Web-Style Multimedia Annotations
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Xincluding Plain-Text Fragments for Symmetry and Profit Piotr Bański, University of Warsaw, [email protected]
XIncluding plain-text fragments for symmetry and profit Piotr Bański, University of Warsaw, [email protected] <xi:include href=”resource.xml” parse=”text|xml” Summary xpointer=”fragment_identifier” /> XML for the annotation of images, audio or video is by necessity of the stand-off kind: the annotations are virtually anchored to the parse=“xml” parse=“text” binary stream (typically by x,y coordinates or time offsets). Work on language resource annotation has extended this approach to plain text, where annotations are anchored by character offsets. This is referred to as extreme stand-off markup. No generic XML tools or standards support it, but... they could, fairly easily. inclusion of inclusion of inclusion of inclusion of Rationale the entire the entire a fragment a fragment ISO Language Annotation Framework (e.g. Ide & Romary, 2007) re- XML text of an XML of a text commends that data be kept as read-only plain text, with one or mo- resource resource resource resource re layers of XML annotation identifying individual spans of charac- ters and adding metadata to them (identifying e.g. segments of va- rious levels of granularity, parts of speech, syntactic or discourse @xpointer present functions, etc.) no @xpointer However, the only way to handle this (as evidenced by the American National Corpus), is to use in-house tools working on correspon- dence semantics for hyperlinks (see Bański, 2010, for terminology What makes it impossible right now? and more remarks). 1. XInclude Ban: XInclude Rec, 3.1: “The xpointer attribute must not be present when parse="text".” But character streams can do better! Because text is what XML is built out of and what it contains, instead of correspondence 2. -
Rdfa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing Rdfa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing
RDFa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing RDFa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing RDFa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing A collection of attributes and processing rules for extending XHTML to support RDF W3C Recommendation 14 October 2008 This version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-rdfa-syntax-20081014 Latest version: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-syntax Previous version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/PR-rdfa-syntax-20080904 Diff from previous version: rdfa-syntax-diff.html Editors: Ben Adida, Creative Commons [email protected] Mark Birbeck, webBackplane [email protected] Shane McCarron, Applied Testing and Technology, Inc. [email protected] Steven Pemberton, CWI Please refer to the errata for this document, which may include some normative corrections. This document is also available in these non-normative formats: PostScript version, PDF version, ZIP archive, and Gzip’d TAR archive. The English version of this specification is the only normative version. Non-normative translations may also be available. Copyright © 2007-2008 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark and document use rules apply. Abstract The current Web is primarily made up of an enormous number of documents that have been created using HTML. These documents contain significant amounts of structured data, which is largely unavailable to tools and applications. When publishers can express this data more completely, and when tools can read it, a new world of user functionality becomes available, letting users transfer structured data between applications and web sites, and allowing browsing applications to improve the user experience: an event on a web page can be directly imported - 1 - How to Read this Document RDFa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing into a user’s desktop calendar; a license on a document can be detected so that users can be informed of their rights automatically; a photo’s creator, camera setting information, resolution, location and topic can be published as easily as the original photo itself, enabling structured search and sharing. -
W3C Working Draft: Scalable Vector
next contents properties index Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.0 Specification W3C Working Draft 03 March 2000 This version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/03/WD-SVG-20000303 (Available as: PDF, zip archive of HTML) Previous public version: http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-SVG-19991203/ Latest public version: http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/ Editor: Jon Ferraiolo <[email protected]> Authors: See author list Copyright ©1998, 1999, 2000 W3C® (MIT, INRIA, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark, document use and software licensing rules apply. Abstract This specification defines the features and syntax for Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), a language for describing two-dimensional vector and mixed vector/raster graphics in XML. Status of this document This document is a public review draft version of the SVG specification. This working draft