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Groundwater Arsenic Distribution in South-Western Uruguay

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Groundwater Arsenic Distribution in South-Western Uruguay Environ Geol (2007) 53:827–834 DOI 10.1007/s00254-007-0695-9 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Groundwater arsenic distribution in South-western Uruguay A. Manganelli Æ C. Goso Æ R. Guerequiz Æ J. L. Ferna´ndez Turiel Æ M. Garcı´a Valle`s Æ D. Gimeno Æ C. Pe´rez Received: 8 December 2006 / Accepted: 13 February 2007 / Published online: 7 March 2007 Ó Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract This is the first specific information regarding Keywords Arsenic Á Groundwater Á Aquifer Á arsenic distribution of groundwater in SW Uruguay. Uruguay Twenty-eight wells were sampled on the aquifers of Mer- cedes, Raigo´n and Chuy in five localities. The pH, specific conductivity and temperature were determined in the field. Introduction The hydrochemical characterization (major and trace ele- ments) was carried out by both inductively coupled plas- Interest in the arsenic content in groundwater has increased ma-optical emission spectrometry and inductively coupled significantly in the last decade because millions of people plasma-mass spectrometry. The occurring arsenic concen- around the world are exposed to its consumption. The major trations exceed the recommended threshold for drinking populations and largest affected areas are Bengal Gulf, water of the World Health Organization (10 lg/l of As) in Bangladesh and North-eastern India (Rahman et al. 2001; 22 samples, with more than 50 lg/l of As in two cases. The Bhattacharyya et al. 2003), Inner Mongolia in China (Guo median, minimum and maximum concentrations were 0.1, et al. 2001), Taiwan and Vietnam (Smedley and Kinniburgh 16.9 and 58.0 lg/l of As, respectively. The studied aquifers 2002), Western United States (BEST 2001), Mexico (Rod- present a horizontal and a vertical variation of the con- rı´guez et al. 2004), and Argentina and Chile (Fernandez- centrations as a whole as well as individually. The highest Turiel et al. 2005). Northern Chile and Central and Northern values were observed in the Mercedes Aquifer in the areas Argentina, between the Andes and the Parana River, are the near the Uruguay River. main areas affected in South America. To date, no data have been published regarding the situation in Uruguay. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that health risks by natural arsenic groundwater contamination are serious (WHO 2004; Mead 2005). High arsenic water & A. Manganelli ( ) Á C. Goso Á R. Guerequiz Á C. Pe´rez exposure may cause endemic regional chronic hydroar- Universidad de la Repu´blica, Igua´ 4225, CP 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay senicism in humans. Furthermore, these studies also show e-mail: [email protected] harmful effects in cattle-raising. The discovery of new evidence of toxicological effects consumption to progres- J. L. Ferna´ndez Turiel sively decrease the recommended maximum thresholds of Institute of Earth Sciences J. Almera, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain arsenic for drinking water. On the other hand, the eco- e-mail: [email protected] nomical consequences derived from the application of low thresholds of arsenic in large territories have produced an M. Garcı´a Valle`s Á D. Gimeno intense international debate to discuss the thresholds that Fac. Geologı´a, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain can be actually implemented (Smith and Smith 2004; e-mail: [email protected] Herna´ndez et al. 2005). The World Health Organization, D. Gimeno Japan and the European Union recommend a maximum e-mail: [email protected] threshold of 10 lg/l of As for drinking water, as is pro- 123 828 Environ Geol (2007) 53:827–834 posed by the ‘‘Maximum Contaminant Level Goal’’ Domestic (in urban areas), industrial and agriculture (MCLG) since January of 2006 by USEPA (WHO 2004; demands in Uruguay are mainly satisfied by surface waters, EU 1998; USEPA 2006). but almost all dairy farm activities are supported by water In Argentina and Chile, 50 lg/l of As is the maximum wells. The use of groundwater resources has experimented concentration allowed for drinking water (Co´digo Ali- a fast increase since the 1950s. A major impulse for the use mentario Argentino 1994, MS-ANMAT 2007; Norma of groundwater has been the implementation of the gov- Chilena Oficial 409/1 1984, Diario Oficial de la Repu´blica ernmental project PRENADER (Natural Resources Man- de Chile 1984). In Uruguay, the government manages the agement and Irrigation Development Program), funded hydrological resources (Art. 47, National Constitution). jointly by the World Bank. This project permitted, between The Water Code (Law # 14.859) gives juridical support to 1996 and 2001, the drilling of more than 3,000 wells the use of Uruguayan waters. In order to prevent environ- throughout the country. In addition, a complete water