THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HELEN POINT, flAYNE ISLAND

John David mcMurdo

8 .Aa, Simon Fraser University, 1975

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF ARTS

in the Department

of

Archaeology

@ JOHN DAVID MclllURDO, 1974 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY

March 1914

All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, tuithout permission of the author. APPROVAL

Name t John David PIcMurdo Degree; master of Arts - Title op Thesist \he Archaeology of 8elen Point, Nayne Island

Examining Committeet

Chairmanr Herbert L. Alexander

9 oy L. Carlson nior Supervisor

- - - f, I I Philip M. Hobler

frle Nelson External Examiner Post-Doctorate Fellow Physics Department

r i Date Approved: I, ABSTRACT

This thesis consists of an extensive examination and description of' prehistoric and historic cultural materials recovered during archaeological investigations at Yeien

Paint on Mayne Island, British Columbia. The excavatians, which were conducted by the British CoPurnSia Provincial

Museum in 1968, had as their primary objective the salvage of cultural information from a midden which at the time was endangered by erosive tidal action. Analysis of the recovered data indicated that there had been three discrete and temporally sequential occupations of the site in pre- historic times, While many traits were shared by these cultural units, each could be readily distinguished by traits which were either unique to the unit or chiefly confined to the unit. In chronological order from earliest to latest, these units were named respectively1 YePen

Point Ib, Helen Point 11, and Helen Point III. Nhen com- pared to similarly conceived units at other archaeological sites, it was found that each of these components could ue considered maniPastations of previously described and documented prehistoric cultures in the Gulf of Georgia Region. Helen Point Ib exhibited an admixture of traits from two previously isolated phases, the mayne phase and the Locarno Beach phase. Helen Point I1 was found to be most closely related to components of the Marpole phase,

iii while Hslsn Point III was comparable to components of the

Stselax and San Juan phases.

IA!!-.~I- yL~lri3~--,..-ae.- L~~~~I~-I-AI-- 07 t?,a tiiicie eurnpcrnants has nor, been established, comparison with similar dated assemblages suggests the following relative chronology8 Helen Point Ib, 1300-800 B.C.; Helen Point IT, 108 B.C. - A.D. 300; and Helen Point 111, A.D. 1200-1400. These ranges roughly estimate the earliest probable date of occupation for each of the components.

The descriptive analysis of these components should prove to be invaluable as an informative base upon which further research in the region can be planned and directed, ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Among those many persons to whom I am indebted in varying degrees for the final outcome of this thesis, there are several who deserve special mention and thanks.

Firstly, i would like to thank Dr. Carlson, my senior supervisor and Chairman of the Archaeology Department, who did not attempt to impose his ideas or ansuers but encouraged me to seek my own. I would also like to express my gratitude to Philip Hobler uho was always willing to discuss problems that arose, no matter now miniscule they were, Also deserving special mention is

Grant Dickinson, a friend who spent many frustrating hours drawing the artifacts included in this thesis. In addition, I would like to thank Donald Abbott and John

Sendy of the British Columbia Provincial Museum for their co-operation and assistance, and for the loan of artifacts and field notes from the Helen Point Site. Last but by no means least, T thank my wife Ann, a source of constant encouragement at times when it was needed most. TABLE OF CONTENTS

CYAPTER PAGE

I INTRODUCTION . . . . e . 1

I I THEISLAND.... .,me*.. .. 2 Location and Landforms ...... 2

Climate ...... o..b.... 2 Flora and Fauna ...... 4 111 Setting ...... , ...... 6 History of Investigations . , . . 5

I'.I THEEXCAVATIONS e e . 9 Excavation Techniques . . . . . , . 9 Test Cut 1 . . . . , ...... 9

Test Cut 2 . . a ...... 10 Test Cut 3...... 12

V PHYSICAL STRATIGRAPHY a e . . . 13 V 1 CULTUflALUNITS . . . . . 19 VII DESCRIPTION OF ARTIFACTS FROM THE YELEN POINT MIDDEN e 6 . 27 CHIPPED STONE ARTIFACTS . , . . . . . 28

GROUND STONE ARTIFACTS a a a , 67

PECKED AND GROUND STONE ARTIFACTS 85 ARTIFACTS OF BONE ...... 89

ARTIFACTS OF ANTLER 0 . . a e 0 . . 105 ARTIFACTS OF SHELL ...... 118 HISTORIC ARTIFACTS . . * 119 CHAPTER PAGE

ViII CULTURAL FEATURES . 8 . . 8 .

X FAUNAL REMAINS e . . e * s e * XI INTSA-SITE CORRELATION OF CULTURAL UNITS ......

XI1 EXTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS * e .

XI11 CONCLUSION e e 8 .

BIBLIOGRAPHY , . . m . . 162 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

I DfRu 8; Distribution of Stratigraphic Units ...... 15 DfRu 8: Distribution of' Artifact Classes by Component ..... DfRu Bo Cistribution of Artifacts by Component ...... 23-25 Projectile Points ...... 59-40 Microblades ...... 41 Microblade Attributes. Type A ..... 43 Attributes of Unifacially Modified flakes ....I...... 45 VIIT Distribution of Edge-Angle Values for Unifacially modified Flakes by Component 47

Cobble S~allTools ...... ,a 51 Split Cobble Tools ...... 51 pebble Choppers ...... 53 Cobble Cores ...... 55 Chipped Slate and Schist Projectile Points...... 59 XIV Chipped Slate Knives ...... 62 X il Distribution of Unmodified Slate .... 65 XVI Distribution of Quartz ...... 66 XVII Ground Slate Points ...... 68 XVIII Ground Slate Knives ...... 73 XIX Hammerstones ...... 66 XX Handstones ...... 87

viii TASLE PAGE XXI Eli-pointed Bone Objects ...... 89 XXII Herring Rake Barbs ...... 92 XXIII Antler Tine Objects ...... 117 XXTV Historic Artifacts ...... 122 XXV Distribution of Shellfish Remains .. .132-133 XXVI Distribution of mammal, Fish, and Bird Remains at Df'Ru 8 ...... ,135-136 XXVII Percentage Distribution of Sea Mammals and Land Mammals at Five Sites .... 137 XXVIII Spatial Distribution of Cultural Units at DfRu 8...... 141 Comparative Distribution of Selected Artifact Classes for 1966 and 1966 Excavations at DfRu 8 ...... 143 XXX Comparative Distribution of Selected Diagnostic Artifacts for 1966 and 1969 Excavations at DfRu 8 ...... 145 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE 1 Gulf Islandpand Location of Selected Archaeological Sites ...... 3 2 DfRw 8, Spatial Relationships of the Excavation ...... li 3 Profile of Squarer North 0-2 metres, East 0-2 metres, Test Cut 1 ...... 14 4 Profiles of North Wall at 0.0 metres, between East 6-10 metres, Test Cut 2 . . 15 5 ProTiles of North Wall at 2.0 metres, between East 0-6 metres, Test Cut 3 . . 16 6 Unstemmed Projectile Points ...... 29 7 Leaf-Shaped Projectile Points . . . . . 30 8 Triangular Projectile Points ...... 32

10 Contracting Stem Projectile Points . . . 36 11 Stemmed Projectile Points ...... 37 12 Miscellaneous Projectile Points . . . . 38 13 Distribution of Edge-Angle Values for Unifacially Modified Flakes by Component ...... 48 14 Cornparat ive Distribution of Edge-Angle Values for Distally and Laterally Modified Flakes ...... 49 15 Cobble Spall Tools ...... , 52 16 Split Cobble Tools ...... 54 17 Pebble Choppers ...... , 55 18 Cobble Cores . . . . , ...... 58 FIGURE PAGE

19 Miscellaneous Core Tools , - = , 52

20 Chipped Slate and Schist Projectile Points...... Chipped Slate and Schist Projectile Points...... Chipped Slate Knives ...... Leaf-shaped Ground Slate Points . . Ground Slate Points ...... , Ground Slate Points ...... Ground Slate Knives ...... GulF Islands Complex Artifacts and Labrets ...... , Gulf Islands Complex Artifacts and Labrets ...... Miscellaneous Ground Stone Artifacts

fiisceiianeous Ground Stone Artifacts Handstones ...... Unbarbed Bone Points ...... Large Unbarbed Elone Points and Uni- laterally Sarbed ?one Points . . Uniiaterally Barbed Bone Points . Miscellaneous Bone Artifacts . . . Miscellaneous Bone Artifacts . . . Miscellaneous Bone Artifacts . . . Miscellaneous Bone Artifacts . . . Composite Toggling Harpoon Valves

Composite Toggling Harpoon Valves FIGURE PAGE 41 Antler Yedges , . . , ...... 110 42 Unilaterally and ailaterally Barbed Antler Points and Harpoons ...... 112 43 Unilaterally and ailaterally Garbed Antler Points and Harpoons ...... 113 44 Miscellaneous Antler Artifacts . . . . . 115

xii CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This thesis is concerned uith a description of pre- historic and historic cultural materials recovered during

excavations of a single site on Mayne Island in 1968.

The excavations which were directed by John Sendy of the British Columbia Provincial Museum were primarily con-

cerned with the salvage of artifacts and other cultural remains from a midden which would shortly have been com- pletely destroyed by the tide, While a salvage project

1 normally entails sacrificing the more esoteric methods I I I of archaeological research, it was possible in this i case to complete the excavations with a minimal loss t of' cultural information. As few excavations in the Gulf

of Georgia Region had been adequately reported, it was decided that this thesis should describe, analyze,

interpret and compare the recovered data to the fullest

extent possible. Accurate detailed de3criptiomof pre- historic cultures with special reference to their spatial

and temporal relationships must be the first step toward a problem-oriented approach to prehistory in the region.

The ultimate value of this thesis then, must lie in its

contribution to a rapidly expanding body of empirical

cultural data on the basPs of uhich archaeologists may direct future research. CHAPTER TI

THE ISLAND

Location and Landforms

Playne Island is situated near the southern end of the Strait of Georgia and forms part of a chain of islands collectively referred to as the Gulf Islands. (Fig. 1) Forming part of the Nanairno Lowland, it lies on the western

side of the Georgia Depression and is flanked on the west

by the mountains oP Vancouver Island and on the east by the Coast mountains. Characteristic features of the area are low wooded ridges separated by narrow valleys, Hard

sandstone and conglomerate beds underly the ridges while

the valleys consist of shales and sorter rocks. A north- westerly elongation of the ridges and of the Gulf Islands has resulted from differential erosion of sedimentary rock which is of Upper Cretaceous age. During the pleistocene

the already low relief of the area was further reduced by glacial erosion and by deposits of glacial and fluvio- glacial materials (Holland 1964).

Climate

A summer-dry maritime type climate is characteristic of the Strait of Georgia Region (Kerr 1951; Putnam 1965), The area, which is sheltered from the normally prevalent westerly winds by the Olympic and Jancouver Island Figure 1

Gulf Island and Location of Selected Archaeological Sites Figure 1 mountains, receives an annual rainfall of less than forty inches. Seventy-five percent of this rain Palls in the period from October to march and a water deficiency of between five and ten inches is characteristic of the summer months. The average annual temperature range is less than 25 degrees, with a July mean of 63 degrees afid a January msan of 38 degrees Fahrenheit. General climatic traits of the region are cool dry summers and humid mild winters.

Flora and Fauna Mayne Island falls within the Gulf Islands Biotic

Area of Munro and Cowan (1947). Over the Large part DQ this area Garry Oak (~uercusqarryana) and Madrona (~rbutusmenziesfi) constitute a climax vegetation, while elsewhere this type gradually gives way to a con- iferous climax (cowan 1965826). Douglas fir and Yestern red cedar are typical of the latter and are prominent in the vicinity of DfRuE. No land mammals are restricted to the boundaries of this area, but the wandering shrew or ex vaqrans ~ancouverensis),white footed mouse (Peromyscus maiculatus angustus), and Townsend vole (~icrotus to~nsenditetraminus) are more numerous here than else- where. Absent from the area are; timber uolf, marten, weasel, wolverine, black bear, beaverp and wapiti (munro and Cowan 194'7 835). Sea mammals common to the Georgia Strait Region include1 harbour seal (Phoca vomerina), northern sea lion (Eunetopias ~ubata), California sea lion (Zalophus californicus), sea otter (€nhydra lutris), Baird dolphin (~el~hinusbairdi), Pacific striped dolphin (~aqerorhynckiis obliquidens), DaPl porpoise (Phocaenoidas daili), Killer

ahale ah ramp us rectipinna), humpback whale (flsqaptera novaeangliae), pike mhale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata),

and gray whale (~schrichtiusqlaucus) (cowan 1965t28). The shore of Mayna Island supports a marine com-

munity typical OP other rocky shorelines in the Georgia Strait Region (Carl 1971114). Common fishes include the rockfishas (~ebastodesm.), greenlings, lingcod (~phiodonelonqatus), sea perches (various species),

herring, coho (@nce?rhynchus~isutzh), and spiing salrnun (0.- tshawtscha), Also present offshore are: Dogfish (~qualussuckleyi), Big Skate (~ajabinoculata), pink ( salmon (0.- gorbuscha), sockeye salmon (0.- nerka), chum salmon (1. keta), silver smelt (~ypomesuspretiosus), flounder (Atnerethes stornias), halibut (~ippoqlossus stenolepis) and sole (numerous species).

The most common intertidal shellfish of the area include^ Blue Dlussel (flytilus edulis), Butter Clam axid id om us qiganteus), Horse Clam (Schizothaerus capax), Geoduck (Panope c~enerosa), Cockle (Clinocardium nuttalli), Dog whelk h ha is lamellosus), and Sand Clam (lacoma m.) I CHAPTER 111

Setting

The culture bearing deposits at 3fRu8 are visible

for about 450 metres along the shore of Active Pass and extend approximately 50 metres inland from the beach.

The western part of the site is situated near a cluster of contemporary Indian dwellings (2) and outbuildings (3) and fronts on a small bay. While the bay affords

protection against strong currents and high seas, the high tides charact.eristic of the region have succeeded

in eroding much of the midden in this area, The eastern

part of the site, the boundary of which is marked by a large rectangular house depression, fronts directly on . Active Pass, Ridden in this area has been preserved to

. some degree by large beds of conglomerate rock which

present their protective surfaces to the sea,

History of' Investigations

Mayne Island first came to the attention of social

scientists through the investigations of Wilson Duff, In

1955, while investigating a complex of soapstone arti- facts that occurred in a number of Gulf Islands sites,

Duff discovered soven of these artifacts Prom Mayne

Island in the Provincial Museum collections. These had

been donated in 1944 by Mr. and Mrs. F.J. Barrow of Sidney . . who had collectad a number of artifacts from the surface

of the site. A report on the results of Duff's rasearch was subsequently published by the museum (~uff1955) and

interest in the culture history of the Gulf Islands was stimulated as a result,

In 1956 the first archaeological investigation of

Mayne Island was undertaken by the Archaeological Sites Advisory Board. Excavations were centered on an eroded

midden deposit situated near the head of a small cove on the north side of Helen Point. Four 2 x 2 meter squares yielded 662 artifacts, one feature, and three burials.

On the basis of investigations that year, John Hall (1968) compiled a report which allowed for the division oP the Helen Point cultural sequence into three components.

