspiration to increase woodland cover, harvesting/restructuring of softwood forests, fragmentation of native woodland, management of field trees and designed landscapes

Recreation and Development and expansion of tourist attractions and associated routes tourism and facilities

Development Significant settlement expansion and associated infrastructure, guided by development planning

Agriculture and Changing land use and land management practices, expansion of soft horticulture fruit growing, development of agricultural buildings

Species and habitats Effects of climate change on native species, loss and fragmentation of habitats, development of habitat networks

Climate and climate Driver of wider patterns of physical change, also covers mitigation and change adaptation responses such as renewable energy

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 35 23 October 2012 Transport

5.4 The TLP area is crossed by a number of important transport routes including the M90 from Fife to Perth, the A9 to the west and north of Perth, the A90 between Perth and Aberdeen, and railway routes linking Perth with Stirling to the south west, Inverness to the north, Dundee to the east, and Fife and Edinburgh to the southeast. Road

5.5 The road network in particular has been upgraded over recent decades, with changes including the construction of the M90 with its embankment across the valley near bridge of Earn, cuttings and flyovers between Moncrieff Hill and the Gask Ridge and the over the River Tay to the east of Perth. The A9 and A90 have both been upgraded to dual carriageway through the study area, and a number of junction improvements have been carried out to improve safety. Many of these road developments have had an impact on the landscape, introducing prominent new structures, severing landscape features and creating a source of noise and light pollution. Equally, they have changed the way that people experience the landscape, both in terms of the speed at which people move from one part of the landscape to the next, and by cutting across the grain of the landscape, or providing dramatic new vantage points such as the Friarton Bridge.

Kinfauns Junction on the M90, a recent change to the landscape 5.6 Looking to the future, it is possible that additional junction improvements may be implemented along trunk roads, requiring the construction of new bridges, slip roads, signage and lighting. These changes can have a particularly significant landscape impact in otherwise flat or relatively open areas such as on the Carse of Gowrie.

5.7 There are also proposals for a new bridge across the River Tay to the north of Perth, identified in the TAYplan SDP and Action Programme. This will create a link from the A9 towards Scone, designed to take some of the pressure off existing historic city centre bridges. Very careful design of the road corridor and bridge will be needed to minimise the impacts on the landscape of this part of the TLP area, though come change is inevitable, particularly on the eastern side of the river where the influence of Scone’s designed landscape is evident in the wider landscape. Rail

5.8 The area’s rail infrastructure would have brought a number of landscape changes when it was developed in the nineteenth century. Today many of the stations, bridges, signs and buildings such as signal boxes are an important part of the area’s historic fabric. It is important that they are maintained and their character retained wherever practical.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 36 23 October 2012 5.9 Looking to the future, it is possible that the development of high speed rail links between Scotland’s main cities could require the upgrading of existing routes, or the construction of new railway lines through the area. This could have a significant impact on the character of the landscape and the way that people experience it. Again, very careful routeing, design and construction would be needed to minimise the impacts of infrastructure and high speed trains through the project area. Water

5.10 The Firth of Tay has been an important transport route for millennia, though today river transport is limited to a small amount of commercial shipping using Perth Harbour, and some recreational sailing. Perth Harbour is currently under review and, while commercial shipping is important in the long term, some recreational role for the harbour may be considered. Recreational boat moorings have been established to the north of the harbour.

5.11 There are proposals to establish a water bus service which would serve a number of calling points along the Firth. This could link communities on either side of the Tay, and provide a new way for people to experience the river landscape and historic ports and small harbours such as Newburgh and Port Allen. New landing stages or jetties should be located and designed to respect the historic character of these settlements. Walking and cycling

5.12 There is great potential to encourage people to explore and experience the landscape of the Tay Landscape Partnership on foot and by bike. Measures such as reduced speed limits on less trafficked rural roads, good information and signage, and integration with public transport (and water based transport) could all support these modes of transport.

Energy

5.13 Scotland, like the rest of the UK, is facing the dual challenge of replacing aging power stations and power distribution infrastructure and simultaneously decarbonising power generation by moving from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. The implications for the TLP area are two- fold. Firstly, the area is likely to experience continued pressure for renewable energy development. Secondly, some existing overhead power lines are likely to be upgraded in order to link new sources of energy generation with the main sources of electricity demand. Renewable energy

5.14 The TLP area already has a number of renewable energy developments, principally small scale wind turbines located on farms. Looking just beyond the boundary, there is an operational wind farm at Lochelbank in the Ochils to the south of Bridge of Earn. A proposal for three turbines on Lindores Hill was recently refused by Fife Council.

5.15 There is likely to be continued interest in wind farm development whilst schemes such as the Feed in Tariff provide incentives for farmers and other landowners to invest in wind turbines in order to supplement or diversify incomes. The Perth and Kinross Local Development Plan will play a key role in defining areas of search for wind farms, and providing policy guidance for the development of smaller scale projects. While small turbines can often be accommodated with relatively little impact on the wider landscape, larger turbines almost always result in some kind of landscape and visual impact. The challenge, therefore, is to select locations and layouts which minimise impacts on key views and on the distinctive character of the project area, and which do not significantly affect important components of the historic environment, their settings or people’s appreciation of them.

5.16 Other forms of renewable energy development within the project area could include the wider take up of solar technologies (photovoltaics and solar hot water), principally through roof mounted panels, but possibly also in ground-based ‘solar farms’. The former are more easily integrated into new building structures, and can have a negative impact where they are unsympathetically installed on older and more prominent buildings.

5.17 There is some potential for small scale hydroelectricity schemes, based on run-of-river technology rather than major impoundments. This could, for example, make use of historic mill infrastructure or sites at the foot of the glens draining the Braes of the Carse to the north or the

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 37 23 October 2012 Ochils to the south. Careful design is needed to conserve any historic structures, and to avoid local flooding, landscape and nature conservation impacts.

5.18 The area’s woodland resource could also provide a source of wood fuel in the shape of logs, wood chips and wood pellets. Whereas in the past a considerable amount of material would be left as residues following forest harvesting and other operations, this material is increasingly removed and used to power biomass boilers and combined heat and power plants. There is also potential to bring other woodlands into positive management, helping to improve their quality, creating a source of wood fuel and a new source of income for their owners. Overtime, any new woodlands established across the area could also be managed in this way.

5.19 Finally, there may be potential to harness tidal energy within the Firth of Tay to generate electricity. Such schemes typically use either a barrage across a firth or a series of constructed lagoons to impound water and generate power as it is released. Both types of infrastructure could result in landscape and other environmental impacts, though a barrage would have the greatest effects overall. To date most attention has been focused on tidal stream technologies (e.g. underwater turbines) which would be located further downstream or offshore, and it is likely that issues such as navigation, flood risk, sedimentation and nature conservation concerns would present significant challenges to tidal energy schemes within the inner part of the Firth. Electricity grid

Overhead power lines cross the Tay at Easter Rhynd 5.20 It is likely that there will be a requirement to upgrade existing overhead power lines within the project area. The National Planning Framework 2 identified reinforcement of the east coast grid line as a priority. It is possible that such works could involve re-routeing or replacement of existing pylons with fewer, taller structures. There could be a requirement for new substations, particularly where power from wind farms is connected into the grid or where local supplies are taken from it. While a reduction in the number of pylons could be beneficial, an increase in size would have landscape and visual implications for this historic and often small scale landscape. The potential to place power distribution infrastructure underground should therefore be fully explored and wherever opportunities arise, existing power lines should be rationalised to reduce existing impacts on the landscape.

Trees and woodland

5.21 Trees and woodland make an important contribution to the character and heritage of the TLP area. Policy woodlands, avenues and specimen trees are a key component of the area’s many historic gardens and designed landscapes, with an influence extending out into the wider

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 38 23 October 2012 countryside. Orchards too are an important element of the area’s heritage, with projects underway to restore old orchards and establish new ones. Lowland parts of the area include farm woodlands and field boundary trees, many of which have been lost as agricultural practices have changed, and there has been a shift from dairying to arable and soft fruit cultivation. Softwood forests characterise some of the more upland parts of the TLP area, particularly the escarpment of the Ochils to the south. Looking to the future, national aspirations to increase woodland cover are likely to result in the creation of new woodlands in the area, creating an opportunity to plan positively to enhance and reinforce its landscape character. Historic gardens and designed landscapes

5.22 The presence of the area’s many historic gardens and designed landscapes is invariably signalled by extensive woodland, avenues, individual specimen trees and wooded parkland. These trees need positive management to maintain them in good health and to increase their resilience to the effects of climate change, which may include more frequent and intense storms, changing temperature, waterlogging, drought and new pests and diseases. In some cases it may be necessary to consider succession planting using trees of different provenance or species to respond to or anticipate the changing climate.

5.23 It is important that management of historic landscapes is not confined to the sites defined within the Inventory of Historic Gardens and Designed Landscapes. The TLP area includes many unlisted historic landscapes, all of which make a contribution to the area’s character and historic character. Equally, the influence of historic estates frequently extends beyond the boundary of designated landscapes, with parkland trees, field boundary trees, avenues and woodland belts often influencing the character of the surrounding countryside. It is important that this contribution is recognised and reflected in the way the wider landscape is managed.

Trees form the setting for designed landscapes and historic buildings, as at Elcho Castle Orchards

5.24 Orchards were once a defining characteristic of the Carse of Gowrie and the Braes but over time most have declined and many have been lost. There is renewed interest in raising awareness of the area’s orchard heritage and restoring and creating orchards across the area. Initiatives have included the Carse of Gowrie Orchard Project, the Carse of Gowrie Orchard Festival and the establishment of the Carse of Gowrie Historic Orchards Forum. These initiatives offer the potential to re-establish orchards as an important aspect of the area’s landscape and cultural heritage.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 39 23 October 2012 Farm woodlands and field boundary trees

5.25 Shelterbelts, small farm woodlands and field boundary trees make a particularly important contribution to the character of the lowland agricultural landscapes found along the Tay and Earn. As well as filtering and screening views across the area, they also often mark the presence of important local landscape features including river terraces, pows and tracks or minor roads. However, changing agricultural practices, including the transition from dairying to arable and soft fruit cultivation and processes of field amalgamation, have resulted in the loss of some trees and a decline in the management of others.

5.26 Without positive management, and the planting of new trees where there have been losses in the past, the character of these agricultural landscapes will further deteriorate. Careful choice of species and provenance will be required to anticipate future climate change. Semi-natural and native woodlands

5.27 Semi-natural and native woodlands are found across the TLP area, particularly on steeper slopes within upland areas and along some burns and other watercourses. These are important in landscape terms but also make a contribution to the area’s biodiversity. There is an increased interest in expanding and linking such woodlands where they can form part of ‘integrated habitat networks’ which should help make plant and animal species more resilient and better able to adapt to climate change. These kinds of woodlands can contribute to wider flood management schemes (by slowing the rate of run-off into burns and rivers) and increase the amount of carbon absorbed and stored in standing woodland. It will be important to ensure that semi-natural and native woodland expansion in the TLP area is designed to reflect and reinforce the character of the landscape. This suggests an emphasis on the upland areas particularly steeper slopes and along river corridors.

5.28 Management of these woodlands is variable, and further work may be needed to ensure the long- term viability of woodlands in the area. Native and semi-natural woodlands may be managed for biodiversity or environmental reasons, but can also be productive resources for wood fuel and hardwood timber.

Softwood forests

5.29 Productive softwood forests are found throughout the upland parts of the TLP area, ranging from large areas of conifer woodland along the Ochils and Sidlaws escarpments to smaller blocks set amidst areas of pasture or arable land.

Pine forest near Dupplin Castle

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 40 23 October 2012 5.30 Many of these areas of forest were planted at a time when less attention was paid to environmental issues. Such forests tend to be based on single species with large areas planted at the same time. Sometimes existing landscape and cultural features can be obscured by the dense forest canopy. Current forest practices are very different, with a much stronger emphasis on designing forests to reflect local character; diverse species and age structures; a greater proportion of open space; better public access; and, where appropriate, a move towards ‘continuous cover’ forestry rather than clear felling.

5.31 As existing areas of forest are harvested there will be significant opportunities for restructuring. This should result in a more sympathetic fit with the underlying landscape; a more varied species and age structure; and the replacement of geometric lines with more organic woodland edges and transitions. There would be real benefits in moving towards continuous cover forestry in more prominent locations, thereby avoiding the cycle of landscape change associated with clear felling and replanting. The changing climate is likely to require a change in the range of species that are grown for timber and may make issues such as the control of runoff more important in the future.

5.32 The national aspiration to increase woodland cover, allied to increased demand for softwood timber and the potential to contribute to carbon sequestration, habitat networks and sustainable flood management, may result in an expansion in the area of productive forest (along with other woodland types) in the TLP area. It will be important to ensure that any new woodlands are sensitively located and designed in order to reflect the landscape and cultural heritage of the area. This is likely to mean favouring some of the more upland parts of the area (subject to impacts on hillforts and other upland sites) and avoiding the open areas of carse along the Tay and Earn. Perth and Kinross Council is working with Forestry Commission Scotland to develop a new Forest and Woodland Strategy which will guide the establishment of new woodlands, and management of existing woodlands, across the council area.

Recreation and tourism

5.33 Tourism is a key aspect of the local economy, with a number of visitor-focused businesses operating in the area. Perth is a principal stopover on the way to the Highlands, but surrounding areas are likely to become more popular, particularly with development of sustainable tourism initiatives. Attractions based around local produce and ‘green tourism’ could be developed or expanded within the area. Results for the landscape may involve small or medium scale changes in local land uses, as well as conversions of farm buildings for visitor use.

Tourists are drawn to the fine views from Kinnoull Hill © Roben Antoniewicz

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 41 23 October 2012 5.34 Being located close to two of Scotland’s cities, the area is also popular with casual visitors attracted to the accessible countryside of the Braes. Kinnoull Hill is the key location, but development of access across the area is likely as the result of numerous ongoing initiatives to promote paths on the Carse of Gowrie or along the Tay. The expansion of the access network brings benefits for the understanding of landscape, but measures must be taken to ensure that the design of paths and associated infrastructure, including signage, public transport access and parking, reflects the landscape and historic character of the area. Access projects will also bring appropriate levels of interpretation, without introducing a proliferation of material into the landscape. Increases in access provision will need to be carefully balanced against landowner needs, to ensure that no conflicts between user groups arise.

Development

5.35 Successive eras of human settlement have helped shape the landscape of the TLP area, creating the legacy of historic buildings and settlements found across the area. Development continues to be a key source of landscape change, raising the challenge of ensuring development is appropriate and of high quality in its location, scale, design, materials and landscape treatment.

