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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01574-6 - Conciliarism: A History of Decision-Making in the Church Paul Valliere Index More information

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ACC, see Anglican Consultative Council Anglican Church of Canada, 162, 179, 196, 210 Acts of the Apostles, 21, 23, 33, 50, 55, 56, 75, Anglican Communion, see also Anglican 173, see also Luke, evangelist; New Communion Covenant; Anglican Testament Consultative Council; Anglicanism; apostolic leadership in, 24–28 archbishop of Canterbury; Global cosmopolitanism in, 30–32 Anglican Future Conference; Lambeth early Christian network in, 27–30 Conference; Porvoo Communion; ecclesial decision-making in (Acts 10–15), Primates’ Meeting 42–45 common law for, 201 historicity of, 25, 27, 29 conciliarist solution for, 17–18, 207–20, meaning of “heresy” in, 60 see also Pan-Anglican Council Admonitio Generalis, 121 crisis of, 2, 3, 198–211, 235, 242 Aegidius Romanus, 138 emergence of, 176–79, 185–97 Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (Pius ii, pope), as global fellowship, 162, 188, 217, 237 148, 160 Instruments of Communion (Instruments of Afanasiev (Afanas’ev), Nikolai, 8 Unity), 200, 202, 203, 207, 211, 238, 242 Africa pluralization of, 203 church in ancient Africa, 31, 58–60, 70, Standing Committee of, 234 71–72, 92, 112, 113–14 Anglican Communion Covenant, 200–7, church in modern Africa, 187–88, 192, 193, see also Covenant Design Group 196, 219–20 drafts of, 201, 202–4, 206–7, 233–34, 241 Afrikaans, 220 final arbiter of, 234 Against Heresies (Irenaeus of Lyons), 60 Final Text, 204, 233–34 Agatho, pope, 121, 154 and Lambeth Conference 195, 203 Alberigo, Giuseppe, 73, 149 and Pan-Anglican Council, 239–41 Albigensians, 130 pragmatic defense of, 232, 233–34 Aleksii II, patriarch, 4 ratification of, 234 Alexander iii, pope, 124, 126, 128 scribal character of, 241–42 Alexander of Alexandria, bishop, 73, 79 Anglican Congresses, 237 Alexandria, church of, 59, 66–67, 72–73, 84, Anglican Consultative Council (ACC), 197, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 108, 133 211, 214, 237–38, 242 “dictatorship” of, 85 ambiguity of name, 200 Alinsky, Saul, 105–6 and Anglican Communion Covenant, American Revolution, 176, 180 202–4, 207, 233–34 Ammianus Marcellinus, 82–83 Kingston meeting of, 203–4, 205, 207 “An Anglican Covenant – Divisive or Anglican Society, 211 Reconciling?”, conference, 210, 211 Anglican Theological Review, 208 Anabaptism, 165 Anglicanism, see also Anglican Church in anathemas, 130, 136, 222 North America; Anglican Church Andronicus iii, emperor, 135 of Canada; Anglican Communion; Anglican Church in North America, 205, Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral; 207, 228 Church of England; Episcopal Church

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01574-6 - Conciliarism: A History of Decision-Making in the Church Paul Valliere Index More information