I .Fram 9srLicst tc 'y'ii~zg~istthwue were named respectivelyt Helen Point I, Helen Point 11, and Helen Point III.

In 1968, further excavations o? the Helen Point site

were undertaken by the Archaeological Field School oP

Simon Fraser University. These excavations, uhich were

situated toward khe eastern end of the site, yielded a

total of 2,580 artifacts, eight burials, and a number of habitation features. According to Carlson (1970rl14), the combined data indicated that there had been, "three

sequent occupations of the excavated parts of the site

punctuated by periods of abandonment." Each of these periods of occupation was characterized by a distinctive 6 complex of artifacts and each was thus given separate phase status. In chronological order, from earliest to latest, these three phases area the Mayne phase, the

Marpole phase, and the San Juan phase.

The excavations with whlch this report is concerned were undertaken by tqhe British Columbia Provincial Museum between flay and August of 1968. Consnsting of three spatially separate test cuts, these excavations were con- centrated in the central and western areas sf the site. A total of 4,373 artifacts, five burials, and eight cul- tural features were recovered f'rom the three test cuts, CHAPTER IV

THE EXCAVATIONS

Excavation Techniques In the 1968 field season, horizontal control was maintained by means of a metric grid system which was oriented on a north-south, east-west axis. The vertical and horizontal provenience of each artifact and cultural feature was recorded to the nearest centimeter in rela- tion to a fixed datum point. All excavated cultural and faunal material was collected in bags, one for each ten centimeter arbitrary level, and the associated strati- graphic unit noted. While troweling was the primary method of excavation, shovels were employed when sterile or near sterile strata were encountered. All shovelled earth and a greater percentage of trowelled earth was screened on one quarter inch mesh.

Test Cut 1 These excavations were conducted directly behind and to the south of a home belonging to Felix Jack, a member of the Tsartlip Band. The house was apparently occupied until 1967, at which time it was abandoned by the owner and its use discontinued.

A trench, nine metres in length and two metres in width, runnin~east to west, was laid out parallel to 13-. the house and a datum point, Datum 13, was established in a tall vertical clothesline pole. (Figure 2) This point was marked by a large iron spike 50 cm. above ground sur- face. Two, 2 metro squares were excavated to sterile subsoil, while a third 2 metre square was excavated to a depth of approximately 15 ern. below surface. The maxi- mum depth of midden in this area was approximately 60 cm.

Test Cut 2 These excavations, which were situated in the same area as those carried out in 1966 by the Archaeological

Sites Advisory Board, used the same Datum point, Datum A. The latter had been established in a large cedar tree to the west of the area to be investigated. The 1966 excava- tions had been situated on midden bordering directly on the beach in an area threatened by erosive tidal action. In 1968 it was discovered that the midden which remained in this area was again endangered. For this reason, excavations were undertaken which included a 4 x 2 metre test trench and an additional 2 x 2 test square. The latter square was eventually expanded to include a 1 x 2 metre extension to the east and a 1 x 2 metre extension to the north. In addition to the above, a 2 x 2 metre test square that had been partially excavated in 1966 was re-excavated to sterile subsoil. midden in this area attained a maximum depth of approximately 3.4 metres. Figure 2

DfRu 8, Spatial Relationships 03 the

Excavations Figure 2 Test Cut 3 These excavations were located on a bench a short distance south of Test Cut 2 in an area somewhat further from the beach. A separate datum point, Datum C, was established on the trunk of a large csdar tree, 50 cm. above ground surface. A grid system, rriented on a north- south, oast-west sxis, was superimpss~d. Excavations included respectively, a 4 x 2 metre test trench, a 5 x 2 metre test trench, and a 2 x 2 metre test square. All were adjoining and each was situated progressively further east from datum and north toward Test Cut 2 and the shore. CHAPTER V PHYSICAL STRATIGRAPHY

An extensive analysis of stratigraphic profiles and photographs from Test Cuts 1, 2 and 3 was undertaken. The results of this examination, combined with an addi- tional study of the positional relationships of cultural material to the observed physical strata, permitted the delineation of three culturally significant strata and two culturally sterile deposits. (Figs. 3, 4, 5).

The earliest deposit consists of a layer of yellow glacial till which has the consistency and appearance of sandy clay. In Test Cut 2 this deposit also contains pea

TABLE I

Distribution of Stratigraphic Units

I Test Cut Stratum Description

loose brown humic dark brown to black sandy brown sandy pea gravel

Keyr x = Stratum present - = Stratum absent Figure 3

Profile of Squarer North 0-2 metres, East

0-2 mstras, Test Cut 1. Figure 3 Figure 4

Profiles of North Wall at 0.0 metres, between East 6-10 metres, Test Cut 2. Figure 4 Figure 5

PZS?~?GS GT ;d~rihwaii at 2.a metres, between East 0-6 metres, Test Cut 3. 17 gravel. Beneath this glacial unit lies a hard conglomerate of Upper Cretaceous age; a deposit which forms the basic geological foundation of the Island. It is above these two sterile units that the three major culture bearing strata are situated.

Stratum A

The earliest stratigraphic unit is a brown sandy soil containing pea gravel, traces of finely fragmented shell, and sporadically occurring lenses of humus, clay, shar- coal, and ash. Fire-cracked rock is liberally scattered throughout this unit. In the area of Test Cut 3 the deposit achieves a maximum thickness of approximately 75 centimetres, with an average thickness of about 45 centi- metres. In the area of Test Cut 2 th3 deposit is some-

what thicker, the maximum vertical extent being approxi-

mately 90 cm. and the minimum about 50 cm.

Stratum 8

Overlying Stratum A is a deposit of dark brown to black sandy soil. Contained within tnis matrix are numerous lenses consisting variously or; fragmentary shell, sea urchin spines, orange and yellow ash, sand, and gravel. Some pea gravel is present in this unit and fire-cracked rock is once again scattered throughout. This deposit is generally less compact in Test Cut 1 than in Test Cut 3. The thickness of the deposit in Test Cut 1 varies from a maximum of about 65 cm. to a minimum of about 25 cm. In Test Cut 3 it achieves a maximum thickness OF approximately 40 cm. and narrows to the point of extinction in the northernmost section of the excavation. Extensive root systems in the area of Test Cut 3 have to some extent disturbed the deposit in that vicinity.

Stratum C

A loose brown humic soil is typical of this strati- graphic unit. Shell, while still fragmentary for the most part, is generally more concentrated than in the previous two units. Scattered pockets of whole shell and green and purple sea urchin are encountered, while lenses of light orange ash, yellow ash, and charcoal are also typical contents of this deposit. In all areas this unit is capped by a thin layer of naturally deposited humus.

While a number of historic period artifacts were dis- covered in this deposit, its content was not deemed suf- ficiently significant to warrant a separate stratigrapkic designation. CHAPTER \/I CULTURAL UNITS

An analysis of the artifact assemblage from DfRu 8 resulted in the isolation of three distinct cultural com- ponents. for reasons uhich are explained more fully in

Chapter XI, the foilowing scheme of numbers and letters are used to describe components in the Helen Point se- quence.

Helen Point Tar Refers to the earliest component in tho Yelen Faint sequence. Discovered by Dr. R.L. CarPson during excavations in 1968, it is confined primarily to the eastern area of the site and is known

3s the Mauna.-,..- nhlcop,.---. (C~~~SSR19?Q: 115). This cm- ponent manifests itself only marginally in the area of the site with which this thesis is concerned.

Helen Point Ib: The assemblage which character- izes this component indicates relaticnships to both the Mayne phase and to later assemblagas described as components of tho Locarno aeach phase. It is thought that Helen Poinc Ib may demonstrate an evolutionary link between the Nayne and Locarno Beach phases. Helen Point 11 The traits shared by Yelen Point

Ia and Helen Point Ib suggested that they formed part of the same cultural continuum in time and space. It 25

was therefore decided that a subdivision of a single unit best descriaed their relationship. Helen Point 111 Denotes a relationship to components of the Marpole phase. Helen Point 111; Denotes a relationship to cultural

units uhich have been variously described as the San Juan

phase, Stselax phase and Gulf of Gecrgiz Culture Type.

The units with which we are chieFly concerned, Helen

Point Ib, Helen Point 11, and Helen Point 111, are derivad

respectively from stratum A, stratum 9, and stratum C.

The primary method used in the isolation of these components entailed placement of the artifacts on scale

stratigraphic profiles which had been superimposed on several large laboratory tables. In this manner the

original provenience or context of artifacts was repro-

duced thus permitting careful analysis of their distribu-

tion. A second method, which served as a cross-check on

the foregoing, involved separation of the artifacts by ten centimetre vertical units and twenty centimetre hori- zontal units. Usage of the above methods revealed that distinguishing criteria for the three components were basically of two kinds; (1) The presence in one component

of artifact types uhich were not present in others, and (2) Significant differences between the components in the i: proportional occurrence of artifact types or classes which F li. were shared. The results of a distributional analysis oQ artifact

types by component ar able III), indicated that 8 artifact types were confined to 3elen Point I, 3 ta Helen Paint 11, and 5 to Helen Point 111. Nine of these sixteen artifact types occur in numbers of two or less in the component in which they are isolated and are know to occur in different cultural contexts at other sites. They therefore should not be considered diagnostk. Artifact types consisting of three or more specimens which are confined to a single corn-

ponent include for Helen Point I t Gvlf Islands Complex Artifacts, Cobble and Pebbls Choppers, and polished peb- bles, for Helen Point IIt none, and for Helen Point 1IIn Triangular ground slate points, composite toggling harpoon valves, herring rake barbs, and ulna knives.

A number of shared artifact types are considered sig-

in one of the three components is significantly greater

than in.othersr for Helen Point I these included; micro- biades, contracting stem chipped stone points, leaf shaped chipped stone points, chipped slate knives, and leaf shaped ground slate projectile points; for Helen Point 11: Tri- angular and Leaf-Triangular chipped stone projectile points; and for Helen Point (6) antler usdges, bi-pointed bone objects, and ground slate knives. A distributional analysis of artifact classes by com- ponent also proviaes a valid means of distinguishing between the three components. Table I1 presents the relevant data ..

*. on a percentage basis.

Distribution of Artifact Classes b* Component (Expressed in Percentages5

i CLASS I COMPONENT i I

I Ground Stone I 8.2 2.9 9.5 I 1 / Pecked & Ground I 4.5 1 2.9 1 1.5 ! Stone . ! I I i I ! I Bone j 13.5 14.8 1 61.3 / 1' Antler / 8.9 / 10.8 1 13.8 1 Shell 1.5 .O 3.1 1 / / i 1 i

Using the criterion of artifact classes, the defining

characteristics of each component can be summarized in the following manner;

Helen Point Ib - An amphasis on chipped stone artifacts which is about equal proportionately to Helen Point 11, but significantly greater than Helen Point III. - A use of ground stone which is approximately equal to Helen Point I11 but proportionately greater than Helen Point If. - Of the three components it is characterized by the greatest emphasis on artifacts of pecked and Distribution of Artifacts by Component

Class Component Site

- - STONE Chipped Stone (267) leaf-shaped points 4 1 0 5 triangular points 2 5 0 7 leaf-triangular points 1 3 3. 5 diamond-shaped points 2 0 0 2 contracting stem points 9 stemmed & barbed points 1 stemmed triangular points 0 point fragments 25 chipped preforms 7 microblades I1 modified basalt flakes 22 modified quartz flakes 43 obsidian flakes 5 jasper flakes 0 cobble-spa11 tools 5 split-cobble tools 4 cobble cores 5 pebble choppers 5 miscellaneous core tools 1 chipped slate points 3 chipped slate knives 17 slate flakes 4 Ground Stone leaf-shaped points 4 triangular points 0 0 5 5 TABLE III

Distribution of Artifacts by Component

Class Component Site I iI 111

STONE Chipped Stone leaf-shaped points 4 1 0 triangular points 2 5 0 leaf-triangular points 1 3 1 diamond-shaped points 2 contracting stem points 9 stemmed & barbed points 1 stemmed triangular points 0 point fragments 25 chipped preforms 7 microblades 11 modified basalt flakes 22 modified quartz flakes 43 obsidian flakes 5 jasper flakes G cobble-spa11 tools 5 split-cobble tools 4 cobble cores 5 pebble choppers 5 miscellaneous core tools 1 chipped slate points 3 chipped slate knives 17 slate flakes 4 Ground Stone leaf-shaped points 4 triangular points 0 TABLE 111 Continued

Class Components Site

Ground Stone Continued point fragments slate knives slate punch ground slate fragments Gulf Islands Complex labrets polished pebbles adze blades sandstone saws modified concretion zoomorphic object Pecked and Ground Stones groovsd or notched hammerstones handstones red ochre mica Miscellaneous Stone unmodified basalt flakes unmodified quartz unmodified slate blanks abrasive stones BONE unilaterally barbed bone points 2 1 3 large unbarbed bone points 1 0 1 bipointed bone objects 3 2 64 small single pointed bone objects 0 0 4 TSSLT I11 Continued

- -- Class

BONE Continued uedge-based bone points split bone awls ulna knives bone wedge needles pendants dagger-like objects perforated bone objects bird bone tubs beaver-tooth tool miscellaneous bono ANTLER unilaterally barbed antler points oilaterally barbed antler harpoon composite toggling harpoon valves foreshafts wedges antler-tine objects pendants pointed antler object miscellaneous antler SHELL Nytilus californianus tools

Total 2660 1332 381 ground stone.

Hsian Point TT - The highaot incidence of chipped stone artif'acts of all three components. - The lowest incidence of ground stone artifacts of a11 three components,

Helen Paint EII - Least use of chipping techniques for working stone of all three components. - A significantly greater emphasis on grinding tech- niques for working stone than evidenced in Helen

Point I1 but approximately the same, proportion-

ately as in Helen Point I. - A much greater occurrence oP bone tools than in sithsr of the two earlier coo?ponents. CHAPTER VZI

DESCRIPTION OF ARTIFACTS FROM THE HEIZN POINT MIDDEN

Introduction

The follot.uing discussion of artifacts employs a descriptive system based on the ccnctpt of type. A type may be defined as a group of artifacts which share a con- sistently recurrin~range of specified attributes, In some cases artifacts are grouped further into what might be called sub-types, These may be defined as sub-groups within the type which share an even higher level of affinity, In the naming and description of types ter- minology which implies a specific function is used where ethnographic analogy permits or where the author feels that such terminology would facilitata comparison uith artifact types in assemblages from other sites. Nan- functional terminology is used whera ethnographic analogy has failed or where types were previously unknown and/or undescribed, As the metric system was used in the measurement of artifacts all values of size are expressed in centi- metres except where otherwise indicated, measurements of length, width and thickness always refer to the maximum length, width and thickness of particular artifacts and the respective weights of artifacts, where applicable, are expressed in grams. All drawings in the thesis are life site.