attempts to address review comments that were received during the initial Last Call period, which started 12 August 1999, and also incorporates other modifications resulting from continuing collaboration with other working groups and continuing work within the SVG working group. With the publication of this draft, the SVG specification enters a second "Last Call". The second Last Call period will end on 31 March, 2000. The SVG specification is going through a second Last Call review process to provide the public and other working groups an opportunity to review the changes to the specification since the initial Last Call period. A complete list of all changes since the initial Last Call version of the specification is available in Appendix L: Change History. Last call comments should be sent to [email protected]. -
Mapping Between Digital Identity Ontologies Through SISM
Mapping between Digital Identity Ontologies through SISM Matthew Rowe The OAK Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 211 Portobello Street, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK [email protected] Abstract. Various ontologies are available defining the semantics of dig- ital identity information. Due to the rise in use of lowercase semantics, such ontologies are now used to add metadata to digital identity informa- tion within web pages. However concepts exist in these ontologies which are related and must be mapped together in order to enhance machine- readability of identity information on the web. This paper presents the Social identity Schema Mapping (SISM) vocabulary which contains a set of mappings between related concepts in distinct digital identity ontolo- gies using OWL and SKOS mapping constructs. Key words: Semantic Web, Social Web, SKOS, OWL, FOAF, SIOC, PIMO, NCO, Microformats 1 Introduction The semantic web provides a web of machine-readable data. Ontologies form a vital component of the semantic web by providing conceptualisations of domains of knowledge which can then be used to provide a common understanding of some domain. A basic ontology contains a vocabulary of concepts and definitions of the relationships between those concepts. An agent reading a concept from an ontology can look up the concept and discover its properties and characteristics, therefore interpreting how it fits into that particular domain. Due to the great number of ontologies it is common for related concepts to be defined in separate ontologies, these concepts must be identified and mapped together. Web technologies such as Microformats, eRDF and RDFa have allowed web developers to encode lowercase semantics within XHTML pages. -
Understanding JSON Schema Release 2020-12
Understanding JSON Schema Release 2020-12 Michael Droettboom, et al Space Telescope Science Institute Sep 14, 2021 Contents 1 Conventions used in this book3 1.1 Language-specific notes.........................................3 1.2 Draft-specific notes............................................4 1.3 Examples.................................................4 2 What is a schema? 7 3 The basics 11 3.1 Hello, World!............................................... 11 3.2 The type keyword............................................ 12 3.3 Declaring a JSON Schema........................................ 13 3.4 Declaring a unique identifier....................................... 13 4 JSON Schema Reference 15 4.1 Type-specific keywords......................................... 15 4.2 string................................................... 17 4.2.1 Length.............................................. 19 4.2.2 Regular Expressions...................................... 19 4.2.3 Format.............................................. 20 4.3 Regular Expressions........................................... 22 4.3.1 Example............................................. 23 4.4 Numeric types.............................................. 23 4.4.1 integer.............................................. 24 4.4.2 number............................................. 25 4.4.3 Multiples............................................ 26 4.4.4 Range.............................................. 26 4.5 object................................................... 29 4.5.1 Properties........................................... -
Linked Data Schemata: Fixing Unsound Foundations
Linked data schemata: fixing unsound foundations. Kevin Feeney, Gavin Mendel Gleason, Rob Brennan Knowledge and Data Engineering Group & ADAPT Centre, School of Computer Science & Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Abstract. This paper describes an analysis, and the tools and methods used to produce it, of the practical and logical implications of unifying common linked data vocabularies into a single logical model. In order to support any type of reasoning or even just simple type-checking, the vocabularies that are referenced by linked data statements need to be unified into a complete model wherever they reference or reuse terms that have been defined in other linked data vocabularies. Strong interdependencies between vocabularies are common and a large number of logical and practical problems make this unification inconsistent and messy. However, the situation is far from hopeless. We