272 Index

Anglicanism (cont.) authority, see also Anglicanism, authority authority in, 17, 196, 197–220 in; Anglican–Roman Catholic and catholicism, 17, 180–81, 183, 193–94, 207, International Commission (ARCIC); 214, 216, 235, 236 archbishop of Canterbury, authority colonial, 176–79, 187–89, 190–91 of; church and state; conciliarism; and conciliarism, 15–16, 18, 162–220, 226–44 episcopacy; papacy, Roman; liturgical practice in, 17, 214, 235–36 parliaments; polity, ecclesiastical; royal as middle way, 16, 184, 187, 215, 244 supremacy and need for laws of ecclesiastical polity, abuse of, 17, 98, 222 16–18 conciliar and episcopal/primatial, 55, 91, 113, primacy in, 243–44 246–47 and provincialism, 162–63, 171, 202, 207, 211, and conscience, 221–25 212, 218–19, 232, 235, 237, 239 resides in head and members, 141, 177 West Indian, 195 Avignon papacy, 139, 140, 143 Anglican–Methodist Covenant, 233 Avis, Paul, 174, 215–16, 218 Anglican–Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC), 211, Babel, 33, 41 212–14, 236 Babylon, 33 Antioch, church of, 22, 29, 44–45, 46, 50, 56, Bangorian controversy, 168 58, 70–71, 90, 92, 133, 134 baptism, 26, 44, 57, 58–59, 93, 110, 155, 182, 197 apocalypticism, 21, 36, 51, 57, 68 Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry, 13 Apology of the Church of England, An (John Barnabas, missionary, 27–28, 29, 44 Jewel), 168–72, 174 Bartholomew, patriarch, 247 apostles, 23, 31, 47–48, 68, 75, 94, 152, 173, 185, Basle, Council of, see councils, individual 186, 245 Bauckham, Richard, 23–24 apostolic leadership in New Testament, Bäumer, Remigius, 131 24–28, 44–45 Bede, 121 the twelve, 25–26 Bellarmine, Robert, 130–31 Apostolic Fathers, 22, 49 Beryllus, bishop, 57 Arcadius, emperor, 101 Beyond the Reformation? (Paul Avis), 163, 172, archbishop of Canterbury, 179, 185, 188, 174, 215–16 195, 201, 204, 233, see also Cranmer, Bible, see also New Testament Thomas; Longley, Charles; Parker, Hebrew, 33, 118, see also Deuteronomy; Isaiah Matthew; Runcie, Robert; Sumner, bishops, see episcopacy John; Tait, Archibald; Theodore of Black, Antony, 99, 137, 138, 141, 147–48 Canterbury; Williams, Rowan Bologna, 124 authority of, 197, 200, 202, 205–6, 211, 214 Boniface VIII, pope, 137, 138 as Instrument of Communion, 200, 242 Boniface, missionary bishop, 121 archbishop of York, 189 Bonifatius of Carthage, bishop, 114 architecture, Anglican, 235 Book of Common Prayer, 17, 167, 179, 197, 205, ARCIC, see Anglican–Roman Catholic 214, 235, 236 International Commission Book of Jesus, in New Testament, 21, 25 Arianism, 61, 65, 67, 77–79, 81, 84, 88, 95–96, Book of the Church, in New Testament, 21, 97, 101, 102, 116, 117 25, 32, 33 Arius, 61, 62, 66, 73, 76, 78, 79, 96 Braga, First and Second Councils of, Armenian Apostolic Church, 86, 87, 133 see councils, individual Asia Minor, 21, 22, 31, 44, 50, 51, 53, 66 Brakke, David, 92 Assize Sermon (John Keble), 180 Bray, Gerald, 167 Athanasius of Alexandria, bishop, 75, 78, 81, 83, Broad Church, 188, 189, 192, 193 84, 91, 93, 115 Brown, Raymond E., 27, 34–35, 36–38 Athens, 31–32 Bulgakov, Sergius, 8, 11 Augustine of Hippo, bishop, 155 Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 14 Augustinus Triumphus, 138 bureaucratization, 46, 47, 52, 125, 134, 231, 232 Aurelian, emperor, 70–71 Burrus, Virginia, 64, 65 authoritarianism, 55, 68, 83, 184, 211, 221, 230, Byzantine Empire, see Roman Empire 232, 247 Byzantium, see Constantinople

