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Número 102 1089 Características 210241801 REVISTA DE ADMINISTRACIÓN PÚBLICA 148 Volumen LIV, No. 1 (enero-abril 2019) Ciberseguridad Nacional © Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública, A.C. Km. 14.5 Carretera Federal México-Toluca No. 2151 Col. Palo Alto, C.P. 05110, Delegación Cuajimalpa México, Distrito Federal Teléfono (55) 50 81 26 57 http://www.inap.org.mx [email protected] ISSN 0482-5209 Publicación periódica Registro número 102 1089 Características 210241801 Certificado de licitud de título número 2654 Certificado de licitud de contenido número 1697 Las opiniones expresadas en esta revista son estrictamente responsabilidad de los autores. La RAP, el INAP o las instituciones a las que están asociados no asumen responsabilidad por ellas. Se autoriza la reproducción total o parcial de los artículos, citando la fuente, siempre y cuando sea sin fines de lucro. CONSEJO DIRECTIVO 2017-2020 Carlos Reta Martínez Presidente Luis Humberto Ricardo Uvalle José de Jesús Jiménez Fernández Fuentes Berrones Hernández Vicepresidente Vicepresidente Vicepresidente para Asuntos para los IAPs de los Internacionales Estados, 2019-2020 CONSEJEROS José Ángel Gurría Treviño Roberto Padilla Domínguez Arturo Núñez Jiménez Omar Guerrero Orozco Carlos Almada López Julián Alfonso Olivas Ugalde Alejandro Romero Gudiño Jorge Tamayo Castroparedes Elena Jeannetti Dávila Eber Omar Betanzos Torres Soraya Pérez Munguía María de Jesús Alejandro Quiroz Jorge Francisco Márquez Montes Fernando Pérez Correa Fernández del Castillo Raúl Martínez Almazán Manuel Quijano Torres CONSEJO DE HONOR IN MEMORIAM Luis García Cárdenas Ignacio Pichardo Pagaza Gabino Fraga Magaña Adolfo Lugo Verduzco Gustavo Martínez Cabañas José Natividad González Parás Andrés Caso Lombardo Alejandro Carrillo Castro Raúl Salinas Lozano José R. Castelazo FUNDADORES Francisco Apodaca y Osuna José Attolini Aguirre Enrique Caamaño Muñoz Antonio Carrillo Flores Mario Cordera Pastor Daniel Escalante Ortega Gabino Fraga Magaña Jorge Gaxiola Zendejas José Iturriaga Sauco Gilberto Loyo González Rafael Mancera Ortiz Antonio Martínez Báez Lorenzo Mayoral Pardo Alfredo Navarrete Romero Alfonso Noriega Cantú Raúl Ortiz Mena Manuel Palavicini Piñeiro Álvaro Rodríguez Reyes Jesús Rodríguez y Rodríguez Raúl Salinas Lozano Andrés Serra Rojas Catalina Sierra Casasús Ricardo Torres Gaitán Rafael Urrutia Millán Gustavo R. Velasco Adalid COMITÉ EDITORIAL Diego Barría Traverso Universidad de Santiago de Chile Jorge Culebro Moreno Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Cuajimalpa Mauricio Dussauge Laguna Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas Maximiliano García Guzmán Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Roberto Padilla Domínguez Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública Fernando Pérez Universidad de Córdoba Adriana Plasencia Díaz Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública Diana Vicher García Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública Héctor Zamitiz García Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México DIRECTOR DEL NÚMERO Alejandro Pisanty REVISTA DE ADMINISTRACIÓN PÚBLICA 148 Volumen LIV, No. 1 (enero – abril 2019) Ciberseguridad Nacional ÍNDICE Presentación 13 Carlos Reta Martínez Introducción 17 Alejandro Pisanty Baruch CIBERSEGURIDAD NACIONAL Ciberseguridad: estado de la cuestión 23 en América Latina Jimena Moreno González María Mercedes Albornoz María Solange Maqueo Ramírez Esfera ética del ciberconflicto 47 Mario Vignettes Inteligencia y ciberseguridad nacional 79 María José Rodríguez Rodríguez La ciberseguridad en la Seguridad Nacional: 113 amenazas y retos en el ciberespacio Anahiby Becerril Gil Seguridad de la información en instituciones 149 de educación superior de México Rafael Espinosa García Guillermo Morales Luna DNSChain y Namecoin: Una mirada 189 a la revolución del DNS Salvador Camacho Hernández Tecnología cuántica y Ciberseguridad 209 Salvador E. Venegas Andraca Atlas de riesgos para la Seguridad Nacional 231 Cibernética en México Carlos Estrada Nava Ciberseguridad y la gobernanza 263 multistakeholder Fátima Cambronero Regímenes para la ciberseguridad 301 Alejandro Pisanty ANÁLISIS Las constituciones locales mexicanas durante 341 la Cuarta Transformación: un análisis prospectivo Eduardo de Jesús Castellanos Hernández La evolución del pensamiento sobre la 365 “administración pública” a la luz de los clásicos: un breve recorrido histórico (siglo XVI al siglo XX) José Joel Peña Llanes Indicaciones para los colaboradores 403 13 Revista de Administración Pública Presentación Uno de los propósitos fundamentales de la RAP es servir como instrumento de difusión de los avances desarrollados en nuestras disciplina, así como espacio de resonancia de los debates que se suscitan en función del surgimiento