well mental contamination, water control is managed by Decree database including geological description and hydrogeo- 253/79 (Norms to prevent the environmental contamination logical data became available. The PRENADER database through the water quality control) and the subsequent was used to select the majority of the wells studied. modifications introduced by Decrees 232/88, 698/89 and This article assesses the arsenic occurrence in the main 195/91. According to its actual or potential use, four water South-western Uruguayan aquifers (Mercedes, Raigo´n and categories are established in the latter regulations (Table 1; Chuy) and is the first published data regarding groundwater DINAMA 2007): arsenic distribution. The only reference found (Montan˜o et al. 2006) simply indicates that the Quaternary ash- • Class 1 Drinking water susceptible to be treated conven- deposits are considered the probable source of high arsenic tionally. Maximum As concentration: 0.005 mg/l. contents in Southern aquifers but provides no reference • Class 2a Water for irrigation of plants yielding concerning the magnitude of such values. In this regard, the vegetables for human consumption—when the products present study provides new data on this topic for both are wetted during this process. Maximum As concen- Uruguay and the regional situation towards the east of the tration: 0.05 mg/l. Parana´ River in this part of South America. • Class 2b Water for recreation. Maximum As concen- tration: 0.005 mg/l. • Class 3 Water for aquatic fauna and flora preservation, or irrigation of vegetables that are not directly Geographical and geological setting consumed by people or when these products are not wetted during the process. Maximum As concentration: The studied aquifers are located in South-western Uruguay 0.005 mg/l. (Fig. 1; Heinzen et al. 1986; 2003). The de la Plata and • Class 4 Water belonging to streams draining urban or Uruguay Rivers are the main drainage systems in the area. suburban areas, and water for irrigation of products that The relief is moderately undulated with low altimetry cotes not will be consumed by people. Maximum As (90 m) towards these rivers. The climate is humid and concentration: 0.1 mg/l. template with an annual average precipitation of 1,100 mm and a temperature of 22°C (Cfa type in Ko¨ppen classifi- cation, DINAME 2007). Agriculture and cattle raising are Table 1 Water quality values (range of pH and maximum thresholds the main economical activities in the region. of studied elements) of the Decree 253/79 (and the subsequent modifications of Decrees 232/88, 698/89 and 195/91; DINAMA The Cretaceous detrital Mercedes Aquifer samples were 2007) obtained from wells located near the cities of Nueva Palmira Parameter Unit Decree 253/79 and Young (Colonia and Rio Negro departments, respec- tively). On the other hand, the Plio-Pleistocene detrital Class 1 Class 2a Class 2b Class 3 Class 4 Raigo´n Aquifer was sampled in both proximal and distal pH pH 6.5–8.5 6.5–9.0 6.5–8.5 6.5–8.5 6.0–9.0 fluvial-deltaic environments, near the cities of Canelones- As lg/l 5 50 5 5 100 Tala and Libertad (Canelones and San Jose´ departments). Cr lg/l 50 5 50 50 500 Finally, the Pleistocene detrital Chuy Aquifer was studied in Cu lg/l 200 200 200 200 1,000 Ciudad de la Costa (Canelones Department). Ni lg/l 20 2 20 20 200 P lg/l 25 25 25 25 Mercedes Aquifer Pb lg/l 30 30 30 30 50 l Zn g/l 30 30 30 30 300 The Upper Cretaceous Mercedes Formation (Goso and See explanation of classes in the text Perea 2003) is mainly composed of thick yellowish-white, 123 Environ Geol (2007) 53:827–834 829 Table 2 Hydrogeological properties of the studied aquifers (after Montan˜o et al. 2006 and references herein and author observations) Parameter Mercedes Raigo´n Chuy Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer (Paysandu´ area) Hydraulic conductivity 0.12 25–50 5–40 (m/day) Transmissivity (m2/day) 5–100 300 to >600 <500 Storage coefficient 10–2 2 · 10–4–3 · 10–2 10–2–10–4 Discharge rate (m3/h) 15–25 20 to >30 10–20 Mean well depth (m) 40–100 30–40 <10 Raigo´n Aquifer This aquifer—one of the most important in southern Uru- guay—extends over 2,200 km2 in the Santa Lucı´a Basin. The Raigo´n Formation (Bossi 1966), Plio-Pleistocene age, is mainly composed of conglomerates, sandstones and mudstones. Alluvial channel and bars, flood plain and deltaic front are the most common facies observed. Prox- Fig. 1 Location of the study area in the hydrogeological setting of imal deposits consist of coarse yellow polymictic ortho- the SW of Uruguay (Heinzen et al. 2003). Type A, aquifers in conglomerates, with centimetric clasts and sandy matrix, consolidated and unconsolidated sediments with interstitial porosity; Type B, aquifers in rocks with fracture porosity or vuggy porosity while the distal deposits are white ortho and paracon- due to weathering and/or karstic dissolution; Type C, aquifers in glomerates, occasionally cemented by calcium carbonate.
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