Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014

Back to the future: 10 years of Scopus and beyond Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 01

Research Trends Issue 38 Back to the future: 10 years of Scopus and beyond

This Special Issue of Research Trends is The first contribution is written by Gali Halevi, The next two contributions focus on nations published in honor of the 10th anniversary of in collaboration with me, Henk Moed. We rather than subject fields as the primary Scopus, Elsevier’s bibliographical database, present a list of the most frequently cited object of analysis. Stephanie Oeben and launched in the fall of 2004. The common articles published in the past decade in Sarah Huggett analyze trends in German denominator of the contributions published eight main research areas, and highlight publication output and its citation impact, in this issue is looking backwards in time, comments made by their authors on while Gali Halevi and I present a model ten years or even longer, and illustrating the their achievements. Matthew Richardson for the development phases of a country’s potential of Scopus in bibliometric studies of analyzes a decade’s research trends in research system. Our study focuses on trends in the global science system. Although the domain of virology by applying topic countries in Asia, the region in which these studies look backwards in time, they identification and visualization techniques, an important conference on research also bear relevance to the present and and Andrew Plume depicts developments assessment took place in June 2014, namely future, as their outcomes and the explored in a hot topic in the field of materials the APAC Research Intelligence Conference. bibliometric methodologies potentially science: graphene research. And in the last contribution of this issue, contribute to a better understanding of Alexander van Servellen and Ikuko Oba the research process, and to an informed In his next contribution, Andrew and Daphne report back on this event. research policy. van Weijen present patterns in co-authorship, for instance, in the number of co-authors in On behalf of the Editorial Team, I hope research articles, during the past 10 years that you will enjoy reading this issue. and more. The quality, archiving, availability Please do share your thoughts and feedback and re-use of research data are gaining with us, either by inserting your comments more and more interest. A detailed analysis in the section following each article on of data on cited references in Scopus our website, or by sending us an email enabled Sarah Huggett to trace the visibility ([email protected]). We look of research data in the published literature. forward to hearing from you!

Kind regards,

Henk F. Moed Editor-in-Chief Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 02

Page 03 10 years of research impact: top cited papers in Scopus 2001-2011 Gali Halevi and Henk Moed investigate what the most frequently cited articles were in Scopus from 2001-2011, in eight main research areas, and give their authors the chance to comment on their achievements.

Page 10 A decade’s trends in virology research Matthew Richardson illustrates the trends that have influenced the field of Virology, the study of viruses, over the past 10 years, using bibliometric analysis and visualization techniques.

Page 13 Graphene: ten years of the ‘gold rush’ In this article, Andrew Plume investigates whether a new approach to assigning ‘credit’ for article authorship can answer the question: “Who are the authors of high-impact graphene research”?

Page 16 Publish or perish? The rise of the fractional author… Andrew Plume and Daphne van Weijen investigate how the pressure researchers feel to publish their work has affected co-authorship patterns over the past 10 years. Are researchers publishing more unique articles or co-authoring more articles?

Page 19 A quick look at references to research data repositories In this contribution, Sarah Huggett investigates whether there is a way to estimate the visibility of research data in the published literature, and presents some initial findings.

Page 22 The black eagle soars: Germany’s bibliometric trends 2004-2013 In this piece, Stephanie Oeben and Sarah Huggett investigate Germany’s research performance during the past decade, and discuss trends in German publication output and its citation impact.

Page 25 Tracking scientific development and collaborations – The case of 25 Asian countries Henk Moed and Gali Halevi explain how a country’s current stage of scientific development can be determined through the use of a bibliometric model, and illustrate its use by examining 25 countries in Asia.

Page 31 Reporting Back: The APAC research intelligence conference Alexander van Servellen and Ikuko Oba report back from the first APAC research intelligence conference, which focused on the challenges institutions face with regard to managing research and the best practices employed to optimize research strategy and impact. Page 37 Did you know? …. these 10 things about Scopus? Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 03

Section 1: Scopus is celebrating 10 years since its In this paper we review the following 8 Behind the data launch. As the largest abstract and citation subject areas and their top cited articles: database of peer-reviewed literature available today, Scopus boasts 53 million • Agricultural and Biological Sciences 10 years of records, 21,915 titles from 5,000 publishers. • Arts and Humanities In this paper we aimed to identify some • Computer Science of the top cited papers indexed in Scopus • Chemical Engineering research impact: across various disciplines between 2001 and • Energy 2011. In addition, we contacted the authors of • Engineering top cited papers these papers to seek their insight about why • Environmental Science they think their papers are as highly cited as • Medicine in Scopus they are. Agricultural and Biological Sciences 2001-2011 In order to achieve this, we conducted a The top cited article in Agricultural and comprehensive search on all Scopus data, Biological Sciences in 2001 - 2011 is: Dr. Gali Halevi and Dr. Henk F. Moed limiting the results to articles published Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M., Kumar, S. between 2001 and 2011. Scopus is the largest MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics abstract and citation database of peer- Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0 reviewed literature, and features smart tools (2007) Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol. to track, analyze and visualize research. 24, No. 8, pp. 1596-1599. Cited 17,359 times The initial search results yielded more than (as of June, 2014) 13 million records (as of June 11, 2014). This set was further refined, to include only full Description: MEGA [Molecular Evolutionary research articles while excluding reviews, Genetics Analysis] is a freely available editorials or book chapters. The search software tool for conducting statistical results were then limited to one of Scopus’ 26 analysis of molecular evolution and for subject categories at a time (see Table 1 for constructing phylogenetic trees. MEGA full list). Each set of articles under a subject is used by biologists in a large number category was sorted by “cited by” counts of laboratories for reconstructing the (i.e. citations), which enables the highly cited evolutionary histories of species and inferring articles to be identified. the extent and nature of the selective forces shaping the evolution of genes and species In the first stage, we selected the top 5 (1). This software was first developed by articles most cited in each category. These Sudhir Kumar and Koichiro Tamura in the articles were manually examined to ensure laboratory of Dr. Masatoshi Nei (2). The first that they are indeed associated with the version of this software was released in correct subject area. In cases where one 1993. As expected, the main disciplines citing article was associated with more than this article are Agricultural and Biological one subject area, we made an informed Sciences, Biochemistry, Genetics and decision as to which subject area to assign Molecular Biology, Immunology, Medicine it, based on both the article content (mainly and Veterinary Sciences. However, there retrieved from its title and abstract) and are several interesting disciplines citing this whether the journal is best associated with software including Social Sciences, Arts and one subject area. In cases where we found Humanities and Business, which may not the same top cited article for more than one seem directly related to the core research discipline, the most cited article unique to field of this software. A closer look at these that subject area was used. The same was citing disciplines reveals that the software done, if, regardless of our initial limitation, has been used to track Ancient DNA in the top cited article was a review or a type Anthropology and Archeology and to sketch of methodological paper. the markup of civilization (3, 4) as well as study the phenomenon of the emergence and extinction of languages (5). Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 04

Chemical Engineering Comments from Prof. Kumar: Comments from Dr. McCall: The top cited article in Chemical Engineering This article described a useful software I believe [the high citation count] has in 2001 - 2011 is: tool that enables comparative analysis to do with interdisciplinary interest in Kreuer, K.D. of DNA and protein sequences from the issue of intersectionality across a On the development of proton conducting different individuals, strains, and wide range of fields. I try to extend the polymer membranes for hydrogen and species. Such analyses are becoming usefulness of the concept for quantitative methanol fuel cells. (2001) Journal of very important in this age of genomics, as well as qualitative research. The Membrane Science, Vol. 185, No. 1, pp. and increasingly larger numbers of latter tends to dominate the study 29-39. This article was cited 1,689 times scientists are using MEGA software to of intersectionality, so this article (as of July 2014). analyze their data. has helped justify research in more quantitatively oriented fields. Proton conducting polymer membranes are Comments from Prof. Nei: of general interest because such membranes MEGA4 is the fourth version of the can be used to conduct protons in fuel cells, MEGA, and in this version a new Energy which convert , for example hydrogen or Maximum Composite Likelihood method The top cited article in Energy in 2001 - 2011 methanol into electrical energy and show of estimating evolutionary distances is: promise as low emission power sources. and other evolutionary parameters Allison, J., et.al. So far, the benchmark membrane material have been introduced. It has also been Geant4 developments and applications was Nafion, a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene made usable in Linux and Intel-based (2006) IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, based fluoropolymer-copolymer discovered Macintosh computers. Because of these Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 270-278. This article was in the late 1960s by Walther Grot of DuPont new features, the MEGA4 article has cited 1,450 times (as of July 2014) which is not only used in fuel cells, but been cited a large number of times. also in other electrochemical devices, This improvement of the software was Geant4 is a software tool developed by chlor-alkali production, metal-ion recovery, done primarily by Koichiro Tamura and scientists from all over the world. The article water electrolysis, plating, surface treatment Sudhir Kumar. Further improvement of boasts 44 authors from various countries of metals, batteries, sensors, Donnan the software was published later in the including UK, USA, Japan, Switzerland, Italy, dialysis cells, drug release, gas drying or MEGA5 (2011) and MEGA6 (2013) articles. Spain and Russia to name a few. Geant4 is humidification, and superacid catalysis for a software toolkit for the simulation of the the production of fine chemicals (17). The passage of particles through matter. It is paper actually reveals structure/property Arts & Humanities used for a large number of experiments and relationships for Nafion and alternative The top cited article in Arts & Humanities projects in a variety of application domains, hydrocarbon ionomers, and it presents in 2001 - 2011 is: including high energy physics, astrophysics improved proton conducting polymer McCall, L. and space science, medical physics and membranes (a/k/a polymer electrolyte The complexity of intersectionality (2005) radiation protection (22). The article was membranes), along with methods for Signs, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 1771-1800. mostly cited by articles in the field of Physics the manufacture thereof (16). The article This article was cited 640 times (as of and Astronomy and Engineering. In addition, even provided visions about membranes July, 2014). a large number of citations were received conducting protons in the absence of any from the field of Medicine where the toolkit humidification. Due to the wide range This article discusses the complexity of is used to track the effect of materials on the of applications and the need for better studying the issue of intersectionality human body (23). membranes, this article was found to be and offers different methods to do so. highly cited by Chemistry, Materials Science, Intersectionality (or intersectionalism) is Chemical Engineering and Energy. the study of intersections between forms Comments from Prof. Asai: or systems of oppression, domination or “Geant4 developments and applications” discrimination (6). The article was written by is our second general publication Comment from Prof. Kreuer: Leslie McCall, a professor at Northwestern followed by “Geant4 - A Simulation I am aware of the impact this paper University whose main areas of research Toolkit”, J.S. Agostinelli et al., Nuclear has generated in the community. include social inequality, economic and Instruments and Methods A, Vol. 506 This is a pioneering work, making, for political sociology, methods, and social (2003) 250-303. Geant4 is a software the first time, a semi-quantitative theory. This article is highly cited by research toolkit for simulating elementary particle connection between morphology papers in Arts & Humanities and Social passing through and interacting with (microstructure) and transport (proton Sciences in the context of gender-related matter. Its areas of application include conductivity, water transport) of fuel psychology, ethnic identity and feminism. Yet, high energy, nuclear and accelerator cell membranes (hydrocarbon versus it is also cited by Business and Management physics, as well as studies in medical PFSA). The disclosed differences research focusing on women’s careers in science, space science and material provide rationales for explaining many business (7), workplace diversity (8) and science, which are rapidly expanding. other properties. The materials are women’s leadership skills development highly relevant for fuel cell and other (9). Another interesting discipline citing this electrochemical applications, and the paper is Environmental Sciences, which refers paper provides clear guidelines for to it in the context of gender-related client optimizing such materials. change adaptation (10) and gender migration patterns (11), to name two examples. Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 05