5.36 Careful attention to the area’s local vernacular, covering issues such as the relationship between buildings and local topography, with existing buildings, characteristic orientation, site layout and boundary treatment as well as the design and materials of the buildings themselves, will be central in maintaining and reinforcing the area’s landscape and historic character. Individual houses and steading conversions

5.37 Earlier sections have described the distinctive pattern of settlement found within the TLP area, reflecting, for example, the influence of rivers (bridging and transport) and the need to avoid low- lying areas at risk of flooding. Development within the open countryside is generally limited to small hamlets and farmsteads with associated cottages. While the sensitive conversion of farm buildings can provide an important way of retaining such buildings, there is a risk this can weaken the distinction between settlements and the open countryside. This is particularly the case where conversions result in the development of a new cluster of homes (including new buildings); adopt designs that do not reflect the local vernacular; or create obviously ‘urban’ or ‘suburban’ features such as fencing, parking areas and gardens. Careful guidance on the scale and design of such conversions is therefore needed to strike a balance between conserving redundant structures and avoiding extending urban influences beyond existing settlements.

New development can stand out for many reasons, such as roofing materials

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 42 23 October 2012 Settlement expansion and new settlements

5.38 Like many parts of Scotland, the TLP area has been under pressure to accommodate more substantial numbers of new homes in the form of expansion of existing settlements or the development of entirely new settlements. A number of villages in the TLP have experienced growth in the recent past, including Bridge of Earn, Abernethy and Errol. There is a risk that such development can overwhelm the character and appearance of historic settlements and, without sensitive siting, design and choice of materials, introduce generic suburban designs that have no connection with the local area. Recent development at Errol does tend to reflect the historic focus of the settlement on a ridge of higher ground, though the design and materials make little acknowledgement to local vernacular. This remains a key challenge for the planning system in sensitive locations such as the TLP area.

5.39 There has also been interest in developing a new settlement in the TLP, potentially finding a long- term use for the redundant airfield at Errol. The original proposals for a mixed use development comprising around 1,500 homes, shops, employment, schools, leisure and other community facilities were downscaled and there is currently consent for a smaller development of several hundred houses on the western part of the site. Again, this raises challenges in terms of the extent to which change of this kind can reflect the vernacular pattern of settlement, layout and design.

A number of possible uses have been explored for Errol Airfield Industrial and commercial development 5.40 Industrial and commercial development is concentrated within the built up area of Perth, including along the riverside at Friarton. Elsewhere, such development is focused in locations such as the former airfield at Errol (including vehicle auction, car boot sales and outdoor market) and along the A90 corridor (e.g. caravan sales, garden centres). Future industrial and commercial development should usually be located within urban areas. High quality design and landscape treatment will be necessary in order to conserve and enhance the quality of the townscape and wider landscape. Where development takes place outwith main settlements, very high standards of design in terms of buildings and landscape treatment will be needed to protect the character of the landscape. Where such development is planned for brownfield sites such as airfields, consideration should be given to conserving and reflecting important surviving elements such as control towers, hangars and runways.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 43 23 October 2012 Agriculture and horticulture

5.41 The TLP area has, in recent decades, seen considerable changes in the way the land is farmed. Once dominated by dairy farming, the carse along the Tay and Earn is now characterised by a mix of large arable fields and extensive areas of polytunnels used for soft fruit growing. Changes on higher ground have been less pronounced with a mix of sheep farming concentrated on upland pastures and arable crops on lower and less steep ground (for example on the northern side of the Sidlaws). Lowland farming

5.42 In the lowlands these changes have transformed the appearance of large areas of farmland and have also resulted in the more gradual decline or loss of redundant field boundaries and trees and, in some areas, changes in soil quality and drainage as a result of the use of heavy machinery. This may lead to an increase in waterlogging and flooding particularly during the winter. It is therefore essential that important landscape features including field boundaries, trees, farm woodlands and pows are managed and maintained. The further expansion of polytunnels and/or agricultural plastic meshes should be discouraged in prominent locations such as on the Braes and adjacent to main transport corridors. Wherever possible, landowners should be encouraged to use such materials in locations where existing woodland allied to topography provide some screening within the wider landscape.

Polytunnels on the lower slopes of the Braes of the Carse Climate change

5.43 The changing climate could result in patterns of farming and horticulture continuing to evolve in future. Higher temperatures and a longer growing season could allow the introduction of new crops, or the intensification of existing cultivation. This could result in pressure for new farm buildings or an expansion of the area under polytunnels. Currently more marginal land on the Braes on into the Sidlaws might become suitable for a wider range of agricultural uses.

5.44 On the other hand, changes in rainfall could result in flooding and waterlogging in winter and more frequent drought conditions during the summer. This could make the use of farm machinery more difficult during the winter, and could prompt farmers to build reservoirs to collect and store winter rainfall to feed irrigation equipment during the summer. An increase in storminess and the incidence of extreme weather events could result in crop damage or even failure. There is considerable uncertainty about future agricultural change, in part reflecting uncertainties around climate change, but also how impacts elsewhere could affect the Scottish agricultural economy.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 44 23 October 2012 Habitats and species

5.45 Recent decades have seen an increasing recognition that many of the changes described above have resulted in the loss and fragmentation of habitats and a reduction in biodiversity. Many plant, animal and bird species that were once common across areas such as the TLP project area have become increasingly scarce. While there remains a focus on protecting nationally and internationally important species and habitats, attention is increasingly turning to ways of increasing the biodiversity of the wider countryside.

5.46 In part, this is about identifying and managing locally important habitats such as moorland, unimproved grassland, native woodland, burns and wetlands. It is also about developing strategies to help reconnect fragmented and isolated areas of habitat with new ‘habitat networks’. Within the project area this might entail, for example, creating wildlife corridors along watercourses and woodland belts; linking habitats along the River Tay; and joining up the extensive woodlands within designed landscapes with the semi-natural woodlands and wetlands found on the Braes. Careful design will be needed to ensure that benefits are maximised in terms of landscape character as well as habitat improvement.

Climate change

5.47 Several sections above have identified the changing climate as an additional source of future landscape change. Key implications for the TLP area are briefly discussed below. Measures to tackle increased risk of flooding

5.48 This could take two forms:

 Firstly, engineered flood defences such as barriers, embankment, diversion channels and walls, While there are examples of such measures being integrated into the landscape and townscape very effectively (e.g. Perth city centre), these kinds of measures can have a significant local impact and can have the effect of pushing the problem downstream, rather than dealing with it at source; and

 Secondly, sustainable flood management techniques. At a landscape scale, this can include changes in moorland management (to reduce the speed at which rain falling in upland areas drains into watercourses); increases in woodland cover (to intercept rainfall and slow runoff); and the restoration of natural floodplains to create capacity to store floodwater where the potential for damage is least. These measures can normally be implemented in a way that reflects and enhances landscape character. At a more local scale, and within the context of development such as buildings and roads, there is increasing use of sustainable drainage systems based around permeable surfaces, permanent or temporary wetlands and other storage measures. Again, the objective is to reduce the speed and volume of water entering drains and watercourses, particularly where capacity is limited. Agricultural and woodland change

5.49 As noted above, climate change could have a range of implications for agriculture within the TLP area including the intensification and possible expansion of cereal production and soft fruit cultivation; the introduction of new crops; the requirement to manage waterlogging in winter and water deficits in summer; and an increased risk of damage as a consequence of storms, pests or disease. Pressures on woodland could lead to changes in the pattern of woodlands and trees. Particular species are likely to be affected, with commercial softwood trees among the most susceptible to the changes likely to affect the area. Coastal change

5.50 Rising global temperatures are already leading to rising sea levels resulting in the potential for flooding and loss of land along low-lying sections of coastline such as the Firth of Tay. Rising sea levels also increase the risk of flooding associated with surge tides, when winds and tides combine to create abnormally high water levels within estuaries and sea lochs.

5.51 Rising sea levels also have the potential to affect coastal processes of erosion and deposition, with potentially significant implications for the inter-tidal mudflats and islands that are a key elements of the river landscape. The relationship with sea level rise is complex, and could be affected by changes within the catchments of the rivers Tay and Earn (increased rainfall could increase the

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 45 23 October 2012 amount of sediment transported down the river, but interventions such as increased woodland cover and sustainable moorland management could reduce the sediment load), so it is uncertain how changing coastal processes would manifest along the Tay. Accurate monitoring of sea levels and the extent of coastal mudflats is therefore essential. Positive management of reedbeds, coastal woodlands and other habitats will also help maintain natural flood defences and reduce the risk of erosion. Recreation and tourism

5.52 It is possible that improved summer weather could encourage more visitors and local people to visit the area for informal recreation and tourism. There could be increased demand for a range of walking, cycling and horse riding trails together with more specialist activities such as sailing or kayaking. This could create opportunities for local businesses, but could also lead to proposals for larger or more formal tourism facilities which would require careful siting and design to avoid impacts on the areas landscape and cultural heritage.

Areas subject to change

5.53 These forces for change are likely to affect different parts of the study area to different degrees. To inform the landscape character assessment, and the development of guidelines for landscape management and planning, a detailed analysis was therefore carried out to determine the range of potential pressures acting in each character area. Based on an understanding of the issue in question and the key characteristics, each type of change was described as having no, minor, moderate, or major implications for the landscape in question. This analysis is reproduced in Appendix 2 and has been used to tailor specific guidance to each landscape character area.

5.54 This process also allowed a comparison of areas, and the identification of those areas where a number of higher pressures are likely to act. This indicated that the following landscape character types and areas could be subject to the greatest change:

 Carse LCT Carse of Gowrie and St Madoes and Errol Inches character areas  Broad Strath LCT Lower Strathearn character area

 Lowland Farmland LCT Tay and Almond confluence character area  Firth Terraces LCT Newburgh Terraces character area  Igneous Escarpment LCT Braes of the Carse character area

Management guidelines

5.55 An understanding of underlying landscape character and the key forces for change provided the basis for the development of guidelines. Management guidelines have been designed to:

 ensure that the importance and character of the landscape and historic environment can be reflected in key policies, plans and strategies (e.g. local development plans, Scottish Rural Development Programme);

 ensure that the importance and character of the landscape can be reflected in key decision making processes (e.g. development management, woodland grants); and

 provide more detailed guidance for each local landscape character type and area, defining measures for conserving, restoring or strengthening key elements of the landscape.

5.56 While the LCA is not an action plan, its aims will inform future planning for this area, and in particular will inform the Landscape Conservation Action Plan which will guide the activities of the TLP.

5.57 For each of the key themes, a series of guiding principles were established, and these apply to all areas. Area-specific guidelines were developed by considering the guiding principles alongside the key characteristics of each area, and the relevant pressures for change. Overarching principles are set out in Table 5.2, along with the organisations who would need to be involved with their monitoring and implementation, and the key policy drivers.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 46 23 October 2012 Table 5.2 Management principles and partners

Themes Principles Partners Policy drivers

Transport Ensure that proposals for new or upgraded transport infrastructure are Transport Scotland National Planning Framework 2 designed to minimise the impacts on the landscape of the project area. (NPF2) Perth and Kinross Council A detailed understanding of landscape character, including the area’s TAYPlan cultural heritage, should be used to inform route selection, scheme Public transport operators design and mitigation measures Perth and Kinross Local Water transport operators Development Plan (LDP) Encourage the positive management of historic rail structures and Network Rail buildings to help ensure their continued contribution to the historic character of the landscape. Ensure that incremental improvements and Sustrans upgrades reflect local character and avoid introducing uncharacteristic Port authorities elements

Support the sensitive development of water based transport on the River Tay, including the provision of new access points in key locations, as part of a wider approach to visitor and active travel planning;

Support the promotion of walking and cycling across the TLP area, including the development of promoted trails, circular routes, quieter rural roads and integration with public transport as a means of encouraging people to experience the wider landscape.

Seek traffic reductions in key locations/routes through promotion of public transport/water transport/cycle routes

Recognise historic importance of transport infrastructure (eg airfields)

Energy Ensure that the character and status of the area is reflected in local Perth and Kinross Council NPF2 development plan renewable energy policies, including the definition of Scottish Government Perth and Kinross LDP areas of search. Protect landmark summits, skylines and historic hill fort locations. Grid companies Fife LDP Ensure that large scale wind energy proposals are assessed in terms of Energy developers Spatial strategies for wind their impact on the landscape and visual character of the area. energy Landowners/managers Assess carefully proposals for individual 'commercial scale' wind Scotland Rural Development turbines, protecting key views, landmarks and historic sites and their Marine Scotland Programme (SRDP) Rural settings. Consider providing siting and design guidance for small scale Priorities turbines (up to 30m in height), facilitating development where this helps achieve carbon reduction and supports local businesses. Feed-in-Tariff

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 47 23 October 2012 Themes Principles Partners Policy drivers

Support the deployment of solar farms, panels and collectors where this does not impact on the appearance of historic buildings or landscape/townscapes.

Ensure that any proposals for small scale hydro schemes are located and designed to minimise impacts on the landscape, historic structures and sensitive aquatic habitats. Avoid larger scale developments, particularly those which require larger scale structures or impoundments.

Support the management of existing and new woodlands to provide a source of wood fuel in the form of logs and woodchips.

Resist tidal energy schemes which would significantly alter the landscape character ecology, cultural heritage and recreational importance of the Firth of Tay

Work with grid companies to ensure that any upgrades or reinforcement of transmission and distribution infrastructure takes account of the character of the area, considering opportunities for undergrounding of cables wherever possible, rationalising overhead cables and minimising the requirement for new structures or substations.

Ensure that siting of grid infrastructure is designed to minimise impacts on the historic fabric and landscape and visual character of the area.

Ensure that temporary works associated with the construction or removal of grid infrastructure do not result in significant and lasting impacts on the area's landscape and cultural heritage.

