IMPROVING LIVING CONDITIONS OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT THROUGH INFRASTRUCTURE PROVISION

THE CASE OF CIUP IN .

Prepared by: Lucy B. Kimoi Tanzania TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction • The study area • Identification of the Problems • Objective of the study • Community selection criteria & Community Participation • Planning Process • Project costs • Component of the CIUP • Scope of the CIUP works • Expected output 1.0 INTRODUCTION • Tanzania has been experiencing a rapid rate of urbanization of up to 8% per annum. • The urban population has increased from 5% in 1967 to about 13.2% in 1978. • In 1988 the urban population was 18% and in 2002 the urban population was 23% (National Population and Household Census 2002). • The rapid growth of urban centers has largely been the result of rural urban migration and natural increase. • The urban growth rates is higher than the capacity of the responsible authorities to cope with in the provision of decent and affordable shelter. • As such individuals has been constructing houses in the unplanned areas without basic infrastructure and social economic facilities like road network, clean water, sewerage facility, drainage system, poor sanitation, lack of waste collection and inadequate social services such as schools, health centers and markets 2.0 The Study area .

• Dar es Salaam has an area of I,350km2 and population of 2.5million • Kinondoni Municipality has an area of 531km2 and population of 1.08 million (National Population & Household census 2002) • Manzese has an area of 179 Ha, population of 67,002 and total houses are 5,500 • About 70% of population live in unplanned settlements - without basic infrastructure. • Housing densities in these areas is 480 people per hectare. • Recommended standards is 225 people per hectare. • About 80% of housing units in Dar es Salaam are found in unplanned areas UNPLANNED SETTLEMENTS IN DAR ES SALAAM

2 IDENTIFICATION OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN Formal and Informal Housing in Dar es Salaam DAR ES SALAAM

Legend:

Formal housing land

To Bagamoyo Informal housing land Mbweni Forest

Bunju Boko 0 10 20

Meters

Tageta I N D I A N Cement Factory O C E A N

Pande Forest Reserve Mbezi

Goba Magawe Mpiji Makongo

Oysterbay Kiluvya Kibamba Mbezi Kimara

To Morogoro Ubungo

Kwembe BuguruniBuguruni Mbwamaji MnyamaniMnyamani

TRC Pugu Gongo la Mboto Yombo Mazimbini Mtoni Kajiungeni Vituka Gezaulole Kijichi Mkize Mbagala Majohe Rangi Tatu TAZARA Chamazi Mwanamsekwe Kongowe

To Kisarawe Mbande Vikindu Forest Reserve

To To Kisarawe Kilwa

Source:Kyessi 2002, based on 1992 aerial photograph UNPLANNED SETTLEMENTS IN KINONDONI MUNICIPALITY SENSITAZATION AT COMMUNITY LEVEL COMMUNITY SELECTION CRITERIA • Close proximity of electricity service line • Close proximity of mains water supply • Close proximity of local distributor road • Close proximity of centralized waste water treatment system • Existence of CBO/NGO • Poor upgrading status • Lack of upgrading projects • Lack of solid waste collection services • High housing density • Few household electricity connections • Poor internal road and footpath network • Lack of liquid waste or excreta disposal • Poor housing quality OVERVIEW OF MANZESE WARD-IN KINONDONI MUNICIPALITY SATELLITE IMAGE SHOWING UNPLANNED SETTLEMENT

PART OF MANZESE AREA 5 STATE OF UNPLANNED SETTLEMENTS 40 – 70% of urban areas are unplanned 50-80% of residents live in unplanned settlements Inadequate Low income, storm water lack of drainage employment

Poor No street sanitation lighting

No space for Lack of solid infrastructure waste collection and disposal system Insufficient education Inadequat and health e road services network 3.0 IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS AND SHORTCOMMINGS • Poor drainage system • Poor water supply • Poor roads condition • Lack of street lights • Poor sanitation (toilets) • Poor solid waste collection • Over-crowded and high densities of 480 people/ Ha • Inadequate social services such as schools, health centers and markets. • Lack community participation and efficiency • Lack of accountability in use and management of scarce resources • Lack of security and tenure OVERCROWDING OF HOUSES P00R ROAD CONDITION POOR ROAD DRAINAGE POOR ROAD CONDITION LACK OF CULVERT / BRIDGE Poor Water Kiosk ( No sense of ownership) Water supply