,-ljtnn,-n r~nnrrnrr* re- --- ~t3r1-r-I, 3 I UIUL nil l lr t-3~I2

Unstemrned Projectile Points

A. ieaf-shaped

Eight sp%cimens are representative of this type; seven of aecsa basalt, and one of fine-grained or vitreous basalt. Flaking on all specimens is generally crude and irregular, none of the finished artifacts being particu- larly symmetrical. The single specimsn produced in fine- grained basalt is considerably more thinned and sym- metrical than others in this categorys suggesting that the general crudity of these artifacts is due primarily to the quality of the raw material. Two sub-types OF leaf-shaped points were isolated on the criterion of base form and are described in detail below. A.1. LeaF - Convex Base (Fig, 6,a) (~ig.7, d-h) Five points occur in this category, one specimen exhibiting a plano-convex cross-saction, the other four examples bi-convex cross-sections. Although there is a tendency toward asymmetry, the edges of all points are generally convex. In general, flake scars are large, except on the edges where the points have been more finely retouched, A.2. Leaf - Straight Base (Fig. 6, b) (Fig, 7, a-c)

The three points representative of this category all display bi-convex cross-sections. Flaking is once Figure 6

Unstsrnrned Projectile Points a. leaf-shaped point, convex bass b. leaf-shaped point, straight basa c. leaf-triangular point d-8, diamond-shaped points

P. triangular point, convax base g. triangular point, concave base h. triangular point, straight base f g h Figure 6 Leaf-shaped Prnjectils Pclnts

a-c. Isaf, straight bass

d-h. leaf, convex base ins ?- ems------Figure 7 31 again crude and irregular ant: tne resdltfng artifacts no; particularly symmetriczf,

8. Triangular

The seven projectile points dssignaced triangular unsternmed faxi into three basic sub-typest triangular - straight oasa, Lrianqular convex baser and triangular - cwncave base, All are manufactured Prom dense basalt and generally exhibit more refined craftsmanship than spacimens of the previous category, In particular, tech- niques sf pressure Plaking have been utilized to better advantage, indicated in increased thinning of the body and a more symmetrical appearance. 5.1. Triangular - Straight bas^ A single artifakt is representative sP this sub- type, It is hi-coiavex En cross-sectfun and the blade edges are straight, (F~CJ.6, h) (~fg. 8, a). 8,2, TriangtiPar - Canvex Base Tne edges a? this type vsry fron straight to slightly convex, whiPa the bases are uniformly convexl One speci- man (Fig. 3, c) is unifacially flaked and appears to Rave been utilized in this state without further modification,

Ths other tuo projwctila points representative of this sub- type are bifacially flaked and exhibit bi-cunvex cross- sections. (Fig, 6, f) (Fig. 8, b, d) 0.3. Triangular - Concave Base The three specimens representative a? this sub-type Triangular Projectile Points a. triangular, straight base b-ds triangular, sanvex bass e-9. triangular, concave base ins - cms------

Figure 8 @, ! saP' - Tria:;~;~:iar ;,I+.; i.= plrnila~617 most r~spactsto tha Leaf- - t rlanf;,uiar zypz ::? klng ji950tlhj anit Cdrlscn (13548 14)

CarS~ondescribns the shape of the Slaa@ as convex on one sldc and straight on the other and the basi as straight

D. Dfanend

!%I-> ;jro"?actila ;joints, wRiLe octmrdly vzry sinilnr tc, ti!%i:ri~:~f::~ki~g 5tam types rr3hLci-1 fc;Ilhlbnip 22 not possas3 thd slfabt sho b5~.i2~indwhich is char::ctaristic of this grcSip, Rfiur;:%ky diamond shapeti, they a:a reminiscant of projectile points iilustratsd by Carlson for the mayne

Phase, (197CsL16), Vertical provenience a17d strati- graphi~assmiatinn of the two indicates that thcy occur early in the clelen Point I component. (Fig. 5, 6, e)

2 ins I- ems------

Figure 9 (Fig. 3.7, d, a).

eight are af dense basait, one of vitrdous uasait and onc oF chalcedonyo Ths Patter Lao s~ojactiiepoints, manuPaeturcd frm finer materials, are ~mzll%r,more finely flaked, and less asymmetric thsn the former,

Sevosal attributes are diagnostic of this type,

includingr convex sidsd bladas, sloping shoulders, acd

contracting stems, Eight of ths points exhibit bi-convcx

cross-sections whiPa the remaining tw3 are plano-convex,

All exarnplss are unbarbed. (Fig. El, a-c Fig. :O, a-f),

E. Stemmed and Rn-,*bed

UP the two oxamp%es oF this zy~uoriv is convex 5ide0

and the othe~.straight sided. Both oxhihit slight barbs

and hi-convex cross-sections. The stclqs although partiafiy

C, friangulaz - Stemmed A single projectile point exhibits straight blade

edges and an asynmstric stem, The raw material dsed was

chalcedony. (Fig. 7, e) (Fig. 12, c), Figure 10

,-a- , Csir"Lrctcting-stem Projectile Points Figure 10 Stemmed Projectile Points a-c. contracting-stern points

d. stemmed and barbed pbints

e. triangular point, asymmetric stem Figure 11 RiscePlaneous Prejactile Points a, b* stemmed and barbed points

c, triangular point, asymmetric stem d, o. diamond-shaped points ? ins ?-. - - .- cms- _= -re=

Figure 12 p- Attribute Flange rflaan fdurnber

Leaf Convex Base length width thickness Leaf Straight 2. length width thickness Triangular Strt. 0, length width thickness Triangular convex 9. length width thickness Triangular Concave 0. length ~idth thickness Leaf-Triangular length width thickness Contracting Stem length ~~idth thickness

Stemmed Barbed length iaridth thickness Diamond length width thickness continued...... TABLE Id Continued

Attribute Range Yaan Number Triangular - Stemmed length width thickness

Projectile Point Fragments

Thirty-seven unclassifiable fragments wore recovered from the site, including eighteen basal fragments and nineteen tip fragments. Those designated basal fragmsnts exhibit traits th:.t. "uould be considerad essential in the process of hafting, such as a sufficiently broad and generally thinned surface. In additi~n mzny exhibit fficrudseci narrowing toward the point or fracture indicat- ing that the missing portion was probably ths pciint tip.

All artifacts designated tip fragments are pointed and, in addition, becorna significantly broader toward the point of fracture.

Chipped Preforms

Ten artifacts exhibit morphological traits generaily ascribed to projectile points but usre probably not utilized as such. Generally, they are asymmetric uith large flake scars, thick cross-sections, and little, if any, secondary modification. A number actually retain portions of the cortex of the oriqfr?:l curH, All are associated uith other more syicmst~icand refinad projec- ti16 poict typ~s. Pione hrlve boon Ylatced in a manner which would permit alternate usage. In addition, most are too thick to facilitate fiaQting ana ap?ea; to have been abandoned at a stage when tkay usra tc3 small to permit

Further tkinnrng or refinement of tne h~dy. microblades

The fourteen complete spocirn~nswra subjected to microscopic analysis. The classif ica.Lion systsm evolved by Sanger (1970: 50-693 for the Pacif lc pllorthw~stand

Interior Plateau areas was found most aeneficial for pur- poses of description.

Attribute Range lvlean Number

Obsidian length 3.1-3.2 3.17 3 ~f dth .6- .8 .7 4 Quartz length 1 .O-1 5 1.28 5 width .3- .6 48 9

Upon examination, three gengral types cf microbladss were delimited. These were; 4 2

A. PPlicrobisd~36xhibiting I:~c~LF~c~~.~oT;D? ona 3,-

more edges. - Eight specimens. (3 Obsidian, 5 transparent nuartz)

8. Ylfcrohladss uhich have S~ongistally modified

anti .Ire pxabaS1y rolazad to Gurin or graver toot

types. - Three specimens. (1 Obsidian, 2 transparant quartz)

C, Microblades whose edges are unmodifiad. - TRras specimens. (3 transparent quartz)

Within each of these general types con:,iderable variability was found to exist with respect to tha type and location of modffication. H summary of dec~iis elating to nodifi- cation for Type A is presented in TaSle VI. Those of

Type 8 and C require separate discussion.

MicrobPadrs Type B.

#3846 The distal end sf this artifact consists of a slanted facett th2t forns an oblique 2n~leuith the left lateral edge and an acute angle with the right lateral edge. The point of coincidence GF the Latter two edges creates a highly functionalpoint that exhibits use wear in the form of extremely small flake scars. The renaindsr of the distal facet exhibits some larger flake scars that Artifact Number

- Use retouch of left htzral edge Dorsally - Use retouch cf left lateral sdge Dorsally and vantxaliy

Left lateral edge dorsally Right lateral edge wantrally - Use retouch of right and left lateral edges .8oth dorsally

- Istentianal modification oP left lateral edge dorsally Use retouch a? right lateral edge ventrally and dorsally - Intentional modification OF both lateral edges and distal portion Ventrally and dorsally . may have boen intat-Llunal. I~ESBf~ctr~rsiridicate tnht Lhe probzble:.fmciion of tne artifac.l; was Graving,

02 ocher highly specialized cutting oparations.

$4 2 5 6 A number of small flakes have been removed from

tno vantral surfaco oi the lePt iatorai edge toward the

fnct is similar to those in Sanger's Group 3 (1970~65).

#4120 The left edge of the distal portion of this

microblade has been truncated at an angls while a small

flaks has been struck Prom the right late~a: edga tomrd

the proximal and, The truncation of "cc lsft edge and

the removal of tha flake from the oaposite edge have

created a highly Functional point whzch ~~ouldhave sezvcd

admirably ;n graving onera+.inns? Tke 12s erzl sd~sszze

otherwise unmodified,

Rfcroblades Typc C.

The throe miczohlades includad in Grcup 2 exhibit

no modif ieation, intentional or o'chsrw: sa. Presumably, iT

microblades function in cuteing operations, the presence

or absence of cnipping resulting frem usage would depand on the abrasiveness of the material 5eing cut and on the

length of time the microblade mas in us80 This may

explain the absence of chipping on m.icr3biades included in this group. !jni?'acially iqodif i8d Fizkcs

Fifty Plakes, ill of dt;nsn basalt, exhibit one or occasianaP1y two unit'ac,aily prssuure-flaked edges. A primcry distki-tctior, can be made batween these artifacts on the basis UP the location of the 35diPied edge, which is either Satsrally or distally Pocaied in relation to the ~ulbof parcussion. Further distinction can be ~1233' on ?he basis of edge shape, which is either convex, can- cave or straight. 3etails of a clasvification by cornpgnanz, on the basis of these two attributes are given in TabPs VII.

TABLE VIT

Attributes sf Unifacially modified Flakes

Distally Conv ex 6 3 3 12 Distally Straight 3 1 I 15 Distally Concave 0 1 0 1

Laterally Convax 7 7 4 18 Laterally Straight 6 5 I 12 Laterally Concave 0 i 1 -2 50

-

In addition to the above classificaticn an insight as to the functional nature of these artifacts was gained ;: ;: < chrough analysis s: bheir rdspecllv~ed5e-~7gLo ~~slties.

Siudiav of Pithic niatariai on this kiasrs nave been Carrie? aut by E. Wilmvsn (1968, 1970), who suggests that differ- ential Prrnctiona! e~pacitiesare reflected irl differen- ttal ranges PP vdqe-angB~ values (P968r155), Yis study of PaLao-Indi~ntrtsterfai indlcatee tnat od?@-sngle vaiuez t~?r~clcrsbrsd in three cliPforznt rzn;ns; from 25-35 degrees, from 46-55 degrees, and from 06-75 degrees. HG inferred three corresponding categories of functicnal effectiveness for each of these rangas fT958ei56). These

UIBPIZ 8

26-35 Range Inferred functiont

- Cutting operations

46-55 Rany;~

Inferrod functions * - S~inningand' hide scraping - Sineiu and plant fib .e shredding - iiaavy cutting (bar-,e ana hsrn) - Tool Yack blunting 66-75 Range Inferred functionr - Woodworking - Bone workinq - Skin softening - Heavy shredding n:, ..T.2..?,IL ,,... :,, ;t;iqn QF Lsr)o../J,ncl.z i!aluss "-- 3Gi.Tscia'e iY > I irl. rriodiPled Flakes by Component

- -" --,------,...- Componer; t Edge A~c~le I I I 711 Site

Edge-angle vaiues for DfRu 3 are sesn to ciuster primarily in tka lower intermediate ranges (36-55 degrees) and to taper aPf ir. the higher Sntss-ledlate rangas (56-

55 Corrsspondong areas of functional sffeckive- ness uouLd ineludo primarily those ilqPerred for idilmsen's middle range C44-55 degrees). Far those edge-angle values lying toward eithor extreme of the primary clustering in

DfRu 8, a functional overlapping with MiIrisen's acute or extreme range is suggested.

Noticeably few artiPacts from DfRu 8 occur in either the acute angle range (26-35 degrees) or in the steep angle

number ;(pi !

Figure 13 Comparative Distribution of Elge-Angle Values

for distally and Laterally '?edified Flakes degrees Figure 14 where cutting operations are inferred, we have the presence

of ground slate knives, microblada~~ulna knives, and Iviytilus californianus knives. In the steep angle ranges,

where waodaorkiny, skin softening, an3 heavy shredding ara

inTerred, ws have the presence of adzes, antler and bone

medges, hammerstones and cobble-chopp~rs,

While the abave conclusions are tentative, owing to

3rnzj.l ss~cls~Pzc, , urLltcA J~~~~w~-A.a2J - - CI? ii1.i.s nature si7~uld

revoai a similar pa':terning in other North %@stCoast

sites on the same tecnnologfcal level.

Unmodif iod Primar) Fhkes

Unmodified basalt flakes comprise the largest cats-

gory of waste products recovered at the site. None

exhibit svidence of either intentional modification or of utilization, While it is possible that many of these apparently unmodiPied flakes played a significant role in

the activities of the prehistoric inhabitants of the site, it is equally probable that the majority represent by- products of tool manufacture. <. ilcreecl on Yp:ails from waterwarn : 313;163~ these sati-

facts have been unifacially modifieu to serve in euttirlr;, scraping, and chopping operationsY (~iy.1.5). AEI but one sf the nina ox3nplsu exhibit d Flakad edge or edges on thair nun-cortical face. Th@ la?tar euhi5its s f'lzked edge an tho cartical face. (F~s, 15, f).

Split C~SDPE--~OOPS

TA9LE X

Split Cobbra To,ols

-.-~.-*-*------. -- --./ Attribute Range mean Number

1~jngt.h 7.9-13.0 10,6 5 width 5.4-11.2 9.6 5 thickness 3,3- 5.0 4.5 5 Figure 15

"-ha Cobble Spall Tanls Figure 15 Pebble Choppers

round to oval. beach pebbles which have bean unifacially

2asln9 this qroap ara characterized by 3 single crudaly

Flaked edga which is perpendicular ta the long axis of the pebble. Othor than this sinqle working adge the Figure 16 a- Split Cobble Too:s Figure 16 TABLE %';I

Cobble Coras

Miscellansads Cars Toois

Two large bifaces, one with a straight working edge

(F~CJ,13 b), the other with a convex ~t~orkingedge (~ig.