Trees and woodland Protect and manage native woodlands, trees and hedges, and Perth and Kinross Council SRDP Rural Priorities woodlands within designed landscapes Forestry Commission Scotland Scottish Forestry Strategy Support restructuring of softwood forests (SFS) Woodland Trust Ensure all proposals for woodland expansion are locally appropriate Climate Change Delivery Plan Historic Scotland Encourage active management of native and semi-natural woodlands, Woodland Expansion Advisory Landowners/managers whether for environmental ends or for hardwood production Group (WEAG) recommendations Encourage management and restoration of orchards

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 48 23 October 2012 Themes Principles Partners Policy drivers

Recreation and tourism Encourage access to enable understanding of the landscape Perth and Kinross Council TAYPlan

Ensure recreational and leisure development reflects local landscape Perth and Kinross Countryside Perth and Kinross LDP and historic character, and protects biodiversity interests Trust

Development Ensure proposals for new housing, whether individual dwellings, Perth and Kinross Council TAYPlan conversions, or settlement expansion, reflect local forms, patterns, Developers Perth and Kinross LDP materials and characteristics

Carefully control industrial and commercial development to ensure appropriate locations and scale, and screening if necessary

Explore positive use for brownfield land, recognising biodiversity potential of such sites

Agriculture and Ensure the management of important landscape features such as Perth and Kinross Council SRDP Rural Priorities horticulture hedges, field boundary trees, ditches, reedbeds and woodlands Landowners and managers Seek to steer potentially intrusive land uses and farm buildings away from visually sensitive locations

Species and habitats Support positive management of internationally, nationally and locally Scottish Natural Heritage TAYPlan important habitats RSPB Perth and Kinross LDP Encourage development of integrated habitat networks Scottish Wildlife Trust

Forestry Commission Scotland

Climate and climate Support sustainable approaches to river and coastal flood Perth and Kinross Council NPF2 change management, monitor trends in processes such as deposition and Scottish Government TAYPlan erosion SEPA Perth and Kinross LDP Explore the implications, and monitor the effects, of climate change on agriculture in the area Scottish Natural Heritage SRDP Rural Priorities

Ensure responses to climate change, such as flood defence, agricultural Landowners and managers Climate Change Delivery Plan change, etc, are appropriate to local landscape and historic character

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 49 23 October 2012

6 The Tay Landscape

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 51 23 October 2012

6 The Tay Landscape

Overview of the area

6.1 The landscape of the area shows a range of influences, from ancient geological processes, up to the most recent human interventions. The following sections set out a brief overview of the many layers which make up this small but complex landscape.

Geology and geomorphology

6.2 The topography of the study area (Figure 6.1 and 6.2) is clearly the result of geology, exposed in dramatic scarps which rise above alluvial plains. The oldest rocks in the area are the volcanic rocks which form the Ochils and the Sidlaws and date from the Devonian period around 400 million years ago. The andesite cliffs of Kinnoull Hill are the most visible example. These rocks were overlain with sedimentary river deposits, which are today evident in reddish sandstones around Perth and Scone.

6.3 A later folding of the strata created an anticline, or convex fold, the edges of which follow the Sidlaw and Ochil hills. This eroded before the next series of deposits in the Carboniferous, including the bright-red sandstones found at Clashbenny near Errol, and later mudstones and limestones, laid down as alluvial deposits. Around 300 million years ago tectonic activity resulted in the North Tay Faults which forms the steep face of the Braes of the Carse; and the South Tay Fault which forms the north face of the Ochils. The area in between subsided and its rocks are now largely buried under later deposits.

6.4 Around 33,000 years ago during the ice ages, ice moved out of central Scotland eastward across this area, resulting in large-scale deposits of glacial till or boulder clay. Melting of the glaciers from around 20,000 years ago released sand and gravel which was deposited at, for example, the terraces at Newburgh. Marine deposits, as well as these distinctive terraces, are the result of the sea level being much higher than today. As sea levels fell in relation to the land, the fjord-like Firth of Tay gradually assumed its present form, with the Carse of Gowrie forming from intertidal deposits of mud and sand.

6.5 There are several geological SSSIs in the area which illustrate these features, including those at , Kinnoull Hill and Gallowflat Claypit. Inchcoonans SSSI is the source of the clay which supplied the Errol brick works, and numerous quarries have existed across the area. Further detail on geology and geodiversity within the TLP area is being prepared as a separate report for the landscape partnership.21

Hydrology

6.6 The geology of the area has defined the channel through which the Tay has found its course, running through a narrow gorge between Kinnoull and Moncrieffe Hill. The Tay, one of the principal rivers of Scotland and the largest in Britain by volume of water discharged, is central to the landscape of the area, forming an ancient trade route and a physical connection between the Highlands and the sea. Over the short section of its course through the area it changes from a meandering rural watercourse, to a city waterfront, to a shipping route, and finally to a broad estuary, where basking seals and sailing boats can be seen.

6.7 Other parts of the study area have their distinctive drainage patterns. The steep braes and scarps have narrow incised watercourses. These flow on to the flat carse, where they form the pows, which are frequently linear and channelized, forming part of a drainage network. The Earn, the principal tributary in the area, meanders through its floodplain and the loops of its course define broad haughs and have left ox-bow lakes.

21 Tayside Geodiversity (2012) Geodiversity of the Tay Landscape Partnership Area.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 53 23 October 2012 Land cover and land use

6.8 The area is dominated by arable farming, particularly across the Carse of Gowrie and around the Tay-Earn confluence (Figure 6.3). These low-lying areas have rich soils and a long history of arable production. Previously dairy farming and orchards were key land uses, though these have declined and been replaced by soft fruit as a principal crop. Potatoes and cereals are also important to the area. On higher ground, land use is more varied, with a mosaic of pasture and forestry, though with some arable land even on the higher parts of the Sidlaws. Around Perth, settlement and commercial development are much more prevalent, though the whole area is a settled landscape.

6.9 Woodland cover is widely varied across the area, with each part of the landscape having its distinct patterns of tree cover (Figure 6.4). Across the carselands, tree cover is sparse, though the flatness of the country emphasises the importance of lines of field boundary trees. More influential are the designed landscapes, with their extensive and well-established policy woodlands. Designed landscapes are important features even where there original function is lost, as with the redwoods at Inchture, an outpost of Perthshire’s ‘Big Tree Country’. Mixed and native woods, many of policy origin, line the Braes of the Carse, forming distinctive patterns with the pasture. Plantation woodland is particularly significant to the character of Kinnoull and Moncreiffe Hills.

6.10 There are small stands of commercial forestry on the carse, but these are more concentrated on higher ground, particularly on the Ochils. On the northern slopes of these hills the plantations often form blocky shapes, while elsewhere restructuring has been more sympathetic.

Cultural heritage

6.11 As noted in Chapter 3, the area has a rich history of human settlement and activity which is visible in a wide range of features, from field boundaries and woodlands to railways and bridges. Time-depth is evident across the landscape, but most prominently in a handful of historic settlements and sites. Roman sites and hill forts are numerous but less accessible, often requiring interpretation to be read in the landscape. Of the burghs, Perth, Errol and Newburgh retain medieval patterns of streets and houses, and medieval buildings can be viewed at Abernethy Round Tower and Lindores Abbey. Prominent castles include Elcho and Huntingtower, while later country seats are recognisable from the extensive parklands and walls which give parts of the area much of its character. More recent history is represented by the grand civic buildings of Perth; industrial sites such as the Errol brick works; and the wartime airfields of Errol and Scone.

6.12 There are numerous scheduled monuments in the area, many relating to hill forts, but also to traces of cultivation and settlement. The Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes lists 12 sites within the study area, from the extensive parks of Scone Palace to the Victorian Branklyn Garden. The Council has declared eight Conservation Areas, and Historic Scotland has listed over 1,000 buildings, and while around half of the latter are in and around Perth, the remainder are broadly scattered across the entire area (Figure 6.5). Beyond these designated assets are a huge range and diversity of undesignated but no less valuable heritage sites, as well as a vast resource of aesthetic and literary associations, which are described in more detail in a separate report.22

Habitats and biodiversity

6.13 The estuarine habitats of the Firth of Tay support seals, otters and fish, with internationally- important populations of pink-footed and greylag goose making use of the extensive mudflats. Saltmarsh and reedbeds are also important, the latter being the largest area of reedbed habitat in Britain. The River Tay is famed for its salmon. Native woodlands in the area are rich in invertebrates, wildflowers and bird life. Pockets of the Sidlaws and Ochils are underlain by base- rich igneous rocks, supporting particular types of species-rich grasslands. Unusual flora also occurs on the cliffs of Kinnoull Hill.

6.14 Several sites in the area are protected for their biodiversity importance at national and international level. These are shown in Figure 6.6 and include the Firth of Tay Ramsar site, also a

22 Viewscape (2012) Baseline Survey of Intangible Heritage for the Tay Landscape Partnership.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 54 23 October 2012 Special Protection Area (SPA) and Special Area of Conservation (SAC). Other SACs cover the River Tay and its tributaries, and two sites on the Ochils. Biological SSSIs include Kinnoull Hill, Dupplin Lakes and Lochmill Loch by Newburgh.

Views and viewpoints

6.15 The iconic view of this area is from Kinnoull Hill, looking along the Tay to the opening of the Firth, with the folly tower in the foreground. Famous throughout Scotland, this viewpoint is rightly adopted as the logo of the Landscape Partnership as both landmark and vista. Other locations also offer views over the area (Figure 6.7). Further along the Braes of the Carse, each hill and glen offers a different perspective across the Carse of Gowrie. Moncreiffe Hill looks north to Kinnoull Hill, and southwards across the carselands of the Earn.

6.16 From lower ground, views from the carse show the Braes to their best advantage, and also look south across the water to the Ochils. Other views are surprisingly limited, such as the enclosed reed beds, or the farmland around Scone where the Tay is barely discernible in the landscape. Some of the best views along the Firth of Tay are from Newburgh harbour.

6.17 Roads and railways through the area offer prospects over the area. Passing north on the M90, road users emerge from the Ochils to overlook the Earn and the Firth of Tay, before entering the narrow Craigend Gap. Emerging once more, the Friarton Bridge enables views upstream to Perth and is dominated by the cliffs of Kinnoull Hill. North again, the road travels across the carse, offering an unfolding prospect of the Braes of the Carse.

Character type descriptions

6.18 The following sections present the written findings of the LCA for each of the 11 identified landscape character types. The following information is presented:

 A list of the key characteristics of the type;

 A description of each of the individual character areas;  A summary of the condition and any identified sensitivities of the type;  A list of the main forces for change potentially affecting the area, set out under the themes identified in Chapter 5; and

 Area-specific management guidelines.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 55 23 October 2012 Type 1 Igneous Escarpment

Key characteristics

 Upland edges of hard volcanic rocks  Distinctive, steep scarp slopes and cliffs  Strong contrast with adjacent carse lands

 Conical hills and short, steep glens  Extensive mixed policy woodlands, particularly in steeper areas  Roads and paths lead up through narrow wooded gullies  Small hamlets, former ‘fermtouns’ and cottages perched on the hillside  Country houses and castles, with extensive designed landscape influences  Numerous hill forts at strategic positions overlooking the Tay  Wide, dramatic views south-east across the low-lying carse

Area 1a: Kinnoull Hills

6.19 This area encompasses the dramatic scarp of Kinnoull Hill and a series of smaller hills at the south-western edge of the Braes of the Carse. The rounded, conical hills are between 169m and 120m in elevation, with a south-facing escarpment rising steeply from the River Tay, and steep, narrow glens dissecting the hills.

6.20 Extensive mixed policy woodlands are characteristic of the steeper slopes, with coniferous plantations present on some of the gentler slopes of the surrounding hills, including at Deuchny Hill. More gentle, undulating slopes include open areas of pasture enclosed by post and wire fencing, with some mixed hedgerows and small areas of gorse scrub. Topography has resulted in the preservation of extensive ancient and semi-natural woodland.

6.21 The area has a strategic position overlooking the Tay corridor, as attested by hillforts, although Deuchny hill looks north, rather than to Fife. Kinfauns Castle designed landscape and estate is located on the southern slopes of the escarpment and includes the iconic Kinnoull Tower, which forms a prominent landmark from the lower-lying areas to the south and in views along the southern slopes of the area.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 56 23 October 2012

Kinnoull Hill from above Kinfauns

6.22 The wooded escarpment forms a distinctive feature widely visible across the lowlands to the south, and forming the visual setting of the southern extents of Perth. From the south-facing slopes long, elevated views are available over the River Tay and to Moncreiffe Hill.

Area 1b: Braes of the Carse

6.23 The Braes of the Carse lie at the southeastern edge of the Sidlaws, the scarp extending from St Madoes northeast towards Dundee. The area is most distinctive at the southeast-facing scarp, where the landform rises abruptly from the Carse of Gowrie. To the northeast the elevation of hills diminish and the area gradually merging into the lowland farmland (9c Longforgan Farmland) to the west of Dundee. The area is differentiated from the shallower hills of the northwest-facing dipslope (2a Sidlaw Dipslope), and the more elevated and larger scale hills to the northeast, at the north of the Sidlaws.

6.24 Land cover comprises a mosaic of grass and heather moorland, pasture, policy woodland and conifer plantations even on the upper slopes. Further north of the scarp slopes, sheltered, upland valleys with improved pasture contrast with enclosed, narrow glens and wooded gullies. Narrow roads wind through the hills, enclosed in places with tall hedgerows. As the roads contour around the southern hills, channelled views unfold to the carseland.

6.25 On higher ground are later prehistoric defended sites. The Evelick multi-period archaeological landscape includes Pole Hill cairn; a multi-phase fort with apparent house stances; medieval/post- medieval field systems; and Evelick castle. Enclosure has been generally piecemeal, influenced by topography, making incidences of planned/formal field layouts more striking, for example in Glen of . Across the area are extensive designed landscape influences, particularly on the southern slopes. Glendoick and are extensive, but there are smaller-scale examples at Highwood, Kinnaird Castle and Ballindean.

6.26 Settlement at the foot of the Braes is focused around ‘fermtoun’ villages such as Rait. Baledgarno is a planned village associated with the Rossie Priory estate, while Pitmiddle village was abandoned in 1938

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 57 23 October 2012

Farmland in the Braes near Abernyte

Condition and sensitivities

6.27 Although strong and visible features in the landscape, the escarpments are relatively small-scale features, with intricate glens and dramatic but low hills which would be sensitive to any larger- scale developments. The same is true of the small fermtouns and hamlets along the Braes: even a small insensitive intervention would threaten their intactness. Visibility is a key sensitivity: any changes in land use will be seen across the Carse of Gowrie and beyond. The wooded escarpments are for the most part well managed. Woodland at Kinnoull Hill and Deuchny Hill is maintained by the Council and FCS with good public access, though other woodlands are less actively managed. The patterns of woodland across the Braes, as seen from the Carse of Gowrie, are a sensitive feature of the landscape.

Looking outward from Glen of Rait

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 58 23 October 2012 Forces for change Energy

6.28 The two areas of this type may see proposals for wind energy schemes as the feed-in-tariff becomes an increasingly popular opportunity with agricultural landowners. Turbines on these slopes would be highly visible across the carse. Other forms of renewable energy which could affect these areas include small scale hydroelectricity, likely to be focused on run-of-river schemes. Woodland planting, or changing management for short-rotation coppice, would affect the apparent tree cover along the slopes. Trees and woodland

6.29 Woodlands may become increasingly managed for wood fuel, though improved management generally would be positive. Native and policy woodlands are a distinctive feature of the Braes and any threats to these would have landscape as well as biodiversity consequences. Management of woodland on designed landscapes will be key to preserving these features in the landscape. Expansion of woodland on the Braes would need to be sensitively sited, but could be a positive intervention particularly within the glens. Similarly the creation of orchards within this area would need to be sensitively handled. Recreation and tourism

6.30 There may be increasing pressure at Kinnoull Hill as a destination for visitors, as elsewhere along the Braes, with demand for additional facilities such as parking and signage. Development

6.31 Limited development pressure is identified within this area, though the small villages and farmsteads are highly distinctive, and even small incremental changes may have an impact. Agriculture and horticulture

6.32 As a largely pastoral, low-intensity agricultural landscape, any moves towards more intensive methods would impact on the character of the Braes. In particular, the encroachment of polytunnels onto highly visible slopes would affect views of the Braes over a wide area. Habitats and species

6.33 The preservation of native woodlands as part of wider habitat networks including designed landscapes and open moorland will be a priority for these landscapes.