The key problems include:- • Insufficient water supply due to source limitations • Aging pipes and leakage • Unreliable supply due to pump failure and low water pressure • Inadequate network distribution systems • Poor water quality due to inadequate treatment and contamination • Illegal and uncoordinated connections , sometimes cause loss of water on its way to the formalized consumers POOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES • The Land Policy of 1995 states that ‘the existing squatters areas will not be cleared, but will be upgraded and provided with facilities for adequate sanitation and other basic services except unplanned housing in the hazardous areas’. 1. The Hanna Nassif Community Based Infrastructure Upgrading –( Labour based 1997) 2. 20,000 Plots Project in Dar es Salaam – ( a revolving fund from the the Government of Tanzania 2002.) 3. Property Registration and Issuing Residential Licences in unplanned settlements that could be used as bank collaterals – 2005 4. Establishment of satelite towns –( moving services nearer) 4 .0 OBJECTIVES The specific objectives of the project includes:- • Improve the productivity and well being of low – income urban residents in unplanned settlements by upgrading infrastructure and services • Strengthen the Local Authorities systems for upgrading and maintaining infrastructure and services. • Build community capacity to participate in planning and maintaining of infrastructure in collaboration with the Municipalities COMMUNITY CAPACITY BUILDING The above objectives was met by focusing on the following:- • Collecting, verifying and analyzing existing information on upgrading of informal settlement with a view to establish a sound basis for planning and decision making • Reviewing relevant policy, legislation and regulations to establish a suitable framework for infrastructure and service delivery. • Assessing the appropriateness of current design standards/service levels and costs. • Preparing comprehensive Community Upgrading Plans (CUPs) including a realistic time bound and cost. • Preparation of detailed engineering design and bid document packages through a process of community input/interaction. • Preparation of a Community Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) and a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) • Preparation of Program Implementation Plan and Procurement Plan for works. • Preparation of an Operation Manual which deals with all steps, from initial identification, prioritization of eligible communities for approval of the CUP by the Community and the Municipality.. 5.0 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Community based participation and demand responsive planning was the main tools where the key principles were:- – Adequate community representation, – Feedback, – Adequate exchange of information, – Transparency, – Commitment and collaboration. COMMUNITY REPRESENTATION & TRANSPARENCY • To enhance the concept of Public Participation, communities are consulted to identify their problems, establish their priorities, planning, implementing and monitoring. • Another approach was the sensitization of communities to contribute towards the improvement on the infrastructure in their settlements . • After consultations, mode and amount of upfront contributions were agreed upon, whereby house owner paid Tshs. 2,500/ month during 12 consecutive month or Tshs. 30,000/ year in total. 6.0 PLANNING PROCESS Activities: • Formation of Technical Support Teams (TST) from Municipal (Municipal government staffs – (from sections of works, town planning, evaluation, community development, lands, environmental engineer, revenue and ward executive office).

• Project launching in the community i.e presentation of project objectives, principles, roles and responsibilities of all actors in the participatory process, budgeting and time frame

• Formation of Community Planning Teams (CPT) from each CIUP area – (local people from the community in the smaller unity called zones, gender sensitive, representing the community). • Preparation of base maps from each CIUP area – maps depicting real situation in the area

• Joint field visits (TST & CPT) for orientation, identification of priorities, infrastructure deficiencies, proposed infrastructure, interventions, initial identification of environmental issues and priorities, and need of resettlement • Property identification for compensation and adjustment of upgrading program as necessary to allow minor resettlement • Discussion and clarification of identified issues and cost implications • Project approval by residence and Municipal Authority 7.0 PROJECT COSTS • Costs of the project is Tshs. 3.2 billion • Household & Municipal upfront contribution is 5% toward capital costs each. • Donor (W/Bank) contribution is 90% of the project costs • O & M costs (100%) to be provided by Municipal budget 8.0 COMPONENTS OF THE CIUP • The basket of CIUP infrastructure covers the following: - Roads and footpath - drainage - streetlights - solid waste containers - public toilet - water kiosks 9.0 SCOPE OF THE CIUP WORKS • CIUP phase I covered construction of 1.86 km of bituminous road, 2.2 km of trunk drain ,14.6 km gravel roads, 3.4 km of gravel footpaths, 24.7 km road side drains, culverts, footbridges, 925 street lights, public toilets and 21 solid waste containers. • 20 water kiosks constructed in CIUP area by DAWASCO under supervision of DAWASA 10.0 EXPECTED OUTPUT (END RESULT) • Improved infrastructure and living conditions residents in unplanned settlements. • Poverty reduction through land ownership and added property values • Capacity building for communities, their leadership and municipal personnel • Reduction of flooding incidences of household premises • Improved sanitation facilities , solid waste collection and disposal • Increase in Municipal revenues • Reduction of communicable diseases (like cholera, malaria) and environmental degradation • Improvement of cost recovery systems that will make efficient use of the scarce resource • Establishment of small committees within Organization like Water Committees for water kiosks operational including the price of water. (reduced to 50% compared to water vendor prices). • Curb the problem of unplanned settlement in urban fridges and on hazardous land COMMUNITY COLLABORATION COMMUNITY COLLABARATION & COMMITTMENT IMPROVEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN CIUP AREA STREETLIGHTS & WATER KIOSK IMPROVED DRAINAGE IMPROVED DRAINAGE IMPROVED ROAD • IMPROVED BRIDGE IMPROVED BRIDGE ROAD IMPROVEMENT IN UNNPLANNED SETTLEMENT

PART OF MANZESE Existing roads & proposed storm water drainage in unplanned settlements Proposed drainage

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Existing drainage Thanks for your attention