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Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865 - 1936) Văn Hào C Ủa N Ước Anh Lãnh Gi Ải Th Ưởng Nobel V Ăn Ch Ươ Ng N Ăm 1907 Người Viết: Ph Ạm V Ăn Tu Ấn

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Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865 - 1936) Văn Hào C Ủa N Ước Anh Lãnh Gi Ải Th Ưởng Nobel V Ăn Ch Ươ Ng N Ăm 1907 Người Viết: Ph Ạm V Ăn Tu Ấn 1 Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865 - 1936) Văn Hào c ủa N ước Anh Lãnh Gi ải Th ưởng Nobel V ăn Ch ươ ng N ăm 1907 Người viết: Ph ạm V ăn Tu ấn Joseph Ruydard Kipling là nhà v ăn kiêm nhà th ơ ng ười Anh, ra đời t ại n ước Ấn Độ, n ổi ti ếng v ề các truy ện tr ẻ em c ủa ông nh ư The Jungle Book (Truy ện R ừng Xanh, 1894), The Second Jungle Book (Truy ện R ừng Xanh Th ứ Hai, 1895), Just So Stories (Các Truy ện Nh ư V ậy, 1902), Puck of Pook's Hill (Ng ọn Đồi c ủa Pook, 1906), cu ốn ti ểu thuy ết Kim (1901), các bài th ơ Mandalay (1890), Gunga Din (1890) và If (N ếu, 1910)... Kipling được coi là nhà v ăn c ải ti ến về ngh ệ thu ật c ủa truy ện ng ắn, các truy ện tr ẻ em c ủa ông thu ộc lo ại v ăn ch ươ ng thi ếu nhi c ổ điển. Kipling là m ột trong các nhà v ăn ng ười Anh được m ọi ng ười biết t ới nhi ều nh ất, c ả về văn xuôi l ẫn th ơ phú, trong cu ối th ế kỷ 19 và đầu th ế kỷ 20. Nhà v ăn danh ti ếng Henry James đã nói v ề Kipling nh ư sau: "Kipling gây ấn t ượng t ới cá nhân tôi nh ư là m ột thiên tài toàn h ảo nh ất mà tôi đã t ừng bi ết". Vào n ăm 1907, Kipling được trao t ặng Gi ải Th ưởng Nobel V ăn Ch ươ ng, ông là nhà v ăn vi ết ti ếng Anh đầu tiên lãnh nh ận Gi ải Th ưởng cao quý này và cho t ới ngày nay, là nhà v ăn tr ẻ nh ất lãnh được vinh d ự đó. Ngoài ra, Kipling còn được b ầu là Thi S ĩ Khôi Nguyên c ủa n ước Anh (the British Poet Laureateship) và nhi ều l ần ông được đề ngh ị trao t ặng t ước v ị Hi ệp S ĩ (Knighthood) nh ưng t ất c ả các danh v ọng này đã b ị ông từ ch ối. Vào lúc cu ối cu ộc đời, Kipling được nhi ều ng ười coi là "nhà tiên tri c ủa ch ủ ngh ĩa Đế Qu ốc Anh (a prophet of British imperialism), theo nh ư l ời c ủa nhà v ăn George Orwell. Ng ười ta đã tìm th ấy trong các tác ph ẩm c ủa ông các thành ki ến và ch ủ ngh ĩa quân phi ệt (militarism) và cu ộc tranh lu ận này đã kéo dài trong th ế kỷ 20. Theo nhà phê bình Douglas Derr: " Khi ch ủ ngh ĩa đế qu ốc c ủa châu Âu thoái hóa thì Kipling được coi là ng ười có m ột không hai, ngay c ả khi gây tranh lu ận, đã di ễn t ả đế qu ốc đã tr ải qua các kinh nghi ệm nh ư th ế nào ". 2 1/ Th ời niên thi ếu c ủa Joseph Rudyard Kipling. Rudyard Kipling sinh vào ngày 30 tháng 12 n ăm 1865 t ại Bombay, n ước Ấn Độ th ời đó còn là thu ộc địa c ủa n ước Anh, là con c ủa ông John Lockwood Kipling và bà Alice Kipling, v ới tên con gái là Alice MacDonald. Bà Alice là m ột ph ụ nữ ho ạt bát còn ông Lockwood là m ột nhà điêu kh ắc, nhà v ẽ ki ểu đồ gốm, hi ệu tr ưởng và giáo s ư v ề điêu kh ắc ki ến trúc (architectural sculpture) t ại ngôi tr ường m ới được thành l ập t ại Bombay, có tên là Tr ường Ngh ệ Thu ật và K ỹ Ngh ệ Jejeebhoy (The Jejeebhoy School of Art and Industry). Tr ước kia, hai ông bà Lockwood đã g ặp nhau bên b ờ Hồ Rudyard thu ộc mi ền thôn dã Staffordshire, n ước Anh, họ đã say s ưa v ới phong c ảnh h ữu tình c ủa h ồ nước nên h ọ đã đặt