Management guidelines

6.34 Priorities for managing change identified for the Igneous Escarpment LCT are as follows:

 Ensure that the distinctive characteristics of the scarp as part of the visual setting of the carseland to the south are reflected in local development plan renewable energy policies. Seek to protect hill summits, and prominent skylines from development;

 Consider providing siting and design guidance for small scale turbines (up to 30m in height), facilitating development where this helps achieve carbon reduction and supports local businesses, in areas of lower sensitivity;

 Ensure that larger wind energy proposals are assessed in terms of their impact on the landscape and visual character of the area;

 Ensure that any proposals for small scale hydro schemes are located and designed to minimise impacts on the landscape, historic structures and sensitive aquatic habitats;

 Seek to protect and maintain native woodlands, on the prominent scarp slopes and support the expansion of native woodlands, particularly where this helps reconnect and link remaining woodland fragments along the rivers, burns and glens within the hills;

 Encourage the development of habitat networks to reconnect existing areas of fragmented and isolated habitat. This may include woodlands, unimproved grassland, scrub and wetlands. Careful design is needed to ensure a close fit with landscape character; and

 Ensure that the development of new recreation and tourism related developments reflect the landscape and historic character of the area.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 59 23 October 2012 Type 2 Dipslope Farmland

Key characteristics

 Rolling upland fringe, a transitional landscape  Few distinct peaks, though craggy outcrops on higher ground  Hidden upland basins

 Mosaic of arable and pasture  Areas of forestry and plantation woodlands, including small coniferous blocks on hills  Extensive pre-improvement and prehistoric archaeological landscapes  Open areas of higher ground have rougher grazing, gorse and broom  Narrow east-west roads cross the hills to access farms

Area 2a: Sidlaw Dipslope

6.35 This area forms a transitional landscape between the steeper hills of the Braes of the Carse (1b) and the low-lying undulating lowlands of Tayside to the north. It comprises a series of rolling upland hills of a lower elevation, and more gentle topography, than the south-facing scarp.

6.36 The landform is very variable, typically comprising low, rounded hills occasionally with craggy outcrops, wooded ridges and hilltops. Sheltered basin-like upland valleys are enclosed from views in and out. Land cover consists of a mosaic of arable fields and improved pasture with open areas of rough grazing and blocks of coniferous plantation. Fields are bounded with hedges, in varying condition, with occasional post and wire fencing. Shelter belts contribute to local enclosure.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 60 23 October 2012

Looking across the western slopes from near Scone 6.37 From north facing slopes, wide views extend to the north and west extend across Tayside and highland Perthshire. The distribution of hillforts continues across hill tops, as with the escarpments. There is a strong sense of time-depth, for example at Law Hill fort, where there are also field systems, and Arnbathie fermtoun. A strong visual relationship exists between the slopes and Dunsinane Hill, outside study area, along the road below King’s Seat/Black Hill/Dunsinane Hill.

Condition and sensitivities

6.38 The topography of the dip slope creates hidden and enclosed valleys which would be sensitive to intrusive developments. Vertical structures in these areas would also risk overtopping the Braes to the southeast. Much of this landscape is open and unenclosed, with few hedges or trees, giving it a bleak appearance in places. Blocks of coniferous plantation can appear harsh on hillsides.

Forces for change Transport

6.39 Incremental changes to minor roads are the main pressure within this area, particularly at the eastern fringes of Perth, and within the small-scale upland valleys.

Energy

6.40 The area may see proposals for wind energy schemes, both medium and small scale turbines to take advantage of the feed-in-tariff. Other forms of renewable energy which could affect this area include small scale hydroelectric schemes. Trees and woodland

6.41 National aspirations to increase woodland cover are likely to result in the creation of new woodlands in the area, creating an opportunity to plan positively to enhance and reinforce its landscape character. There is an opportunity within the area to enhance landscape character through careful planning of woodland planting, and restructuring of unsympathetic plantations. Development

6.42 Redevelopment of farm buildings, and introduction of new houses, may be a pressure, leading to potential suburbanisation of small areas, particularly closer to Scone. At the eastern edge of Perth, there may be pressure for further new development along Muirhall Road.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 61 23 October 2012 Agriculture and horticulture

6.43 Climate change could result in the area becoming suitable for a wider range of agricultural uses, with pressures on currently more marginal land. Arable cropping is likely to increase at the expense of pastoral land use, leading to intensification of agriculture.

Management guidelines

6.44 Priorities for managing change identified for the Dipslope Farmland LCT are as follows:

 Ensure that incremental improvement of the minor roads through the area reflects their rural character and avoids introducing unnecessary signage, lighting, and the use of concrete kerbs;

 Ensure that the character and status of the area is reflected in local development plan renewable energy policies, including the definition of areas of search. Seek to protect important skylines from development;

 Ensure that large scale wind energy proposals are assessed in terms of their impact on the landscape and visual character of the area;

 Encourage the development of habitat networks to reconnect existing areas of fragmented and isolated hedgerows, shelterbelts, woodland, unimproved grassland and scrub; and

 Work with local land managers to anticipate and plan for the effects of climate change on choice of crops that may be appropriate within the area.

Enclosed upland valley near Oliverburn

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 62 23 October 2012 Type 3: Lowland Ridge

Key characteristics

 Steep southern scarp of hard volcanic rocks  Gentler dip slopes to the north  Extensive policy woodland and coniferous plantation, with mixed woodland predominantly on steeper scarp slope

 Craigend Gap emphasises the historical role of the ridge as a frontier  Crossed by transport links including the M90 and A9

Area 3a: Gask Ridge

6.45 This is a long, broad ridge of strongly undulating landform extending west from the south of Perth to Blairbel Moor, and continuing beyond the study area boundary. It is a broadly north-facing dipslope to the north of the more distinctive south-facing Gask Scarp (Area 3b). Land cover is predominantly improved pasture enclosed by hedgerows, although these have been replaced by post and wire fencing extensive blocks of coniferous plantation, with some smaller areas of mixed woodland and shelter belts

6.46 The area is strongly influenced by the A9 transport corridor which passes through the north of the area, and urban fringe development to the south of Perth.

6.47 The historic role of the Gask Ridge as a Roman frontier led to the development of a network of roads and watchtowers, although the remaining sites are largely outside study area. The ridge is also associated with centres and symbols of prehistoric and early historic power at Forteviot to the south. More recently, the designed landscape, walled gardens and nursery of Dupplin Castle are a major influence.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 63 23 October 2012 Area 3b: Gask Scarp

Gask Scarp approaching Craigend Gap 6.48 This is a narrow area of steep south-facing scarp that extends along the long length of Gask ridge. The scarp forms an abrupt edge to the low-lying, flat strath to the south, the wooded slopes and rocky cliffs contrasting with the arable farmland within the strath.

6.49 The area is influenced by the mixed policy woodland and designed landscape features, including the Beech Roundal, centred on Dupplin Castle. A small number of narrow roads wind and contour through the area.

6.50 Much of the area is enclosed within woodland, but where open views are available, wide views overlooking Strathearn extend to the south, with the Ochils as a backdrop.

Area 3c: Moncreiffe Hill

6.51 This area includes the north-facing slopes of Moncreiffe Hill, distinguished from the steeper south- facing scarp. The area comprises undulating slopes which drop steadily down to the River Tay to the north. Raised beaches and terraces are visible between Elcho and Dow Hill. Landcover is predominantly arable farmland and pasture, enclosed by mixed hedgerows, replaced in places by post and wire fencing. Much of the area is well wooded, with mixed policy woodlands, shelter belts and roundels relating to Kinmonth House and Elcho Park designed landscapes.

6.52 From open, elevated areas, views are available overlooking the River Tay, with the distinctive scarp of Kinnoull Hill as a backdrop. The well-preserved Elcho Castle is located towards the northeastern edge of the area, with the Elcho model farm nearby. The medieval establishment of a monastic centre marks the potential origins of drainage and agriculture. Potential relict field systems survive on Tarsappie Hill. In the 20th century, the landscape has been altered by numerous small quarries, and by afforestation of the plateau which reduces the visibility and influence of Moredun Top hillfort.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 64 23 October 2012

North side of Moncreiffe Hill from Kinfauns

Area 3d: Moncreiffe Scarp

6.53 This is a small, narrow area encompassing the steep escarpment at the southern edge of Moncreiffe Hill. The steep slopes are predominantly wooded, with rocky cliff faces. The scarp rises abruptly above Strathearn and, where open, long views are available overlooking the broad strath to the south backed by the Ochil Hills.

6.54 Hillforts attest to the strategic location of the scarp, dominating the Craigend Gap between Moncreiffe and Friarton Hills, which mark the end of the Gask Ridge. Experience of the historic significance is diminished by the elevated M90 infrastructure and signage. Ancient woodland is an important factor in preserving a sense of time-depth in contrast to motorway infrastructure, and forms a key part of the setting of Moncreiffe House and Moredun Hall.

Condition and sensitivities

6.55 This is a highly visible landscape type within the wider area, and this creates sensitivities in that any changes would be widely seen. Development on the ridge tops would potentially be overbearing in relation to the low but dramatic scarp at Moncreiffe Hill. Around the Craigend Gap the ridge is adversely affected by the passage of the M90 and associated slip roads of Junction 10, as well as by quarrying and urban fringe development at Friarton. Further west the policies of Dupplin remain intact.

Forces for change Transport

6.56 Development of further infrastructure around the Craigend Gap and along the A9 would influence this landscape, which has already seen substantial transport development. Energy

6.57 Although this landscape is unlikely to see proposals for large scale wind energy schemes, some areas may see proposals for single wind turbines as feed-in-tariff becomes an increasingly popular choice with agricultural landowners. Turbines on the ridge would be highly visible, particularly if sited close to the scarp, and may dominate this relatively small-scale feature. Trees and woodland

6.58 Woodland is an important aspect of this landscape and could be susceptible to change driven by management of commercial and native woodlands, particularly ancient woodlands and policy

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 65 23 October 2012 woodlands of designed landscapes. The impression of a wooded south-facing scarp is a key element of the area.

Development

6.59 Settlement expansion pressures around Perth may see new housing and other development extending into this area, though the M90 is likely to form a significant barrier to expansion in the medium term.

Management guidelines

6.60 Priorities for managing change identified for the Lowland Ridge LCT are as follows:

 Ensure that incremental improvement of the minor roads through the areas reflects their rural character and avoids introducing unnecessary signage, lighting, and the use of concrete kerbs, particularly narrow roads within 3b Gask Scarp;

 Work with grid companies to ensure that any upgrades or reinforcement of grid infrastructure takes account of the character of the area, considering opportunities for undergrounding of cables wherever possible, rationalising overhead cables and minimising the requirement for new structures or substations;

 Ensure that siting of grid infrastructure is designed to minimise impacts on the historic fabric and landscape and visual character of the area;

 Ensure that temporary works associated with the construction or removal of grid infrastructure do not result in significant and lasting impacts on the area's landscape and cultural heritage;

 Ensure that the character and status of the ridges are reflected in local development plan renewable energy policies, including the definition of areas of search. Seek to protect important skylines, as experienced in views from both Strathearn to the south and from surrounding areas to the north from development;

 Ensure that larger wind energy proposals are assessed in terms of their impact on the landscape and visual character of the area;

 Encourage the development of habitat networks to reconnect existing areas of fragmented and isolated hedgerows, shelterbelts, woodland, unimproved grassland and scrub; and

 Within the areas of agricultural farmland in 3a and 3c, work with local land managers to anticipate and plan for the effects of climate change on choice of crops that may be appropriate within the area.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 66 23 October 2012 Type 4: Carse

Key characteristics

 Flat, largely open areas of drained land  Fossilised 'inches' or islands of slightly higher ground, providing a focus of settlement activity from prehistory onwards

 Open areas of very large fields and few distinct field boundaries

 Landscape structured by historic ‘pows’, shelterbelts and estate woodlands  Larger woodlands are concentrated on the inches where designed landscapes have a strong influence

 Orchards associated with country houses, farmsteadings and designed landscapes  Small traditional settlements, and more dispersed hamlets  Influence of infrastructure including the A90 corridor, railway and overhead powerlines  Soft fruit growing paraphernalia including polytunnels and irrigation systems  Key visual relationship with the Braes to the north-west  Longer views south, though the river is a limited presence

Area 4a: St Madoes and Errol Inches

6.62 This area is located on a long, low, fossilised 'inch' or island of gently raised ground within the Carse of Gowrie. It is distinguished from the flat, generally lower-lying surrounding carseland by a gently undulating topography and greater tree cover. Historically this area has always had a greater concentration of settlement, including Errol to the east and St Madoes to the west.

6.63 Land cover comprises agricultural farmland, increasingly influenced by fruit growing, with a strong network of hedgerows, tree belts and areas of mixed policy woodland around Errol Park and the settlements, giving the area a more wooded appearance in comparison to the wider Carse of Gowrie. The designed landscape, and wider estate infrastructure, is an important contributor to character.

6.64 From the gentle slopes to the south and east, views overlooking the lower lying areas of carse with a backdrop of the Ochils are available. To the north, the area is bounded by the corridor and views extend across this to the Braes which rise abruptly at the edge of the carse.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 67 23 October 2012 6.65 Landscape structure is provided by Errol Park and associated shelterbelts and enclosure patterns, while the Pitfour Castle designed landscape provides the setting of St Madoes. Relatively intact 18th-19th century field patterns dominate, with field trees and species-rich hedgerows, and a small area of relict medieval field pattern north of Errol. Errol’s medieval origins are clearly legible from elsewhere in the carse. A significant distribution of prehistoric and medieval cropmarks occur on the inch, in stark contrast to most of the carse.

Looking east from Errol, with the raised ground of the inch in the foreground

Area 4b: Carse of Gowrie

6.66 This is a large expanse of carse extending north from the Firth of Tay, comprising flat, highly fertile arable farmland. The farmland is characterised by large scale rectilinear plots, drained by a network of ditches or ‘pows’. Tree belts and dense hedgerows form a strong landscape structure in places, in some areas this is degraded, and has occasional over-mature trees.

6.67 The north of the area is strongly influenced by the A90, particularly where new junction improvements have been carried out. This has had an impact on the landscape, introducing prominent new structures. Minor roads often run in straight lines east to west over long distances. Pylons and lines of wooden telegraph poles are notable as vertical features emerging from the horizontal landscape. The railway and associated infrastructure is visible along the southern area. Errol Airfield, a former RAF base, is a locally prominent feature, and there are post-WWI smallholdings at Middlebank.