19 a), are probably multipurpose tools, chapping, scraping, and cutting, being the primary functions. The dimensions of the former, #3965, are 8.9 x 6.5 x 4.1 crns, while the dimensions of the latter, #3979, are 10.2 x 7.8 x 4.6 crns. figure 17 a-e. Pebble Choppers Figure 17 Fiyura L8 a-f. Cabblo Coras Figure 18

TABLE XITI

Chipped Slats and Schist Psojestiia joints

AhiEs it Is possible that thsse ;?tints ware utilized witr~outfurta6r mcdification, it is c,:uaiiy possible that they reprasent a pximary stage in the ?:mafacture of ground slate points. Thoir rarity, in eernbinatron wrth tho fact that ground slake points are present in ail companents, uould Lend sone support to this argument. Figure 20

Chipped 5P~teand Schist Pr~jectilaFaints

a. schist point, :oncavs bas^

b. slats point, asymrnstriz kasa Figure 28 Figure 21

Chipped Slate and Schist Projectile Points

a, schist projectile point

b-c, siate project iPe paints a . rns cms- -

Figure 21 $, :7

Chipped Slate KnPvas

The twenty-one artif'acts included zan be divided into four major typws. The first two, rtoFPned on the basis of outline, are respectively semi-avoid and rectanguloid knives. Specimens Encluded in sach ,~f'ti;~~e types vary considerably in r~gardto size. TI--2 *i:d fypc, best . . defined with rePsr~nceto more S~GC;LL a~izlau@es,is a back-blunted blade uith a sloped curvilinear edge, This type is reasonably constant with reqard to size and farmai appearance. A fourth group is typified by a generally asymmetric outline arid doui-ile-edqsci blades.

TABLE XI!! Chipped Slate Knives

-7 Attribute Range fl oa n Qumber

length 5.6-l4.O 9.5 21 width 2.6- 6.6 4,6 21 thickness .5- 2.3 1.2 21 semi-ovoid knives

The semi-ovoid type is represented by three large and two small specimens. While all artifacts in this category are simi!ar with respect to general shape, three exhibit a single modified edge and two display double edge modification. A11 edges are convex.

While bifacial flaking appears to have been the <- 33-

~rimarymethod tif mdqe modifioat,3n, certain sections of

bear some evidence of use-wear. (Fig, 22, 9-i), rectanguloid knives

The ructancj~loidtype, represcr:te bs t4rt3e large and four small sp~,t;icrens, is ckaracio;'zt-:? JY s singla st,aiirht t;u asyirrli,ezLic use-mrn ea~~cdii exaxpies have been biracially modified. (~ig.22, d-f). back biunted knive~

Tha third typo, represented by six axsaples, is

characterized by a single sloped curvilinear edge and a straight to asymmetric blunt back. While considerably

srnallsr and lighter than artifacts of the pasvious two

groups, mar patkarns indicate that thay served similar

Functions. Five have been unffacially nodiflad while the sixth has been bifaefally modified. (~ig,22,a-c). The backs of the knives have been obliqualy flaked to produce a blunted effect. asymmetric knives

Three bifacialiy modiried slate knives are relatively asymmetric in appearance. The edges of two are straight, while that of the third is convex. Use wear primarily in the form of lateral striations is evident on all specimens.

Unifaeially ModiFied Siate Flakes

Five slate flakes recovered at Df8u 8 each display Figure 22

Chipped Slate Kn'LVER a-c. Back Slunted knives

d-Ye Rectanguloid knives

9-1, Semi-ovoid knives Figure 22 -. . , a single unffacial!y modified B~CE~:T;~P. ~,i! l.r: 2g:za, shaoe, and constr;lc2 Pcn their csu~";ar:a:';a 11- hdsali T. >:{2 are recianguloio in stiapa, une havirlg LE~,-I~~.;t;s11y iilodi-

fied, the other, laterally modified, Tuo others are tri- angular in shape and have been distally nsdi?ied &tile the

fifth is ovate, anJ distally inadL@ien. ,411 exhrbit convex

edges except for khe single laterally t~o?ifFer!rectar;+?cid specimen.

Unmodified Slate

A large number of' unmodified piaces o? slate wes re-

coverea Prom tho site. Soma are large enough (aangsr 7-15

cm. in length, 4-8 cm, in width) to sarve as raw material far

the manufa~tureo? tools while others are smaller (~ange:

--7 cm. in length, 3-4 cm, in width) aco may be by-products

resulting from the chipping of Laryer sleta pieces. Their

distribution by component is recorded -n the accompanying

Table,

Distribution of Unrnodffieti Slato

Large Blank 91 11 J 10 8 Small Blank -295 -62 -33 -390 Total 386 73 i3hslrllan

31si srnhi% obsidian flakes L~z!nr c1

iary rodkfitatian, it is probable that thc sk;arp edges

ctmrncioristic u7 primary flakas of this 1~1ateri.alcould

have served wsil in cutting operations aftnoat further xodif icaLiui-i,

Jasper

A single primary flake of jaspar was recovered in the

excavations. There is no visible ovidencs GF secondary

modif icrtlon,

GROLIh!G STONE Ar7TIFAL TS

Ground Slate Points

Of fifteen ground slate points rr:covered from the

~ucslvztlcn, tsr: zz-r FrzQmarctzry spe~i~:~t:f:s,Cluspite this

rimicing factor, a number of basic ~~5seruaoleattributes

werc isolatod snd utilized in tho farmhiation of types.

- ' iiia3u sl3aF.e ?sat ef;d th3 mast discrini~naiinc;criterion and

was u~edit> dalirniting basic types, while cross-section

was cimFioyed as a secondary attribute In the formulation

sB sub-types.

Figure 23

Leaf-sncped Ground Slate Sointr a-c. hexagonal cross-section points d,e, rectangular cross-snttion points e

Figure 23 Figure 24

Gr~uhdSiate Points

a,b. leaf-shaped, bi-convex cross-section

c. fragment, plano-convex cross-section d,f ~CI. triangular, hexaganai cress-section

e, fragment, partially c.,rp:nd Figure 24 The two artifacts include12 in this uatt:c?ory are cnarzcterized by convex edges and bi-c~nv~xcress-sections.

(~icj.24, a, b)* Bath Faces of .the til.ada hay3 baen smoothly

indicate that they mrs probably bi-poir.tod.

(c) Rectangular Cross-section

The edges of both specimens are convzx. The faces of the blade cn both artifacts have basn only partially ground.

(Fig. 23, d, a) (Eg. 25, d, e).

2 . Triangular All five specimens exhibit straight, doubie-beveled edgcs and hexagonal cross-sections, Altbou~h~UJJJ~ of the artifacts are fragmentary, (~ig.25, f, j) the remainder can se differentiated with reference to type of base, me exhibiting s concave base (Fig. 24, g) (Fig. 25, i) and tha other two thinnod convex bases. (~ig.2&, d) (~ig.25, gj.

:'nc!asaiflaGle Fragments

;/3742 This fragment, probably a xcdial section, is straight ~dgedwith a plano-convex crnss-section. While all surfaces havs been ground, there are na indications of faeeting. (Tis, 24, c) (~ig.25, I).

#316i This fragment, once again a mediai section, Figure 25

;round Slate Paints a-c. leaf-shaped, hexagonal r 1-05s-section d,z, lea?-shaped, rectangui;; ass-sectian f- j. triangular, Rexagonzl cr~s,--seetion k,m. leaf-shaped, bi-convex cross-section

1. fragment, plano-convex crns5-section

n. fragment, unifacially grau~d

o, fragmsat, convex 3353s ins ,,-, crns- -

Figure 25 m C1.

4.J

r-i 0 0 6, ul -4 $f c, cc- O m J-' 9 C - -4 i?? 4 L3 (0 +J C m n a, k e m k

11) al f-4 a E Ri X GI

X 4 0) 01 I: I- Ground Slata Knives

b-fa from Yelen Pcint ;?! b. +306i c. #3304 d. if3002 em if3058 f. f3559 Figure 26 Earh of the four knives from i4c.lar-i Pclnt I11 is

;liqhtly different, and warrants indrvidsal ~dscription.

$3361 This fragmentary kniT'~1s cf-tan'actarizad by a single double-beveled edge. Both sides have been gr0bnd an@ polished, (Fig. 25, b).

$30 58 This artif'act, ground and polished on all

~~rfa~esPGSSZSL~~~ a Gauble-bsvzi~t catticq aaqe. Ihs opposite edge, t~hiialess sharp, has also asen double-

Savalod, probably to facilitate h;f;fn~, (~ig.25, el*

$3302 Ground and polished on one Pace only, this specimen exhibits t~osingle beveled adg~s. No wear pat- terns %ere evident, indicating that this artlf'act is probably unf infsPerj. (Fig. 26, d) ,,

,43 5~4 GIGL-~:~and polisnad 013 Set* 'acas, this spacimsn displays a double-beveled cutti ng ~d2~.Pevelf 7;

3f the cutting edge has been carriad on up one side to tnz back, which has beon intontitnaily Siunted. (~ig.76, c),

~43559 This small fragment has been ground and polishsd on both faces. In contrast to the previous examples, whose edqes appear as angular facets the sharp cutting edge of tnis artifact has been produced by a gradual thinning of tho body toward the edge. (Fig, 22, f),

Soapstone Artfaacts

Gulf Islands Complex

Seven carved and polished soapstsne artiPaets all fro,^^

Hefen Point I aro best classified with rcferenca to Duff's ? ': tyyclogy nf GuiF Isiarids Complex 4rtPfacts, (1455:45-55).

One artfPact falls mithin 9uff"s Type E and is most sfnilar to an example iPiustraLsd from the Tontague

;iarbour surface collection (%itchell 15j71)a (Fig. 48, b).

Botn artifacts aro generally rectang~larin outline with slightly concave ends and flatten83 ad61 crass-sections,

!Goth oxhiwit two ulconicaiPy dtiiPr;d r,olas 'cowara their centers. The Mayne Island specimen is OF black soapstone and its dimensions are 3.3 x 2*l x 0.6 cm. (Fig. 27, f)

(F. 20 1). Duff dsscribes thsea additional E type artifacts from Active Pass.

Three artiFacts, one coaplate, an0 twa Fragmentary

(Fig, 28, c, d), cr,i be subsumed undur Duff's Type C. The zurnpPete spsclmen cor-tsists of a small stnne bar with a deep

9ynrpyn _r-jn~slnq fr:?;+rone end tn t_hp i>th~d.i..; yhi_rh 2bync thr~ artifact a three sided appearance an, C-shzpsd cruas- section. (Figo 27, b) (Fig. 28, h), The side sf the artifact opposite the groove is fiat uhile the remaining twe sidss are convsx. One of the enos is straight in profile mRiPe the other is sloped. This artifact Is distinct from nu??'$ eight examples in being made of crystalline limestone, Its dimensions are 3,5 x 2.0 x 0.5 cm.

The two fragmentary specimens exhibit the C-shaped cross- section characteristic of this type. One is of black soapstone, the other of grey. One artifact is very similar to Duff's Type A, Figure 27

Gulf Tslands Cnm?ls~fi~t ipssts

and Labrets a, Fragment of doubla stsdbed lsbrot

P h. Gclf Islands Complex, Tygs a e u ZuLp Islands Complex, fypa 4 d. Gulf Islands Complex, Type 3 e. GulP Islands Complexr Pypa I f. Gulf Islands Complex, Type E Figure 27 Fkguze 26

Gulf Islands Complex Artiyaets

and Labrets

fr<..gmant of dauble ,tu idc:3 :\-3i~~

fragment of ellipticzl iabret -. GuLf Islands Complex, rype I&

fragmentary soapstone object, $4188

rectangulofd soapstone artifact

Gulf Islands Complex, Type 4 -- Gulf Islands Compl~x, t ype 3

Guif Islands Complex, Type I

Gulf Islands Complex, Type E Figure 28 y;i axampla 4, wkicn is also Fro% Acti~3(-3,~~ 5nc side of this rectangular skaged arti?act ~.chi-Pts? wuar polished groove urhich is somowhat; wider at tha end3 than in the middle. (FP~. 27, c) (Fig. 28, g), 'he other side is

?Eat and also highj/ polishijd, 9 ql ilj -gr.l;.er! ;oapscons mas the raw maturial, Ics dimensions aze: 2.5 x 2'2 x 3.0 c14*

An artifao'c of gsay-greer; SC~LI~~L~;:,~Ls 3imildr to

Duff's Typa 0. While generally rectznguiar in design, its two loncjer sides are concave and have been polisn~d through use, The specimen is rectangular in cross-section.

Its dimensions art2t 4.L x 2.8 x 1.3 srri- (~ig.2Yr d:

(Fig. 28, j),

One specirnan is most similar to Duff's Type I, of which thera is ano other example fro? ths Canal Site on

. \ Pender Island. (~iq,27, e) (rig. 28. c!, Its dimnn3i-nnz are! 4.2 x 1.9 x 07,

Two addiiiiona3 soapstone ab jecis ( i4l63 a~d&CJ??), probably baionq w;th this artifact eoapisx, 5ut are tco fragmentary for Jcrinite classff ication, (Fig, 28, e, i).

A small ractanguloid soapstone oi'fect has been ground and polishad on aPI surFaces. Its size a3d shapz tend to preclude a utilitarian function and it is probable that the object served in a decorative or ~erhapsceremonial sense. (~ig,28, f), Its dimensions are1 1.9 x .7 x .4 cm.

Labrets

Two labret fragments were recovered in the excavations, 0 11

bath from Helen Point I. Cnf of bna art,ifacts, ~anufastureJ

Prom grey-green soaostone, appears LLI scAgrs3enc one half cf

a doubla stdddnd lab-et. (~iq.27 a) (Fig. 28, a). Tbc positional refatiortship of the sttlb TI-:-^,,, remains to the

curvature of the 1nnBr surface u? ths is re:-, LnlicrLtc5

tfat di-t atid1iiur:dI stud mit% Flange ir~a~~d 3~ riacassary t3 -- maintain the symmetry op the zrtifact. :zz fscas a? Lbe

stud and flange are highly pohfshed, while the sides of the

stud, whicn are concave, are less sa.

Tne second lubret, (~ig.28, '7) ~rhilevsry fragmen- - tary, bears somg resarnblance to SufF s J-5 type which is

co~posadof e;xamp:es from Active Pass and Ci7~Canal 3ite,

Pender Island (1955149). Manufactured from black soap-

stone, tho artifact is elliptical and dxhihits no flanges,

LP'. ' 8~_1:c!en flPustrlata3 3 af~iliirfi~ bLr ?UL. ihe iocarno

3each Phase (1970tlQ0, Fig. 3014).

Zoomorphic Stone Object

Carved from a relatively soft sadimantary rock, the

exact zoomorphic form intended by the craftsman is not

clear. A bird of some type seems most likely and requires

the Peast abstraction on the part of the observer. (~i~.

29, e) (Fig. 30, b). litsdimensinrrsares 5.6 x 2.9 x 1.4 cm.

Slate Punch - !his is a long, thin, pencil-like object of ground

slate with an ovoid cross-section. (fig. 29, a) (~ig.30, c). MiscePlaneous Grntln6 S~CZR,?rtlfzci~

a, ground slate punt?

b. gz-ound slate knife, Yclen Point I

c. soarrrorphic stone r;bjact

d. adze blade Figure 29 -5- tn 0 a a m P- n -3 P* P. a (D P. tl. 0 Misceflaneous Ground Stone Artifacts

a. adze blade b. zoomorphic stone abject

c. ground slate punch

d. modified concretion Figure 30 Sandstone Saws

Two fragmentary sandstone obje-t- 0722 a superf it la1 resemblance to ground slats knives, housve~tieir respec, tive edges, which have been beveled on orto sides, zse not sharp enough to havefunctionedwall. in cettiing opsra-

Lions. Instead, these artifacts were FrsdzLiy usad in

sawing bo~eand antlerD The graininess u? tz~e:ateria:!

would certainly facilitate such tas~s. Apart from tnelr

double bevelod edges they are otherwise unmodiPied. both specimens are appro.:irnately one contirnstre in.thickness.