Computer Science Engineering Environmental Science The top cited article in Computer Science in The top cited article in Engineering The top cited article in Environmental 2001 - 2011 is: (focusing on Condensed Matter Physics) Science in 2001 - 2011 is: Lowe, D.G. in 2001 - 2011 is: Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Distinctive image features from scale- Geim, A.K., Novoselov, K.S. Thurman, E.M., Zaugg, S.D., Barber, invariant keypoints (2004) International The rise of graphene (2007) Nature Materials, L.B., Buxton, H.T. Journal of Computer Vision, Vol. 60, No. 2, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 183-191. This article was Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other pp. 91-110. This article was cited 15,797 times cited 11,102 times (as of July 2014). organic wastewater contaminants in (as of July 2014). U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national Graphene is pure carbon in the form of a reconnaissance (2002) Environmental The paper presents a method for extracting very thin, nearly transparent sheet, one atom Science and Technology, Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. distinctive invariant features from images that thick. It is remarkably strong for its very low 1202-121. This article was cited 3,279 times can be used to perform reliable matching weight (100 times stronger than steel) and (as of July 2014). between different views of an object or scene it conducts heat and electricity with great by using object recognition algorithm. The efficiency. It was first produced in the lab in The article was written by US Geological algorithm was published by David Lowe in 2004 (24). This article discusses the nature Survey researchers who utilized five newly 1999. Applications of this algorithm include and uses of Graphene and the emergence developed analytical methods to measure object recognition, robotic mapping and of a new paradigm of ‘relativistic’ condensed concentrations of 95 OWCs (organic navigation, image stitching, 3D modeling, matter physics. wastewater contaminants) in water samples gesture recognition, video tracking, individual from a network of 139 streams across identification of wildlife and match moving. Citing articles are from a wide spectrum 30 states during 1999 and 2000. This The algorithm is patented in the US; the of sciences including Materials Sciences, study represented the first national-scale owner is the University of British Columbia Chemistry, Energy, Pharmacology, Computer investigation of pharmaceuticals and other (18). In addition to being highly cited in Science and so forth, in all of which OWCs in streams of the U.S. The results of related disciplines such as Engineering and Graphene is used, studied and developed. the study demonstrate the prevalence of Mathematics, this article and the method Graphene is probably a good example of pharmaceuticals and other OWCs in U.S. described are also cited by Health, Decision basic research leading to a technological streams and the importance of obtaining and Social Sciences fields. In Health Sciences innovation. Thus, examining citations to this data on metabolites to fully understand the method is used for organ imaging (19), article in Social Sciences, one notices that not only the fate and transport of OWCs while in Social Sciences it is used to track this article is cited by papers describing in the hydrologic system, but also their the processing and interpretation of visual the global Graphene research front (25), ultimate overall effect on human health and images by humans, to give an example (20). patenting trends (26) and the use of the environment. As it touches on a wide Examining Decision Sciences in the context Graphene in technological developments (27) range of environmental issues, this article of this article, the method has been used to to name a few. is cited by articles in Chemistry, Agriculture, study decision processing based on visual Medicine, Earth Sciences and so forth. recognition, such as street signs (21). However, it is worth noting its citations in Comment from Prof. Geim: law and regulations articles which fall under Social Sciences (28) as well as Economy and This paper should be viewed in Business related articles which look at policy Comments from Prof. Lowe: combination with our paper “Electric issues related to OWCs (29). The reasons for the high citations field in atomically thin carbon films” include the fact that it describes a (Science, 2004). Both are equally well useful algorithm for other researchers cited as laying foundations for graphene in computer vision to match images in research, a Nobel-prize winning subject. a way that wasn’t available previously. In addition, the method is very efficient compared to previous approaches, so it is widely used in practice which leads to further citations. Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 06

Medicine Observations Comments from Ms. Kolpin: The top cited article in Medicine in It is noticeable that 4 out of the 10 articles Yes, I was aware that our ES&T article 2001 - 2011 is: featured here describe the development from 2002 was being highly cited Rossouw, J.E., et.al. of computer software. The practice of by the scientific community. In fact, Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin citing computer software when used in this research was noted as the most in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal a study is a part of this phenomenon. frequently cited paper in the field of results from the women’s health initiative Regardless of the subject field, the environmental science since 2010 and randomized controlled trial computational tools developed and was prominently used in the article “Top- (2002) Journal of the American Medical written about are highly cited. Out of the cited articles in environmental sciences: Association, Vol. 288, No. 3, pp. 321-333. 10 selected articles, 6 are the result of a Merits and demerits of citation analysis” This article was cited 9,723 times (as of scientific collaboration between two or (Khan, M.A. and Ho, Y-S., Sci. Total July 2014). more researchers. Collaboration is seen Environ., v. 431, p. 122-127). across institutions and countries which The paper assesses the major health could be a result of a common global There are probably multiple factors benefits and risks of the most commonly concern to damaging phenomena related for the number of citations this paper used combined hormone preparation to the environment. has received, but I think the primary estrogen plus progestin in the United States reason is that it has turned out to be and found that the overall health risks The analysis of citing disciplines shows that a seminal paper on the occurrence of exceeded benefits from use of combined research, regardless of its disciplinary origin, contaminants of emerging concern hormone preparation. The study was crosses subject-specific domains and has (CECs) in water resources and was conducted by a group of scientists from impact on a wide range of areas, some of the first national-scale study of such the Division of Women’s Health Initiative which are quite surprising. It is plausible compounds conducted in the United at the National Heart, Lung/Blood Institute that the growing ability of researchers to States. If you look at the number of in the USA. be exposed to and read a wider range papers published annually on the topic of literature encourages the transfer of of CECs you can see that since 2002 (the This article is seen to be cited in disciplines knowledge from one discipline to another. year our paper was published) there other than medicine-related ones, including has been a continual and dramatic Social Sciences and Arts & Humanities. increase in the number of papers being Although the article reports on a specific published each year. This increasing experiment related to drug prescription trend in CEC papers published annually and its effect on women’s health, it evoked documents the ever increasing interest a wider discussion which is seen in studies by the scientific community in the rapidly relating to health policy, women psychology evolving topic of CECs. Thus, even and narratives relating to menopause though the percentage of papers citing (30, 31). our 2002 ES&T papers may be slowly decreasing with time, it is likely being offset by the total number of papers Comments from Prof. Rossouw: being published on the topic (keeping the number of citations for our 2002 We are aware that this article was paper at a healthy pace). and continues to be highly cited. The findings overturned many decades of conventional wisdom, in particular that hormone therapy would prevent cardiovascular disease and that the benefits would outweigh the risks. As a result of this perception of benefit, menopausal hormone therapy was being prescribed to millions of women for chronic disease prevention in addition to its established role in treatment of vasomotor symptoms. After the contrary findings were published, prescriptions for estrogen plus progestin hormone therapy declined by 75% in the first 18 months and have continued to decline. Nationally, breast cancer rates have declined in parallel with hormone prescriptions. In short, the article had a substantial impact on medical practice and on public health. Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 07

Subject Article Link

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- Agricultural and Biological MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics 54049133744&partnerID=40&md5=1d3cc2d08a900cac919 Sciences Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0 5fc5449e6ff36

http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0- 23944514914&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&cite=2-s2.0- 23944514914&src=s&nlo=&nlr=&nls=&imp=t&sid=0F0EEB0 Arts and Humanities The complexity of intersectionality 8EB8678DE6DA47EF4EB047038.I0QkgbIjGqqLQ4Nw7dqZ4A %3a240&sot=cite&sdt=cl&cluster=scopubyr%2c%222014% 22%2ct&sl=0

Analysis of relative gene expression data http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- Biochemistry, Genetics and using real-time quantitative PCR and the 0035710746&partnerID=40&md5=1989d15012db1b7616667 Molecular Biology 2-DDCT method 232e06bbf50

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- Business, Management and User acceptance of information technology: 1542382496&partnerID=40&md5=c635d7fd45a06a546da Accounting Toward a unified view de8aea290c639

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- Processable aqueous dispersions of Chemical Engineering 38949108623&partnerID=40&md5=1f43c215908152f16675 graphene nanosheets 5a05363f233c

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- UCSF Chimera - A visualization system for Chemistry 4444221565&partnerID=40&md5=c9a4f4d426be1828e82f exploratory research and analysis 0f8e84537387

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- Distinctive image features from scale- Computer Science 3042535216&partnerID=40&md5=28d20d21e532843d1243 invariant keypoints c5120505043a

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the Decision Sciences 0001378820&partnerID=40&md5=50b37bfa7ca10235aa00 question, weighing the merits 8539bee136fb

First-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- Earth and Planetary Sciences Probe (WMAP) observations: Determination 17044381941&partnerID=40&md5=36cf9cb4ba795948e73 of cosmological parameters 31117aa3096f2

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- Economics, Econometrics and Evolving to a New Dominant Logic for 1642587247&partnerID=40&md5=12f7d97c9f3f71c84369a1 Finance Marketing 8c44c2220e

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- Energy Geant4 developments and applications 33645696556&partnerID=40&md5=a5da91aed48b47270d 579a3170e32b4c

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- Engineering The rise of graphene 33847690144&partnerID=40&md5=e7a10d1aae647a18ece 362fa0c639319

Table 1: Full List of Top Cited Articles in Scopus (Data Collected July 2014) Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 08

Subject Article Link

Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- organic wastewater contaminants in Environmental Science 0037085574&partnerID=40&md5=f0076a6d031995fc6468 U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national f66c7f172916 reconnaissance

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- Improved prediction of signal peptides: Immunology and Microbiology 3042521098&partnerID=40&md5=3e66f800ebc7630ff24f0 SignalP 3.0 b95467be33c

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- The SIESTA method for ab initio order-N Materials Science 0037171091&partnerID=40&md5=521af3b42a3e8b8fc508c materials simulation 10c473d609b

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic Mathematics 0036530772&partnerID=40&md5=174c7328a283b2aaa5c algorithm: NSGA-II 3f7c2b7b900ae

Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal Medicine 0037125379&partnerID=40&md5=b20cf8258a09c26d78c4 results from the women's health initiative 8fc72cee6097 randomized controlled trial

Automated anatomical labeling of activations http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical Neuroscience 0036322886&partnerID=40&md5=e0c279770e722b228ef parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject d25fbcd86edbf brain

Minimal criteria for defining multipotent http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- Pharmacology, Toxicology and mesenchymal stromal cells. The International 33747713246&partnerID=40&md5=931d063ca5e12767644 Pharmaceutics Society for Cellular Therapy position 0830aedb7c972 statement

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- Physics and Astronomy Statistical mechanics of complex networks 0036013593&partnerID=40&md5=19a1f060a576b614317e1 f93740253d5

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- Psychology Using thematic analysis in psychology 33750505977&partnerID=40&md5=949c9a8170016855a4e 4f5179927fd43

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- User acceptance of information technology: Social Sciences 1542382496&partnerID=40&md5=c635d7fd45a06a546da Toward a unified view de8aea290c639

Reproductive Loss in high-producing dairy http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- Veterinary cattle: Where will it end (ADSA foundation 0035379705&partnerID=40&md5=a312e535ebe24cd87f60 scholar award) 8f5606ba4230

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0- Stem cell properties of human dental pulp Dentistry 0036704390&partnerID=40&md5=06d9d6cefdf5303e4658 stem cells 3a04134c30e0 Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 09

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(2014) “Gender 26, No. 5, pp. 970-985. recognition using group sparse coding”, and climate change adaptation in agrarian Information Sciences, Vol. 266, pp. 75-89. 33. van der Laan, L.N., de Ridder, D.T.D., settings: Current thinking, new directions, and Charbonnier, L., Viergever, M.A., & Smeets, P.A.M. 22. http://geant4.cern.ch/ research frontiers”, Geography Compass, Vol. 8, (2014) “Sweet lies: neural, visual, and behavioral No. 3, pp. 182-197. 23. Tendeiro, D., Lopes, G., Vieira, P., & Santos, measures reveal a lack of self-control conflict 11. Júlíusdóttir, M., Skaptadóttir, U.D., & Karlsdóttir, J.P. (2014) “Monte Carlo simulation of laser beams during food choice in weight-concerned women”, A. (2013) “Gendered migration in turbulent times in interaction with the human eye using Geant4”, Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, Vol. 8 (MAY). 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Section 2: One advantage bibliometric analysis In the term maps following, we use all Research Trends brings is the ability to put a large quantity journals that are categorized in Scopus within of research into perspective. Papers can of the Virology subject category. Although it is course be read individually, and the use of still possible that virology-related content is A decade’s cited references in the literature allows an published outside these journals, for instance interested reader to get a wider background in a broad-based Medicine or Microbiology on the specific concepts found within, journal, this analysis catches the great trends in virology and how the understanding of these has majority of relevant research across a wider changed over time. However, the sheer scale range of journals than a small selection research of work produced in a given field means that would allow. the only way to illustrate the broadest trends Matthew Richardson affecting an entire field is through analyzing As we wish to compare the field at a gap of the bibliographic data of these papers in 10 years’ time, we have used the two time bulk. In this article we illustrate the trends periods 2000–02 and 2010–12. The use that have influenced the field of Virology, the of three consecutive years of publications study of viruses, over the past 10 years. in each map allows us to obtain a more thorough view of what is being published, Visualizing the topics in Virology and so to use more accurate co-occurrence In an earlier issue of Research Trends we relationships between terms in the maps. introduced term maps as a method for exploring the topics published in a group The term maps and selection of topics of journals (1). These maps, developed in Figure 1 shows a term map for Virology collaboration with the CWTS research group, content published in the years 2000–02. present a two-dimensional view of the This covers 14,158 articles, reviews and topical terms used in the titles and abstracts conference papers. This map is a co- of a publication; when aggregated across occurrence cluster map, showing both the a journal, or a large group of journals, you position of each term (the relative location can then make use of the fact that a term is is determined by their co-occurrence in title more likely to appear in the same paper as and abstracts, so that the closer the terms a related term to group together those which are positioned the more often they tend to are most highly related. Using all of the co-occur) and the main cluster they belong to textual data available in titles and abstracts, (distinguished by one of four colors). The final this allows you to produce a thorough view element of the data shown is the frequency of which topics are researched and how they with which a term is found in this field: the interact with one another to form the broader larger the term appears, the more papers structure of a field. contain that term within the title or abstract.

Figure 1: Journal term co-occurrence map for the field of Virology, using a set of 14,158 papers published from 2000 to 2002. Colors used to distinguish clusters of related terms. Data source: Scopus Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 11

This map forms a circular structure which is common to many such networks, and is composed of four main groupings of topics. The most common terms are those relating to primary care and clinical research in the green cluster (‘patient’, ‘case’, ‘therapy’); epidemiology, outbreak investigation and phylogenetics in the blue cluster (‘isolate’, ‘genotype’, ‘phylogenetic analysis’, ‘outbreak’); molecular biology and genetics in the red cluster (‘transcription’, ‘open reading frame’, ‘nucleotide’), and cell biology of disease in the yellow cluster (‘T cell’, ‘IFN’, ‘CD4’).

Figure 2 shows a term map based on the same selection of journals, 10 years later: this includes 24,691 Virology papers Figure 2: Journal term co-occurrence map for the field of Virology, using a set of 24,691 papers published published in 2010–12. This represents a from 2010 to 2012. Colors used to distinguish clusters of related terms. Data source: Scopus huge increase in content over the earlier time period, with more than 10,000 additional papers. As might be expected, similar phrases appear as common terms: for instance, ‘patient’, ‘domain’, ‘case’, ‘isolate’. More interesting are the broader changes in the structure of the field, and changing trends in the less frequent, more specific topics. Topics such as HCV (hepatitis C virus) and HPV (human papillomavirus) are far more visible in the center of the map, pointing to the increasing quantity but also interdisciplinarity of this research.

While the main clusters remain present and intact in this later map, the circular structure is not as contained; the green cluster relating to primary care and clinical research, and the yellow cluster relating to cell biology of disease, no longer link together quite so closely as in the 2000–02 period. This finding is surprising, given that in recent years we have seen a strong focus on interdisciplinary research, translational medicine and closing the loop between ‘bench’ research and ‘bedside’ care.

In Figure 3, selected virus-related terms have been identified and annotated on the Figure 3: Journal term co-occurrence map for the field of Virology, using a set of 24,691 papers published 2010–12 Virology map. Rather than being from 2010 to 2012. Colors used to distinguish clusters of related terms and annotations provided for confined to any particular cluster, these virus selected virus-related terms. Data source: Scopus topics are scattered throughout the map according to the types of papers they occur in most frequently. This finding illustrates the fact that different virus families are predominantly used in very different kinds As demonstrated here, term maps provide of studies, relating to the different clusters of a useful overview of a field and allow you the map. Related terms appear close to one to examine the broader structural changes another, as expected: for instance, hepatitis that affect it over time. In contrast, in the B and hepatitis C are close to one another, in analysis that follows SciVal is used for more the green (clinical) cluster, while influenza A detailed analysis of individual topics with is towards the top of the map along with the various metrics. subtypes H5N1 and H1N1. Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 12

Research trends in the past decade Taking some of the virus terms identified from our term map, it is possible to construct research areas in SciVal based around these topics and then compare them to one another by a variety of measures. One example is provided in Figure 4: here we see trends in scholarly output from 2004 to 2013 for five different research areas, covering research on hepatitis B and C, human papillomavirus, the H1N1 strain of influenza A, and coronavirus. The first three were included as they show high quantities of research but also extremely strong growth throughout the decade. H1N1 on the other hand starts with minimal activity but then grows quickly to a peak of 568 papers in 2011. This growth in activity follows the 2009- 10 H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic (2). Coronavirus research follows a different trend: while it Figure 4: Trends in scholarly output for a selection of virus-related topics, counting articles, reviews and starts relatively high in 2004 with more than conference papers published per year. Source: SciVal 600 papers, it then declines steadily until there were fewer than 300 papers published in 2011. After this point there is another increase in activity, with 395 papers in 2013. The two different periods of higher interest in coronaviruses seem likely to be related to two distinct viruses: first SARS-CoV, a global epidemic which occurred in 2002–03; and towards the end of the period MERS-CoV, which was first identified in 2012 (3, 4).

Field-weighted citation impact (FWCI) is a citation metric showing the citation activity around a group of papers, taking into account subject field, article type and year of publication, and so offering a robust comparison to the expected level of citation impact (which is assigned a level of 1.0). Looking across the full set of virus topics highlighted in Figure 3, three in particular stand out as having extremely strong spikes of citation impact in the past decade: the influenza A subtypes H5N1 and H1N1, and Figure 5: Trends in field-weighted citation impact for a selection of virus-related topics. Source:SciVal coronavirus. These times of activity coincide with the timing of public outbreaks even more closely than the publication trends Conclusion References: shown in Figure 4. The year 2004, in which While the publication and citation trends 1. Van Weijen, D. (2013) “Trends in pediatrics: H5N1 research has an FWCI of over 10 times shown for specific virus topics reflect Overview of research trends from 2007–2011”, the expected level, saw major outbreaks wider public interest at times of virus Research Trends, Issue 34, September 2013. of the virus strain across Asia (e.g. 5, 6); outbreaks, bibliometric analysis such as Available at: http://www.researchtrends.com/ 2009, in which H1N1 research reached an shown in this article allows for detailed issue-34-september-2013/trends-in-pediatrics/ FWCI of 9.33 times the expected value, comparison of the amount of research in 2. http://www.flu.gov/pandemic/history/ saw cases of the virus affecting people in different areas but also the way it is carried the US and around the world (2); and the out. The insights available through term 3. http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/sars/en/ coronavirus MERS-CoV was first identified maps are even more difficult to draw from 4. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_ in 2012, coinciding with an upturn in impact mainstream media or individual scholarly infections/en/ continuing into 2013 and 2014 (which shows papers; using these visualizations we can 5. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_02_27/en/ early signs of a similarly high FWCI but is not view the full structure of a subject area 6. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_12_30/en/ shown here due to the incompleteness of and see how this has changed over time. the data) (4). Virology, a fast-moving field with topics that naturally rise and fall in interest as outbreaks occur, is particularly apt for this kind of illustration of hot topics over time. Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 13

Section 3: Since the publication of the famous paper Figure 1 shows the exponential increase in (1) on the ‘sticky-tape method’ for preparing the number of research articles published Research Trends graphene in October 2004 (which helped on graphene in the decade between 2004 win authors, Andre Geim and Konstantin and 2013. Using this corpus of literature as a Novoselov the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics), self-defining research field, we have applied Graphene: the field of graphene research has seen a recently-published method for assigning phenomenal growth in terms of published authorship credit to understand who the ten years of the research articles likened to a ‘gold rush’ high-impact authors in graphene research (2). With the entrance of so many new and are. Most current approaches to identifying ‘gold rush’ established researchers into the field, we and ranking high-impact authors fail to investigate if a new approach to assigning account for the invisible credit structures Dr. Andrew Plume ‘credit’ for article authorship can answer the which operate in author bylines in most fields question: “Who are the authors of high- of research. Instead, most analyses assume impact graphene research”? that each author has a full and equal stake in the creation of a research article, and this Graphene is a material comprising carbon follows to the assignment of the credit for atoms packed together in a two-dimensional that article also. While much previous work sheet just one atom thick, and may be has been done to examine the intricacies the thinnest material in the universe. This of fractional assignment of credit to authors unique structure gives graphene some very (e.g. Moed (3) and Stallings et al. (4)), there surprising physical properties – it is some has recently been renewed interest in 100 times stronger than steel and conducts algorithmic methods to fractionally assign heat and electricity at high efficiency. Prior authorship credit in a way that recognises to its isolation by Geim and Novoselov in these unstated community norms. Some 2004, it existed only in theoretical models; of the most recent work along these lines as such, the field of graphene research has been published by Nils T. Hagen at the can be considered to have appeared University of Nordland, Norway, and it is this almost overnight. approach which serves at the inspiration for the present study (5).