6.68 There is a strong visual relationship with the Braes to the north, which form a distinctive backdrop to views across the area. The Firth of Tay, although bounding the area to the south, is itself not directly visible from much of the area due to the flat topography and the presence of reedbeds and woodland along its banks.

6.69 Orchards, some relict, are a feature of the carse, including strip orchards at Valleyfield and Flawcraig. Planned fields associated with the Megginch estate are found northeast of the A90. Designed landscapes of varying sizes and levels of intactness occur across the landscape, though their visual influence less striking in flatter areas where shelterbelts reduce the length of views

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 68 23 October 2012

The Carse of Gowrie from Abernyte

Condition and sensitivities

6.70 Modern agricultural methods, together with the transition to large scale arable production, mean that many field boundaries across the carse have either been removed to allow field enlargement or are in decline. Hedges are sometimes gappy, and in many places field boundary trees are no longer being replaced at the end of their lives. However, those trees which do remain provide a deceptive level of tree cover within this predominantly flat landscape. Fruit growing has led to the proliferation of polytunnels. The many designed landscape elements, particularly on the inches, are a key feature and are sensitive to changes, both from development and management. The A90 and overhead power lines are significant detractors within this landscape, with the road in particular having caused severance of landscape features and character, only partially remedied by the recently constructed flyovers.

Forces for change Transport

6.71 Future improvements of A90 may affect the Carse of Gowrie (4b) and pressures from increased road traffic are likely to impact on both areas. Increased river transport may result in changes to riverside areas locally affecting character.

Energy

6.72 Improvements to grid infrastructure may affect the areas, where existing infrastructure is likely to be upgraded in future. Although the nature of upgrade proposals is unknown at this stage, new larger pylons are likely to be highly visible across the area and may increase the influence of large infrastructure. Oil and gas pipelines also run through this area, but with a limited presence in the landscape. Trees and woodland

6.73 Trees contribute to the character of both areas, particularly given the flat topography and the prominence of vertical features. In some areas the loss of hedgerows and tree lines is evident and this pattern of loss may continue in response to changing agricultural practices and climate change.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 69 23 October 2012 Development

6.74 Residential and commercial development may be a pressure in areas fringing existing settlements. Construction of new housing as part of settlement expansion has the potential to affect local characteristics of settlements if not carried out sensitively. Climate and climate change

6.75 Flood risk, and the attendant needs for flood management, is a pressure particularly in areas immediately adjacent to the River Tay within the Carse of Gowrie (4b), due to seasonal flooding of the Tay. Flooding and other changes relating to coastal processes may also affect this area. Away from the river, flooding has been an issue along pows and in agricultural areas where drainage is poor.

Management guidelines

6.76 Priorities for managing change identified for the Carse LCT are as follows:

 Encourage succession planning and planting to ensure that tree cover and key landscape features are maintained, although woodland expansion on the open carselands should be limited to areas where it is appropriate;

 Seek to influence any proposals for new junctions on the A90 or other associated development at an early stage, identifying opportunities and mitigation measures;

 Ensure retention and/or replacement of field boundary trees which contribute to the perception of a more wooded character;

 Seek to steer polytunnel development to less visually sensitive locations, such as the area to the west of Port Allen where existing polytunnels have limited visual impact; and

 Encourage the positive management and restoration of existing and former orchards, and designed landscapes.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 70 23 October 2012 Type 5: Firth Terraces

Key characteristics

 Flat to gently sloping areas fringing the edge of the open firth  Terraced raised beaches, reflecting a history of climatic and sea level change  Forms a focus for settlement along the boundary between the hills and the river

 Strong sense of time-depth provided by historic character of medieval Newburgh, Lindores Abbey and Ballinbreich Castle

 Designed landscape influences

Area 5a: Mugdrum and Carpow Terraces

6.77 A small area west of Newburgh, comprising gently terraced landform rising from the Firth of Tay. To the east the embankment is steeper, with a more rolling landform, but throughout the influence of stepped river terraces is clear. These level terraces have been exploited for transport routes, including the railway and A913. An open landscape of rectilinear arable fields, there are few field boundary trees. The edge of the Tay is fringed by reedbeds (6a).

6.78 Areas of mixed policy woodlands are the only significant tree cover, associated with the designed landscape features associated with Carpow House and Mugdrum. The latter has a distinctive linear form, contained by raised beach formations. Older influences on the landscape derive from the Carpow Severan Legionary fortress, whose defences are preserved within policy woodlands on the north edge of the Carpow House designed landscape.

Area 5b Newburgh Terraces

6.79 Located east of Newburgh, this area is largely low-lying and flat. Further east it becomes more gently undulating as it takes in more of the foothills of the Ochils, but the distinctive stepped terraces can clearly be seen. The area comprises planned rectilinear fields, with a mix of arable and pastoral use. There are very few trees within this area, although the wooded brae at Ballinbreich is a notable exception.

6.80 Broad views look out across the mudflats and water channel of the Firth to the north, contrasting with limited views inland, blocked by the steep wooded slopes of the Ochil Hills. The remains of Lindores Abbey are relatively low key; more intact but less accessible are those of Ballinbreich Castle further east.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 71 23 October 2012

Newburgh is positioned on the Firth Terraces, as seen from the carse to the west

Condition and sensitivities

6.81 The character of this small area is relatively intact, and depends chiefly on its setting. Features likely to be sensitive to change include the designed landscape woodlands around Carpow, and the river front where reedbeds are a key feature. The area may also be sensitive to development on the neighbouring hills.

Forces for change Transport

6.82 With the A913 and railway passing through the Mugdrum area, there is some potential for changes as a result of upgrading or improvements, though changes in the wider area will be more limited. Woodland and trees

6.83 The main woodlands within this landscape are those associated with designed landscapes, and efforts to ensure maintenance of these are therefore crucial. Retention of remaining field boundary trees, and re-establishment of boundaries, would be a positive change within this area. Development

6.84 Both these areas are likely to see pressure for expansion of Newburgh in the medium or longer term. A recently completed steading conversion at Parkhall presents an example of sensitive work, though there are suburban elements such as timber fencing and standard pavements which are less appropriate to the surroundings. Climate and climate change

6.85 Along with other areas along the Tay, sea level rise and other changes to coastal processes may lead to increased risk of flooding, as well as pressure for flood defences. Changing climate may lead to changing land management, including expansion of arable compared to pastoral farming. The already limited presence of field boundary trees may be put under further pressure.

Management guidelines

6.86 Priorities for managing change identified for the Firth Terraces LCT are as follows:

 Ensure long-term viability of designed landscape woodland of Mugdrum and Carpow;

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 72 23 October 2012  Promote re-establishment of field boundary trees and hedges, and new woodland where appropriate; and

 Promote access to the riverside to allow appreciation of views and river landscape, including reedbeds, Newburgh harbour and Ballinbreich Castle.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 73 23 October 2012 Type 6: Firth

Key characteristics

 Broadening river of estuarine character  Extensive mud flats exposed at low tide, with important wildlife value  Broad reed beds frame the area and provide a visual barrier

 Low-lying islands in the upper stream  Occasional navigation infrastructure  Long views eastward along the water  Historic harbours and piers

Area 6a: Inner Firth of Tay

6.87 The Tay begins to widen from Friarton Bridge, which marks a transition from the enclosed river (7a) to a gradually more expansive estuarine character, with the whole river being tidal. The widening is subtle as far as the confluence with the Earn, and the surrounding landscape slowly begins to open out as the river emerges from the neighbouring hills. The A90 has an indirect influence on the upper parts of this area, particularly around the Friarton Bridge. The river banks are generally wooded or grassland with riparian scrub in this upper area, though there are small sections of reedbed. Construction of flood defences, and attempts at land reclamation, have altered the banks in places. Historic connections with settlements at the edge of the firth include several harbours and piers. Inchyra harbour was in use until the late 19th century, with others having been present at Cairnie, Tofthill and Seggieden. Overhead lines cross the river at Easter Rhynd. Occasional small cargo ships travel along the river. This upper part of the river is protected as the River Tay SAC for otters and fish including salmon and lamprey.

6.88 Beyond the Earn confluence, the river broadens further and becomes more complex. At low tide the channel is braided around areas of smooth intertidal mudflats. Low-lying islands, including the marshy Mugdrum Island, lie in the middle of the widening firth. Along with the cargo vessels heading for Perth, small fishing boats are also active in this area, as well as recreational sailing from Newburgh. The waterfront and piers at Newburgh are features on the river, with smaller piers and slipways located on the north bank, and markers in the main channel. This lower part of the river is part of the Firth of Tay and Eden Estuary SAC, designated for its sandbank and mudflat habitats. Those parts exposed at low tide are included in the Firth of Tay and Eden

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 74 23 October 2012 Estuary SPA/Ramsar site, designated for waterfowl and other birds such as pink-footed goose and redshank.

Area 6b: Inner Firth of Tay with Reedbeds

6.89 Along the inner firth, there are small pockets of reedbed and saltmarsh fringing the water channel, for example at Insherrit Island and by Elcho. As the firth widens these areas become broader and more continuous, occupying the whole north bank between Cairnie and Port Allen. Mugdrum Island and Kerewhip Bank are also composed largely of reedbeds, and there are narrower sections along the south bank. The reedbeds are locally visually enclosed, with the tall vegetation effectively blocking views of the river even from close range. The reedbeds are included in the Firth of Tay and Eden Estuary SPA/Ramsar site, designated for waterfowl and other birds such as pink-footed goose and redshank.

The waterfront at Newburgh

Area 6c: Outer Firth of Tay

6.90 Beyond Ballinbreich to the south, and Port Allen to the north, the water channel continues to gradually widen. At this point, the braided channels come together, such that at low tide the Tay forms a broad open channel to the south, with expansive mudflats to the north. This widening continues so that at the study area boundary, the mudflats at Dog Bank are over 3km across at low tide. Intricate dendritic patterns of creeks divide the mudflats, but this is a large scale landscape, with expansive views along the firth. The backdrop is formed by the Braes of the Carse to the north and the Ochils to the south, though from closer to the firth the hills are a less visible feature than in the flat carse. The area forms part of the Firth of Tay and Eden Estuary SAC, designated for its sandbank and mudflat habitats. Those parts exposed at low tide are included in the Firth of Tay and Eden Estuary SPA/Ramsar site, designated for waterfowl and other birds such as pink-footed goose and redshank.

Area 6d: Outer Firth of Tay with Reedbeds

6.91 Within the outer firth, reedbeds are restricted to the northern bank, separating the tidal mudflats from the carse to the north. The reedbeds form a continuous strip between 100 and 400m across, from Port Allen to the mouth of the Huntly Burn near Kingoodie. The reedbeds are planted for erosion protection, having been established from around 500 years ago. Extensive plantings took place in the early 19th century. Management of the reedbeds for thatch production only began in the 1970s, although management is now focused on conservation outcomes. The reedbeds are locally visually enclosed, with the tall vegetation effectively blocking views of the

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 75 23 October 2012 river even from close range. The reedbeds are included in the Firth of Tay and Eden Estuary SPA/Ramsar site, designated for waterfowl and other birds such as pink-footed goose and redshank.

Reedbeds at Port Allen

Condition and sensitivities

6.92 The reedbeds which fringe the Tay are of relatively recent origin but are now a fundamental part of the wider landscape. Decline in harvesting has led to a lack of management in some locations, though other sections are actively managed by the RSPB. Clearly this landscape type is most sensitive to any riverside developments, such as changes to piers, which could intrude into views of the river.

Forces for change Transport

6.93 Promotion of river transport is likely to lead to increased activity within the inner and outer (6a and 6b), though with only limited impact on character. New or improved river access points will benefit recreational boating and river transport, but could affect river bank habitats and character. Dredging of the river channel has been scaled back in recent years, and future changes to the dredging regime may affect erosion and deposition patterns in the firth.

Energy

6.94 Existing overhead lines cross the inner firth at Easter Rhynd, and upgrades to this infrastructure could affect the character of the local area (6a). There may be some pressure for exploitation of the estuary for tidal power generation schemes, though the environmental impacts of barrages and similar schemes may limit the potential for serious proposals. Recreation and tourism

6.95 Any growth in recreational sailing will to lead to increased activity on the river. New or improved river access points will benefit recreational boating and river transport, reconnecting communication with a wider appreciation of the river landscape, but could affect river bank habitats and character. Habitats and species

6.96 The Tay reedbeds are the largest continuous area of this habitat in Britain. Around half of the reedbeds on the north of the firth, amounting to 210 hectares, are managed by the RSPB, as an

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 76 23 October 2012 important habitat for bearded tit, reed bunting and marsh harrier, among other species. Ongoing management of the reedbeds is important for the habitat, with the different species requiring a mosaic of different stages. In the long term, management of the whole of the reedbeds is likely to be a positive change, securing this important local characteristic. Climate and climate change

6.97 Changes in erosion and deposition patterns linked to flooding or sea-level rise are likely to alter the form of mudflats and river banks. Rises in sea level would adversely affect the reedbeds (6b and 6d), potentially leading to erosion and the loss of large areas. The demand for flood defences could directly impact the reedbeds, and changes in sediment patterns caused by flood defences or other changes elsewhere, may have an indirect impact.

Management guidelines

6.98 Priorities for managing change identified for the Firth LCT are as follows:

 Plan for sea-level changes, and monitor changes in erosion and deposition processes;

 Ensure ongoing management of all reedbed areas, and promote ways to use reeds locally to ensure this aspect of character is reinforced; and

 Promote greater use of the river, but ensure that new infrastructure and equipment is sensitively sited in relation to the river banks and existing natural and man-made features.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 77 23 October 2012 Type 7: River Corridors

Key characteristics

 Riverside areas within more constrained valley landscapes  Rivers may have a limited visual presence in the landscape  Flat narrow floodplain between elevated areas

 Well-established transport corridors used for road, rail and water transport  Urban development focused on Perth, but with infrastructure in other areas  Well-wooded or more open arable landscapes  Strong localised influence of designed landscapes

Area 7a: Perth Riverside

6.99 This area comprises the narrow section of the River Tay flowing through central Perth, including the North Inch and Friarton or Moncreiffe Island. It extends from the confluence of the Almond, where the river ceases to be tidal, to Friarton Bridge. The river banks are generally modified, particularly in central Perth where urban development and flood defences extend up to the river edge. The distinctive bridges in the city, and the prominent riverside buildings, are important visual features. Long channelled views run along the river, framed by spires and the skyline of Perth. Away from the city centre, the river becomes generally less man-modified, with the character becoming increasingly less formal along the North Inch. To the south is Perth harbour, comprising a heavily modified section of riverside centred on a small inlet. Moncreiffe Island is occupied by a golf course, and the eastern river channel is much more wooded and natural. The Friarton Bridge exerts an influence across the lower part of the area.