Miscellaneous Ground Stone

Nine artifacts, including three polisned pebbles and

six Fragmentary pieces of ground slats zannot be classified with reference to the previous catego,-ia ;.

Polished Pebbles

The pebbles, two of black soapstone and one of jade-

ite, have been ground and polished. In none uf the

examples however, has the original cortex of the pebble

been completely obliterated by grinding or has the pebble

been worked to a symmetrical shape, Thsy are uniformly

small, none measuring over 2.5 x 2.0 x 2.0 cm. Mitchell

(19~8n296),records several of these pebbles from the Montague Harbour Midden as does King from the Cattle Point site (l95O139). P r . :,t

Ground Slate Frar;~ui.,ts

The six piscas o?' ground slate ar? probably Przgrncnts of larger artifacts such as greund slate knives or points.

However, because of their fragmentary nature, it is diffi- cult to make a more explicit classificatian. mineral

Red 6chro

One large sample of red ochre was collected from Test

Cut 2. The only other reference te ach~ein ths excavation records is in regard to its as so cia tic^ witb Surial :/5.

Historically, ochre was used extensi{.el: bj the Gulf of

Georgia Salish as a cosmetic and paint ii-i b~thmundane and ritual practices (~arnett1955 r74). mir2

Two small fragments of mica wera zeoovered from the

Power levels of Test Cut 3. They are tain, translucent, and asymmetrically shaped. Neither oP the pneces provides any clue as to their functionp although they may have besn sirnde decorative objects.

PECKED AND GROUND STONE Hammerstones --I---- -1_ .*-^1 .- --___ls

Attribute Ran~e yean %umber

Naturally round to oval beach cobbles which show cvi- dence of having bean used in pounding and gecking opera- tions are garterally ascribed to a clzss of artifacts referred to as hannsrstones. Evidence of usa is usualiy in the form of scarring and pitting oP cine or more edges

Only one of tbs seven hsmnarstn~esfrom DfRu 8 ax- hibits bart~ri1.gl~roflnd the entire peairoter. Two are scarred at one ond perpendicular to caa long axis oS thci cobble. One of the latter has had onc side abraded to a smooth Flat surface and may have doubled as a handstone.

Three artiPacts are scarred at both ends o? the cobble, again, perpendicular to the long axis: One of these, is noticeably pitted on both faces in additi~nto the scarred sdges. The sixth exhibits use wear on two edges, one parallel and one perpendicular ta the iong axis of the cobble. -- >---.- .-- * -..----* ---- ,---v---- -.----.. ------me*---- At Lrlhi1-l~ 3angc ffi 2 an Number

i31~~,ti'i 5.6-10.2 Se2 4

~jidth 5.5- 9.2 7.6 4 thickness 2.9- 4.2 3,4 5

?lr,sarj a:\ n:ttrally rounded aeach coi-~blesthe five arLifacts in z5is category are of granite, and sxhibit extensive wear on both faces. (Fig, Zl,a-e),

Abrasive Stonas

T I u~u~ILI~IL~~ tlii ?u, t y-iiitit? di_l~.d~itlt: ,,nts xure rvcovered from the site, Ab,sut twenty percent appoar to hzve nesn

@urposefuPly snapad while the remainder are asymmetric in appearance, There is no correPation beluteen shaped abrasive stones and any specific component expressed at the site. 30th irregular and shaped abrasive stones are expressed in all cznponents.

Grooved and Notched Sinkers

Two sandstone artifacts from ths site can be classi- fied as sinkars. One is encircled by two continuous grooves, one at sither end, which run in the direction of its short axis. Its dimensions are 20,l x 10.7 x 8.8 cm., Figure 31 a-e. Handstones

ARTIFACTS OF. t-!t.NE

01-pointed Bans Objects

TAi3LE XXI

3i-pointed Bone O~iccts

length 3.5-8.5 width .5- ,S thickness .3- .fi

Of the 69 artifacts subsumed unaer thls category,

thirty-eight ere ton fragmentary fur classification beyond

the simple and tentztiva designation, "bi-pointed" bone

object, Tl;a lattar specimen:, con ;is' o? tapt:red and - pointed fragments uhose configuratJon is closely similar to that of the complete artifacts in this category. The

remaining artifacts, consisting of twenty-one complete

specimens and ten classifiable fragments, form the basis of the following classification. -. ~ypcj8

While very similar to the preceding group in farm, a secund group differs u~ithrespect to the crcss-sectinn of the shorter tapur or base, The bases of this group are cireoiar in cross-section and in four of tne five oxarnples, exhibit a palish. The longer taper or point in each cast? is aSs-; ;31iskedg indicating that bot!? points mere exposed - ta polizl~inqagel~ts, Ika thicksr central portion of these points is Ylat on at least one sids, sL>ggestinj that they were h~f'ladand formed part of a composite tool, possibly a ieist~rur fish hook. (7ig. 32, x-I-~).

Type C

A third gzoup is formed by five, thinJ sorneuhat asym- metric blrd hone cplinters. (~ig.329 u-x). Grinding has Figure 32

ltnbarbed Elone Points

a-L. bi-pointed ool;a .b:-cts, Type A -- in-q. hi-pointed bone otjjects, ,ype 3

r-t, herring rake barbs?

U-X. splinter barbs

aa,

bb. single pointed bona object with square cross-ssctinn, 43543

CC. single pointed bone object, $3264 dd, eo. wedge-based bone points

larqe unbarbed Saco 3sLnk t%it.h cylindrical cross-sect? nn

large unbarbed ton& point with ovof d cross-sect ion. Figure 32 Single Pointed acne Objects

Herring Rake Barb3

TAStE XXII

Herring Rake Barbs

lenqth 2.8-4,7 3.? 4

r." width e25-e 35 ,L( '4 thickness .i0- .20 ,I5 4

A group of f?trr small symmetric bone harbs may tiif! parallel in r'un,tijn LO the iron naii s? tt;~historic herring rako, The points of thesebarbs ar@ circular in cross-section while the proximal ends have beon abruptly ground to form a wedge-shaped base. (Fig. 32, r-t).

Carlson (i354tPPate 3;i5,17) illustrates severh9 examples of this type,

Wedge-based Hone Points

Two bone points or blades with flattened bodies and reetanguloid cross-sections are sirnijar to Orucker's Type

BIA (1943i41). Thy exhibit carefully tapered wedge-shapefl fliscellaneous Singla Pointod Bone Objects

A numSer of pointed bone objects defy a functional interpretation and ase therefore dssc-iDed in data11 below.

7- #32 6 4 $his artifact tape~sfr~:m 3 &id~rand thicker centsr to a 3h"rp points the cross-ss.:tion of which is a

Flat~enodoual. Thw base, which is aiso tapored, is rac-

LanguLoid in crass-section and squared aff, The point and base are approximately the sane length. $i+lle its use In the Flat bsddad tb~glingharpoon is z possibility, tho gonarni configuration of the artifact does not fit the stjiistie pattern rjF artifacts in this classo (~lg*32, cc)* It3 dimensirns are3 L, 7.3 cm,, 1.1 emar Tho 8.4 cm o

-r #SO 63. ! h@ tip, bodyv and was; uf this point are uniformly cir~blarin cross-section. The body of the point tapers to a sharp$n~+dpolished point at ane end and to a blunted conical shaped butt at the othar. Its dimensions are; 6.5 x .B x a.a cm. (rig, 32, aa).

$3543 Tha body of this puint, which is nearly are generally ascribed to points uf Class 11 (fixed, straight profiie paints), they can be further subdividad into two types contained within this class; Types I and VILI,

Points belonging to Type I are ciwracterized by square Figure 33

Larga Unbarbed 3ono Pcints

and UnilataraPly Barbed Bone Points a. unbarbed bone pointse 9traight base, uvcsitj cross-section b, unbarbed bone point, cylindri.cai cross-section e, barbad bone point, Type I d. Saroen bone point fragment, Type i

UPaa Knf vss

Tho three astiracts BP this ty;?s zre distinguished in having marksdly thinned tips and blades. Thn tips and bl3dos aro fl:yttl+nej and somewhat asymmetric in cross- section 35 O;;PCSUC! to the cylindrLca1 ctoas-section and sharp point tip oY the ulna awl, They have been produced by lateral, ventral, and dorsal grinding of the tfp and blade. (Fig, 37, j, 2). The blade of the single complete spscimen is il.3 cm. in length.

Split Mammal Bane Awls

TLIM artifacts can be assigned tcr this category. One

Figure 34 Bans Madge

A small wsdgd of split mamaal bane possesses a sym- metrical, rounded bit that has been haterally ground. The implornent is highly polished from use, and the butt bears evidence of battering. (Fig, J59 d) (~ig,36, d). Its dimensions arc; braadth oP bit: 1.4 em. Lengthr 4.7 cm,

Bone Dagger-liko Objects

The two examples are of split mammal bone and have bean modified by variable grinding of the body and tip,

While the edges of the two specimens are rehtively dull, the tips are sharp and pointed, indicating that these were thrusting rather than slitting tools (flsshers), The dimensions of the incomplete specimen, #JJ64, are: Figure 35

MircsPlaneous Hone Art'fal:ts

sgl2.t mammal bone ;hjs~l

split mammal bonk gwge

split mamma? bone awl, cylindrical cross-section tip,

bon6 wedge

split mammal bans ax1 with rectanguloid cross-ssction. bone dagger-like objects. f Figure SS Figure 36

Miscellaneous Eone ArtiTacts a,h. gouge-like objccLs

c, chisel-like ob jec,

3. bone wedge e,f. aagger-like objects

9,R. split mammal bone awls Figure 35 Bone Needias

&inuiactured from mammal Sonn, tne sinylo eompPeto specimen is ch~~~ci~ri~edby multi-plan8 grinding of the point to produce a nearly cylinocicaP cross-section and very sharp tip. Tho wedge shaped 3utt hzs hcsn biconi- calPy drilled to produce an eye 2mm. in diameter. The dimensions of thc specimen arar 6,4 x 0.7 x 8,6 cm.

(~ig.37 i) (~ig,?8 a), The second sxaflyla is a small * pointed and p~rfaraledfragment. dhile Lhe piace appears to be a tip suction, it could just as aasily be a pointod base fragm~int. (Yi9, 3? it),

Bone Pendant

A single Patozally perforated bci~apandhnt was re- covered in the axeavalions. A shailox grouve which fol- lows tho perlphury of the artifact is visible only from the side. 80th faces of the pendant have been finely polishad and the artifact in general hss been skillfully mado. Csrlson (PY7'0111~Fig. 35, c) Illustrates a similar psi~dant, manufactured from soapstones, in regard ts arti- facts characteristic of the Marpole phzse on Mayne Island.

The dimensions of the specimen here aret 2.6 x 1.6 x

0.3 cm. (Fig. 37, b) (Fig. 38, e), Chisel-like Ooj~ct

,VanuPactareb from split mammal leg-bone this artifact

~xhibitoa ckisnl-shaped bit which is triangular in cross- szction, Tho ~pf3hysisof thg ~riqf~31bane is partially evident at thci b~ttend. (~irj,351 a) (-F~cJ, 36, c).

k sectin2 cf bird bone has Dean carefully gratind and

~oPishodand w~yhate functioned as a drifiking tube. At orle end, the spsni-tq sr mouth has been bevelsd and ground smooth. Unfortunately, the other end is broken. (Fig. 37, e) gsrforated bane ~tjects

Faterally perr srdtat: Gano pendant tip fragmult sf dlilEikrtlfo o.rd bune tube ground haaver incisors

Dune neadle Fragment bone needle ulna knives Figure 37 Figure 38

Miscellaneous Bone Artifacts

bone needle

perforated bone ok jact fragment

bird bone tube ground beaver incisor

laterally perforated bone pendant

perforated bone object fragment Figure 38 (fig. 3a9 e). The diameter of tne twbe is 5,7 cm.

Pir:;celianeobs Y one

Seventy-two pieces of Done have bean either1 zidzad, sar,tn, groupd, or inrlsed, but; canrc: t ::G fu.;''cher classif iec as to form or function owing to t.f,eir "ragnjo~iarynature.

While some may rsaresent frac;nrr:i:: o' f": ;?Psrle3 artiFasC.5 I

it is probable Lhac most are waste a Included in this category are two sawn sections o' whahs bone, ona measuring 7.7 x 2.5 x 1.8 em,, ana the sthur 6,s x 3.5 x

1.8 cm.

Ground Beaver Incisors

Two fragmentary examples of this tool ty9e were

recovered in the sxcavations, Ths dorsal side of tha

I* I ~GZ~~GZLL~nay been grouna tn ~ntocases, (fig. 37, 7, qj.

In one specfmsn an additional facst has been created by

lateral grinding of the normally convex and smooth dorsal

body, This sacofid facet intersects with the primary

facet on the incisor tip and is abouL 1,4 cm. in lenqth.

(Fig. 36, d),

ARTTFACTS OF ANTLEX

Composite T ogyPiiiy Aarpaon Valves

Two oomglcke pairs of valves, a single fragmentary

valve, and a blank for the rnanufactur~of anotherp were

recovered in excavations at DPRu 8.

The two complete valve pairs, while very similar in ingly a? aoout +%o szxe Iengt" Ir [jctk spzci3czs, 1.5 cm, *. fa: t,.3 L~L,&I, ,, . Line '02 :Le;~esmaii~?~, i: Flat paint bed Par cutting blade formed by re1atidel.y Lonq, 3.8 cm. for tho larger, 2.7 ern, for the smailer, but narrcw, 0.6 cm, for the larger* 0.5 ern. for the smaPlsr, antericr portions is ch.c$ractorlstic of both pairs oP val:z,c; J~RE~SPG~Sof the s~2ckuthaivt+s to: the lasqer pal; are, t--!.S cv* hide, a 3n 3 cm. daep, an f ?''--JI the smaller pa:r, 0,5 eq, wide anE

0,4 ciw. daap, ;wars (*he center ef rr: .JaTvi: ~ncariors

01% j_),,i;+ fiairj aia : nail ?Pat- strrfhc 5 . "12"- rc,CI~,a LUllUIl LL,..bi~L

" I (IZ; ~cjsaalqs jz~,811 rh hse ~lanb:; 2:~~-7. A - :l,~~~,..c,lyla 5 zrpa in lttngth In tnu larger pair and Eel cm, in Ien~thon the

3 I smr LI~.;, :lrict i,,:f '23 $1~dlidth of bi;tnE C-" sir^ a?' the black slot in r;ack indicates that tht: ~iusrej. 1,4ickness oP

the cc~ttinq iildi?e nls.~?,have bean about G -:t;~ it: the larr_:er pair and 2 mn. in the smaPP~r,

While much of th~anterior portlor o' the fragmentary valva is oi3sixq, enoug3 remains of tk~puint 3ad to inaicate that it was channeled and concava En cross-ssction.