Figure 1: Scholarly output (articles only) published in the period 2004-13 from a search for “graphene” in the titles, abstracts or keywords. Source: SciVal Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 14

The present study aims to compare three Citations in this analysis are counted on a If each author on every paper is represented methods of assigning authorship credit 3-year basis; i.e. citations to each article are in this analysis, when these lists are sorted by to the authors of the corpus of research counted in the same year as publication plus citations per article many of those appearing articles on graphene defined above and the two following years; i.e. 2011 papers have at the top are authors of single well-cited examine the differences in the resulting lists their cites counted in the period 2011-2013; papers who may not (yet) represent career of high-impact researchers. The first method since the field is therefore self-defining, it researchers. To account for this, a productivity is the standard ‘full count’ method – each is not necessary to field-weight the citation threshold was applied to allow authors with author on the article receives a full count data as we may assume that citation relatively lower productivity in graphene for each article they appear on, and also practices within graphene research are research to appear in these lists; in Figure 2 the full citation credit. The second method is reasonably homogenous. Because of the use this was set at a relatively ‘relaxed’ minimum ‘fractional’, where each author gets an equal of this 3-year citation window, this analysis of 7 articles in the 7 year period 2005-11 (i.e. portion of the credit with all other co-authors; considers only those articles published from on average, 1 article per author per year) for an author on a single-author paper gets 1, 2005 to 2011, focussing on the period of the full count method, and at 2 authorship while one on a 4-author paper gets 0.25; expansion of the field in the wake of Geim credits for the fractional and harmonic citation credit is assigned in the same way. and Novoselov’s landmark 2004 publication methods (i.e. on average, less than 0.3 article For an examination of the rise of fractional (1). Importantly, since the corpus is defined credits per author per year). authorship over time, see “Publish or perish? as research articles containing the word The rise of the fractional author…” , also in “graphene” in the title, abstract or keywords, It is clear from a glance that while the three this issue (6). Finally, the ‘harmonic’ method it ignores all other articles on non-graphene methods have a few authors in common, (as developed by Hagen, (5)) instead assigns topics published by the same authors; by where the same author does appear in more additional weight to the first and last authors design, these results answer the very specific than one list their rankings are quite variable and diminishing weights to each additional question “who are the authors of high-impact (see for instance the variability in ranking of author in the middle, and assigns citations graphene research?”, and not “who are the the two Nobelists Geim and Novoselov in same way also. As a vital and important high-impact authors working on graphene?” each list, for example). It is also clear that at research front, graphene research is typically this ‘relaxed’ productivity threshold, authors published in well-known peer-reviewed who are newer to the field are likely to journals and as such we have assumed appear but may not be as well-recognised that all of the most important research (and as leading figures in the field by other researchers) in this topic are represented in graphene researchers. the Scopus database.

Figure 2: Top 25 authors of graphene articles 2005-11: ‘relaxed’ productivity threshold. Source: Scopus Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 15

In Figure 3, the productivity threshold was It is difficult for anyone not working directly and sparks a gold rush” (6). Here we have increased to focus only on authors with in a field of research to know who the ‘best’ applied a fresh approach to assigning relatively high productivity in graphene researchers working in that field are, and author credit for published research articles research; this ‘stringent’ threshold was set at recognising this we have not sought to make to the field of graphene as one way of a minimum of 28 articles in the 7 year period a value judgement here on the which list demonstrating who has made their fortune 2005-11 (i.e. on average, 4 articles per author correlates most closely with peer esteem. on the research frontier. It is important to per year) for the full count method, and at Instead, the question remains open to those note however that, owing to the inherent 7 authorship credits for the fractional and working on graphene to answer: which complexity in the research enterprise harmonic methods (i.e. on average, 1 article researchers are recognised as the ‘highest (especially at the frontier of knowledge), credit per author per year). In these lists there impact’ in the field, and which list reflects this simplistic interpretations of author rankings is a somewhat greater degree of agreement most closely? may be dangerous insofar as they may between the results overall than in the reinforce the status quo and lead to a form ‘relaxed’ threshold lists, but especially for the As early as 2008, Andre Geim himself of consensus-reaching which may ultimately very top names (the two Nobelists head all has noted the tendency for graphene to limit the expansion of knowledge. Instead three lists, for example); below that, the three attract large numbers of researchers: “With - as always - metrics informed by expert lists begin to differ and names in one or two graphene, each year brings a new result, a opinion are preferable. lists are absent from the other(s). new sub-area of research that opens up

Figure 3: Top 25 authors of graphene articles 2005-11: ‘stringent’ productivity threshold. Source: Scopus

References:

1. Novoselov, K.S., Geim, A.K., Morozov, S.V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S.V., Grigorieva, I.V., Firsov, A.A. (2004) “Electric field in atomically thin carbon films”, Science, vol. 306, issue 5696, pp. 666-669. 2. Plume, A., (2010) “Buckyballs, nanotubes and graphene: On the hunt for the next big thing”, Research Trends issue 18, July 2010, http://www.researchtrends.com/issue18-july-2010/research-trends-12/. 3. Moed, H.F. (2000) “Bibliometric Indicators Reflect Publication and Management Strategies” Scientometrics 47(2) pp. 323-346 4. Stallings, J., Vance, E., Yang, J., Vannier, M.W., Liang, J., Pang, L., Liang Dai, Ye, I., and Wang, G. (2013) “Determining scientific impact using a collaboration index”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (doi:10.1073/pnas.1220184110) 5. Hagen, N.T. (2014) “Counting and comparing publication output with and without equalizing and inflationary bias” Journal of Informetrics 8(2) pp. 310-317. 6. Plume, A. & Van Weijen, D. (2014) “Publish or perish? The rise of the fractional author…,” Research Trends Issue 38, September 2014. 7. http://sciencewatch.com/articles/andre-k-geim-interview Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 16

Section 4: “Publish or perish” is a common phrase used Results of the study indicated that: “the mean Scholarly Communication to describe the pressure researchers feel to number of authors per article increased publish their research findings in order to from 1,77 in 1971 to 2,35 in 1982, while the stay relevant and be successful within the proportion of articles with only 1 author Publish or academic community. It’s been around a very decreased from 60,8% to 40,8%. Possible long time, although the origins of the phrase reasons for this are mentioned, of which the are somewhat unclear. Some researchers pressure to publish may not be the least.”(6). perish? The rise attribute the phrase to Kimball C. Atwood III, who is said to have coined the phrase Although this sounds intuitively plausible, of the fractional in 1950 (1, 2). But a 1996 article by Eugene these results were restricted to articles Garfield (3) traces the phrase back to at published in a single journal, and in only author… least 1942, while according to Wikipedia (4) one research area, about 30 to 40 years the term was used even earlier, in a 1932 ago. Since then, we’ve seen an increase Dr. Andrew Plume and non-academic book by Harold Jefferson in papers authored by an extremely large Dr. Daphne van Weijen Coolidge (5). The phenomenon has become number of researchers, most notably the a focus of academic research itself, as a ATLAS collaboration papers published in search for the phrase in Scopus retrieved 305 2008 (2,926 authors)(7) and 2012 (3,171 documents published on the topic from 1962 authors)(8) and a Nature article on the Initial to date. On average, more than 20 articles Sequencing and Analysis of the Human per year were published on the topic over the Genome by the International Human past 5 years (2009 – 2013), with 37 articles Genome Sequencing Consortium with about alone published in 2013. Nonetheless, it 2,900 authors published in 2009 (9). But seems clear that researchers suffer from this the question remains how researchers are phenomenon on an increasing scale. currently dealing with the increased pressure to publish. In other words, are individual One common belief is that as a result of the researchers actually writing more articles rise of the “publish or perish” culture, and every year, or are there just more authors in order to remain successful in academia, writing more collaboratively? To answer each researcher is publishing more and this question we collected trend data from more articles every year. But is this true? Scopus for 2003 – 2013 and checked different Are researchers publishing more unique characteristics of authorship patterns over articles or co-authoring more articles? One time; the data simply counted the number of the earliest studies in our literature search of articles (articles, reviews and conference that tried to answer this question, by F.P. De papers) published each year and the count Villiers, was published in 1984 and focused of authorships and unique author names on changes in authorship in the South African associated with these. Here we use the term Medical Journal from 1971 to 1982 (6). ‘authorships’ to define the occurrence of an individual on an article, while the concept of a ‘unique author’ reflects an individual who has appeared on one or more articles in a given period (here a single year). Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 17

Figure 1: Growth in volume of articles published, authorships and unique authors from 2003-2013. Source: Scopus

Figure 2: Authorship patterns over time (2003-2013). Source: Scopus Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 18

