Kalamarz-Kubiak H. J Neurol Neuromedicine (2018) 3(1): 26-28 Neuromedicine www.jneurology.com www.jneurology.com Journal of Neurology && NeuromedicineNeuromedicine

Commentary Open Access

Commentary: How Does Oestradiol Influence the AVT/IT System in Female Round Gobies During Different Reproductive Phases? Hanna Kalamarz-Kubiak Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland

Article Info Teleostean neuropeptides such as vasotocin (AVT) and isotocin (IT) and their homologues arginine (AVP) and Article Notes Received: February 10, 2018 (OT) are implicated in the regulation of reproduction and social Accepted: February 28, 2018 behaviour in vertebrates1,2,3 4,5,6 *Correspondence: , Dr. H. Kalamarz-Kubiak courtship7,8,9, vocalization10 . In , those neurohormones11. In higher vertebrates, have also Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, Institute beenAVP/OT reported systems to affect influence social sexual behaviour behaviour, by acting including within a complex of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców , and spawning reflex Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland; Telephone: +48 58 7311766, Fax: +48 58 5512130, (SBNN)12,13 Email: [email protected] nodesneuronal that network are reciprocally defined connected, as a ‘social express behavioural gonadal neuronal steroid receptors, network’ . The SBNN is composed of groups of neurons, defined as © 2018 Kalamarz-Kubiak H. This article is distributed under the and constitute an important site of regulation or activation of multiple terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International forms of social behaviour14. Furthermore, there is evidence that SBNN License 15.

alsoOestrogens, exists in non-mammalian synthesized in vertebrates, ovaries or including locally infish the brain, play well-recognized roles in the neuroendocrine control of reproductive Keywords: physiology, secondary sex characteristics, and sexual behaviour across Oestradiol vertebrate females16,17. In female it was presented AVT/IT system Lythrypnus dalli, Fish 2) concentration was approximately 10 times higher than that in the brain18 thatthere the are gonadal indications 17β-oestradiol of possible (E interactions between oestrogens and AVP/AVT- and OT/IT-ergic systems. However,. In higher studies vertebrates were andfocused fish, on the location of these hormones or their receptors in the brain and

knowledge, nobody has attempted to check if there is a functional oestrogen replacement therapy after ovariectomy. So far, to the authors’

actionrelationship on the between AVT/IT oestradiol system andin female AVT andround IT ingoby fish. ( OurNeogobius study melanostomuspresents, for the) during first the time, spawning-capable a presumable mechanism phase and the for regressing oestradiol phase. We aimed to determine whether there is a functional relationship between circulating oestradiol and AVT and IT and to establish which pathway, genomic or non-genomic, is involved in this mechanism in different reproductive phases. For this purpose, the brain explants of

2 at doses mimicking the plasma levels of this hormone in nature during differentfemale round phases goby of werethe reproductiveperfused in medium cycle. In supplemented the perfusion with of brainE

2 separately or in combination with Fulvestrant (ICI

explants, we used E 182.780)—oestrogen receptors (ERs) antagonist or Actinomycin D (Act D)—transcriptionHow does oestradiol inhibitor. influence AVT and IT secretion and what pathway, genomic or non-genomic, is involved in this regulation? Changes in oestradiol level and other hormones related to the phases