This type uiouPd naturally have been usad in conjunction with a circular cross-section hone point ~aTi7erthaa a Figura 39

Composite Toggling Harpson Vaives

a. partially ground and carved valve b,c, complete valve pair d,a, complete valve pair

f. f-aqmentary valve with ccr~cave

pa tnt bed Figure 39 Figure 40

Composite Toggling +arpoon Valves

exterior of si.ngPe vslve with lashing groove

profile of joined valve pair

partially ground and carved valve

interior of single valve

interior and prorile of valve with concave point bed

interior and profile of' single valve with flat point bed 1 !2 Figure 413 UniPatoraPly Barbed Antler Points

Four antlsr points from DFRu 8 are of the fixsd, straight pzof'ila variety derined by Ann McRurao (i972:68), and thus conform Lo her Class XI division. The points can Antler Wedges a-c. bit fragments

do profile of longktudinaliy split wedge e,f. wedges with partially fractured bits Figure 41 Antler ForeshaCt

A section ~f antlor tapers Lo a Llunt paint at ane and

and is Srokgn st the other. Tha fragment, which is cir-

cular in cross-seckiun, axhibits a sii~~ienotch on each

side, onz, 1,3 cm, in length, and tha other 1.0 cm. in Eeragth. Thes~:axe rnc~~tadjest ~itl~~+ tie po!nC, or" tzernca-

ticn. lrlniie "L2 artlPact is prohPei:ia'Lkcal oy any stanaard,

it does bear some rssemblanea to harpoon foreshafts des- cribed by King (195~r48)and Mitchell (1971el~b-139). The

notching on tho 8nyne Island specims? suggests that the greatest degree oi' relationship is to an example iilus-

trated by King (lgL,-843, 13 +36), Kknq's axample exhibitsa a wide 514- Par J point at the distal end,

Immediately behind this slit was a si$3110wnotch ringing the foreshaft, presumably to facilitate line attachment.

The base of the foreshaft tapered to a blunt point. The Mayne Island artifact may also relate to thcse described Antler Points and Ha: pouns

f, unilaterally barbed ankier point, Class 11, Type VIf e, bilaterally barbed antler harpoon

Figure 43

Antler Points and Harpoans a-d, unilstarally Oarhad antiar ?oints, p.&lk.ss II, Type IT

f, uniiaterally barbed antler point, Clzss IT, Typo VII

e, bilaterally barbed antler harpoon Figure 43 Antier ?eneants

A small yzau-*d ~~i~tlerobject has bean incised on one f?cs 2nd apg@ars ts have formed part "f a sonawhat larger arzffact. The incising is symrnetrica.. b+ough to suggest that a decarativu dasign #as intended" ihe remnants of a small perforation 3re visible on the broken edge of the artifhct, indicating that it my nave ucen a pondani.

(Fig. 44, P) (fig, 45, a). Its dimrisions are8 7.1 cm. x -- x 0.3 em, 1 Miscslianeous Antlar Artifacts Figure 44 Figure 45

Niseellaneous Antler Artifacts asbe ~ntlerpendant

c, pointed antlsr object

\ Figure 45 TABLE XXIII t Antler Tine Objects

length 4.2-9.0 6.5 h, width 1.0-1,9 1.9 4 thickness 1.3-1.6 1.5 4

Ll!hiPs of uncertain function, four antlsr tines show definite signs of having been bath modified and utilized.

Thsso nf tho artifacts have been adzsd proximally, pre- sumably a rasult of their removal from the main antler snayt, Tna fourth has been randomly adzed ovsr the greater part of its body. The tip of two a? the antler tines appaar to hava been intentionally ~urned. All of the artiFacts exhibit use-wear at tho distal end, It is possible that these artifacts functioned as Flaking tools, (Fig. 44, a-d)* Ytiscellan~aushozkod Antler

7- c I rlirt y -,jnr! f ;..;cponts of antlor h?~uubeen variously adyed, rjravcd, o; g~ound,but defy further classification.

Same ot ttiast worked objects undeubtadly re~rasentFrag- ments af Finisnsd aztiPacts while athers may bs waste maker iaf or uiiT-inizihed artifacts.

Rytilus Caiifornianus Tools

Ten artifacts of 91ytilus calif ori~isnus.-* - sxhibit single

but one specimen, is most marked an the nztural convax edge at the end of the body opposi~gthc umbo. The remain- ing artifact, a fragment of shell umbo and its adjoining hinge, exhibits single bevel grinding on th~sepcrtions.

All of the shells have been ground and smoothed several rafarf3nces io the function of similar shell too?s,

inzludinq, thoir use as) fish kniv~sit. 52), rtiee szrdpars

(p, 1251, and in trie removal of the cambium Payer of maple, alder and harnLock (0, 63). This ethnographic evidence combined with t17a l~orphoPogicalcharacteristics sf these ar-t il fzci-.~;r,l.rr;ncl y r,rrqqests f.has'r tfr;. bn hi-ith +rrani n2 and

HISTORIC ARTIFACTS

While dascriptive and distrihutiznsl 6sts regarding

historic artif'acts are summarized in Table XXIV, some types require further elucidation and are dkscussed below. It

is interesting to note that only four of tha 309 historic artifacts were ~ocoveredfrom Test Cut 1x1. These excava- tions are located approximately 15 metres farther from the beach than the others indicating that this was not a pre- ferred area of settlement in the historic period. Figure 46

- Mytilus californianus :sols Figure 46 Clay Pipe Stc-m Fraqrnonts

No eon:pie-cc clay pi;?les were rictvrjxed from the size.

Four of the five artifacts consist a? taperad stem sec-

tions all of which have a bare diamctut- o? ~G-x,Xhile th~

origin oP the ?atf;er fragments uas not possihie tc datar- mins, the fifc,h stl rn ?ragmerit bar;, * ht ~n3criotio~,"L,

Pirsket, r; 5' 3;. .:, 3apasa." fha ~~,ilp;j$~yUF i. F-ioEst

had its begfnnfnys in St. Omer, France in 1754 and con-

tinued in business until 1920 (t4umphrGis 1969ci'?), The

bore diameter of this pipe is 2.5 mm,

8uttons

Details regarding buttons are surnnarim~~c!Selcuj.

2 eyes

Brass i Inscribed abstract design

Glass 2 Plain 4 ayss

Mot her of Paarl 1 Plain 2 eyes

Miscellaneous

Sevanteen of the eighteen artifacts classified as

miscellaneous metal consist of unidentifiable fragments

of tin, iron, and brass, Ono is a sectian of folded

copper about 0,2 cm. in thickness and 0.8 cm. in width, type but of unknown origin. T(he single shotgun shell benrs thn inscription, "U.M.C. Co., NO PO, he* Club,''

TABLE XXIii

Historic Artif'acts

Artifact

Metal Square Rails Round Nails Metal auttons U-shaped Fish Hooks Aifis Cartridge Shotgun Shellc iyiisceiianoou t

Glass Oottle Gidss Frags, Buttons

Other Clay Pipe Stem ?rags. China Fragments Leather Plastic Mother of Pearl Button CHAFTEY V I1I

CULTURAi FEATURES

Helen Point Ib

Feature A r Clay Ca:ul Structure (T~stCut 2)

The rim af a large bowl-sF,a~edclay strdcLurs was visible ta excavators at a depth or' 1.6 mtres below datum (ca. 90 cm. below surface), and when totally exposed was found to extend 51 cm. from top to bottom. Approxi- mately 110 cm. in diameter measured zt the tog from lip to lip, the bowl-like structure tapered to a 50 cm. dl&- meter at the bottm, The walls of tho feature, which were composed of hdgh3.y compact unfirec' clay, varied in thickness from five Lo eighteen ~anti~retres,In thti bottom centre of the howl lay a Large, harizantally situated sandstone slab which was covered with a lens of black charcoal and clay. The inner sio~aof the walls adjacent to the slab had bern stained orange, indicating contact with fire. A woodan stiuc'ure cf unknown design appears to have formed part of the feature, judging From the presence of seven small post molds uhich have been randomly spaced around the perimeter of the upper lip.

Adjacent, and immediately to the aast of this feature lies a second area of compact clay covcring an area of approximztely four square metres. While of the same con- sistency as the clay bowl structure, this feature follows 124 no ceffnita symmetrical Daxtorn, bbt does $&ope from the outer Ep toward the botto~'cu a ilbclr.b of about 30 cm.

The clay bowl structure descrlbad move has a number of close parallels in other sit25 in ti~eGulf of Georqia

Region. wnllc none are identlcsl, :>irn~l.a?structures are associate4 ciitii KLngk Yaritiina Phzss (135L:52;, 4itenei;'s

Xuntague har~our1 component (1968 t ~391, aiLn the lower _ stratum at Crescent Beach (personal ~bssrvation),and at the Carruthors Site (D. Crowe-SwordstPerso~d ~omrnunication), While various functions have bean suggasted for structures of this type tbern arB no close histcricai parallels that would supporc any si~gleinterprsta2io~. Yowaver, a cock-

ing arrangement seems the most likely inten?&d use.

Feature 3 i Hearth-iike rock concentration (Test Cut 2)

A crescent-shaped formation of rocks, associated ~itn a circular lens oF orange ash about 45 @ma in diameter,

lies due east of Feature A. Its depth below datum is roughly equal to the maximum vertisa; extent of the lat- ter; about 200 cm. Whife this feature does not adhere strictly to the formal hearth dePinitiofi it probably served a similar function.

Feature C r Possible Living Floor (~estCut 2)

A floor plan drawn at 1.6 metres below datum corres- ponds in ver~icalprovenience to the upper surfaces of

Feature A (clay 90~8Structure) and reveals twa large 115 concentrations of fire-cracksci rock, an ash lens, and two post molds, The post molds, which wore respec'-ively 2S CS:. and 25 cm, in diameter, suggest an in~ermediatesized

structure. Althouch no further post m~ldsware discovered at this level, additional sampling oP tj;2 zroa may have revealed others.

Feature D t Post and Stake molds (Test Cut 3)

A floor plan drawn at the sterile sub-soil level in

Test Cut 3 indicates the presence of tan post molds rang-

ing in size from 21-15 cm. in diameter, and eleven staka

molds ranging in size from 6-8 em. in diamster. IJhile six

of the post molds form a reasonably straight line and may have served as structural uprights, the rern3il-:ing post and

stake molds form no discernible pattsrn. All %era probably

intruded Prom norc rocent strata, the conpact clay zone

forming a stable st-uctural foundation,

Additional associated features include a pit about

25 cm. in depth, measuring 64 x 34 cm., and a concen- tration of flat sandstone slabs. Whether either of these

features is of cultural origin is difFicult to determine. While the sandstone slabs are associated indirectly with

Burial #2, lying slightly below and tc the east of it,

such positioning may be entirely coincidental. The pit,

which lies immediately east of a straight line of six

post molds, is associated with no other cultural manifesta- t ions. Pelzn PaiztII'

i-p Fsaturo : Sock Ccf sef:t;rctti~n\ !,st 3u', S)

A single feature of unknown fun,ztion was racordsd for component 11. it consisted of five larqe rocks ranging in size from 30 x 17 cm. to ,C x 35 cm, which were arranqed around a lens of sanay clay znr pea gravel,

While r~ssmblinge hezrtn, th; zzszz-:~zf ash sc ~harcoal would tend to preclude his intarpr~:tation.

Helen Point 111

Feature A : Living f1oar (yest Zut 2)

A floor plan drawn 2-L :.73 c,::. below datum 2n Test

Cut 7 indicates the presenca of a i3rge concentratiun of Fire-cracked rock covering :he tc di area of excava- tions ;Eightf square metres). AssociaLad are at least two definite hearth areas, three ash :uitzJ~s,anc 3 ;kngis post mold in the north east corner OF ihe excavated araa,

An additional floor plan drawn at a depth ranqing from 5 to 20 cm. oelow the latter, probably rapresents - the basal portion of the same living floor. rwo post molds and seven ::take molds containad within a large area of compact orange-grey ash are thz most notable features. The post molds are respectively 16 em. and 12 cm. in diameter, while the stake molds ranga from 4 cm. to 5 crn. in diameter. Two separate concentrations of fire-cracked rock and a grey-brawn ash lens also form part of this living floor. Historic Period

Feature r Possible Living Floor (-:asd Cut 2)

A feature ranging in depth frcn 31 cm, to 101 em, below datum, may reprssent a living Ylosr ZL ,Pie bottom sF the historic peried zone. Composed 3F ia~Z~JOP brGas of compact yellow ash and a large hearth area, the feature is associated with a number of square iron nails, The hearth consists OF a concentration of fire-cracked rock, ash, an3 lumps of charcoal. CHAPTER IX

3tiRIALS qolen Point TS

3urial #E

Surlal. i1 xar- c~.r?r;let3lydisarti,ulztted u!iCIh %+a exception of one femur and an innominate buns. The sex of tha individual was deturminzd as Fux, dlfficull; Lo determine owir~to ine abr;oncu of large oortions of the skeleton. A rargc OF from twanty- three to twenty-eight years uas a~.rlredat through compari- son of dental wear with other more ac~urateiyaged speci- mens from the site.

9urial $2

Preservation of Burial #2 was relative good, the frontal section oP the maxilla being the only missing portion. Sex was determined as female and age at between thirty and thirty-five years.

The skeleton was semi-flexed and lay on its right side facing south. While the specific grave type is un- certain, the body appears to have been contained within a pit.

A large sandstone slab lay immediately south of the cranium. 3i;rial ri3

Pressrvatior; oP iuriai 1k3 was pH:7r?rni;l!/ nnny. Aq rhe pelvis was missinq, determination ni se~rclicd primarily on cross comparison of less accurato features, such as tbe mastoid processes. The skeleton appears to be that of a female bet~eent?e ~icjos of thiyty-fivz 2nd fozty-five,

Parxs of tne skeletoq sro fiurs;ti~ inziczt~n~:!-,at tce body may have been cremated while the skull appears to have been crushed by a Large flat slab af granite uhich lay about it. It was not possible to determine the position of the body.

Ourials $4 and $5

Burials four and five almost cerlainlj z~7rssenta simultaneous double burial. The left zrm 9:' juriaf C5 is nxtnnded around the head of Burial 63 an; t*3qo.~Rerthey are contained withi? a dePinite, ~oujblyoval pit ~ithan homogeneoas matrix. The two skeletons lie in a semi- flexed position on their backs, Burial #5 facing north and

Burial #4 facing north east.

The remains of SuriaP $4 were aseertaingd to be those of a thirty-five to forty year old male. A number of dental anomalies are noteworthy in this individual.

Hypercementosis is present in the lower third molar and the upper first molar while differential. wearing has resulted in the complete destruction of the upper first molar above the roots. In addition, an enamel pearl. is present on the root of' the u~cersacond molar.

Burial #5 re! f6 %err,S ~hd~P;~z;c\s i;? a ?iXqly hm+$=~,- seventeen and twen"-?lve yoara of aqo.

Uhile no tea-uras ar artifacts were assoclatsd k;:h either of these bu~ials,a aark red szain below the left radius of nurial $4 may be the remnants uP ocher.

Helen Point I1 and III

No burials sere associated wit:) ~lkheroP ihese com- ponents. Shellfish

Shellfish remains Mere collected ?or the purpose of

ponent. Sources erployed in the study kneltded (quayle:

The results of the final analysis are recordeci in Table

XXV. Noteworthy is the fact that several ~pscissare present in significantly high nuzbers thr~wghoutthe tri- component sequence; these ares Saxldoaus- qiganteus (Butter Clam), Thais lamellosa (wrinkrad F~rpleNhelk), and Venarupis tanerrima (~hin-shsPPed Little-neck clam).