Main findings These findings build on earlier observations References: (10) in which the increases in authorships Results of our analysis show that there has 1. Research Trends (2010) Did you know… “Publish per article (at 1.9% mean annual growth rate been a consistent growth in the number of or perish” has been worrying researchers for 60 in the period 1980-2002), authorships per articles published over the past decade; from years? Research Trends, issue 16, March 2010. 1.3 million in 2003 to 2.4 million in 2013 (see unique author (at 1.2%) were contrasted by a 2. Sojka, R.E. and Mayland, H.F. (1991) Driving Figure 1). At the same time, the number of decline in article per unique author (at -0.7%). Science With One Eye On the Peer Review Mirror authorships has increased at a far greater In the current data, the comparable rates rate from 4.6 million in 2003 to 10 million are 1.8%, 0.9% and -0.8%; suggesting the 3. Garfield, Eugene, (1996). “What Is The Primordial in 2013. continuation of a long-term trend stretching Reference For The Phrase ‘Publish Or Perish’?”. The back not just one decade but at least three. Scientist 10 (12): 11. Over the past ten years or so, the number of 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publish_or_perish, authorships per unique author (2.31 in 2013) These findings are confirmed by research in accessed July 7th, 2014. several specialty fields, including software has increased while the number of articles 5. Coolidge, Harold Jefferson, (1932) Archibald engineering, where the average number of per unique author (0.56 in 2013) has declined Cary Coolidge: Life and Letters, p. 308 (source: authors per paper has risen on average by (see Figure 2), while the total number of Wikipedia). articles published per year has increased about 0.4 authors per decade from 1970 to 6. De Villiers, F.P. (1984) South African Medical (see Figure 1). At the same time, the average 2012 (11), and pediatric surgery, which has Journal, Volume 66, Issue 23, 8 December 1984, number of authorships per article has seen a marked increase in papers authored Pages 882-883. increased from 3.5 to 4.15 authors from 2003 by 6 or more authors and also in multi- to 2013, which suggests that authors are national papers (12). 7. The ATLAS Collaboration et al (2008). JINST 3 collaborating and co-authoring more now S08003 doi:10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08003 than they were 10 years ago. (At the same If each active author does not increase 8. The ATLAS Collaboration et al (2012). Observation time, the percentage of single authored their fractional article output each year, of a new particle in the search for the Standard papers has declined from 20% in 2003 to what is driving the observed volume Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at 13% in 2013; data not shown). increase in research outputs globally? the LHC, Physics Letters B, Volume 716, Issue 1, Here, the answer is quite simple – the 17 September 2012, Pages 1–29, DOI: 10.1016/j. In other words, the number of authorships research workforce is growing at a similar physletb.2012.08.020. rate year-on-year to the volume of article per article is rising: 10 years ago, an average 9. International Human Genome Sequencing production (at about 3-4% p.a.; data not paper had about 3.5 authors, now it has over Consortium (2009). Initial sequencing and analysis shown), and so new entrants into research 4 authors. This rise in ‘fractional authorship’ of the human genome, Nature, V412, 565. (the claiming of credit for authorship of fields are responsible for creating new 10. Moed, H.F. (2005). Citation Analysis in Research a published articles by more than one knowledge which eventually sees publication Evaluation. Dordrecht (Netherlands): Springer. ISBN individual) is most likely driven by research in the peer-reviewed literature. 1-4020-3713-9, 346 pp. collaboration, and is an efficient mechanism by which each author can increase their Conclusion 11. Fernandes, J.M. (2014) Authorship trends in apparent productivity from the same Despite opinions to the contrary, these data software engineering. Scientometrics, DOI 10.1007/ underlying research contributions (i.e. articles suggest that there has been no apparent s11192-014-1331-6. per unique author) of 0.56 articles per unique increase in overall productivity per active 12. Pinter, A. (2014), Changing Authorship Patterns author per year. author over the last decade. Instead, authors and Publishing Habits in the European Journal of are using their authorship potential more Pediatric Surgery: A 10-Year Analysis, European This means that a single author can produce wisely by becoming more collaborative in the Journal of Pediatric Surgery, [Epub ahead of print] a single authored article once every two way they work, which is driving an apparent years or a co-authored article with one inflation in each author’s productivity as well other author every year. Now, with the as author bylines. Instead, the underlying rise of ‘fractional authorship’ or fractional driver of the volume increase in articles contributions to papers, we’re seeing that published is simply the introduction of new the way in which authors are using this half entrants/authors into the market. That is a paper’s capacity per year is changing. not surprising, as the total population of A given author may achieve this output by researchers globally continues to rise every appearing as ninth author on 5 different year, and they become increasingly subject paper (5 x 0.1 authorships per paper), instead to the principles of publish or perish: and so of co-authoring as second author on a the cycle continues. pair of 4-author papers per year (2 x 0.25 authorships per paper). Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 19

Section 5: While published papers are one of the most Examples of data repositories from the Behind the data visible outputs of the research process, in a way they are only the tip of the iceberg: the databib list: research workflow is composed of much • 1000 Genomes (Thousand Genomes) A quick look at more than meets the eye of the external (A deep catalog of human genetic observer (see Figure 1). variation) references to • DataONE (Data Observation Network Most scholarly research uses data in for Earth) one guise or another, and recently there • Dryad research data have been calls for data to become more systematically visible research output • Flybase repositories rather than remain a background variable • Freebase of academic endeavors. For instance, the • Marine Geoscience Data System Sarah Huggett Force 11 community movement, which aims • Ontario Data Documentation, to support the advancement of scholarly Extraction Service and Infrastructure communications, has issued eight Data (ODESI) Citation Principles that stress the importance of data being “considered legitimate, • Sloan Digital Sky Survey citable products of research” (1). These • TreeBASE principles highlight main citation issues, • World Data Center such as access, unique identification, and interoperability and flexibility. Research • WormBase Trends’ curiosity was piqued: could there be a way to estimate the visibility of research data in the published literature? Second, papers citing these repositories websites needed to be identified. The Scopus Methodology advanced search function allows searching the reference fields of papers for websites, Researchers may make data available which was done for all URLs on the databib in data repositories, and authors may list, truncating the addresses and using subsequently reference these data in their wildcards as appropriate. The records of the scholarly outputs. So how could these data papers identified as containing the URLs in citations be analyzed? their reference lists were then extracted.

One of the challenges mentioned by There are two main potential caveats to Force11 is unique identification: researchers this approach: may refer to datasets they cite by various names; however, the web addresses of the • If an author fails to include the website repositories in which the data reside can to the references or mentions the website be used as reliable identifiers. So first, a list in the full text but not the references, of data repositories was needed; this was their papers will not be retrieved by this extracted from databib (a website describing search method. itself as “a searchable catalog / registry / directory bibliography of research data • Some of the websites listed by databib repositories”) in June 2014. This yielded 971 are more than just data repositories. If a results (see examples in text box) of data researcher references the website with repositories in various fields, countries, and a purpose other than data citation, then of various sizes. Notably nearly half of the their paper will still be retrieved by this listed repositories originate from the USA search method. (see Figure 2). Results This analysis returned 178,909 1996-2014 documents, with a whopping 19% annual growth (CAGR) between 2009-2013, leading to over 30,000 papers in 2013. Most of the documents are articles (113,618 articles with 24% 2009-2013 CAGR), conference papers (37,410 conference papers with 7% 2009- 2013 CAGR), and reviews (19,334 reviews with 16% 2009-2013 CAGR) (see Figure 3). Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 20

Figure 1: Researcher Workflow. Source: Elsevier’s Response to HEFCE’s call for evidence: independent review of the role of metrics in research assessment

Figure 2: Geographical distribution of data repositories. Source: SciVal

Figure 3: 1996-2013 documents citing bibdata websites. Source: Scopus Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 21

These documents received 1,879,964 Conclusion are scholarly communications (1). There citations, and a word cloud of 2013 papers’ The visibility of research data as estimated are still challenges ahead, in particular document titles (see Figure 4) shows the by references to data repositories in the regarding unique identification and meta- preponderance of health-related topics. published literature has seen strong data integration, which would allow more growth in recent years. The topics covered rigorous and accurate bibliometrics analyses. by these papers are preponderantly Nevertheless, with current computational centered on health-related issues. This storage capacities and increasing demand topical issue is seeing initiatives aiming from the research community, the future to further integrate research data into the of research data currently appears full of more traditional outputs of research that potential promises.

Figure 4: Word cloud of words of titles of 2013 documents citing bibdata websites. Source: Scopus and tagxedo

References:

1. Force 11 - “Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles”, accessed at https://www.force11.org/datacitation in August 2014. Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 22

Section 6: Since the scientific revolution, Germany Measuring Impact: Citation Windows Country Trends has been a major contender in Science and Technology, and throughout the 19th and Field-Weighting Century, German was a preponderant Citations accrue to published articles The black language in scholarly communications around over time, as articles are first read and the globe. Although two World Wars took subsequently cited by other authors in their toll on Germany’s scientific progress, in their own published articles. Citation eagle soars: the modern era the country is still the home practices, such as the number, type and or birthplace of many Nobel Laureates. In age of articles cited in the reference Germany’s today’s world, Germany remains a major list, may also differ by research field. scientific hub, producing over 6% of the As such, in comparative assessments bibliometric world’s scholarly output in 2012, and German of research outputs, citations must be scholars are particularly active in disciplines counted over consistent time windows, trends such as Mathematics and Physical Sciences and publication and field-specific (1). In recent years, the country has seen a differences in citation frequencies 2004-2013 fairly steady rise in internal R&D expenditure, must be accounted for. Field-weighted approaching 80 billion Euros in 2012 (2). citation impact is an indicator of mean Dr. Stephanie Oeben and Sarah Huggett Germany exceeded 10% of the world’s citation impact, and compares the actual citations in 2012, leading to high relative number of citations received by an article citation impact of its research in all fields. with the expected number of citations German research also leads to technological for articles of the same document type innovations – Germany is second only to the (article, review or conference proceeding USA in patent citation share (1). In this piece paper), publication year and subject Research Trends takes a bibliometric look field. Where the article is classified in at trends in German research during the two or more subject fields, the harmonic past decade. mean of the actual and expected citation rates is used. The indicator is therefore always defined with reference to a Germany now global baseline of 1.0 and intrinsically In the past five years (2009-2013), 497,212 accounts for differences in citation Germany-based authors published 726,090 accrual over time, differences in citation papers which were cited 5,045,807 times, rates for different document types resulting in a Field Weighted Citation (reviews typically attract more citations Impact (FWCI) of 1.43. The country is highly than research articles, for example) as internationally collaborative, with 48.3% of well as subject-specific differences in 2013 German scholarly papers resulting from citation frequencies overall and over international collaborations (source: SciVal). time and document types. It is one of the most sophisticated indicators in the modern bibliometric toolkit. (1) Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 23

Germany 2004-2013 Germany has seen increases in international collaboration over time, as have several of its European neighbors (see Figure 1). The UK in particular has seen a higher increase rate than Germany in the past decade: while the UK was less internationally collaborative than Germany in 2004, by 2013, nearly half of its scholarly output (49.7%) was the result of international collaboration. That same year, more than half of the scholarly outputs of France and the Netherlands were internationally collaborative. Meanwhile, Spain and Italy show parallel increasing trends but lower percentages of international collaboration over the whole period, whilst Poland, the least internationally collaborative country selected, shows overall decreases in international collaboration over time, Figure 1: Germany and selected European countries’ 2004-2013 international collaboration percentages. amounting to less than a third of its Source: SciVal (Scopus data) 2013 output.

Germany’s scholarly output has grown to reach 137,865 papers in 2013. Among its selected European neighbors it is second only to the UK, which published about 10,000 more papers that same year. Other selected European countries also see growth over time, but their scholarly outputs remain significantly below that of Germany and the UK (see Figure 2).