6.100 The development of post-medieval Perth beyond the city walls preserved the Inches as greenspace. Originally common grazing land, and the site of first Perth racecourse, the Inches were granted to the city by Robert II in 1374. Branches of the medieval town lade enter the Tay near to the 18th-century bridge designed by John Smeaton, and further south near the Queen’s Bridge. The harbour at Friarton is the third to have served Perth, with earlier harbours being located closer to the city.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 78 23 October 2012

The Tay through Perth ©George Logan

Area 7b: Kinfauns

6.101 This area comprises the floor of the incised river corridor, enclosed to the north by Kinnoull Hill and by Moncreiffe Hill to the south. The river itself is here classified as part of Type 6 Firth. The extensive road infrastructure around Friarton Bridge and along the A90 has an effect across this area. Other human features include the large sewage works on the south bank, and housing at Kinfauns Holdings.

They Tay emerging from the river corridor at Kinfauns

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 79 23 October 2012 6.102 There are important designed landscape influences at Kinfauns, associated with the Home Farm but also extending from the tower on Kinnoull Hill, a prominent landmark within the area. Kinfauns Holdings is a more recent small-scale landscape structure within the former parkland, retaining some parkland trees. Long views along the valley are framed by the distinctive wooded scarp of Kinnoull Hill to the north, and more gentle north-facing slopes of Moncreiffe Hill to the south.

Condition and sensitivities

6.103 The river corridors have been affected by development in the past including the expansion of Perth; development around the harbour and Friarton; and the Friarton Bridge and A90. The wider setting of the river landscape remains intact, particularly further east. The central riverside of Perth, and the associated Inches, are sensitive to further urban development. Flood defence systems would also have potentially adverse effects on this landscape.

Forces for change Transport

6.104 Road infrastructure and traffic has been identified as a key pressure within this landscape, which includes major transport corridors. Infrastructure and traffic levels, and associated noise, are a force for change within the Kinfauns area (7b), where a future park and ride site is likely to be located. Upgrading of the rail network may locally alter the character of the Kinfauns area as the railway follows the Tay. Promotion of river transport, either for passengers or for cargo following the review of the harbour, is likely to lead to increased activity within the river, though with only limited impact on character. New or improved river access points may be required, possibly including jetties, parking, etc, and could lead to changes in local riverside character. Energy

6.105 There is likely to be limited pressure for renewable energy development within this landscape. Within the Kinfauns area (7b), some potential exists for farm-scale wind power or energy crops which could lead to localised changes. Even small wind turbines would be highly visible in the valley floor, which is overlooked from several directions. Trees and woodland

6.106 Woodland in this area is, for the most part, riparian native woodland and scrub, or mature planting and policy woodland associated with designed landscapes at Kinfauns and North Inch. Management of these designed landscapes is therefore key to preserving this aspect of local character. Field boundary trees are now scarce across the Kinfauns area, and loss of those which remain could lead to a more open landscape. Recreation and tourism

6.107 These areas close to Perth are used for a range of recreational uses, from public parks to golf courses and riverside walks. Pressure for recreation and leisure uses is likely to be greatest within the Perth Riverside (7a), though in the urban context may not be perceived as a major change in character. In the Kinfauns area there is potential pressure for larger-scale leisure development such as fishing lakes. The promotion of ‘blue networks’ alongside green infrastructure could lead to increased use of the river corridor. Development

6.108 Pressure for development is more likely to affect the Perth Riverside area, where existing employment and mixed use is clustered around the harbour and the area to the south. There are parcels of brownfield land within this area also, and redevelopment may offer opportunities to enhance these localities. Around the city centre, conservation area status is likely to limit any development which would affect local character. In the Kinfauns area, there is limited identified pressure for development.

Agriculture and horticulture

6.109 The Kinfauns area (7b) is highly visible, being overlooked by the Friarton Bridge and from the adjacent hills. It is therefore a sensitive location for expansion of polytunnels, which are already in use around Tofthill. The management of remaining field trees and other traditional features of

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 80 23 October 2012 the rural landscape may be vulnerable. These are of particular importance where associated with the designed landscape of Kinfauns.

Habitats and species

6.110 Promotion of habitat networks would lead to a positive change in this area, potentially strengthening links between key habitats along the river and on the neighbouring braes. The river itself is an important habitat resource within Perth, forming a spine for further network links into the city. Climate and climate change

6.111 Flood risk, and management of the risk, is a key force for change through Perth (7a). Measures to protect the city centre from future flooding may lead to changes both upstream and downstream. Similarly, changes to coastal processes and sea-level rise may alter the tidal patterns of the inner firth, leading to changes to the river banks. Changes in climate may lead to changes in agriculture across the Kinfauns area (7b).

Management guidelines

6.112 Priorities for managing change identified for the River Corridors LCT are as follows:

 Ensure flood management schemes are appropriate to the area; do not adversely impact riparian woodlands and other features; and do not have indirect impacts on other areas;

 Seek to maintain the historic character of the central Perth waterfront, maintaining views of bridges and historic buildings; and

 Promote access along the river as part of a ‘blue network’ alongside green infrastructure initiatives.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 81 23 October 2012 Type 8 Broad Strath

Key characteristics

 Broad, flat or gently terraced floodplain comprising fertile arable land  Tightly meandering river, braided in places, with oxbow lakes and ponds  Tree lines and shelterbelts form prominent features within the predominantly open farmland

 Strong visual relationship with enclosing escarpments and hills  Influence of power lines, road infrastructure and railway lines

Area 8a: Tay-Earn Confluence

Field boundary trees along the road to Easter Rhynd

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 82 23 October 2012 6.113 A broad area of carse extends west from the Tay and Earn confluence, to the narrowing of the Earn valley to the west of Bridge of Earn. Below 10m AOD and almost entirely flat, the area comprises arable farmland, drained by a network of drainage ditches or ‘pows’ into the meandering River Earn. The Earn is fringed by saltmarsh and reedbeds towards the confluence and by margins of trees and scrub along most of its course. Shelter belts, tree lines, flowing field boundaries and small areas of woodland form prominent features in an otherwise open agricultural landscape. Views across the area are available from higher ground to north and south. The area is crossed by strongly linear transport corridors, including the M90, the A912 and railway. Overhead power lines increase the impression of a man-modified landscape, though further east the area feels remote.

6.114 The fishing lodges and the churchyard at Easter Rhynd with its fishers’ graves reflect the historic importance of the salmon fishery. The designed landscapes of Moncreiffe House, Dummonie, Ballendrick and Kilgraston lend important woodland features in the open landscape. Remnants of minor designed landscape (ornamental trees, notably copper beech), associated with the former Bridge of Earn hospital, have been retained in the new development at Oudenarde.

Area 8b: Lower Strathearn

6.115 This flat, low-lying strath is enclosed by the Gask Scarp (3b) to the north and by gently undulating farmland (9b) at the foot of the Ochil Hills to the south. The strath is relatively narrow and linear. The river meanders strongly and is braided in several places; ox-bow ponds and pools define haughs and ‘pouches’, with fossil meanders in several places. The land cover is predominantly arable farmland, drained by ditches and small burns, with several large areas of woodland and shelter belts. The railway line, raised on an embankment with bridges and level crossings, has changed little since the late 19th century. The railway and large overhead power lines are significant man-made features in places.

6.116 The landscape is defined by large-scale Improvement-era fields. The relationship to the Gask Ridge emphasises the strategic importance of the ridge as a frontier. Archaeological interest largely confined to an extremely rich cropmark record, and as this is not discernible on the ground it does not influence character. More important are the policies of Dupplin House to the north which provide a strongly contrasting setting to the river corridor.

Lower Strathearn viewed from Dupplin East Lodge

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 83 23 October 2012 Condition and sensitivities

6.117 In the eastern part of this area, field boundary hedges have become gappy and open, replaced with wire fencing. Tree cover is sparse across this part of the landscape. The intactness of the landscape has been affected by the imposition of the M90, and the earlier railways, through and across the valley. As a flat landscape, new interventions may not be visible from within the floodplain, depending on their form, though they would be seen from neighbouring viewpoints such as Moncreiffe Hill.

Forces for change Transport

6.118 Within the Tay-Earn area, the M90 is already a major feature. Further improvements to other roads, such as the A912, may increase their influence on the wider landscape. Incremental change to minor roads would alter the remote character of areas such as Easter Rhynd. Energy

6.119 The grid infrastructure which crosses this landscape in several locations is likely to be upgraded in future, and the form this takes will determine the likely impact on local character. Oil and gas pipelines run through this landscape. There is unlikely to be significant pressure for renewable energy within this low-lying landscape, though smaller feed-in-tariff wind turbines may be feasible. Energy crops such as short-rotation coppice may be taken up in this area, which would significantly change the current open outlook. Development

6.120 Relatively major development is ongoing at Oudenarde by Bridge of Earn, and further development on this eastern side of the M90 would increase the area of influence of the settlement into the generally less-developed carse. Climate and climate change

6.121 Changes to coastal processes, potentially including sea level rises, would particularly affect the Tay-Earn area (8a). The Earn is tidal well beyond Bridge of Earn, and such changes could lead to erosion of river banks and increased flood risk.

Management guidelines

6.122 Priorities for managing change identified for the Broad Strath LCT are as follows:

 Ensure management of designed landscape policy woodlands which are an occasional but important aspect of this landscape, and comprise much of the limited woodland resource;

 Ensure retention and replacement of trees along field boundaries and elsewhere;  Explore potential for flexible use of the floodplain, in line with shoreline management plans;  Encourage access into this area through riverside paths and links to both rivers; and

 Promote measures to protect the remaining saltmarsh, which is a scarce habitat on the east coast of Scotland.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 84 23 October 2012 Type 9: Lowland Farmland

Key characteristics

 Gently rolling or more undulating farmed landscape  Forms a transition between valley corridors and hills  Mostly arable with some pasture

 Substantial areas of mixed or coniferous plantation woodland  A wooded landscape with roadside trees, shelterbelts, mixed woodland and dense hedges  Nucleated villages and occasional smaller settlements

Area 9a: Scone Farmland

Copper beech avenue, part of the Scone Palace designed landscape

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 85 23 October 2012 6.123 This undulating farmland area forms a transition between the more elevated dip slope of the Sidlaws (2a) to the south-east, and the lower-lying Tay riverside (9d) to the west. It lies to the north-west of Perth, and surrounds the settlement of Scone (10d). Comprising a mixture of arable and pastoral fields, the area also has with large blocks of coniferous plantation at Scone Wood and Muirward Wood. The A93 and A94 roads are rural in character, though busy. Human influence is present in scattered dwellings, hilltop communications masts, and most prominently around the fringes of Scone and at Perth Airport.

6.124 The area includes part of the wider designed landscape of Scone Palace: although the parklands lie to the west, the area comprises planned field systems. The St Martin’s Turnpike road, now a minor road between the A93 and A94, was formerly the main route north out of Perth. More recent history is evident in the pillboxes around Scone Airfield.

Area 9b: Forgandenny Farmland

6.125 This is a narrow but extensive area of strongly undulating farmland between the foot of the Ochil Hills (11a) and Strathearn (8a and 8b). It is a transitional landscape, widening in the west as Strathearn narrows. Visible terraces on lower slopes indicate sea level changes in the past. The landscape is well wooded, particularly to the west where there are important policy woodlands around Invermay and Forgandenny. Views are often enclosed by tall hedges, woodland and the rolling topography, although the narrower section to the east is more open, overlooking the Tay and Earn confluence (8a). The area is settled, with dispersed settlements such as , Forteviot and Forgandenny, and surrounds the large settlement of Abernethy (10f).

6.126 The long history of settlement in this area is evident from Dumbuills hillfort, an outlier of the numerous hillforts on the Ochils to the south. Forteviot has a long history and is associated with the medieval Scottish monarchy. Tower houses, country houses and designed landscapes are important features, and include Invermay, Rossie House, Strathallan School, Glenearn House and Balmanno. The wider landscape exhibits a pattern of more densely distributed farmsteadings. Abernethy’s medieval backlands and strip fields can be discerned at the settlement edge.

Forgandenny seen from the north across the Earn (8b)

Area 9c: Longforgan Farmland

6.127 Lying at the north-east end of the Carse of Gowrie (4b), this transitional area is located between the Braes of the Carse (1b) to the west, the city of Dundee to the east, and the low-lying carse to the south. It is slightly elevated above the carse, though with only gently undulating landform

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 86 23 October 2012 unlike the steeper Braes. Arable is the primary land use, with substantial shelterbelts north of Longforgan.

6.128 It has a more developed character in the south, influenced by the A90 corridor and the settlement of Longforgan (10k). Further east the area takes on an urban fringe character as it approaches Dundee. Views are available overlooking the Firth of Tay from the gentle slopes to the south. The landscape comprises large scale planned Improvement-era fields, along with post-WWI smallholdings.

Area 9d: Tay-Almond Farmland

6.129 A broad, predominantly low-lying area located to the north of Perth, this landscape is centred on the confluence of the Tay and the Almond. The riversides are well wooded, and the rivers themselves are for the most part visually obscured from the surrounding area. The landform of the surrounding area is flat to gently undulating, comprising arable farmland and abundant mixed woodland. Much of this is associated with the parkland and wider designed landscape around Scone Palace in the south. West of the Tay, the A9 is a major feature heading north out of Perth, and the landscape takes on an urban fringe character in places, around Inveralmond and towards Almondbank.

6.130 Scone Palace, and its predecessor Scone Abbey, have been the key historic influence on this landscape. The parkland occupies most of the southern part of the character area, while the wider designed landscape takes in the whole area east of the Tay, extending into the Scone farmland area (9a). Further back, the area was the site of Bertha, a fort built by the Romans at the confluence of Tay and Almond. A ford allowed access across the river, from where a Roman road led northwards.

Condition and sensitivities

6.131 These areas of mixed farmland are in variable condition. Their intactness has been affected by settlement expansion, forestry and road building, though many characteristic features remain. Some field boundaries are in poor condition, with ageing trees and little evidence of ongoing replacement. Designed landscape elements are often in better repair, such as around Scone Palace. This landscape is likely to be sensitive to further settlement expansion, as well as more scattered development such as steading conversions, which could affect their rural character.

Forces for change Transport

6.132 Road infrastructure is a pressure in these areas, particularly Scone (9a) and Tay-Almond (9d), where the Cross-Tay Link may have a major influence, involving a major new river crossing and potentially cutting through woodland and parkland. The Longforgan area (9c) would be affected by any further upgrading of the A90, and is also considered to be susceptible to increased traffic around Dundee. Rail improvements including electrification would affect a small part of Tay- Almond (9d), while further development of Perth Airport would affect the Scone area (9a).