Below, listed in decreasing order a? their reiative num- bars, are the species mest common to each component.

Helen Point Ib

Thais Pamsllosa (Wrinkled Purple ~hel~)

Saxidornus giqanteus (Elutter clam) Vensrupis tenerrima (~hin-shelledLixtle-neck Clam)

Acmoea Pelta (Shield ~impet) aalanus spp. (~arnacle) Clinocardium nuttalli (~asketCockle)

Heien Point 11

Thais larnallosa (drinkled Purple whelk) BaPanus spp. (~arnacls)

Acmoea digitalis (~ingered~impet)

Helen Point I11

Saxidomus giganteus (Buttar Clam)

Uensrupis tenorrim i (Thin-shelled ii:: 'e-,~eck Clam )

Balanus spp. (~arnacle)

Clinocardium nuttafli (~asketCockl~)

TABLE XX\1

Distribution of SheXlfish 2e~zins Keyr A= Abundant, X= Trait present, Rr '3ar13, -= Ahsent Comi~oi~irk

Clinocardium nuttalli Saxidomus giganteus mytilus edulis flytilus calffornianus Schizathaerus nuttalli

Protothaca staminea Venerupis tenerrina Hinnites rnultiruqosus Qstrea lurida Acmoea pelta Homalopoma carpsnteri

continued.... PAYLL XX$ Continued

Searlesia dira ~eratostamar fol~at -- - Ocennbra interfossa Thais lameElosn- Thais cann:icuiata- Acmoea diqitalis Polinices lewisii Natica clausa Balanus spp. Cancer spp.

Kat harina tunicata

Mammals

Coast Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), by far the most common mammalian species recovered at DfKu 8, was abundant relative to other species in all compcnsnts, Speciss of dog (canis)- were also represented in sit-jnificznt numbers in all components and one positib~ide-ti?ication of Canis familiaris- was made in association with delen Point 111. However, remains from other components were fraq- mentary to the extent that identificaticn uf species was impossible.

Fragments of bone derived from sea mammais of the Order Pinnepedia (seals and Sea iions) were also recovered from all components. Two species were identified,

Eurnetopias jubata (Northern Sea-lion) and Phoca vitulina remains of Cetscs3 (whales). Tdo iarje s~cticnsof admed whal2 bone were recovared in association with tne Helen

Point Ib assemblage but ware too Fragnentary to pernit positive identification of species,

and

Por?sise (Phocaena vomerina) &era als3 identified but- appear to have played a less decis:vs r~lein ths sub-

sistence of the site occupants. It is interesting to note

at this juncture tnat mapten, weasel, beaver, and Wapiti,

are apparently absent from the Gulf Islands historically

(knro and Cowan 194-?1?5j Fndicat lng that their exploita-

tion in the past may have been great~n.than suggested DY

their representatLon in the cultur.&l jepusits at DfHu8.

Birds

The task of identifying the remains i;f birds at i>fHi~?~,

was complicated by the absence of Key indicatcrs of specias,

Primarily, however, the remains appear to be those of the

Order Anseriforrnes (screamers, Swans, Geese, and ~ucks),

In general these birds appear to have Yorrned a consistent,

but probably supplemental part of the diet of the site's prehistoric occupants. are due primarily 13 factors or preservation rather than of culture. The prsssuro of overlyic:; middzn, ar,d the possibility of submergsnce of parts of the niddzn in earlier times, may both have co~ti-i.b~~cdcu L;,:? setcriors- tion of remains of some of the srnaX1~- sp~cke;,

Cervus canadensis Martes arnerizana Mustela errninea Castor canadensis Cetacea Pinnipedia Eurnetopias jubata Phocaena vornerina Phoca vitulina aichardi - R - Aves

Anseriformes X i( X Pisces continued., . . ancorhyncnus spp. Sebastodas spp. Gphiotion eP~nqaLus Ct:lp:-!a pal tastf.

sequence at DfKu J suggests a subsistence pattern gearad ,-. to total environmsfital exploitation. txcludiag the pos- sibility of differential ratss of decay for di??erent types of bone (i.e,, sea na~malbone vs. land ma,Tri;zP hons), the results of the analysis provide some worthwhile in- sights as to the nature OF prehistoric ecozaafes 1,s the region. The tendency throughout the short but izlensivs history of archaealogical research in thL has ieen to emphasize the hunting of sca mammal; as An intag~al and decisive part of prehistoric subsistence. Judging from the faunal analyses at Helen Point, Cattis Point, and Montague Harbour, this view must be reassesser.

Pqba,-tlitativ~ a~ai rses at Hslen Point snG Cattle Point indicate that spec'as of deer and dog outnumber species of sea mammal by significant margins. At Cattle Point the remains af sea mammals account for less than 135; of the total number of mammal remains (~ing1950t90).

At Montague Harbour, Coast deer and Wapiti again pre- dominate throughout the sequence and interestingly, sea mammal remains are entirely absent from Pon~agueHarboc-

I, a component OF th~I-ocarna each YuLture Type

(TitcheIP 18?lr150). ihhen the numtsr of so2 mammais at these sites is censidered in th~coniext 07 the fauna court as L u,hols, che erfect is to greacly diminish tneir ralative frequency and in turn incicate their somewhat meagre contribdticri t 3 suksistenoe. A Fauna 1 analysis -"a (r

five other lower mainland and Gulf Isiand sitas reveals a

similar pattern (Galdikas-~r~ndarnour1972:;99-205). r'-ale culating From the number of individuals of each species

at the sites ~JQarrivtjl at the percertage dlshribution

of sea inammals compared to land mammals shown in Table

XXVII.

Percantara ;'~istributionOF sea narnmaih and lacd ~ammalsat five sites

Land mammals 75 8 0 10C 33 93.3

sea riarnrnals 25 20 0 17 6.7

Studies of sea iaammal hunting among the historic Coast

Salish indicate that the larger species Mere hunted by few

groups and then only 5ya restricted number of specialists.

Sea-lions, for example, were hunted only by the Penelekut 138 group in the vicir~ityof' Poriier 3;ss /5,itt7~z'---J 232 ::ti),

Among the Pene?iskut the carcass was i-lot divided equally among tho people of the village but was "Divided accord:.?g to a formula following the order of strlki,~n," (Suttles -- 1952~13). Ihe fact that the occuoatiert was restricted to an "alits" with special ritual and practice1 ~nowledcjd,

this group, implies that the subsistence bzse oP the population at lasge must have been mucn bzoader in scope and concerned with more rsadily availabie resources.

While the extent and form 3F sea -:!amma: I-unki~qat

Georgia can be only tenuously infarrcd from th~historic record, the faurai analyses at tl-,asz sttes ~c:ouls tend to

This pattern may have conformed to ,h- m c2is:b,ng- set ,af hypothesest

1. (a) The hunting of large sea vs:rrs1c :~.sprooabiy

restricted to only a very Tefi groups in the Culf

of Gcorgic Region.

(b) The act qf hunting may haus kesn 7~~formedoy a3 elite within these restricied groups. - 2. I he significance of sea mammal hunt in9 may hava hcen

social rather than economic (1e uas the skiiP ana

cooperation required rather tha? the c~.?trihuticn

to subsistence that gave ths sea ma3rnal hunt its varied significantly betusen excavatlms which were

spatially separated, the site is divided into three dis- - tinct areas? East, Central, and asst. txzavaLions ;n he

hsf;ar;~area ~creundertaken by th~Archs~olsgical Field

Sc5ool cf Simon Fraser University in 1968. Tha Central area, which is situated some seventy-Five mstras West of

the lattsr, includes excavations undertaken by the

Archaeological Sites Advisory 3oar6 iz 1465 z?d also Test

Cut 2 and Test Cut 3 of the 1968 Provincial Museum exeava-

tions. The ?jestern area includes Test Cut 1 of the 1558

Provincial Mus~urnaxcavations and is situatsd 60 metres West

of the Central area, Table XXiliIl summarizes data rele-

van% tn the association of cultural its and spatially separated sreas. - Sit;. 2r33 Phasa East Zuntrai i,Uest

Historic Historic -- - - Holsn Point III 3an Juan - - - Helen Point II Marpole - - - Helen Point IS Locarnn Boach ---- Helen Point Ia Mayne - ----

Keyr ---- = marginally ~xyress~dcultural unit - = fully expressed cultural unit

Archaeslagiczil Sites Advisory Board Excavations 1966

The first archaeological Pnvestzqacion of xayne island was undertaken by the Archaeoiogical Situs Advisory Board in 1966. Excavatians were centered on an @coded midden deposit situated near the head of a small cove on the north side of Helen Point. Four 2 by 2 metre test swares wera excavated, yielding 662 artifacts, one Pdature, ana thrae burials. 0fi ths basis of investigations that ysap,

John Hall compiled a report using statistical means to determine the cultural sequence expressed at the site,

(~allt1968). Based on the frequency distribution of certain raw materials used in the production of artifacts and on specific techniques used in the working cf stone, he was able to separate the Helen Fo,nt midden into three the following charaeterist ics o

holan Point I

working stone as compared t3 c4.2 ~J'JPH? is;l~CO!?:- ponsnts,

- A slgniffca;,tly less exicnsive iise oF' bona as

compared to the uppermost corn~s:e;~t,

Helen Point II

- Lesser deper,dence on chi~5l:-,, t~c~-4,,~~q~~~- ;ib compared to Helen Point I,

- Moru extensive use of grifidin? tech:-tiqdss for

stone working than in Haien Ponnt ?,

- 9cne sxc2~din~antier not axtunslveiy ~sedas

a raw material fo~the manuf'acture of toolz.

Helen Point 1x1 - Least dapendefice on chip~inq?tzshniq~es for umrkiny stone of all Zhree com?onents.

- Greater reliance cn grindinq techniques thqn evidenced in Helen Point I, but approximately

the same, nroportionately, as in Helen Point 11. - A much high~rincidence of bonn tools than in either of the two lower cnmponcnts.

The distrfbu"ion of the above traits hy component TABLE XXIX

Class 1956 iSL.5 I T 1 LIT 2 i I 111 - --- -..---- Chipped Stonc 53 30 P? 65 25 o

Ground Stone 19 01 A 0 44 UD L 1)

30n~ 17 15 bE 2 6 9 6 Is

From this coinparison the follovlinq observations csn

I Fi-f~tlv.J I in bnth ey~~tj~.1tjn%fke i~~r~ey;:tz~oT- - 3 - . value of zhipped stone is greatest .IC ;DF~S:.ICT?~- T, prg- . . port ionateiy isss in Component I I afid of leasr, rir,;nc;~ta~cc

, . in Cornponenu 11. Secondly, in jot!-: cxcai,,atlai..:~I i,;';;-;e A.r - most extansive in Component 111, of secondzry irnportaneo in Component I, and of minor importance in Component 11. - ihirdly, the distribution of ground stona artifacts differs significantly for the two excavations. !dhile the greatest incidence of ground st one occurs int Component

TI1 in both excavations, the 1956 excavations are charac- terized by a greater percentage in Component I1 than in

Component I. Thn reverse of the latter situation accGrs in the 1958 excavations. Several factors may be cross-check on the validity of these zones by dividing the stratigraphy into metrical leva2.s arb 2ralyzing the distribution of artifacts on this basis. An analysis of the site contents in this xanvar may havs zesulted in somewhat different findings. Despite the qossibility of the latter, sample size is the most ~rr:bable reason for distributional dl?f~reneesin only ora a? :>e threa

this size with infornation derived from f~ur2 x 2 metre test squares. Certainly, a comparison of the distribu- tion of certain diagnostic artifacts indicates a nigh degree OF correlation between thz t,~excavations (~ablo xxx > . \ Art ifact - l ypu

Pro jeetile Points

Contracting Stern 4 2 A7 9 2 Tr Leaf-shaped Triangular n 1 Stemmed - Rarbzd 2 ii .L 0

Elipolnted - Bone objects

Tn summxry, takin9 into cansideration the close proximity of tne axcawations 2nd cbc Fps isclated JiFfer- ences and numerous parallels that exist Lecween thtim,

cultural sequence they express.

Eastern Area

Excavations Condtjcied by the S.F.C. Archaeological Field School

Additional excavations were undertaken in 1968 by the Archaeological Field Sdhool of Simon Fraser Univer- sity. Those extavations, which wercj situated some two- hundred metres east of those conducted :y the Provincial 145

Vus~umreveales a sonawkat differefit cultural. sequence than uas expresssd IR sther areas of the site (~arlson l470ti.13-123). Ot particular interest and importance were the artlfa,ts and Foaturos charactaristic of the Fayne

Pnase, a cumponent associated wLth the eariizst strati- gr;2phic unit in the eastern area of the site. ine associated zssomblaga for uhich there is a ra4lo-cazsoq dete cf 2,CCC

+ 260 B.C. (WSU llgl), contains a numDsr qf artlfact types and features which sarve to isolate i: as distinct from other cultural phases previously dslinsated 'or ssb45e;n Sritish

Columbia. Among these traits are inz3udsd s,!~z;ibilater- ally barbed antler harpoon heads and unifatartilly oarbed antler points with lashing grooves which CarPson reports ars particularly diagnostic of the phase (1970:115). Also

7 b Peculiar tn t.hn phesn ?PO cEi=rlf:~17d-~!fzj;;S =l;lpgi;.i: lia3d~~ points and extendod burials.

The central .lrEn of thc site ,;i@ deo Little evidence for the Mayne Phass. In Test Cuts 11 and IXi of the

Provincial Museum axcavations a single bilaterally barbea antler harpoon head and two diamond-shaped prajactiia points were recovered from the extreme lower levels of stratum A. The results of Archaeoloqical Sites Advisory

Board excavations in 1966 Mere also inconclusive in this regard. Here, three bilaterally barbed harpoon fragments

(f368, if361, and #431), and a bipointad projectile point

($540) roughly equivalent to Carlsonvs diamond-shaped type the Western area of the site Rayna Cnasa artifact types, in addition to representative Helen Point I types, are entirely absent. Certainly it would appear that the quantity of Rayne Phase artifact types is inconcPusive

the central or western areas of the site, However, the stratigraphic context of these types is definitely fn-

dicative of age greater than that expected for the larger proportion of artifacts included in Helen Point 15. iJne2 one also consitSers that these artifacts are analogous to

W*iyna Phase types, it seems logica3 tc c~nsiderthem as manifestations of that ph;.se rather than as strictly

~-upr~+se:~LL~VJ , gpts 3? Lhti -ieEari r".,in~ I; assernoiagr;..