Some of the German outputs show high and increasing citability; for instance, German publications that are amongst the top 1% cited papers rose strongly over time, to reach nearly 2.4% of the country’s scholarly output in 2013. For comparison, 2.5% of the UK’s scholarly output was in the top 1% cited papers in 2013, and a significantly higher 3.1% of the Netherlands’ (see Figure 3). Figure 2: Germany and selected European countries’ 2004-2013 scholarly output. Source: SciVal (Scopus Germany and the UK have higher absolute data). (Note: Owing to usual indexing lags for some recently-published content at the time of data numbers of papers in the top 1% cited papers extraction (mid 2014), the 2013 data point may not reflect a complete view of the final 2013 publication than the Netherlands, but normalizing for outputs of each country shown). output size reveals that a higher proportion of the Netherlands’ scholarly output is in the top 1% cited papers.

Figure 3: Proportion of 2004-2013 German and selected European countries’ publications in the top 1% cited papers. Source: SciVal (Scopus data) Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 24

Germany’s growth is not limited to the top cited outputs either, as demonstrated by the rising trend of Germany’s FWCI, from an already high 1.27 in 2004 to an impressive 1.49 in 2013. The Netherlands and the UK have higher FWCIs across the whole decade, and so does Italy in 2013 (1.60). Although in 2004 Italy’s FWCI was inferior to Germany’s, it has seen strong increases over the past 10 years, catching up to Germany in 2010 and 2011 before clearly overtaking it in 2012 and 2013, when it even marginally surpassed the UK’s (see Figure 4).

Finally, looking at the language diversity of scholarly publications, research has shown that non-English outputs tend to have lower citation impact (3). Taken together with the steadily decreasing proportion of German research published in German (see Figure 5), Figure 4: Germany and selected European countries’ 2004-2013 FWCI. Source: SciVal (Scopus data) this may help explain some of the increase observed in FWCI.

Conclusion Germany’s academic achievements are long-standing, and despite some historical turbulence, Germany has managed to maintain its status as one of the main scientific powers in Europe and on the global scene. Compared to selected European neighbors, Germany remains a solid contender with a robust performance, in particular in terms of output, even though in the last decade it has been overtaken by the UK in terms of international collaboration and by Italy in terms of FWCI. Recent trends such as increases in funding and output bode well for the bibliometrics future of the country, while boosting international collaboration could help further improve the nation’s citation impact (4). Figure 5: Proportion of German-language German output 2004-2013. Source: Scopus

References:

1. BIS report http://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/171711/Elsevier_BIS_2013_web_Dec2013-2.pdf 2. Federal Statistical Office https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/BildungForschungKultur/ForschungEntwicklung/Tabellen/ ForschungEntwicklungSektoren.html 3. Van Leeuwen, T.N., Moed, H.F., Tijssen, R.J.W., Visser, M.S., van Raan, A.F.J. (2001) “Language biases in the coverage of the Science Citation Index and its consequences for international comparisons of national research performance”, Scientometrics, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 335-346. 4. Science Europe & Elsevier (2013), “Comparative Benchmarking of European and US Research Collaboration and Researcher Mobility”, retrieved from http:// www.scienceeurope.org/uploads/Public documents and speeches/SE and Elsevier Report Final.pdf; The Royal Society (2011), “Knowledge, networks and nations: Global scientific collaboration in the 21st century”, (J. Wilson, L. Clarke, N. Day, T. Elliot, H. Harden-Davies, T. McBride, … R. Zaman, Eds.) (p. 113). London: The Royal Society. Retrieved from http://royalsociety.org/policy/projects/knowledge-networks-nations/report/ Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 25

Section 7: Bibliometric indicators based on publications 1. Pre-development phase: In this phase Country trends in international, peer reviewed journals the level of research activity in a country can be used to characterize the current is low. Research oriented towards the stage of a country’s scientific development. international research front is carried out Tracking scientific A simple bibliometric model for different by a limited number of researchers only. phases of development of a country’s There is no clear research policy and national research system distinguishes four structural funding of research. Activities development and phases: (1) pre-development; (2) building- result from initiatives by a limited number up; (3) consolidation and expansion; and of active researchers, who may in some collaborations – (4) internationalization (see Figures 1, 2). years seek collaborations with foreign The model assumes that during the various colleagues. The publication output is low. The case of 25 phases of a country’s scientific development, From a statistical point of view, indicators the number of published articles in peer are based on low numbers and may show Asian countries reviewed journals shows a more or less large annual fluctuations. This is especially continuous increase, although the rate of true for the percentage of internationally Dr. Henk Moed and Dr. Gali Halevi increase may vary substantially over the co-authored articles. years. But a bibliometric indicator measuring the share of a country’s internationally co- authored articles discriminates between the various phases in the development.

Figure 1: Bibliometric model for capturing the state of scientific development Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 26

2. Building-up phase: Researchers in the country start establishing projects with foreign research teams, often funded by foreign or international agencies, and focusing on a particular topic. They begin collaborating with colleagues from more developed countries. Internationally co-authored articles constitute one of the outputs. National researchers enter international scientific networks. The role of the country’s authors in the collaboration is secondary rather than primary. The percentage of internationally co-authored articles relative to a country’s total publication output tends to increase, but is often not statistically significant, due to the fact that the absolute number of annual publications from a country is low, and the internationally co-authored papers may be Figure 2: Schematic overview of trends in bibliometric indicators per development phase. concentrated in particular years. Source: UNESCO report “Higher Education in Asia – Expanding up, Expanding Out”; P. 80

3. Consolidation and expansion: The country develops its own scientific infrastructure. The amount of funds available for research increases. Concept Main questions Indicators; classifications The national research capacity increases. Nationally oriented journals The number of research internationalize and have a larger How many articles did a articles, reviews and probability of being indexed in Scopus country publish and how did conference papers published Publication output and other international scientific literature this number develop over in journals and conference databases. More and more research time? proceedings indexed in papers are based on research carried Scopus during 1997-2012 out by national institutions only. The number of internationally co-authored Use of a subject papers increases as well, but at a rate In which subject field does a classification into 26 main Disciplinary specialization that is lower than that of the country’s country specialize? disciplines available in total output; hence, the percentage Scopus of internationally co-authored papers declines. Use of a classification into 4 How important are the Distribution by institutional institutional sectors: Higher various institutional sectors 4. Internationalization: National research sector Education; Government; in research? capacity is further expanding; research Private; Health institutions in the country start functioning as fully fledged partners and more and Based on the number of more often take the lead in international articles co-authored by collaborations. Overall impact increases; How frequently do Asian researchers from different the country’s researcher’s influence the Global and regional countries collaborate countries; calculation of global research agenda; the country collaboration with each other and with the percentage share of more and more becomes one of the countries outside the region? a country’s articles co- world leaders, at least in specific research authored with researchers domains. Both the number of publications working abroad and the share of internationally co-authored articles increase. Based on a simple model taking into account the trend in a country’s annual State of scientific In what phase of its scientific number of publications and development development is a country? the percentage share of internationally co-authored articles

Table 1: Main bibliometric indicators and classifications used in this study Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 27

This study analyzed data on scientific publications for 25 Asian countries (see Country Country Table 2) extracted from Scopus, a multidisciplinary database covering Afghanistan Macao publications in 20,000 peer reviewed, mostly international journals. Data on Bangladesh Malaysia all publications indexed in the Scopus database were organized by country and Bhutan Maldives sorted into three adjacent time periods: (a) 1997-2001, (b) 2002-2007 and (c) Brunei Myanmar 2008-2012. This yielded approximately 6.5 million records for the region as a Cambodia Nepal whole over these three time periods. These publication records were sorted into 26 research disciplines implemented in Scopus. China North Korea Publications were coded to denote the number of co-authorships among authors Hong Kong South Korea from countries in the study set and with authors in other countries outside the India Pakistan studied countries. Publications were further categorized by authors’ type of institutional Indonesia Philippines affiliations, e.g., whether they were affiliated with a higher education institution, Iran Singapore government, a private sector organization, or were employed in the health sector. Japan Sri Lanka Figure 1 describes the most important indicators and document classifications Laos Thailand applied in the following analysis. Table 2: List of countries included in the analysis Vietnam Trends in scientific output 1997-2012 Figure 3 shows that there are substantial differences among countries in their average number of publications per year, by up to 400 per cent. Among countries with more than 1,000 papers per year per country, the largest output is from China. However, Iran, Malaysia and Pakistan have a compound annual growth rate above 15 per cent.

Figure 3: Number and annual growth rate of publications indexed in Scopus 1997-2012. Note: The horizontal axis gives the average number of publications indexed in Scopus per year over the time period 1997-2012 on a logarithmic scale. The vertical axis gives the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) in the number of publications over the same time period. If P1 and P2 denote the number of publications from a country in 1997 and 2012, respectively, CAGR is defined as 15(P2/P1) - 1. Source: UNESCO report “Higher Education in Asia – Expanding up, Expanding Out”, P.85 Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 28

Scientific output in relation to PhD students enrolment and FTEs The data below compare two bibliometric indicators – the number of published articles and the number of publishing authors in a year – with two non-bibliometric indicators, namely the number of FTE researchers in a country and the number of doctoral degrees awarded by that country. Figure 4 indicates that the number of publications generated within a country increases in almost linear fashion with the number of doctoral degrees. This suggests that doctoral students play a key role in the production of a country’s publication output in international, Scopus indexed journals.

Likewise, the number of authors from a country publishing research articles (at least in Scopus) increases with the number of FTE researchers (Figure 5). Further, research intensive countries, i.e., countries that have Figure 4: Number of publications indexed in Scopus in relation to doctoral enrollment by country (UNESCO, a large number of FTE researchers per 2006). Note: Publication counts relate to the average number of publications from a country per year inhabitant, tend to have a higher share of during 1997-2012, and the number of doctoral degrees to the most recent year for which data are researchers in the business sector than available (mostly 2011). The dashed line represents the best fit of a power law relationship of the type less research intensive countries. Since y=a.xa. Plotting this functional relationship on a double logarithmic scale, it yields a straight line. The researchers in the business sector tend exponent a in the relationship is called the scaling parameter or exponent, and is in a double log to publish less in international journals, plot represented by the slope of the straight line. If a=1, y increases linearly with x. If a>1 y increases this factor may explain why the increase superlinearly with x, indicative for a cumulative advantage. If a<1 y increases sublinearly with x, indicative in the number of publishing authors has for a cumulative disadvantage. The R2 value is a measure of the goodness of fit of the power law a somewhat weaker relationship to FTE relationship. It ranges between 0 (no fit) and 1 (perfect fit). Source: UNESCO reportHigher “ Education in researchers in the country. Asia – Expanding up, Expanding Out”, P.82

Figure 5: The relationship between the number FTE researchers (UNESCO, 2006) in a country and the number of authors of publications indexed in Scopus. Note: Author counts relate to the average number of publishing authors from a country per year during 1997-2012, and FTE research to the most recent year for which data are available (mostly 2011). For the meaning of the dashed line and the parameters in the functional relationship see the legend of Figure 1. For the full country name corresponding with a country code see Table 1. Source: UNESCO report “Higher Education in Asia – Expanding up, Expanding Out”, P.83 Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 29

International co-authorships The trend in the percentage of internationally co-authored papers for 13 countries between 2003 and 2011 is presented in Figure 6. Three out of five high income countries such as China, Singapore and Japan, show a positive trend in international co-authorship. Seven out of nine of middle income countries such as India and Indonesia, show a significant decline in the percentage of internationally co-authored articles, and none shows a significant positive trend. A negative decline could be a sign of the consolidation and expansion phase in scientific development which is apparently dominant in middle income countries.