Page 26 of 28 Kalamarz-Kubiak H. J Neurol Neuromedicine (2018) 3(1): 26-28 Journal of Neurology & Neuromedicine of the reproductive cycle or social interactions can affect tactics that seems to be mediated by the hormone. social behaviour of the individual 19,13. Most of the research is well conserved among vertebrates, the mechanisms of thatAVP andhas focusedOT levels on by the their effect ERs, of which oestradiol in turn on could the synthesis alter the hormonalFurthermore, control because of behaviour the fish may neuroendocrine show similarities system with and secretion of nonapeptides has been performed in those of other vertebrates32,31. following ovariectomy and restored with oestradiol monitoring the dynamic hormone secretion and registering rodents. Usually, 20,21 AVP and OT levels or mRNA were reduced replacement . In contrast to higher vertebrates, in This kind of study requires a special method that allows should be noted that only the perfusion culture method changes in gene expression and immunoreactivity of the allowseven small detailed and short-termexamination fluctuations of changes in in their the releaserelease. ofIt nonapeptides,fish, available which information are probably is related linked only with to seasonalchanges hormones while ensuring optimal culture conditions. So in steroids22,23,24. Therefore, we presumed that there is a far, organ perfusion methods have not often been used in functional link between oestradiol and the AVT/IT system during different phases of the reproductive cycle based 25,6,9 26 system for organ perfusion proposed by Minuth in the on our studies in stickleback , round goby , and black fish for lack of suitable techniques. However, an innovative molly (Poecilia sphenops)27. In our study, we used the procedure for the gradient The results of our study show that during the spawning- early 1990s gives more options for this kind of technique. capable phase, oestradiol most probably stimulates the et al.33 perfusion technique (3D) developed by Kalamarz-Kubiak and non-genomic pathways, while IT release is mediated , who for the first time applied the MINUCELLS and release of AVT through classical ERs via both genomic placedMINUTISSUE on the tissuemembrane engineering between technique rings of tissue for perfusion carriers of fish brain tissues. In this study, brain explants were genomicthrough classical and genomic nuclear pathways ERs via of a genomicoestradiol pathway signalling only. may In container facilitated the uniform supply of medium to the alsofish andbe involved higher vertebrates, in the control the and cross-talk synchronized between maturation the non- luminalinside the and gradient basal sidescontainer. to avoid A specific the dead construction space. It should of this and ovulation at the hypothalamic and ovary level28,29,30. Our be noted that although the procedure has been elaborated results also suggest that in the regressing phase, the release of both nonapeptides is mediated through classical nuclear for studies of AVT and IT in fish explants, after only minor mechanism presented here does not exclude the possibility modification,Acknowledgement if any, it can serve many other purposes. ofERs oestradiol via a genomic action pathway. on the AVT/IT It should system be mentioned via non-classical that the This study was supported by the National Science Centre (Narodowe Centrum Nauki) [2012/05/B/NZ9/01024 to

ThemERs, old such new as story:ER-X, GPER, from and fish Gq-mER. to humans CompetingH.K.-K.]. interests long provided valuable models for the study of basic biologicalVarious processes. species of Fish aquatic are fishalso anduseful invertebrates for pathological have References and toxicological studies because of the high fecundity and The authors declare no competing or financial interests. 1. and vasopressin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992; 652: 156–165. (Danio rerio) is a versatile and robust model organism for Moore FL. Evolutionary precedents for behavioral actions of oxytocin therelatively study briefof vertebrate generation biology, times. Nowadays,physiology, the and zebrafish human 2. disease, suitable for both developmental and genetic Goodsonsparrows JL.(Spizella Territorial pusilla aggression). Horm Behav. and dawn 1998; song 34: 67–77.are modulated by septal vasotocin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in male field 3. between its vertebrate and invertebrate counterparts in characteristics of vasotocin/ vasopressin systems in vertebrates. geneticsanalysis. and Therefore, developmental the zebrafish studies. may Striking bridge homologies the gap Goodson JL, Bass AH. Social behavior functions and related anatomical have been found between the reproductive system of 4. Brain Res Rev. 2001; 35: 246–265. Shift social status and related courtship and aggressive behavior in functions to reproductive physiology31 theSemsar bluehead K, Kandel wrasse. FLM, Horm Godwin Behav. J. 2001;Manipulations 40: 21–31. of the AVT system behumans a perfect and model zebrafish for studying and many the similarities mechanisms from whereby gene 5. hormones modulate the sexual behaviours. Hence, in both fish non- may vasotocin in distinct preoptic regions is associated with dominant and Greenwood AK, Wark AR, Fernald RD, et al. Expression of arginine human vertebrates and humans. This group of vertebrates 275: 2393–2402. demonstrates an exceptional diversity of mating systems subordinate behaviour in an African cichlid fish. Proc Biol Soc 2008; 6. arginine vasotocin (AVT) and isotocin (IT) levels with reproductive species present a remarkable plasticity in their biology stageKleszczyńska and social A, Sokołowska status in E, males Kulczykowska of threespined E. Variation stickleback in brain ofand reproduction, reproductive e.g. behaviours. sex change, What diversity is more, of reproductive many fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus

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