identify a minimal set of necessary fixes that can be carried out to make a large number of widely-deployed vocabularies mutually compatible, and a set of wider-ranging recommendations for linked data ontology design best practice to help alleviate the problem in future. Finally we make some suggestions for improving OWL’s support for distributed authoring and ontology reuse in the wild. Keywords: Linked Data, Reasoning, Data Quality 1. Introduction One of the central tenets of the Linked Data movement is the reuse of terms from existing well- known vocabularies [Bizer09] when developing new schemata or datasets. The semantic web infrastructure, and the RDF, RDFS and OWL languages, support this with their inherently distributed and modular nature. In practice, through vocabulary reuse, linked data schemata adopt knowledge models that are based on multiple, independently devised ontologies that often exhibit varying definitional semantics [Hogan12]. -
OGC Testbed-14: Semantically Enabled Aviation Data Models Engineering Report
OGC Testbed-14 Semantically Enabled Aviation Data Models Engineering Report Table of Contents 1. Summary . 4 1.1. Requirements & Research Motivation . 4 1.2. Prior-After Comparison. 4 1.3. Recommendations for Future Work . 5 1.4. What does this ER mean for the Working Group and OGC in general . 6 1.5. Document contributor contact points . 6 1.6. Foreword . 6 2. References . 8 3. Terms and definitions . 9 3.1. Semantics . 9 3.2. Service Description. 9 3.3. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) . 9 3.4. Registry . 9 3.5. System Wide Information Management (SWIM) . 9 3.6. Taxonomy . 9 3.7. Web Service . 10 4. Abbreviated Terms . 11 5. Overview . 12 6. Review of Data Models . 13 6.1. Information Exchange Models . 13 6.1.1. Flight Information Exchange Model (FIXM). 13 6.1.2. Aeronautical Information Exchange (AIXM) Model. 13 6.1.3. Weather Information Exchange Model (WXXM) . 14 6.1.4. NASA Air Traffic Management (ATM) Model . 14 6.2. Service description models . 19 6.2.1. Service Description Conceptual Model (SDCM) . 19 6.2.2. Web Service Description Ontological Model (WSDOM). 23 6.2.3. SWIM Documentation Controlled Vocabulary (FAA) . 25 7. Semantic Enablement Approaches . 27 8. Metadata level semantic enablement . 33 8.1. Issues with existing metadata standards . 34 8.1.1. Identification of Resources. 34 8.1.2. Resolvable URI. 34 8.1.3. Multilingual Support . 35 8.1.4. External Resource Descriptions . 35 8.1.5. Controlled Vocabulary Management . 36 8.1.6. Keywords Types . 37 8.1.7. Keyword Labeling Inconsistencies . -
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language XML Serialization W3C Proposed Recommendation 22 September 2009
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language XML Serialization W3C Proposed Recommendation 22 September 2009 OWL 2 Web Ontology Language XML Serialization W3C Proposed Recommendation 22 September 2009 This version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/PR-owl2-xml-serialization-20090922/ Latest version: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-xml-serialization/ Previous version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/CR-owl2-xml-serialization-20090611/ (color-coded diff) Editors: Boris Motik, Oxford University Computing Laboratory Bijan Parsia, University of Manchester Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Bell Labs Research, Alcatel-Lucent Contributors: (in alphabetical order) Sean Bechhofer, University of Manchester Bernardo Cuenca Grau, Oxford University Computing Laboratory Achille Fokoue, IBM Corporation Rinke Hoekstra, University of Amsterdam This document is also available in these non-normative formats: PDF version. Copyright © 2009 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark and document use rules apply. Abstract The OWL 2 Web Ontology Language, informally OWL 2, is an ontology language for the Semantic Web with formally defined meaning. OWL 2 ontologies provide classes, properties, individuals, and data values and are stored as Semantic Web documents. OWL 2 ontologies can be used along with information written in RDF, and OWL 2 ontologies themselves are primarily exchanged as RDF documents. The OWL 2 Document Overview describes the overall state of OWL 2, and should be read before other OWL 2 documents. Page 1 of 35 http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/PR-owl2-xml-serialization-20090922/ OWL 2 Web Ontology Language XML Serialization W3C Proposed Recommendation 22 September 2009 This document specifies an XML serialization for OWL 2 that mirrors its structural specification. -
XHTML+Rdfa 1.1 - Third Edition Table of Contents