Trends in scientific collaborations Figure 7 shows that there are tight co-authorship clusters within the region. Japan has a central role in the collaborative co-authorship scheme of the region. Japan’s Figure 6: Trends in percentage of internationally co-authored articles in selected countries 2003-2011 research focus on Medicine, Biochemistry, Source: UNESCO report “Higher Education in Asia – Expanding up, Expanding Out”, P.84 Physics and Engineering enables it to become a central hub of collaborations, bringing together research from different areas in the region. In addition there is a formation of three clusters of research collaboration within the region. The first cluster includes China, Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China), Singapore and Macao (SAR of China), which constitute the East Asian region. As shown China also serves as a link between Hong Kong (SAR of China), Macao (SAR of China) and Singapore to other members of the region such as Japan, India and Thailand. The China / Hong Kong (SAR of China) / Singapore/ Macao (SAR of China) cluster focuses on the areas of Engineering, Physics and Astronomy as well as Computer Science for the most part. The second cluster, which includes India, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan, constitutes the South Asian region and focuses on Medicine, Agriculture, Chemistry and Engineering. The third cluster, which includes Thailand as its center, closely connects Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Brunei, Nepal, Figure 7: Regional scientific collaborations. Source: UNESCO report “Higher Education in Asia – Expanding Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar and up, Expanding Out”, P.88 Laos and together constitutes the South Asian region. This cluster focuses mostly on Agriculture, Medicine and Earth sciences. Finally the map shows that the Republic of Korea and China play an essential role in bridging between Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and other countries. Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 30

International scientific collaboration Figure 8 shows the international scientific collaborations between Asian countries and the global community. There are four distinct “pockets” of international collaborations in the region. The United States, Canada, Germany, Spain and Italy form close collaborative relations with China, India, The Republic of Korea and Singapore. Secondly, the United Kingdom has a major role in connecting other European countries such as France, Belgium and Switzerland with SEA countries that display lower scientific output with the international community. The United Kingdom also serves as a bridge between Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan and others and the European scientific community. Australia forms a third circle of collaborations, bridging among Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Brunei. The map also shows that the Russian Federation is somewhat of an outlier, forming single collaborations with the Republic of Korea, Japan, India, Figure 8: International Scientific collaborations between Asian countries and the global community. and Pakistan. Source: UNESCO report “Higher Education in Asia – Expanding up, Expanding Out”, P.89

Conclusions 1. Scientific output: the region has seen a Disclaimer: This article is an extract of a significant increase in its scientific output study conducted for the latest UNESCO report from 1997 to 2012. There are, however, “Higher Education in Asia – Expanding up, large differences between individual Expanding Out”. All figures are property of countries within the region. China has UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), United a leading role in scientific output and Nations University-International Institute for growth. However, attention should be Software Technology (UNU-IIST), Elsevier given to countries such as Malaysia and Inc. and UNESCO International Institute for Pakistan which have a compound annual Educational Planning (IIEP) (2014). Higher growth rate above 15 per cent in this Education in Asia: Expanding Out, Expanding time period. Up. ISBN 978-92-9189-147-4 licensed under CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Montreal: UIS. 2. Regional and international http://www.uis.unesco.org collaborations: The most evident progress seen through the bibliometric analysis is both the increasing scientific collaborations between the countries of the region and a significant growth of international collaborations between the countries of the region and the international scientific community. The regional co-authorships networks show that smaller countries entering the scientific arena, such as Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka, increasingly collaborate with larger countries in the region, thus gaining expertise and increased output. These countries also used their collaborators as a bridge to the international scientific community. Larger countries such as China, Japan, Thailand and others, show increased international collaborative ties in the form of co-authorships and are functioning as hubs for smaller countries in their international scientific endeavors. Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 31

Section 8: The first APAC Research Intelligence The idea to organize this event stemmed Reporting Back Conference was attended by 109 people from a common interest in having a platform from 70 institutions, coming from 8 different to facilitate open discussion on the topic countries world-wide. The topic of discussion by dedicated professionals, and that was Reporting at this two day event hosted at The Nanyang certainly achieved as 9 speakers took the Executive Center at NTU in Singapore was stage to share their insight and experiences. Research Excellence, the challenges which This article reviews selected parts of each Back: The institutions face with regard to managing speaker’s presentation. research and the best practices employed to APAC Research optimize research strategy and impact. Intelligence Conference

Alexander van Servellen and Ikuko Oba

Group photo taken during the conference, with presenters mentioned in the article in bold. Back row from the left – Hiroshi Fukunari, Marcel Vonder, Thomas Thayer, Anders Karlsson, William Gunn, Kevin Carlsten, Lim Kok Keng. Front row from the left - Byoung Yoon Kim, Hirofumi Seike, Douglas Robertson, Giles Carden, Michael Khor.

Figure 1: The field-weighted citation impact of NTU and selected comparator institutions 2004-2012. Source: SciVal Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 32

Day 1 Professor Bertil Professor Byoung Yoon Dr. Anders Karlsson, Andersson, President of Kim, Vice President Vice President Nanyang Technological of Research at the Global Academic University (NTU) in Advanced Institute Relations APAC, Singapore, presented of Science and Elsevier, presented ‘Nanyang Technological Technology (KAIST) in ‘The Global Trends on University, Singapore: A South Korea presented Internationalization Drive in Excellence’. ‘Strategic Role of and Assessing Impact KAIST in Advancing Beyond Research’. Professor Andersson described Singapore Korean Economic as a country with a vibrant eco-system of Development’. Dr. Karlsson posed a number of questions; world-class research producing institutions. the most central being ‘is collaborative work He highlighted the important role of Professor Kim outlined the role KAIST has better?’ He showed the positive correlation the Singapore government, as not only played in developing Korea’s economy in the between the international collaboration talking about developing the knowledge last 40 years and spoke about the role they share of a country and their Field-Weighted economy, but also walking the talk by hope to play in the next 40 years. KAIST was Citation Impact, found in the report prepared providing funding, having a dedicated established in 1971 with a mission to produce by Elsevier for the Department of Business Research Innovation & Enterprise Council professionals to transform Korea into an Innovation and Skills (BIS) in the UK (1), chaired by the Prime Minister, using 5-year industrialized nation. As an initiative for and was quick to point out that correlation planning cycles, and by having a tradition of change and development, it was not only a does not explain causality. From the same philanthropic endowments and incentivizing new university, but was also under a different study, he presented data that shows the private donations. NTU is one of the fast- ministry, and therefore did not share budget UK’s international collaborative papers rising universities in both the world ranking with the other universities. KAIST recruited the were cited 60 per cent more often than and research impact. Figure 1 shows NTU’s best professors worldwide and successfully papers collaborated on only within UK. That Field-Weighted Citation Impact surpassing contributed to Korea’s economic growth by data was positioned as strong evidence that of Asia’s top institutes by 2012. fostering talents who established companies demonstrating the leverage the UK gets from now known worldwide, which generate the collaborating internationally, in terms of the Professor Andersson attributed their success majority of Korean’s income. positive effect on overall scholarly influence. to being young and having been able to start from scratch rather than reorganizing Looking forward, Professor Kim spoke Dr. Karlsson investigated whether an existing structure, receiving long-term about the Startup-KAIST movement, which international articles are judged better in generous finance, and being able to recruit aims to establish a model that the country peer review. He used evidence provided senior and junior faculty from abroad should follow by spreading a culture of from a study (2) which looked at papers maintaining a strong international profile. entrepreneurship, to develop an eco-system submitted in Italy for peer review, and found to help establish and globalize company that papers with more authors were judged activities. Professor Kim echoed Professor higher in excellence. “A university is about its people, its Andersson in attributing the success of KAIST people and its people……its good in part to having started as an independent people. I think personally the biggest university rather than changing an existing “If you collaborate more, your citation secret to our success has been that system and culture. He said if the same impact increases, basically you have a we’ve been able to recruit top people money went to another existing university, broader base, and you reach out more from Europe, United States and Asia… it would not have produced the same results. broadly… International collaboration of a very high caliber. And we also KAIST represented a departure from the should be high on the strategic agenda recruited many young people. The old system. of countries which want to increase their superstars of tomorrow have come to citation impact”. NTU in big numbers and we had funding Dr. Anders Karlsson, Elsevier for that”. “KAIST has to also find out what it should Professor Bertil Andersson, NTU be doing for the next 40 years in order to be different and justify its existence. We should not compare our university with SNU… it has a different mission. Although my president (laughs) and most government officers are very interested in university rankings, I try not to talk about it, because it is important in a sense, but it should not be the goal…” Professor Byoung Yoon Kim, KAIST Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 33

Dr. Giles Carden, Director, Strategic Planning and Analytics, Warwick University presented ‘Research Planning: Embedding analytics in a new research performance challenge process at the University of Warwick’.

Dr. Carden introduced Warwick University’s approach to using analytics for managing research performance, and explained their imperative strategic rationales, achievements, and future direction. The context for developing analytics was to support Warwick’s goal of becoming an undisputed world-leader in research and scholarship, plus the fact that the UK’s national research exercise in part based their assessment on these types of analytics. Distribution of UK’s 1.6 billion pounds in block grants coming from the government is informed by the assessment outcome of Figure 2: The collaboration map shows the institutions which Warwick University has collaborated with the Research Excellence Framework (REF). represented by a bubble which shows the number of co-authored publications (2011-2013). Source: SciVal Thus, Warwick developed an analytics and planning process in tandem and embedded the analytics into the process to be successful in this very competitive environment.