If such ,s ;he ci~se,wilaL are cqe cabsative facrors

involved in the seemingly unorthodox distribution of these types? Distributional data indicats a marked but gradual decrease in Mayne Phase artifact types from

east to wtst in the site, a pattern that nay be a reflec- tion of the settlement preferences of the early inhabi- tants. Location of settlements could be affected by any number of factors chief among which might be traditional, environmental, or purely accidental. In any case it is

logical to conclude that deposits in a selected arsa would contain most material evidence of the culture that C) C r -I

H bl P P, a3 0)

D O 3 D P a, X

P, Y d- l-'. +, P, 0 6" LO

[Y e9 P P! j LO m

-t, o? t l a, Ct C" m n

G I-: 0 C e3 those for the Mayne Phase, .lrguinq once sgain for the division of the iwg assernbiagss.

indicate a definite evolutianary linkage. Particularly siqnificant parallels betu~eenthem include large numbers of contracting stem projectile points, pebble choppers, flaked basalt artifacts, basalt d?bltage in cuantity, obsidian and quart- rnicroblades, and chipped slate pro-

jectile points. As Mitchell. has *,ur?ised (19?1:60), I the sirnilaritiss betweet3 Helen Point I and th~Mayne

the same culture typa. This hypotnes;; is qiven a59ad

support by the Fact sf their close stratigraphic relation-

ship. it is for these raasons that the two assemblages are here considered related parts of a single unit, and named respectively Helen Point Ia and Helen Point IQ.

Carlson (l.970) records the presence of components of

two later phases in the eastern part of the site. These are respectively the Marpole Phase and the San Juan Phase. The Marpole Phase as definedby Carlson for Mayne Island

(1970n119), is equivalent to Helen Point 11 in the Uestern part of the site. Parallels include significant quantities 1 5 :' or fla~ed2asai.t a;trF~t;s Inclading ngF:bmcs~scrisnquizr pri; jectile point-,, ~nila,i;rk~ilykrllck :o r'f ?a ;~lainr,scf t,;t:di, laidra-~y.. p~". y6i-d~~~ pe~naan~;~~ Z':C hose daggers,

Unilaterally bar~eahazpuon heads o- &nuit:, anc! adze blades or czlts a,@ :iot rccrssented 1i-I Corn~5-,8~tII oP the 1958 Provincial :Yuseurn excavations ouh ars pressnt in the identical physical stratum in tne 303uining test cut sf the 1966 Archaaological Sitcs Advis~ry3oard

Excavation all 1968:Table 5). The San Juan Phase as defined by Carison (P970rl20), directly parallels Compo- nent 111 in tne Uescern part of the site, Among the shared characteristics are; composite taygling harpoon valves, thin triangular ground slate points and knives, barbs for composite fish hooks in quantity, herring r3ke barbs, and a marked de-omphasis in ertifact~of chipped stone. CHAPTER XET

EXTERNAL RELAT1ONSH:PS

Gulf of Georgia Reqion

Island and nas bedn described in deta;i ~y 0.d. Aitchell

(1968, 1971). Kitehell describes thrr2 camponants at the site. These are respectively: Montague Harbour 1, ~hicn is grouped with components of the "Locarno Yeach Cuiturs

Type", Montague Yarbour XI, which is gruugad with cmpo-

111, which is grouped with components of thz '"uulf of

Georgia Cultura Type".

Key artifact types which are held in curnrr:orr by relal2d components at Montague Harbaur and Helen ?oizc are listed

Component 1

- Leaf-shaped points of chipped stone Contracting stem points of chipped scone Gulf Islands Complex artifacts Microblades Chipped slate or shale knives Clay bowl structures Antler foreshafts Cornponen: I1 - - rriangular projectile points of chippad stone Leaf-triangular projectile paints of chipped stone

f 51 Microblades

- Triangular ground slate points Srn:;ll single pointed and al-pointed bone objects Compusite toscjlinc harposn va:ve;

Evidonco for cultural sequences aupiicating those at

found in the Gulf Islands group, however, one GT more relatad components are represented a: z ncmSe; of si~es

in the region, For purposes of clarity thc exteznal

relations5ips of cach of the componsnts expressed at

Heien Point are described separately.

Helen Point Ib

of the Locarno Beach Phase ajthough "he ;;ngia " radls-

carbon date of 250 G.C. -+ 120 (~itcheli1971t62) sug~ssts

that it is a later variant of the type repzasented at

Helan Point and Montague Harbour.

The Tolan Site (D~RU24) situated dizectly across Active Pass from Helen Point yielded a date of 870 -+ 1013 8•‹C. (Provincial Museum n,d.) for >h~earliest zompsnent.

While a site report is not yet avaiiable, eulturai 3acs~ial

from tha early levels appears to be cop-iparaDis to chat from Helen Point Iband Montague Harbour I (J. Sendy emphasis is indicated in zhalr resp~ctit~eartifact inven- tories, Shared traits fncluds tog.~linr,harpodias ;;lr;cl c;.rt::?r

and contzactinj siem chipped basa3~pro~act~ia ;alnts and other traits too numerous to mention here (see flitchel1

19'71t57). The earliest date obtained fro3 the two known mainland sif.ur; hn~yin5rnrnpnnPnt_s nf f.57~ f ;7~??n0Reach Pha5.2 is

this phas~?.n taa ~ulPIslands.

Cornponefits of two sites on \iancouver Psldnd, Eowke'r

Creek (DCR~133 and QuicKs Pond (3c~u351, aiso ap2ear to be rolated to Helen Point 15. The two radio-carbon dakcs available for Bowker Creek, 790 3.C. -+ PO0 and 960 3.7. -+ 100 (Mitchell 1971:63), indicate that components of this type on Vancouver Island may also prove to predate those on the mainland. While it is as yet too early tc state with confidence, the temporal and spatial distribution of Helen Point 11

Island sites in the Gulf of Saorgia Seirla~ssc~~onents comparable to hele~Poict TI inciucier the Garrison (55-22;, and Cattle Point (SJ-1)sites an San JL--~island; (~arlsan

19W; Kiny 1950) the Rfchardsen .,it> (SJ-185) cn iopaz

:s:aiiLi, (carison irb0j an3 the ilor.tacjwe ri~rbour(c)?'~u 12)

( 4iichell 19b8;197~), False "dazr.i?ag (9;i-i~ 4) (I-';~ilt?r:i.' :r s,

Corm. j, and Gionisib Point (D~RAI3) ('fiir,chell 1971) sites in the Gulf Islands. Two sites on Vancouvsr -sland, Norck

Saanich (D~RUI\ itchel ell 1971) acd Cqdboro 5ay (3z~t15) itchel ell 19613)~may also be includec: ii- ~kfscateqcry.

OR the mainland, comparable assemulags3 aze fohnd at the

Marpole (~hRsl), Beach Grove (D~RS1). and Whalen Farm

(D~RS3) sites. (,,ordon 1970). !Ahile a complete listing and comparison of contents from marpole components is beyond the scope of this thesis, a Pew core archaeological features common to all are listed below. The antiquity of the marpole phase has yat to be con- clusively determined, however, those dares th&t have been obtained tend to indicate that this cuittire has somewhat greater timc: dupth 11-1 the Fraser D~1.t. area th~nin the

Islandsy The cbrorology of the mainlznd sitas ranges from an early data OF 9SG 5.C. -c 170 L2crdcn 1952, 1953) from the Marpole site to a Pate date of' A.D. 5EG -' 25

(Smithtl964) from the Beach Grol~esite. DaLkd slces the Islands of Georgia Strait include False 'karrcas (A,G.

260 -+ 90) Oionisio Point 1,Ia (A.D. 70 -9 90 and 210 ?isC, -+ 110) itchel ell 1971) and Helen Point TI, ihile t5z lsek of radio-carbon determinations for the Sarr ism and niehard- son sites tend to preclude speculation aboat their zntk- quity, Carlson (1960r583), indicates thzt Garrison :Gay conta'in the earlisst of' the Narpole components he reports from the San Juzn Islands. While parts of the Cattle Paint sequence seem to indicate antiquity, it could be contended that the Developmental and Maritime phases which have been considered Narpole related, reflect a curious blending of J- ~f;

~0ththe Marpole and Lacarrtc 3aach p 2. F?r exempla,

he majority of harpoon ty7t.s i;: Su'.h .,ns ijsve'Lopn~;..-~a2 and Mari~irnephases ara iscarno rabkgl rp ha,- il 3rgt-~le related, consisting of three composite toq2l-ing harpccns, one open socket harpoon head, a long ,i:ater~ily ba~bec

. -4 point and a long unilaterally barbed goirtt (Kii-,~,.q:;t :+ >).

The point mentioned Past bears a ..,,v--'/oA ,.,, nnc,t*L1,U,,lu:.~nce to one illustrated by Rorden in regard zn a~t,I acts oi;gros tic of the Locarnc Fjeacb Phase (1970 Fig. 3~,- t:18a),

The sizable number of ground slate ??inks (23) in theso components also suggests affir'it~eswith Locarno Zeach assemblages,

In summary, the chronoiogica? patLer-: established thus far for the Marpole culture suqgssts tkat its earlipst m~-;:?if?~i~,ti~n~t.:fiir. ifi Lilt! c:ni?i_r2ris Of. the Frasor

Delta and loxar rnajninriS area.:.' In tho isldz"!~[,this culture, to date, has been TE~XBC~~~in relstivaiy Late occupations which i-iave included both icrrga viiiayz si.ktis

(~arrisonand False ~arrows),and those which appear to have been seasonal. Helen Point I1 is tyqical cf Cne latter type. Relatively small, and teebnolegicaliy simple, the assemblage is hardly suggestive af the advanced eul- tural pattern which Borden suggests for the Marpols phase on the Lower Mainland (Elorden 1970rl~I). The range of artif acts does not include those that aoi;ld suggest wealth emphasis, stratified society, or even particurzrly cL3 I-' -9 nnn nnn n 0 4 Cn CTI P W h) I-' -5 uwu www V GI t -4UZDt)a X! (D 330C10~~ 0 wr.3 3 r+3 0 P tl I-' 10 CD u c a, In D, YaI02cr- I-'. (+'lo 0 OY cnRr. a, rn~uc w c W Ot.69 E rtm (3 t') lucm m a, I-' t-c C t-'J O (ll a lv tt w 0- re < cnJ(DOmo! - e (I) coma 3 r. CT P I-' aap1 (D D, Dl (D POP OYcP I I-'" I-'. I-' 0- m a 3 Y 0 ro

I-' 0 * 9 In st:mrqary, r;i""nrences ir, zc;r,-te;.ii; ij3E,,,ca7".....,.. l-.,Tr7....-,-,.:2.~:.+.., .,;- -' of this culture type are best descriae2 3s winor v~rizti~:-::i

on a central theme. Those suht2.0 2 LA..h ic:o Lr:-zs k:,i2:d observable may reflect and foreshadn;: :.\ye cf

. r' :-' senso:2a-l. mcvement typical of the t.l: :,'.oric -. -dsu .JL,.,;52, to which each 07 t"lese components c...~LI..;-L ;,;i3iCs~?in~ty.

Historically, seasonal movament u;is .- ss~cj.~t-d 3 shift in the rssoufce base and cunsar~uan"' <-I LL;! in exploits-

'i~~etscf,cslz~y. A~~h~~~lagicaigats tends +o i,-A,f,rca'is* that this patterrr uras also char:3c+ori.~tic:of the anka- cedent prehistoric cuitare. 1 CONCLLIS TON

. '. - Analysis and comparison of eulturol ir,auzrl;~ roz

i r DfHu 9 dsmonstratss the exisLoncq ni ti-frc-'., ?x5c,1'-1: L . . - - - c~ltbraiassumbl~go.: LJ - "-t -iL 3 L Z ii. L) wnicn can br2 cozrcs lated uith simll~- I cr; ,?c, ,".-':;lctPt:.s .A other sites in the l;ulf of Geocgl ;i3no

As described here, the earliest of Lhess assunblsges,

possesses elements which serve to distinguisk it from tho

in an evolutionary sense. The term phase cay Ss lpplied to this continuum which on the basis sf Frcscnt gvidzcce persisted from about 200G 3.C. to 250 5,C., howavsr, evidence is accumulating to suggest t3at subdivision may be required in future, Carlson (19701115-123) has sug- gested that the term Mayne Phase be used to apply to thg earliest part of the sequence, It is possible that the l-lelen Point Ib, Montague Hzrbour I, Tolan, and Eowkar

Creek assemblages may form part of an intermediate period Locarno Beach Phase

Locarno 3each I 2nd 11)

these sub-phases should be clarifie~uith fui+th?r research in the region.

The Helen Point I1 assemblage IS similar iG ;an;s~i to components assigned to the Rarpole Phase, On 8ayne

Island this phase is represented by a relzzsdsly narroa range of utilitarian tools which suggest expioitation 3f the available lczar rasoorces on a ,7easo~adizacher chan permanent basis. Supporting this arcdrnant is tha absance yet been able to pinpoint the inPPuences of individual factors affecting changes in these cufLural units as they relate in the context of a regional tradition. It is to this end that future ressarch must bs directed. 1968 Prehi~tory 3f thc. Lower Rainisnj, in icwer Fraser Valley: EvcPutian ~f a Culcur3l iaria- scape, R.C. 6eoqraoh5cal Serie? ., ?.Q, 9, A ,H. Siemens, edep pp, 9-26, Department BP "uBU- graphy, d.E *C,

Carlson, R.L. 1954 Archaeclogical Invest>igsSians ii-! the 5an Juan Islands, VIS, 8.A. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.

P950 Chronoloqy and Culture Cnanqe in the San Juan Islands, Ma;hia?qtan, AniarFcan A~tiquity,901, 25, ppo 562-F06, Salt Lake Cityo

1970 Excav:?tims at Helen Pain? aq Xayne Island, in Archaeology in British Coiumbia, %em Diseovaries, S.C. Studies Special Issue, No, 6-7, 9.L. Carlson, ed. , pp. 213-125, Vancouver, Cowan, J. NcT, 1955 The Mammals of British Columbia, 3ritish Columhia Provincial Museu%, Uietcria, 0 en rj r-c el0 a: 3' - Ln '"I Fr'* rn t-.' \a0 0 et-s Cr7 w 3 Cu c UlC m a cii -3 *n - OD Cl CJ P. ti rf 9 ;-"m ct CZ P+ w* C') 0x35 C m cFv 3 3 weeono b'. t-'. cn a 2 0 '% t-.. Y L' a t-z 3

m JI) in 20 -03 Y CD G c+ 2 3-01 WE IJ cma Mitchell, D.H. 1968 Archaeology of the Gul? af Ceorg:a: A Nakural- Region and its Culture Types, 3S3 lho~is? University of Oregon.

1971b Archaeology of thg Gulf ;f ;z3rqia gres, A Natural Region and its Culture T~ypes, Syesls, Vole 4, Supplement 1, pp, h-224a

Morris, P.A. 1952 A field Guide to Shell? 01: the Paciyic Coast and Hawaii, Soston.

Putnam, D.F. 1965 Canadian Regions, A Geography of Canada, Dent, Toronto,

Sanger, D. 1970 Cultura1 Traditions in the Interior of British Columbia, Syesis, vol. 2, pp. 189-200, Victoria, a,c. Smith, D.G. 1964 Archaeological Excavations at the 7mct-1 Grove Site, DgRs 1, During the Summer of 1962" S.A. Yonours Thesis, University oP British Columbia, Vancouver.

SutePes, W. 1951 The Economic Life of the Coast Safish of Haro and Rossario Straits, Ph.D. ~issertation, University of Washington, Seattle. Willev. G. and Phillios, P. l9h3 Fethod an(: Theory in American Xrchaealogy, University of Chiccgo Press, Chicago.

1978 tithfc Analysis and ZulturaP In%ersnce: A Palec-Indian Case liniv~rsityoP Arizona ?rsss, Tuscon.