XHTML+RDFa 1.1 - Third Edition Table of Contents XHTML+RDFa 1.1 - Third Edition Support for RDFa via XHTML Modularization W3C Recommendation 17 March 2015 This version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/REC-xhtml-rdfa-20150317/ Latest published version: http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-rdfa/ Implementation report: http://www.w3.org/2010/02/rdfa/wiki/CR-ImplementationReport Previous version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PER-xhtml-rdfa-20141216/ Previous Recommendation: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/REC-xhtml-rdfa-20130822/ Editor: Shane McCarron, Applied Testing and Technology, Inc., [email protected] Please check the errata for any errors or issues reported since publication. This document is also available in these non-normative formats: XHTML+RDFa, Diff from Previous Recommendation, Postscript version, and PDF version The English version of this specification is the only normative version. Non-normative translations may also be available. Copyright © 2007-2015 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang). W3C liability, trademark and document use rules apply. Abstract RDFa Core 1.1 [RDFA-CORE [p.61] ] defines attributes and syntax for embedding semantic markup in Host Languages. This document defines one such Host Language. This language is a superset of XHTML 1.1 [XHTML11-2e [p.61] ], integrating the attributes as defined in RDFa Core 1.1. This document is intended for authors who want to create XHTML Family documents that embed rich semantic markup. - 1 - Status of This Document XHTML+RDFa 1.1 - Third Edition Status of This Document This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. -
Iso/Iec 21000-17:2006(E)
This is a preview - click here to buy the full publication INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC STANDARD 21000-17 First edition 2006-09-15 Information technology — Multimedia framework (MPEG-21) — Part 17: Fragment Identification of MPEG Resources Technologies de l'information — Cadre multimédia (MPEG-21) — Partie 17: Identification de fragments de ressources MPEG Reference number ISO/IEC 21000-17:2006(E) © ISO/IEC 2006 ISO/IEC 21000-17:2006(E) This is a preview - click here to buy the full publication PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. © ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. -
State of the Semantic Web
State of the Semantic Web Ivan Herman, W3C Sunday, 18 May, 2008 (2) > So where are we with the Semantic Web? State of the Semantic Web, Ivan Herman (2) Copyright © 2008, W3C (3) > We have the basic technologies Stable specifications for the basics since 2004: RDF, OWL Work is being done to properly incorporate rules We have a standard for query since 2008: SPARQL We have some additional technologies to access/create RDF data: GRDDL, RDFa, POWDER, … Some fundamental vocabularies became pervasive (FOAF, Dublin Core,…) State of the Semantic Web, Ivan Herman (3) Copyright © 2008, W3C (4) > Lots of Tools (not an exhaustive list!) • Triple Stores • Middleware • RDFStore, AllegroGraph, Tucana • IODT, Open Anzo, DartGrid • RDF Gateway, Mulgara, SPASQL • Ontology Works, Ontoprise • Jena’s SDB, D2R Server, SOR • Profium Semantic Information Router • Virtuoso, Oracle11g • Software AG’s EII, Thetus Publisher, Asio, SDS • Sesame, OWLIM, Tallis Platform • … • … • Semantic Web Browsers • Reasoners • Disco, Tabulator, Zitgist, OpenLink Viewer • Pellet, RacerPro, KAON2, FaCT++ • … • Ontobroker, Ontotext • Development Tools SHER, Oracle 11g, AllegroGraph • • SemanticWorks, Protégé • … • Jena, Redland, RDFLib, RAP • Converters • Sesame, SWI-Prolog • flickurl, TopBraid Composer • TopBraid Composer, DOME • GRDDL, Triplr, jpeg2rdf • … • … • Semantic Wiki and CMS systems • Search Engines • Semantic Media Wiki, Platypus • Falcon, Sindice, Swoogle • Visual knowledge • … • Drupal 7 Inspired by “Enterprise Semantic Web in Practice”, Jeff Pollock, Oracle. See also -
Standardization's All Very Well, but What About the Exabytes of Existing
Standardization’s all very well, but what about the Exabytes of Existing Content and Learner Contributions? Felix Mödritscher 1), Victor Manuel García-Barrios 2) 1) Institute for Information Systems and New Media, Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration, Augasse 2-6, 1090 Vienna, Austria [email protected] 2) Institute for Information Systems and Computer Media, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16c, 8010 Graz, Austria [email protected] 1. Problem Definition Standardization in the field of technology-enhanced learning focuses on structuring and aggregating assets to interoperable educational entities, like a course package. However, available standards and specifications in this area do not include an approach for addressing semantics embedded in existing content. This consideration might be useful for user-centered concepts, like learners tagging or commenting existing material, as well as for automated mechanism, like extracting relations or other meta-information automatically from the resources. In the upcoming section we indicate application areas and explain why available standards and specifications do not support these scenarios. Thereafter, we present a XML- based description language for semantics embedded in web-based content, which might be a solution for these use cases. Finally, we summarize and discuss some experiences on in- content semantics from former projects, particularly AdeLE (Adaptive e-Learning with Eye- tracking, http://adele.fh-joanneum.at) and iCamp (http://icamp.eu), and give an outlook on future work. 2. Application Areas and Shortcomings of Standards In 2004 we came in the situation that we had to cope with semantic enrichment of existing learning content, precisely to enable facilitators to tag web-based resources.