tên c ủa ng ười con đầu lòng là Rudyard Kipling. Kipling được cha m ẹ nuôi n ấng t ại Bombay cho t ới khi lên 6 tu ổi thì theo t ập t ục của các ng ười Anh làm vi ệc t ại Ấn Độ, Kipling và cô em gái Alice, còn được g ọi là Trix, được g ửi v ề nước Anh, c ư ng ụ tại Southsea (Portsmouth), sinh s ống trong m ột gia đình nh ận nuôi gi ữ các tr ẻ con mà cha m ẹ ở nước ngoài. Hai đứa tr ẻ này đã l ưu trú trong nhà c ủa Đại Úy và bà Holloway t ại Lorne Lodge trong 6 n ăm. Trong cu ốn sách t ự thu ật mà tác gi ả ph ổ bi ến 65 n ăm v ề sau, Kipling đã nh ớ lại th ời k ỳ này v ới s ự kinh hãi b ởi vì ông đã g ặp c ảnh tàn nh ẫn và thi ếu ch ăm sóc trong cách đối x ử của bà ch ủ nhà Holloway. Ng ười em gái Trix c ủa Kipling thì c ảm th ấy d ễ ch ịu h ơn t ại Lorne Lodge b ởi vì bà Holloway mu ốn r ằng sau này Trix s ẽ kết hôn v ới m ột trong các con trai c ủa bà ta. Hai đứa tr ẻ này c ũng có các ng ười h ọ hàng sinh s ống t ại n ước Anh nh ờ vậy chúng được tr ải qua các k ỳ ngh ỉ Lễ Giáng Sinh v ới bà dì ru ột tên là Georgiana (Georgy) với ông ch ồng là ngh ệ sĩ Edward Burne-Jones t ại nhà c ủa h ọ tên là "The Grange" (Trang Tr ại) t ại Fulham, London, n ơi đây Kipling coi là "m ột thiên đường đã c ứu giúp tôi". Vào mùa xuân n ăm 1877, bà m ẹ Alice Kipling từ Ấn Độ tr ở về nước Anh nên đã dẫn hai đứa tr ẻ ra kh ỏi mi ền Lorne Lodge. Tới tháng 1 n ăm 1878, Kipling được nh ận vào tr ường United Services College ( Đại H ọc T ổng H ợp Công Tác) t ại Westward Ho!, Devon, đây là m ột ngôi tr ường m ới được thành l ập vài n ăm v ề tr ước để chu ẩn b ị cho các thi ếu niên b ước vào ngh ề quân s ự. Đầu tiên l ối sống t ại ngôi tr ường này khá c ực nh ọc nh ưng r ồi Kipling đã có vài ng ười b ạn thân và n ơi đây là khung c ảnh để ông vi ết ra các truy ện dành cho con trai có tên là Stalky & Co., xu ất b ản nhi ều n ăm v ề sau. Trong th ời gian này, Kipling đã g ặp r ồi say mê cô Florence Garrad, m ột cô b ạn gái c ủa Trix, cùng c ư ng ụ tại Southsea, n ơi mà Trix đã tr ở lại. Cô Florence này là nhân v ật Maisie mà Kipling mô t ả trong cu ốn ti ểu thuy ết đầu tiên có tên là "The Light that failed" (Ánh Sáng không còn, 1891). Vào cu ối th ời k ỳ theo h ọc bán quân s ự, Kipling đã thi ếu điểm v ăn hóa để được nh ận h ọc b ổng c ủa tr ường Đại H ọc Oxford và do cha m ẹ cũng không có đủ ti ền để tr ợ cấp h ọc hành cho con, vì v ậy ông Lockwood Kipling đã xin cho con trai m ột vi ệc làm t ại Lahore (bây gi ờ thu ộc n ước Pakistan), t ại n ơi này, ông Lockwood là Vi ện Tr ưởng c ủa tr ường Đại H ọc Ngh ệ Thu ật Mayo (the Mayo College of Art) và c ũng là Giám Đốc Qu ản Th ủ Vi ện B ảo Tàng Lahore. Tại Lahore, Kipling là ph ụ tá ch ủ nhi ệm của m ột t ờ báo địa ph ươ ng nh ỏ có tên là "Báo Dân S ự và Quân Đội" (the Civil & Military Gazette). T ới ngày 20/9/1882, Kipling xu ống t ầu đi Bombay r ồi t ới n ơi này vào ngày 18/10/1882. 3 2/ Các cu ộc Du L ịch. Tờ "Báo Dân S ự và Quân Đội" tại Lahore được Kipling g ọi là " ng ười tình đầu tiên của tôi và là tình yêu th ực s ự nh ất" (my first mistress and most true love). Tờ báo này xu ất b ản 6 ngày m ột tu ần trong su ốt n ăm và ch ỉ đóng c ửa 2 ngày vào L ễ Giáng Sinh và Lễ Ph ục Sinh. Kipling làm vi ệc r ất b ận r ộn v ới viên ch ủ nhi ệm Stephen Wheeler nh ưng dù th ế, nhu c ầu bài vi ết r ất nhi ều.
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