Index 273

Caecilian, bishop, 71–72 catholicizing process, 17 caesaropapism, 99 centralism, 3, 4, 20, 21, 27, 76, 124, 134, 179, Calixtus ii, pope, 125 184, 198, 199, 200, 202, 211, 215, 225, 239 Calvinism, 165–66 centrifugal polities, 3 Cameron, Gregory, 210 centrists, Anglican, 200, 204, 209, 242, 244 Canada, see Anglican Church of Canada Cesarini, Julian, cardinal, 146, 148 canon law, 9, 57, 143, 149, 150–51, 159, Chadwick, Henry, 60, 63, 80, 91 see also canons, ecclesiastical; Gratian; Chadwick, Owen, 190, 194, 231 Hispana Chalcedon, Council of, see councils, individual and Anglican Communion, 186, 187, 201, 211 Chalcedonian definition, see christology; and conciliarism, 95, 124–25, 138–39 homoousion in English Reformation, 164–65, 166–68, Charlemagne, 121–22, 129 170, 173–74 Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral, 197 “canonical process,” 39–41 Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), 6 canonization Christian Legal Studies Project, 1–2 of councils, 9, 94 christology, 117, 120, 245 of New Testament, 38–42 “christological centre,” 36, 42 canons, ecclesiastical, 73, 76–77, 94, 128, 132, christological controversy of fifth century, 171, 173, see also canon law; councils, 84–89 individual church, see also catholic church; church and anti-Jewish, 102–3 state; conciliarism; ecclesiology Hispana, 100–1 as council, 8, 118, 153 of Lateran iii and iv, 128 as eschatological, 183, 225, 232 Merovingian, 114–15 as family, 20 Canterbury, Convocation of, see Convocations house churches, 44 Canterbury, see of, see archbishop of as image of Trinity, 118, 153–54 Canterbury local, 20–21, 45–47, 50, 53, 59, 106, 110, 114 Capetown, bishop of, see Gray, Robert, bishop as “matchless discovery,” 181, 183 capitularies, 121 signs of, 13, 181, 182 Cappadocian fathers, 116 church and state cardinals, Roman, 123, 125, 127, 139, 140, 141, in America, 176 142, 143, 152–53, 160–61, 243 in Denmark, 5, 180 Carrington report (“The Meaning and Unity in England, 10, 163–68, 177–78, 188, 189 of the Anglican Communion”), 198–99 in Middle Ages, 119–23, 137–39 Carrington, Philip, bishop, 198 in modern Orthodoxy, 246, 248 Carthage, see councils, individual; Cyprian of in Roman Empire, 69–90 Carthage, bishop in Russia, 10, 11–12 Casaubon, Isaac, 175 church government, see polity, ecclesiastical catholic church, 39, 53, 72, 144, see also church; “Church Is One, The” (A. S. Khomiakov),180 early catholicism Church of Christ Uniting (COCU), 233 and baptism, 59, 155 Church of England, see also Anglicanism; as conciliar, 18, 67, see also conciliarism canon law, in English Reformation; as divine–human, 69 Convocations; laity, participation of, as eucharistic, 17 in councils, in English Reformation; On the Unity of the Catholic Church (Cyprian Protestantism and conciliarism, in of Carthage), 59 English Reformation origin and definition of term,21 , 22, 56 Church Assembly, 168 transcends political regimes, 101 diocesan synods of, 168 as worldwide, 21, 24, 56, 67, 95 ecclesia anglicana, 17, 168, 194 catholic concordance, 230, 231, 232, 234, 235, General Synod of, 168, 228–30, 231, 233 251, see also Nicholas of Cusa “national synod” for, 187 Catholic Concordance, The (Nicholas of Cusa), polity of, 163–75 see Nicholas of Cusa relations with Methodist Church, 232–33 Catholic Epistles, 23, 43 Church of the East (Nestorian), 86 catholic matrix, see conciliarism, and catholic Church of Uganda (Anglican), 162, 207, 243 matrix “church tragedy,” 37