Energy

6.133 All areas of this type currently host significant grid infrastructure, and upgrades to these routes could lead to a further influence on local character. Wind energy is an increasingly popular choice with agricultural landowners seeking to establish feed-in-tariff schemes. These areas are not suitable for larger wind farms but could see a proliferation of smaller turbines. Trees and woodland

6.134 Woodlands may become increasingly managed for wood fuel, though improved management generally would be a positive change. Softwood plantations occur in the Scone (9a) and Tay- Almond (9d) areas, and changes associated with restructuring or expansion of woodland, may locally alter character within these areas, potentially affecting the designed landscape of Scone. The designed landscape is also under threat from the proposed Cross-Tay link which may lead to loss of woodland on both sides of the river. Field boundary trees are characteristic of this landscape type, and their loss, most commonly due to lack of replacement, would be a significant change.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 87 23 October 2012 Recreation and tourism

6.135 There are limited pressures for recreation and tourism within these landscapes, as they are generally away from the key attractions. The fringes of Perth (9a and 9d) are most likely to be affected by changes associated with development of leisure facilities. Development

6.136 As a farmed landscape, these areas have numerous vernacular farmsteads which contribute to local character in terms of building form and materials. Pressure to redevelop these for residential uses as they become redundant has the potential to change local character, and insensitive conversions can lead to ‘suburbanisation’ of the countryside. More substantial development is likely to affect areas on the edges of settlements: the Scone (9a) and Tay-Almond (9d) areas are under pressure from the expansion of Perth, while the Longforgan area (9c) lies at the fringes of Dundee. A major housing site is identified in the LDP at Berthapark (9d), while the maintenance of separation between Perth and Scone is a major concern for area 9a. Pressure for industrial and commercial development is most likely to affect the Tay-Almond area (9d).

Agriculture and horticulture

6.137 These areas are mixed in land use, with mainly arable and some pastoral farming. Further intensification of arable cropping has the potential to lead to loss of field trees, hedges and woodland. Expansion of polytunnels may lead to changes in character, particularly if located within key views. Climate and climate change

6.138 Flood risk, and responses to it, is seen as a key pressure in the Tay-Almond area (9d), where both rivers are susceptible to flooding. Changes may also occur as part of efforts to protect the city centre from future flooding by initiating upstream defences. As a mainly arable type, this landscape is subject to pressure from a changing climate, which may see alternative crops and land management practices being introduced.

Management guidelines

6.139 Priorities for managing change identified for the Lowland Farmland LCT are as follows:

 Seek to influence the detail siting and design of new infrastructure and development projects at an early stage, identifying opportunities for enhancement or mitigation;

 Identify and maintain robust boundaries to development in the long term;  Promote the utilisation of ‘blue networks’ alongside green infrastructure, to give greater access to the rivers; and

 Consider the cumulative impacts of wind turbines across these areas.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 88 23 October 2012 Type 10: Settlement

Key characteristics

 Built up areas with a range of development types, periods and scales  Varied local character defined by a combination of building age and type, and underlying landform

 Settlement form has developed based on a range of influences, and varies from medieval burghs to modern housing estates

 Housing ranges from tenements and Victorian villas to modern detached dwellings  Larger settlements interspersed with industrial and commercial zones defined by larger buildings

Area 10a: Medieval Perth

6.140 The centre of Perth retains its medieval grid pattern of streets, though few early buildings survive. Formerly bounded by walls, the city centre is now defined by an inner ring road, though it retains its strong connections to the riverside, and to the North and South Inches. The area is densely developed; the Greyfriars burial ground is the largest of the limited number of open spaces. Key landmarks include St John’s Church, the Museum and Art Gallery, the riverside buildings, and the eccentric waterworks, now the Fergusson Gallery. These are distributed amongst converted industrial buildings, Victorian housing and more modern retail and commercial development.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 89 23 October 2012

St John’s Church at the centre of Perth © Ian Hunt

Area 10b: Post-Medieval –Victorian Perth

6.141 This area represents the first major expansion of the city during the 18th and 19th centuries, when residential development moved beyond the former city walls. Victorian period villa developments are characteristic across this area. From the opening of Perth Bridge in 1772, the eastern side of the river, formerly a series of separate villages, became an increasingly developed part of the city. The area also incorporates the railway station at the west of the city centre, also a Victorian introduction to the city.

Area 10c: 20th century and later Perth

6.142 Beyond the Victorian villas are more recent suburbs, most extensive to the north and west. Inter- war developments took place to the southwest at Darnhall Drive, and to the north alongside the North Inch. Gannochy to the northeast was developed as an estate of model dwellings by A. K. Bell in the 1920s. After the war came further large-scale estates, such as Muirton built in the 1960s and now being redeveloped. More recently the trend has been towards standardised homes by volume house builders. At the fringes of this character area, and interspersed within it, are retail and commercial land uses, and institutions such as colleges and hospitals, as well as the early 19th-century prison.

Area 10d: Scone

6.143 The present settlement dates from the early 19th century when it was laid out as a planned town. Medieval Scone is now little more than a hamlet. Originally a linear settlement along the Perth Road, ‘New’ Scone has been expanded by several 20th-century housing developments to east and west, though a number of 19th century buildings remain along the central area. The densely wooded den of the Annaty Water is an important feature.

Area 10e: Bridge of Earn

6.144 Bridge of Earn grew up around a crossing point on the Earn, though the medieval bridge does not survive. The earliest buildings date from the 18th century, though much of the settlement has been developed in the post-war years. Due to its location by the M90 and A912, Bridge of Earn has the character of a dormitory town. The settlement is also cut in two by the railway, though it

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 90 23 October 2012 lacks a station. Mature trees are characteristic of the area close to the river, and along the Deich Burn. East of the M90 the former wartime hospital site is being redeveloped as an extensive new housing area.

Area 10f: Abernethy

6.145 Abernethy is best known for its medieval round tower, and its monastic origins and associations. The village core retains its medieval plan and some intact backlands, giving it a very strong sense of time depth. Historic frontages are part of a very strong local character, with buildings directly on the street. Its location at the foot of the Ochils also contributes to its distinctive qualities. Although now surrounded by modern housing, as well as the large potato-packing plant to the northeast, the core of the village remains very intact.

Area 10g: Newburgh

6.146 Long associated with the River Tay, the village of Newburgh clearly retains its medieval burgh plan, dating from its association with Lindores Abbey to the east. There are strong connections to the Tay through vennels, framing views and emphasising the burgh’s role as a trading settlement. Newburgh thrived in the 18th century, and the now largely unused piers at The Shore date partly from this time. Much of the waterfront is now an exposed, windswept open space, with unsympathetic housing separating the high street from the river.

Newburgh waterfront

Area 10h: St Madoes

6.147 Aside from the 18th-century church, there is little in St Madoes to suggest its medieval origins. The settlement is now dominated by post-war and newer housing estates to south and west of the former village core, built to exploit ready access to the A90. The new housing encroaches on Pitfour Castle, an Adam-designed house whose designed landscape frames the southeast corner of the settlement. To the east and south it is well-contained by woodland and shelterbelts.

Area 10i: Errol

6.148 The medieval village of Errol retains much of its ancient form and pattern, including its unusual crooked high street. The location at the edge of the raised inch gives it a prominence within the landscape, emphasised by the large tower of the 19th-century church, the ‘Cathedral of the Carse’. Clay and brick buildings along the high street, a rarity elsewhere, attest to the locally-available

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 91 23 October 2012 building materials. The village has been enclosed within the 18th and 19th century Errol Park designed landscape.

Area 10j: Inchture

6.149 An early 19th century planned settlement, Inchture lies on a low raised inch towards the northern edge of the Carse of Gowrie. Laid out along a new toll road, now Moncur Road, the 19th-century settlement is largely intact. The redwood avenue which formerly led to Rossie Priory is an outstanding feature within the village core. The new A90 has altered the settlement: not only by severing the link to Rossie, but also by diverting traffic from the main street and by enabling new housing estates to grow to south and east. The development of the potato-packing plant to the east is also dependent on road access.

Area 10k: Longforgan

6.150 A linear village south of the A90, Longforgan is of medieval origin. The church, rebuilt in the 18th century, comprises much older fabric. Main Street retains a large number of 18th-century cottages, and traces of the medieval burgh pattern can be discerned. Where newer houses have been introduced along Main Street, the character has remained consistently open and irregular. More homogenous housing developments are located to the south.

Condition and sensitivities

6.151 Those settlements with conservation areas tend to be more intact and of higher sensitivity to intervention: each has its own particular sensitivities which are set out in more detail in conservation area appraisals. Other settlements are likely to be less sensitive to new development, though local characteristics, including material, form and layout of buildings, may still be vulnerable. Many settlements are overlooked from higher ground and these views may in themselves be sensitive to change. Settlement edges are likely to be most sensitive, and these interfaces should be carefully considered in development proposals.

Forces for change Transport

6.152 The proposed Cross-Tay link will introduce new road infrastructure, potentially affecting the character of the northern edge of Perth (10c) and Scone (10d). Future improvements of the M90 and A90 may affect Bridge of Earn (10e), Inchture (10j) and St Madoes (10h). Pressures from increased road traffic are likely to impact on all urban areas, but will be particularly felt in the more congested areas of central Perth (10a and 10b). Improvements to rail infrastructure may affect settlements through which the railway runs: Perth (10a, 10b and 10c); Bridge of Earn (10e); Abernethy (10f); and Newburgh (10g). Increased river transport is likely to have limited impact on the character of settlements, though it would allow greater appreciation of the river landscape and the historic connections of settlements, and could result in changes to riverside areas in Perth (10a, 10b and 10c) and Newburgh (10g). Energy

6.153 Improvements to grid infrastructure may indirectly affect settlements in the study area, where existing infrastructure is likely to be upgraded in future. Although the nature of upgrade proposals is unknown, new larger pylons close to settlements may alter local setting. Trees and woodland

6.154 Trees contribute to the character of several settlements, particularly where there are urban parks such as the South Inch in Perth. Urban trees in public spaces are likely to be managed and, if necessary, replaced, although there are numbers of trees on private land, including gardens, which contribute to local character. All settlements may be affected, particularly those with mature parks.

Recreation and tourism

6.155 Perth is the main centre for recreation and tourism, with a number of attractions. Further recreation and leisure developments may affect the city centre (10a and 10b). Other settlements

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 92 23 October 2012 which are affected by recreational pressures include Abernethy (10f) where the medieval round tower is an attraction.

Development

6.156 Residential and commercial development is the key pressure affecting built-up areas. Construction of new housing and business sites, as well as infill development within historic cores, has the potential to significantly affect local characteristics of settlements if not carried out sensitively. All settlements are potentially affected by development in some form. Central Perth (10a and 10b) is more likely to be under pressure for commercial and leisure development, while outlying areas of the city (10c) are more likely to experience pressure for business sites and peripheral housing. Smaller settlements will be most affected by settlement expansion. Climate and climate change

6.157 Flood risk, and the attendant needs for flood management, is a pressure in central Perth (10a and 10b), due to seasonal flooding of the Tay. Flooding has also occurred in Scone (10d) and Bridge of Earn (10e). Flooding and other changes relating to coastal processes may affect Newburgh (10g), where silting up of the river has been an issue.

Management guidelines

6.158 Priorities for managing change identified for the Settlement LCT are as follows:

 Respect the pattern and scale of existing settlement cores when designing new housing developments, particularly where these are highly distinctive (eg Abernethy, Errol);

 Ensure infill buildings relate to their neighbours and to the character of the wider settlement;  In designing new development, seek inspiration from local materials, house types, building height and form;

 Consider the appearance of new development from above, paying attention to roofing materials and colours;

 Create and maintain robust settlement boundaries for the long term;  Recognise the importance of woodland and trees, whether in public or private ownership, and encourage their retention where they contribute to local character; and

 Make use of existing natural features and vegetation when planning new development, for screening, open space or general amenity, and to preserve existing character.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 93 23 October 2012 Type 11 Igneous Hills

Key characteristics • Smooth, rounded, conical hills • Deeply incised, steep glens and upland lochs • Large blocks of coniferous plantations

• Mixed policy woodlands and designed landscape on lower elevations • Small hamlets and cottages perched on the hillside

Area 11a Northern Ochils

6.159 At the southern periphery of the study area, the Ochil Hills run east to west, forming a distinct southern boundary to this section of the Tay and Earn valleys. The Ochils are a much larger hill group: extending east along the south side of the Firth of Tay; and southwest to Stirling. The small section within the study area is the northern escarpment of the range. Less dramatic than the southern escarpment in Clackmannanshire, it nevertheless presents a distinctive profile to the low lying landscapes of Tay and Earn. These northern slopes are steep or very steep, rising to rounded summits at 200m to 300m. Several slopes are covered in commercial forestry plantations, which occasionally extend over summits. Remaining areas are pasture or grass moor, with occasional heath. There are SACs at Turflundie Wood and Pitkeathly Mires, and a SSSI at Lochmill Loch.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 94 23 October 2012

The Ochil scarp forms the southern edge of the Tay and Earn landscapes, as seen from Rhynd 6.160 Along the tops of these hills area a series of hillforts overlooking Strathearn and the Firth. Described as the ‘Abernethy Group’, they include vitrified forts near Forgandenny and Abernethy. Another fort was located on the site that is now Clatchard Craig Quarry. Current settlement in the area is limited and relates to hill farming. Intricate field patterns preserve some pre- Improvement boundaries. Several openings in the scarp have been used as drove roads over the Ochils, for example the path of Dron. These communication routes now contain major and minor roads, as well as the M90 and the railway south of Newburgh. Overhead power lines run up and over the scarp in two locations. Another recent addition is the ‘Newburgh Bear’ hill figure, established as a community project in 1980, depicting the device of the Earls of Warwick who were associated with Lindores Abbey.

Condition and sensitivities

6.161 Intactness across the northern Ochils has been affected by afforestation and quarrying. Forestry plantations sometimes have harsh edges, and are extensive, but less visible, on higher ground. The northern slope is itself highly visible across the Earn valley and northeast across the Carse of Gowrie. Large wind farms have been established on the Ochils and further development of turbines may affect the adjacent lower ground, particularly if located close to the escarpment. Overhead power lines are a detractive feature in parts of this landscape, where they run up and over the escarpment.

Forces for change Transport

6.162 As an area with several key transport corridors passing through, there are pressures deriving from both infrastructure improvements and traffic. Most vulnerable to change are the smaller roads through the glens, including the attractive Glen Farg route (A912), where incremental changes may affect the small-scale valleys. Energy

6.163 Existing grid infrastructure is a prominent feature of the northern Ochil scarp, and further upgrade work may affect local character, depending on routeing. The Ochils are also coming under increased pressure for wind energy development, with Lochelbank Wind Farm now operating just outside the study area, and a recently refused application for three turbines on Lindores Hill. Turbines along this ridge would be highly visible, and could have wider effects on the character of the adjacent landscapes, as well as locally. There may be pressure for development of small scale

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 95 23 October 2012 run-of-river hydroelectricity proposals along the steep glens of the Ochils. Further promotion of wood for fuel may lead to altered management of the extensive forests within the area.