de problemas públicos que necesitan atención. En este sentido, el presente número de la revista está dedicado a la exploración conceptual y al análisis de las implicaciones que representa la conversión digital de la administración pública. En efecto, como toda tecnología, la adopción de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TICs) supone la aceptación de ventajas y de peligros de los cuales se debe ser consciente. El empleo de las TICs es un tema que ha sido abordado extensamente por la literatura de nuestra disciplina. Una muestra de ello es el desarrollo de temas como el gobierno electrónico o e-government, y posteriormente el gobierno abierto. Este último incluso dio lugar a una agenda in- ternacional de promoción de reformas institucionales ten- dientes a promover la participación ciudadana por medio del escrutinio de la información pública. En el INAP mismo se han editado diversas publicaciones sobre estos asuntos. La digitalización de la administración pública tiende a profundizarse aún más en el futuro cercano. Ahora los retos que se plantean tienen que ver con la adopción de la inteligencia artificial y la robótica en el proceso de gestión y toma de decisiones. 14 Revista de Administración Pública No.148, Vol. LIV No. 1 En esta oportunidad, convencidos de la necesidad de explorar los temas de frontera, la RAP está dedicada a la cuestión de la ciberseguridad nacional. Cabe señalar que con esto se profundiza de manera convergente en dos temas que han sido de interés constante para nuestro Instituto. Por un lado, el de las TICs, ya referido, y pot el otro, el de la seguridad nacional. En este caso, contamos con una especialización y una maestría sobre inteligencia para la seguridad nacional. En efecto, el presente número aborda el ámbito del ciberespacio desde una perspectiva de la seguridad nacional. En este esfuerzo académico han colaborado 13 destacados especialistas en la materia, ya sea desde la academia o desde la práctica profesional, en 10 artículos en donde se analizan las diversas aristas de la ciberseguridad: desde las cuestiones tecnológicas, hasta las éticas, pasando por aquellas pertinentes para la gobernanza. Agradezco la colaboración de cada uno de los especialistas por atender a la convocatoria por ensamblar este valioso y pertinente número. En particular reconozco la labor de coordinación de este esfuerzo por parte del Dr. Alejandro Pisanty, destacado profesor de nuestros programas académicos en línea. De acuerdo con diversas investigaciones y encuestas realizadas por firmas nacionales e internacionales, México es uno de los países que han estado sujetos a ataques cibernéticos. Por ejemplo, de acuerdo con la encuesta The Impossible Puzzle of Cybersecurity conducida por Sophos, 82 por ciento de las empresas mexicanas afirmaron haber sido vulnerables durante 2018. Le siguen Francia con 82 por ciento y la India con 76. No es casual, por su parte, que Japón sólo reportó un 24 por ciento. En el caso particular de la administración pública, un botón de muestra lo constituye la Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE), la cual, entre diciembre y abril pasados reportó haber sufrido 4, 205 ataques. El número se completa con la publicación de dos artículos que nutren nuestra sección abierta, la cual se pone a disposición de nuestros investigadores y especialistas en el servicio público a partir de este número. Carlos Reta Martínez Presentación 15 Estoy convencido, que como ha sucedido con los diversos números que la RAP ha publicado, el presente está destinado a convertirse en un material de consulta obligada para todo aquel interesado en los desafíos que plantea la conversión tecnológica y digital en el gobierno y la administración pública. Carlos Reta Martínez Presidente del INAP 17 Revista de Administración Pública Introducción El presente número de la Revista de Administración Pú- blica es producto de una invitación del Dr. Carlos Reta Martínez, Presidente del INAP, quien ha tenido la visión de observar que la Ciberseguridad es un tema emergente con múltiples ángulos relevantes para la Administración Públi- ca, Siguiendo su gentil invitación a coordinar esta edición, tanto el Instituto como este autor hicimos amplia convoca- toria a autores y temas, con el resultado que hoy ponemos en manos de los lectores. La ciberseguridad, como se discute en los artículos aquí contenidos, es un tema emergente, sujeto a vaivenes de atención, nomenclatura y enfoques, y que a través de ellps va estableciendo algunos paradigmas, al menos en la escala de una década, a la vez que se renueva constantemente. Tema multidisciplinario por excelencia, nuestra fortuna en esta convocatoria nos ha atraído autores expertos –no hablo acerca de mí– y dotados de una profunda visión ética y pragmática a la vez. Las vidas profesionales
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