274 Index

Churches the Apostles Left Behind, The evasion of, 144, 207, 214, 216 (Raymond E. Brown), 34–35, 36–38 “failure” of, 148 “churchless Christianity,” 162, 247 and genetic fallacy, 97 Church’s Reply, The (N. S. F. Grundtvig), 180, idealization of, 9, 16, 19, 101, 133, 136 181–82 imperial, 69–90 Civil War indirect, 135 American, 227 and Judaism, 112 Russian, 3 juridical, 58 Clausen, H. N., 181–82 limits of, 221–25, 245–46 Clement of Rome, 22, 56 as middle way, 159, 184, 215–16, 244 COCU, see Church of Christ Uniting oligarchic, 142 coincidence of opposites, 159 and Oxford Movement, 184–85 Colenso, John William, bishop, 187–88, 191–92 papal, 119–32, 142, 245, see also papacy, collegiality, 15, 59, 104, 111, 112, 208, 210, 211, Roman 212, 215, 223, 233 parliamentary, in England, 166, 173, 189 Colonial Bishoprics’ Fund, 179 persistence of, 235 Colossians, Letter of Paul to the, 34, as practical discipline, 226 see also New Testament; Paul, apostle pre- and post-Reformation, 222 Commonitorium (Vincent of Lérins), 111 primatial, 243–44 communalism as process, 101–2, 117–18, 136, 226, 247, 249 Christian, 11, 20, 41, 43, 55, 60, 81, 110–11, and Protestantism, 10, 165–66, 215, 112, 210, 212, 220, 233, 242, 245 see also Ecumenical Movement and individualism, 60, 107, 112, 158 relative weight of, 246 Zulu, 219–20 scholarly study of, 15, 133, 238 communio ecclesiology, see ecclesiology terminology of, 9–10, 49, 50, 52 Communism, 1, 3, 4, 248 and theological learning, 100 community organization, 105–6 theory of, 18, 90–91, 95, 103, 119, 136–61, 163 comprehensiveness, ecclesial, 3, 14, 16–17, 67, and violence, 109, 146, 221, 222 80, 160, 198, 214, 228, 237, 238, 241, Conciliarism/Conciliarist movement, 137–48, 242, 247 see also Nicholas of Cusa conciliar theory, see conciliarism, theory of; Conciliengeschichte (C. J. Hefele), see Hefele, Tierney, Brian Charles Joseph conciliarism, see also Conciliarism/Conciliarist concilium, definition and etymology of, 9–10, movement; Convocations; councils; 52 episcopacy; Lambeth Conference; Concordance of Discordant Canons (Gratian’s synodality Decretum), 9, 124, 125, 131, 150–51 academic, 58 Concordat of Worms, 125 biblical support for Concordia discordantium canonum, Acts 2, 75 see Concordance of Discordant Canons Acts 15, 28–30, 173 (Gratian’s Decretum) Ephesians 4:3, 110 congregationalism, 6–7 Matthew 18:15–20, 115–16 connectionalism, 10, 30 and canon law, see canon law, and Conrad of Gelnhausen, 140–41 conciliarism conscience and catholic matrix, 245–47 and conciliarism, 221–25 and communio ecclesiology, 211–14 freedom of, 64, 223, 224, 225 conciliar spirituality, 104–18 not a council in miniature, 225 and conscience, 221–25 not generalizable, 224 definition of,7 consensio antiquitatis et universitatis, 111 and democracy, 10, 11, 107–9, 228–30, 238, consensus, 45, 89, 99, 106, 107, 110–12, 230, 251 247, 248 as charisma of councils, 110 domestic, 226 consensus-based decision-making, 14, 109, earliest form of, 20 230–31, 250 Eastern Christian, in Middle Ages, 132–37 doctrinal, fourth century, 81–84, 116 and eucharist, 236 Nicholas of Cusa on, 155–57

Index 275

and politics of exclusion, 103 number of, in antiquity, 113 Constance, Council of, see councils, individual and periodicity, 145, 239, 243 Constans, 81 priority of catholic councils, 67 Constans ii, 88 provincial, 91–92, 134 Constantine, 39, 65, 81 “sanctified council,” 218 conversion of, 69 Councils and the Ecumenical Movement, 8, 13, and imperial conciliarism, 71–78 236 politics of, 78–80, 105 councils, individual Constantinople, 80, 85, 90, 129, 134, 147, 159 Aachen, assembly at (789), 121 Constantinople, councils of, see councils, Ancyra (314), 171 individual Antioch (268), 70–71 Constantinople, Home Synod of, 134–36 Ariminum (359), 81 Constantinople, see of, 4, 84, 133, Arles (314), 72, 75, 77 see also patriarch of Constantinople Basle (1431–1449), 146–48, 163, 246 Constantius II, 78, 81 and Nicholas of Cusa, 149, 158–59 Constitution of the Church, The (H. N. Blachernai/Constantinople (1285), 134, 135 Clausen), 181 Bordeaux (fourth century), 64 constitutionalism, 11–12, 142–43, 151, 158, 166, Braga I (561), 96, 97, 98, 102 172, 222, 226–32 Braga II (572), 96, 98, 102 consubstantiality, see homoousion 1,400th anniversary of, 103–4 Convocations, 163–65, 166, 167, 169, Carthage (258), 58–59 174, 188, 195 Carthage (407), 113 suspension and renewal of, 10, 168, 178, 185 Carthage (525), 112, 114 Coptic Orthodox Church, 86, 133 Carthage, Conference of (411), 72 CORE, see Lutheran Coalition for Renewal Chalcedon (Fourth Ecumenical Council, Corinthians, First and Second Letters of Paul 451), 61, 70, 75, 84–87, 89, 93, 94, 96, to the, 28, 47, 48, 51, 60, see also New 108 Testament; Paul, apostle Clermont (535), 114 Cornelius, 43–44 Concilium Germanicum (742), 121 cosmopolitanism, 30–33, 45–47, 90, 95, 121, Constance (1414–18), 143–46, 148, 149, 163, 232, 239 222, 239, 246, 251 councils, see also conciliarism; concilium; Frequens (decree), 145, 251 councils, individual; decision-making; Haec sancta (decree), 144, 151 Pan-Anglican Council; Pan-Orthodox Constantinople (360), 81 Council; synodality; synodos Constantinople I (Second Ecumenical attendance at, 113 Council, 381), 61, 75, 80, 82, 83–84, 93, “celebrated,” 52 94, 96, 116–17 charisma of, 110 Constantinople II (Fifth Ecumenical and Christian identity, 112 Council, 553), 61, 89, 94, 136 criteria of validity, in Nicholas of Cusa, Constantinople III (Sixth Ecumenical 154–55 Council, 680–81), 61, 89–90, 120, 121 earliest, 49, 50 Constantinople (843), 135–36 ecclesialization of, 97 Constantinople (869–70), 130 ecumenical, 61, 84, 90, 96, 97, 117, 118, 170, Constantinople (879–80), 130 205, 222, 239, 251, see also councils, Constantinople (963), 133 individual Constantinople (1020s), 133 enumeration of, 74–75, 130–32 Constantinople (1076–77), 136 first four likened to gospels,9 3–94 Constantinople (1082), 136 status of, in Anglicanism, 194–95 Constantinople/Blachernai (1285), 134, unalterability of, 94 135 enforcement of, 76, 77–78, Constantinople (1341), 134–35 see also excommunication Constantinople (1351), 134 as episcopal senate, 58, 79 Dordrecht (Dordt), 166, 175 and heresy, 61–62, 65–67 Elvira (fourth century), 101 local, in Orthodox usage, 12 Épaone (517), 111, 114