Trees and woodland

6.164 Any changes in management of softwood forests, whether from restructuring, changes in species, or use for wood fuel, is likely to affect this area due to the extent of existing plantations. Increases in woodland cover can be an opportunity, but must be carried out with respect for prevailing character. Although less extensive, the area also supports native woodlands, concentrated on the steepest slopes and glens; ongoing management will ensure their sustainability. Recreation and tourism

6.165 This area is popular for walking and cycling, with ready access along Abernethy Glen and Glen Farg providing opportunities for outdoor recreation. The development of additional facilities could impact on the nature of these quiet glens. The caravan park at Ardargie is well sited and does not impinge on wider views.

Development

6.166 Pressure for housing within this landscape is likely to be limited. There is some potential for expansion of the settlements which sit at the hill foot, but limited scope for housing to extend far into this character area. Conversion of farm buildings, and introduction of new single houses and small groups, is more likely to have an impact. On a larger scale, there may be pressure to extend the existing stone quarries in the area, or to open new extraction sites. Agriculture and horticulture

6.167 As a currently pastoral landscape of extensive farming, the area would be affected by any moves toward more intensive or arable land uses. Changes in agricultural buildings, either the introduction of large buildings into small-scale valleys, or the conversion of buildings as noted above.

Habitats and species

6.168 Management of the forestry plantations for biodiversity as well as commercial benefit could change the balance of species and lead to more native woodland. While this may be beneficial to the landscape, steps must be taken to include existing native woodlands within wider habitat networks, ensuring that these features remain part of the landscape. Climate and climate change

6.169 Key pressures within this landscape are likely to arise from responses to climate change, including the expansion of wind energy, increased woodland cover, and changes in agriculture as noted above.

Management guidelines

6.170 Priorities for managing change identified for the Igneous Hills LCT are as follows:

 Guide wind energy proposals away from the most visible edges of the Ochil scarp. Make use of available guidance, for example the Landscape Study: Windfarm Development in the Ochil Hills;23

 Encourage the protection, management and expansion of native woodlands in appropriate locations such as within glens and along watercourses, and promote the joining-up of woodlands into wider networks;

 Encourage the restructuring of coniferous plantations, using forest design plans to move away from harsh rectilinear edges, towards a more appropriate mix of form and species within the landscape;

23 David Tyldesley and Associates (2004) Landscape Study: Windfarm Development in the Ochil Hills and part of Southern Highland Perthshire. Perth and Kinross Council, Clackmannanshire Council and Scottish Natural Heritage.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 96 23 October 2012  Promote responsible access, and encourage development of facilities which are appropriate to the scale and character of local landscape, and utilise existing features and local materials when designing new interventions;

 Work with grid companies to ensure any future upgrading of overhead lines pay attention to local character and views, and seek opportunities for rationalising infrastructure; and

 Promote the retention of the existing low-intensity agriculture within the area, paying attention to locally characteristic features.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 97 23 October 2012 7 Potential Actions

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 98 23 October 2012

7 Potential Actions

Introduction

7.1 The Tay Landscape Partnership has been established to work with the local community to promote the heritage of the area through a programme of projects and actions. These will be developed by the TLP and will involve access, biodiversity, history, archaeology, countryside and skills.

7.2 Following the development of the LCA and the management guidelines, the final stage of the project was to formulate suggestions for potential projects and actions which could fulfil identified aspirations for the landscape. These actions could be taken forward either by the TLP or by other organisations who have allied aims, but have been identified in relation to the aims of the landscape partnership scheme.

7.3 Landscape partnerships are required to deliver public benefit across four broad themes:

 Conserving or restoring the built and natural features that create the historic landscape character;

 Increasing community participation in local heritage;  Increasing access to and learning about the landscape area and its heritage; and  Increasing training opportunities in local heritage skills.24 7.4 The following sections present, in outline form, potential actions which could be developed by the TLP to secure and enhance key characteristics of the local landscape. The LCA is focused on the character and condition of the landscape, and the potential actions therefore focus primarily on “built and natural features”, and the means by which these can be enhanced or restored. Through development by the TLP, it is anticipated that many of these actions could have benefits for the other key landscape partnership aims.

Overarching projects

Design guide

7.5 Vernacular character is essential to the area, offering it time-depth and a strong sense of place. It is expressed not only in the form and materials of building types, but also in the way these buildings are arranged and connected; and the relationships they have with landform and woodland. The topography of the Tay area is such that numerous vantage points are available, and from these elevated locations the layout and grain of settlements is immediately apparent. New developments often stand out not only in terms of their roofing materials, but also because they have limited relation to the layout of the existing settlement.

7.6 A ‘design guide’ would set out ways of avoiding these mismatches. An overarching document would collate location-specific characteristics of buildings in the area, setting out in detail those elements and features which are most representative. Through consultation with developers and planners, the design guide could be promoted to encourage all development within the area to adopt locally appropriate patterns, forms and materials. The design guide would complement existing PKC guidance on place making.25

7.7 As well as providing guidance, the design guide could be an educational tool for learning about the characteristics of the area, as well as a reference for communities. Promotion of the

24 Heritage Lottery Fund. Landscape Partnerships. http://www.hlf.org.uk/HowToApply/programmes/Pages/landscapepartnerships.aspx 25 Placemaking guide for Perth and Kinross. http://www.pkc.gov.uk/Planning+and+the+environment/Countryside+and+Wildlife/Public+Space+Management/

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 100 23 October 2012 document could raise awareness of the importance of local character, and identify those features which make each settlement special and which are worthy of preservation.

7.8 Public participation in the design guide could be enabled through development of a web-based tool, for example a Facebook group, through which members of the public could submit information about the features they consider special in their landscape, and that make their location distinctive and different. This tool could be used to enable submission of historic photos or other archival material which is held by individuals, and which would shed light on the past appearance of the landscape.

Tay Landscape Forum

7.9 A large number of specialist and local interest groups are active in the TLP area, focusing on geographical areas, wildlife issues, or local history. The TLP will be ideally placed to act as a co- ordinator between different groups, allowing shared aims to be drawn together, and joint strategies to be agreed. Adopting a central role in the area, the TLP could also enable better communications with local landowners and land managers.

7.10 The establishment of a Tay Landscape Forum would formalise this role, and allow a co-ordinated approach to continue in the longer term, beyond the lifespan of the landscape partnership. The forum could take the form of quarterly meetings open to all parties, aimed at identifying positive actions, as well as targeted consultation events. A standing forum may be seen as preferable to organising ad-hoc consultations which may overlap between groups. Many aspirations for the area will only be achieved through collaboration, and a discussion group would provide a valuable channel for communication.

7.11 The TLP has already made contact with a large number of groups through community consultations and other outreach, and formalising this network would establish a platform for the circulation of ideas about the area. A formal discussion group would also ensure that projects being taken forward by the TLP are compatible with those which form part of other strategies and aspirations for the area, such as the emerging Inner Tay Masterplan.

Online hub

7.12 As another strand of the co-ordinating role of the TLP, an online information hub or directory could be established to facilitate communications between groups. The hub could list contact details and key interests of relevant groups, potentially including landowners, and could be used as a noticeboard for upcoming projects and activities. This would allow the matching of available volunteers with actions, and provide a means of channelling news to an established group of interested people.

Specific projects

Polytunnels

7.13 The spread of polytunnels and the wider use of agricultural plastic, fleece and mesh is an area of concern within this landscape. The light colours of plastic used is often highly visible in the landscape, particularly when seen from higher ground as is so often the case in the TLP area. However, it is also recognised that there is limited means of controlling or influencing the siting of these features: the area lends itself to fruit production, which is an essential element of the local economy. Planning permission is not required for non-permanent polytunnels, and land managers understandably locate them to take best advantage of their available land.

7.14 As an alternative to control, research could be undertaken into the types and colours of materials used for polytunnels, fleece and so on. It could be established whether other materials are available which would have more limited visual impacts. Where polytunnels are used, means of screening could be explored, potentially linked to (re)establishment of field boundary trees and/or habitat networks. The reinforcement of landscape structure across the Carse of Gowrie in particular could have wider benefits, besides potentially filtering views of polytunnels.

7.15 These measures will require liaison with land managers in the area, which could occur through a discussion forum. It would be important to raise awareness about the issues involved; the

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 101 23 October 2012 potential impacts on the landscape; and the potential wider impacts on other aspects of the economy. Sensitive locations, and less sensitive ones, could be highlighted, and land managers encouraged to site polytunnels accordingly.

Designed landscapes

7.16 Designed landscapes are a major feature of the area, though only a handful are recognised by listing on the national Inventory. A survey of designed landscapes in the area would identify gardens, parks and other designed features beyond the inventory, and ensure that these important features are recognised. A baseline survey would then enable further contact with landowners and managers to ensure ongoing management, and to encourage access and interpretation where this does not conflict with other land uses.

The Carse: pows and field boundaries

7.17 Across the Carse of Gowrie, the pows are key historical and landscape features. Originating in drainage programmes, they now provide a biodiversity resource and an important link between the wooded Braes and the reedbeds of the Tay. Along the pows, hedges once formed continuous accompaniment, but are now gappy. In the carse, field boundaries are reinforced by trees but these are not being replaced at a sustainable rate. Individual trees are under pressure from changing land management, and are commonly not replaced when lost. Field boundary trees are considered important in this generally unwooded landscape.

7.18 Reconnecting these strands would deliver real benefits for wildlife and the landscape, forming an integrated habitat network across the carse, and also providing a robust landscape structure for the future.

7.19 This project would involve surveying the field boundaries of the carse, noting the condition of hedges, field boundary trees, and pows. Working with landowners and managers, strategies for management of the pows would be developed, and locations identified for closing gaps in hedgerows and planting of new field boundary trees where appropriate.

7.20 The project could be linked to improved recreational access across the carse, and offers opportunities for public involvement in planting works.

Orchard restoration

7.21 The ongoing Carse of Gowrie Orchard Project has identified the remaining orchards in the area, and assessed their condition. Restoration of orchards would bring important benefits for the landscape, reintroducing a historical feature and enabling wider participation in planting, managing and harvesting fruits. The restoration of woodlands would also enhance the tree cover and diversity of the carse landscape.

7.22 The project would need to identify a number of suitable sites for restoration, and undertake research into the varieties grown at each site. Owners of the orchards would need to be involved in the project, with volunteers engaged in restoring and managing the sites. Promotion of the restored orchards would involve on-site interpretation and allow appreciation of the place of the orchard in the history and landscape of the Carse of Gowrie.

Access

7.23 Access is key to understanding landscape. For local people to engage with their landscape they must be able to visit it and appreciate its component features. Greater accessibility is therefore a priority aim for the TLP. Any project aimed at improving access could also be used to add biodiversity benefits through joining up of access and habitat links. Among access projects which would bring landscape benefits are:

 Tay riverside path, linking Perth with areas downstream to the wider Firth, along both sides of the river. In future riverside paths could be linked with river transport initiatives to enable cross-river connections;

 Access to viewpoints and hill tops, to make best use of spectacular views across the carse from locations other than Kinnoull, and to aid interpretation of the many important hill forts in the area; and

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 102 23 October 2012  The reedbeds, while extensive, are difficult to appreciate even from up close. The high reeds enclose the visitor and prevent an impression of the expanse of reeds. Improved access along the river bank could be coupled with raised viewing platforms which would enable the reedbeds to be seen in their entirety, and could be used for bird watching.

Cycle-friendly routes

7.24 Across the Carse, and in other areas, traffic has been identified as an issue. The development of cycle-friendly routes through the Carse could see traffic calming and reduction measures, with promotion of cycling as a means of transport. This could be linked to bus routes and future river transport initiatives, to establish a network of access.

Themed interpretation

7.25 Allied with access is understanding the landscape: to fully appreciate its depth, the casual visitor and local alike require some information, which can be presented as on-site boards, leaflets, or in electronic form. The LCA has identified that there are common themes across the area, from important geodiversity, to hill forts on the Ochils and Sidlaws, to the range of designed landscapes, and the industrial heritage of the area. Themed leaflets or other material could be prepared, promoting understanding of each of these themes, and setting out how they have influenced the landscape which is visible today, enriching people’s experiences of their surroundings.

Woodlands of the Braes

7.26 The native and mixed woodlands across the Braes give it a distinctive pattern when seen from the Carse, and efforts to conserve and manage these woodlands would bring benefits for the landscape and biodiversity. A survey would identify woodlands which are lacking management, and discussion with land managers would seek to establish means of protecting these areas for the future. The survey could also seek to establish potential for timber production or increased access.

Tay Landscape Partnership Landscape Character Assessment 103 23 October 2012 Appendix 1 Consultation invitees

List of all organisations invited to attend consultation events

Carse of Gowrie Group Tayside Geodiversity Historic Orchards Forum RSPB Carse Sustainability Group Scottish Enterprise Braes of the Carse Conservation Group Blairgowrie & East Perthshire Tourism Association Kinnoull Hill Woodland Park Group Scottish Natural Heritage Tay Estuary Forum Perth & Kinross Council Perth Sailing Club Elmwood College Newburgh Sailing Club SGRPID Perthshire Society of Natural Science Scottish & Southern Energy Mountaineering Council of Scotland Scottish Canoe Association Auld Abernethy Association Tay Salmon Fisheries Bridge of Earn Representative Tay Regeneration Trust Friends of Perth & Kinross Heritage Trust Forestry Commission Scotland Perth Civic Trust Woodland Trust Cycle Touring Club Tayside Scottish Land & Estates Guidelines National Farmers Union Scotland Newburgh Orchard Group Dupplin Estates East of Scotland Bee Keepers Scone Estates Ramblers Errol Estates ScotWays Stewarts of Tayside Local Access Forum Mains of Errol Walking on Wheels Glendoick Nurseries Perthshire Photographic Society Branston's, Abernethy Tay Ringing Group RSPB Dundee Local Group British Horse Society Tayside Orienteers Perth Triathlon Club Perth United Cycle Club Scottish Wildlife Trust Perth Local Group Perth Canoe Club Tayside Sea Kayak Club Perth Road runners British Association for Shooting and Conservation Perth Left Bank Community Development Trust Abernethy & District CC Bridgend, Gannochy & Kinnoull CC Earn CC Errol CC Inchture CC Longforgan CC North Inch & Muirton CC North Muirton CC Scone & District CC West Carse CC Junior Carsonians Tayside RSPB Wildlife Explorers Tay Titans Cycling Club Perth Scout Groups

Appendix 2 Analysis of forces for change