Dr. Carden shared analytics showing Warwick’s collaboration with the USA (see Figure 2), stating this was important to boost citation impact. He also revealed that Warwick’s Research Assessment and Planning group reviews the performance of each individual academic in a substantial post, and showed an author profile in SciVal (see Figure 2). Communication was the key to the project’s success. It was not about being out to get people, but to identify patterns that can help researchers turn their performance around. As a result, Warwick University improved academic staff accountability, grew in research income and research students, published more in high impact journals, and increased citations – along with a cultural shift within the university. In closing, Dr. Carden discussed the future of analytics and big data as likely involving predictive analytics, and also highlighted the limitations of analytics. Figure 3: Author profile showing the publications, citations, citations per paper and h-index of a specific author. Source: SciVal Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 34

Dr. Douglas Robertson, Dr. Robertson also questioned whether Day 2 Director of Research the race to publish is a good thing, citing Dr. Hirofumi Seike, Services Division, The a number of studies which report observed University Research Australian National lack of reproducibility, including one in Administrator, University (ANU), the pharmaceutical industry where it was Management presented ‘The revealed that in only ~20–25 per cent of Associate Professor, Changing World of the projects, were the relevant published Tohoku University Research Support data completely in line with our in-house presented ‘University and the Challenges findings (3). Internationalization and of Impact from its Impact’. Basic Science: Some Reflections’. “I find it challenging to figure out how we Dr. Seike raised internationalization as create an effective research environment a challenge, and why? Tohoku commits Dr. Robertson has been active in research rather than one that is easy to measure. to providing students the best quality administration since 1983, and reflected on I am of the opinion that if you are using international perspective possible, and the the changing nature in university research public money, and produce work that university believes international experience support and on some concerns. Research cannot be reproduced, it is not a good will ensure a high quality education and administration has become much more outcome. The aim is that you publish so research, as well as expanding their human complex, and he questioned whether that others can build on your publication, networks. Many global issues can only be the quality of research is any better as a that you patent so that others can solved through international collaboration, consequence. He encouraged contemplation build on your invention, and if your but Japan encounters a problem of students about whether the development and current publication does not achieve that, we not wanting to study abroad. In this sense, practice of research administration is really to have concerns. Particularly in the life he feels Japan is falling behind. the benefit of science and society. sciences, the pressure on scientists is phenomenal…” ” In terms of research, he feels that Japan has stagnated, while other Asian countries are “Life was very simple in 1983. When you Dr. Douglas Robertson, ANU increasing their presence. The government were sent a research award, it ran to shares a strong sense of urgency which one side of A4 that said ‘we’d like to give leads them to initiate multiple globalization you some money, will you please write Finally, Dr. Robertson raised the importance projects and set targets such as to include 10 back and say whether you’d like it. And of curiosity driven research and concerns universities in the top 100 in world rankings. if you could tell us what you did in three about the increased shift in focus to applied Dr. Seike introduced one of the government years’ time, we’d be very grateful.’ Now science. Scientists are increasingly required initiatives, WPI, which aims to establish research contracts in the UK can run to to indicate what their research will be used world-class research institutes. Tohoku 90 or 100 pages, of very closely typed for rather than being left to freely explore the University was chosen as one of them. WPI script…there has been quite a lot of unknown. He underlined the importance of empowered the awardees to have their change… ” basic research, stating that applied research own governance, which allowed competitive Dr. Douglas Robertson, ANU is only possible when you have a solid recruitment to assemble world-class foundation of basic research. innovative scientists that can lead from basic research to industry application.

He asked whether we are spending too “WPI established a special zone within much money on administrating research the existing university framework. It’s a and not enough money on actually doing new approach… not just the expansion it. He also stated that several Nobel Prize of the existing system. It should be the winners have questioned whether they showcase of the best research… the would have been funded under the current best of the best.” systems. Today, researchers have to report more often, get more permission, and justify Dr. Hirofumi Seike, Tohoku University more why their research is worth investing in, while the focus is now more on the societal impact than the impact on research and other researchers. Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 35

Professor Paul What does it mean to be a ‘world class’ Dr. John Green, K.H. Tam, university? HKU agreed upon having Life Fellow, Queens’ Pro-Vice-Chancellor a tradition of research excellence with College, University of and Vice-President internationally competitive staff and more Cambridge, presented (Research), University importantly, a strong culture that will attract ‘Evidence Based of Hong Kong (HKU) students globally as the choice of institution decision making in presented ‘Research for those who want a career in research. academic research’. Excellence and HKU has been very successful despite Internationalization at there being 8 institutions. They are First Dr. Green the University of Hong Kong – Striking the responsible for over half of large program created context by talking about increasing Right Mix of Metrics and Faculty Expertise’. grants, and have the top position in every interdisciplinarity and internationalization assessment indicator, be it grant amount in science, and the increasing demand for Professor Tam described the University of or research output. evidence to evaluate outcomes and justify Hong Kong (HKU) as an institute of great funding expenditure. He spoke about how heritage but with many structural issues Talking about university transformation, Imperial College evaluates interdisciplinary that needed to be resolved – and shared Professor Tam spoke about guiding principles institutes that work cross-departmentally the ways they overcame these challenges. It of providing an enabling environment for every 3 or 4 years, and on what basis they was a transformation from a predominately researchers and respecting academic close institutes down. teaching university to a comprehensive freedom by keeping a bottom up approach research university. which is top facilitated. Dr. Green touched on the potential of getting lost in the avalanche of data available today A major motivation for institutions of and the importance of getting meaningful Higher Education is competition, and the “What I consider the greatest asset of information from the data. It is important introduction of other universities in Hong the university is human resources, the to understand where the strength of an Kong ‘awoke the giant from deep sleep’. talents. It is the role of the university institution lies, where to focus its strategy, While the transformation was also self- leaders to provide an enabling who to collaborate with. He explained motivated, there were important external environment for the researchers – this is the importance of due diligence about factors which came from the government, my guiding principle. The other principle specific partnerships, the need to find ways the establishment of The Research Grants I have is that we have enjoyed the to connect researchers and facilitate the Council followed by the introduction of the principle of academic freedom and we mobility that will create the collaboration. Research Assessment Exercise. The previous respect that and continue to cherish it. He stated firmly that these things do not funding system allocated 75 per cent of the To respect that means the approach is happen bottom up, that there is a need to money into recurrent grant that supported bottom up. There can be a lot of debate facilitate them based on evidence to inform continuity and sustainability. Distribution was between top down and bottom up the facilitation. At Imperial, he created based on student places (75 per cent) and approaches. We have kept a bottom up and used a system that presents the only 25 per cent was related to research. The approach but introduced a top facilitated research performance dashboards at the government changed the system to drive bottom up approach.” departmental level. major change, and allocation is now judged Professor Paul Tam, HKU using performance indicators. “The world has changed now, and if only some of the systems which are available to you now were available to me then, I would not have re-invented the wheel… Pure has now come into the market, which does exactly what we were trying to do, but it does it better. It is a system which sits on top of your internal IT systems and harvests information from it and provides you with dashboards, and that is exactly the concept that I have been talking about.” (Figure.4) Dr. John Green, Life Fellow, Queens’ College, University of Cambridge Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 36

Having spoken about the metrics, he pointed Dr. William Gunn, Nonetheless, altmetrics are not without out the need to standardize the definitions Head of Academic challenges with regard to transparency and methodology involved in generating Outreach, Mendeley, and consistency. There are different services metrics, because everyone tends to do it presented ‘Innovation that provide altmetrics such as Plum differently which means that the results – Scientific and Analytics, Impact Story, and Altmetric, and cannot accurately be compared. How can technical foundation if you query them all on one specific we compare the number of researchers if development for DOI, there are differences in the metric each university defined researcher counts altmetrics in the US’. values reported back, which leads us to differently? The Snowball project, a non- question which value is correct. There are commercial initiative in which Dr. Green and Dr. Gunn spoke about totally new metrics, also problems with identity attribution if Elsevier are involved, resulted in agreed which may compliment, or arguably even be researchers use a fake identity, and finally upon methodology for these metrics that an alternative to traditional metrics, hence altmetrics can also be gamed, although it is are endorsed by a group of distinguished the term ‘altmetrics’. He suggests that new difficult if people make use of many sources UK universities. forms of scholarship need new metrics. and many different metrics. Altmetrics are faster to accrue compared to citation data, and they use research and Looking back, the conference was fascinating “I don’t want to give the impression social media data that is totally outside of in that the speakers and participants alike that metrics are everything. Metrics are the traditional research metrics. Altmetrics for were passionate and often candid in sharing one of a number of ways to come to impact include usage of articles, peer-review their views and experiences, resulting in lively a judgment... and help you come to a such as via post publication commentary discussions, which we all could learn from. view of something. In no sense are they services, and social media activities such a way to navigate your car. A Satellite as discussions on blog posts to measure Navigation system is something that tells attention and impact work had given to References: you what the best route is and how you others. He drives home the point that might change the route if there are traffic there are many ways to look at the overall 1. ELSEVIER (2013) “International Comparative jams... But you have to decide which influence of a paper or group of papers, and Performance of the UK Research Base – 2013”. is the best route for you, based on that that citations are just a tiny fraction of that. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/ information and other information too uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ (for example where you want to go for file/263729/bis-13-1297-international-comparative- lunch, do you want the prettiest route “There are 125 times more downloads performance-of-the-UK-research-base-2013.pdf or the autoroute). That is why we need of papers (than citations) and a universe 2. Franceschet, M., Costantini, A. (2010) “The effect other measures such as peer review to of social activities, that are being of scholar collaboration on impact and quality of complement metrics.” aggregated…, so there is a lot more academic papers”, Journal of Informetrics, Vol. 4, Dr. John Green, Life Fellow, Queens’ data out there that we can gather, work No. 4, pp. 540-553. College, University of Cambridge with and use to understand the impact our work is having”. 3. Prinz, F., Schlange, T., Asadullah, K. (2011) “Believe it or not: How much can we rely on Dr. William Gunn, Head of Academic published data on potential drug targets?”, Nature Outreach, Mendeley Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 10, No. 9, pp. 712-713.

Figure 4: Example of a dashboard in Pure which shows research outputs, journals and activities for a university Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 37

Section 9: As it’s Scopus’ 10 year anniversary, we 6. Scopus coverage has grown from 13,000 thought we’d collate some interesting facts titles and 27 million items in 2004 to Did you know... you might not know about Scopus… 21,000 titles, and 55 million records, from more than 5,000 publishers today. 1. Scopus is named after a bird, the these 10 things Phylloscopus collybita, more commonly 7. Scopus has a number of celebrities with known as the Common Chiff Chaff. author profiles, including Colin Firth, about Scopus? Natalie Portman and Danica McKellar; 2. Scopus won the International Information learn more about Author Profiles. Dr. Daphne van Weijen Industry Award for Best Science, Technology and Medicine (STM) 8. Scopus has APIs that allow you to use Information Product in 2005. selected data – such as cited by counts – on your website, institutional repository or 3. The Scopus Journal Analyzer was research information system. launched in 2008. 9. Scopus recently added local language 4. Scopus was added to Research4Life interface capabilities for Chinese and in 2009. Japanese speaking users.

5. Scopus added two journal performance 10. Scopus’ Arts & Humanities coverage has metrics, Source Normalized Impact per grown from 2,000 titles in 2008 to more Paper (SNIP) and the SCImago Journal than 4,200 titles – and includes more than Rank (SJR) for all titles in the database 1.3 million articles. By 2015, the Scopus in 2010 and in 2014 a third metric was Books Expansion Project will add 75,000 introduced, the Impact Per Publication books including a large proportion in the (IPP). All journal performance metrics are Arts & Humanities. freely available online. Research Trends Issue 38 September 2014 Page 38

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