276 Index

councils, individual (cont.) Toledo I (c. 397–400), 64, 65, 101 Ephesus (Third Ecumenical Council, 431), Toledo II (527), 101 61, 75, 85, 93, 96 Toledo III (589), 95, 99, 101, 102 Ephesus (Robbers’ Council, 449), 85, 93 Toledo IV (633), 103, 156 Florence (Ferrara–Florence–Rome, 1438–45), Toledo VIII (653), 99 147, 160 Tours II (567), 113 Frankfurt (794), 121–22 Trent (1545–63), 10, 131, 169, 174 Frankish (721–911), 121 Jewel on, 169, 170 Gangra (mid fourth century), 171 Tyre/Jerusalem (335), 78 Hatfield (679 or 680), 120–21 Vatican I (1869–1870), 10, 180, 184 Hertford (672 or 673), 120, 121 Vatican II (1962–65), 3, 12, 14–15, 16, 104, Iberian (sixth to seventh centuries), 95–104 190, 211, 251 Iconium (third century), 52 Vienne (1311–12), 125, 139 Jerusalem (first century), 23, 26, 28–29, Waimate (1844), 178 44–45, 46–47, 173 Whitby, Synod of (664), 120, 121 Lateran I (1123), 125–26, 131 “courier for God,” 50 Lateran II (1139), 125–26, 131 Covenant Design Group, 201, 202, 203, 210, Lateran III (1179), 126, 127–29, 131–32 241–42, see also Anglican Communion Lateran IV (1215), 127, 129–30, 131–32, 141, Covenant 142, 144 Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, Lyons I (1245), 125 163, 167, 235 Lyons II (1274), 125 Cronyn, Benjamin, bishop, 179 Mâcon I (581 or 583), 102 crusades Mâcon II (585), 102, 114–15 and Lateran iv, 130 Merovingian councils, 97–98, 102, 114–15 Fourth Crusade, 90, 129 Milan (355), 81 curia, Roman, 125, 160 Montreal (1861), 179 Cusanus, Nicholas, see Nicholas of Cusa Moscow (1917–18), 12, 14, 16, 248, 249 custom, in the church, 127 Moscow (1988), 4, 250 Cyprian of Carthage, bishop, 52, 59–60, 70, 71, Neocaesarea (early fourth century), 171 99, 110, 154, 155, 169, 171 Nicaea I (First Ecumenical Council, 325), 61, On the Unity of the Catholic Church, 59 69, 73–75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 84, 93, 94, 96, Cyril of Alexandria, bishop, 85 101, 108, 171 creed of, see Nicene Creed d’Ailly, Pierre, 146 mandates provincial councils, 91–92, 113 Damascus, church of, 26 Nicene fundamentalism, 84, 93, 117 David, king, 129 Nicaea II (Seventh Ecumenical Council, De concordantia catholica (Nicholas of Cusa), 787), 61, 89–90, 121, 248 see Nicholas of Cusa, The Catholic status in Anglicanism, 194 Concordance Orange II (529), 97 De ecclesiae catholicae unitate (On the Unity Orléans I (511), 98, 114 of the Catholic Church, Cyprian of Orléans III (538), 102, 113 Carthage), 59 Orléans IV (541), 114 De ecclesiastica potestate (On Ecclesiastical Orléans V (549), 115 Power, Aegidius Romanus), 138 Pisa (1409), 140, 143 De ieiunio (On Fasting, Tertullian), 52 Reims (1119), 125–26 De potestate regia et papali (On Royal and Papal Rome, Lenten synod (1049), 123 Power, John of Paris), 138 Rouen (688/689), 98 De regimine christiano (On Christian Saragossa (380), 63 Government, James of Viterbo), 137 Seleucia (359), 81 De synodis (On Councils, Athanasius of Serdica (or Sardica, 343), 75, 81, 95 Alexandria), 91 Sienna (Pavia–Sienna, 1423–24), 146 De synodis (On Councils, Hilary of Poitiers), 91 Sirmium (351), 81 De Trinitate (On the Trinity, Hilary of Poitiers), Sirmium (357), 78, 81 65 Synnada (third century), 52 decentralization, 147–48, 199

Index 277

decision-making, see also bureaucratization; in revised constitution of World Council of consensus; democracy; elections; Churches, 231 majority vote; unanimity ritualization of, 157 in Acts 10–15, 42–48 diversity avoidance of, in contemporary Anglicanism, and conscience, 223–24 206, 207, 220 in early English church, 120 conciliarism as form of, 7–8, 28, 89, 100, 247 and liturgical bond, in Anglicanism, 214 conflictual approach to, 155, 157 one diversity policy canceling out another, 7 and hermeneutics of suspicion, 1–2 and primatial conciliarism, 244 not-deciding as a decision, 206 “true concordance may be created out of procedural criteria and concordantia, 155, diversity” (Nicholas of Cusa), 154 226, 230 and unity in early Christianity, 34–38, 42, 54 revised approach to, in World Council of doctrine, see also discipline, in relation to Churches, 14, 230–31 doctrine, in early church as spiritual act, 104 development of, in fourth century, 81–82 and written law, 124–25 and heresy, in development of conciliarism, Decius, emperor, 58 61 Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils (ed. Norman prayed and sung before it was taught, 57 P. Tanner), 73, 131 as scheme of salvation, not system of Decretum (Gratian), see Concordance of knowledge, 79 Discordant Canons (Gratian’s Decretum) Doe, Norman, 201 Demetrius I, patriarch, 4 Donatism, 67, 71–72, 112, 155 democracy, 2, 10, 64, 108–9, 222, 238, 246, persistence of, 77 247 as provincial catholicism, 72 American, 176 Donatus, 71–72 Danish, 5 Drake, H. A., 78–79, 105–6 democratic parliaments and church councils Dunn, James D. G., 35–36, 41–42 compared, 228–30 Durant, William, the Younger, 138–39 and individualism, 107–8 Russian, 11–12 early catholicism, 24, 36 Denmark, Lutheran Church of, see Folkekirke Easter, date of, 50, 53–54, 76 Deuteronomy, 128, 129 Eastern Churches Association, 183 dialogue, 40–41, 224, 225 ecclesia (ekklēsia), 35, 153 dialogues, ecumenical, see Ecumenical ecclesia anglicana, see Church of England, Movement ecclesia anglicana Dionysius of Alexandria, bishop, 52 Ecclesiastical Commission, Elizabethan, 165 Dionysius the Areopagite, 150 Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius), see Eusebius, Dioscorus of Alexandria, bishop, 85 Ecclesiastical History (Historia Disciples of Christ, see Christian Church ecclesiastica) (Disciples of Christ) Ecclesiastical History (Socrates of discipline Constantinople, Scholasticus), as achievement of First Council of Toledo, see Socrates of Constantinople 65 Ecclesiastical History of the English People, The aspiration to Pan-Anglican discipline at First (Bede), see Bede Lambeth Conference, 190–91 ecclesiology, see also catholic church; church; in relation to doctrine, in early church, polity, ecclesiastical 56–57 communio (eucharistic) ecclesiology, 210–14 no book of discipline in New Testament, 42 conciliar and primatial, in ancient church, unfulfilled ambition of Convocation of 91 1563, 165 concordantia as principle of, in Nicholas of “dispersed authority,” 197–200, 201 Cusa, 150 dissent core issues of, 180 and conciliarism, in Nicholas of Cusa, covenanting type of, 232–33 155–56 diversity of, in New Testament, 34–35 at Councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon, 108 modern Roman Catholic, 180, 212

278 Index

ecclesiology (cont.) and origin of councils, 49–50 O’Donovan’s criticism of Hooker’s, 174 significance of, in episcopal polity, 223, 224 Orthodox, influence of, 11, 14, 231 Episcopal Church, see also General Convention renaissance of, in nineteenth century, 180–85 of the Episcopal Church Runcie’s call for ecclesiology of in American Civil War, 227 interdependence, 240 domestic conciliarism of, criticized, 226–27, unity as first principle of,109 228 ecumenical (oikoumenikos), applied to councils, estranged from Anglican Communion, 2, 74–75 199–200, 204–5, 223 ecumenical councils, see councils, formation and polity of, 176–77, 185 ecumenical Reunion Council for, 228 Ecumenical Movement, 6–7, 15, 34, 210, 236, schisms in, 205, 226–28 251, see also Anglican–Roman Catholic “episcopal grandees,” 91 International Commission (ARCIC); Epistle of Concord (Conrad of Gelnhausen), 140 ecumenism; Porvoo Communion; Essays and Reviews (1860), 192 reunion of churches; World Council of Estonia Churches Lutheran Church of, 5 ecumenical dialogues, 210, 211 Orthodox churches in, 3–4 as Protestant contribution to conciliarism, represented at Lateran IV, 129 12–15 Ethiopian Orthodox Church, 86 ecumenical patriarch, see patriarch of eucharist, 20, 22, 59, 63, 114, Constantinople see also Anglicanism, liturgical ecumenism, 159, 160, 182, 185, 210, practice in; catholic church, as see also Ecumenical Movement; reunion eucharistic; conciliarism, and eucharist; of churches ecclesiology, communio (eucharistic) Edward VI, king, 164 ecclesiology Edwards, Mark, 91 Euchrotia, 64 Egypt, 86, 128, see also Alexandria, church of Eugenius IV, pope, 146–47, 148, 159 ekklēsia, see ecclesia Eusebius, 51–52, 54, 70–71, 74–75, 76 ELCA, see Evangelical Lutheran Church in Ecclesiastical History (Historia ecclesiastica), 51 America Life of Constantine (Vita Constantini), 74 elections, see also democracy; majority vote Eutychianism, see Monophysitism democratic, 107–8 Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, 6, 14 episcopal, 127, 134, 179 excommunication, 56, 61, 68, 76, 77, 126 indirect, 229 “exegetical papacy,” 182 Nicholas of Cusa’s proposal for, 157–58 experience, as theological criterion, 18 papal, 123, 126, 141 Elizabeth I, queen, 165, 167, 169 Faith and Order Commission of the World England, see Anglicanism; archbishop of Council of Churches, 13 Canterbury; Church of England; family councils, individual (Hatfield, early church as, 20 Hertford, Whitby); Lambeth not a council, 8 Conference Fate of Communion, The (Ephraim Radner and Ephesians, Letter of Paul to the, 34, 35, 37, 68, Philip Turner), 216–19 110, 115, see also New Testament; Paul, fellowship, see also koinōnia, sobornost, ubuntu apostle catholic church as “a fellowship of all epinoia, 44 peoples,” 95 episcopacy catholic network as flexible fellowship,76 anti-conciliar bishops, 191–92 conciliar fellowship, 7–10, 18–19, 114, 246 collegiality of bishops, see collegiality “feigned fellowship,” 217 low doctrine of, in early American Episcopal flight from,3 Church, 176 and freedom, 221–25 “monarchical,” 22, 49, 68–69 means community, not confederation, 111 “monarchical” and conciliar principles in in New Testament and early church, 20 tension, 55, 91 subversion of, by majority vote, 230

Index 279

will not thrive by inertia, 188 criticized for size and complexity, 231 with risen Christ, as basic form of Christian election of presiding bishops, 177 spirituality, 110 need to reform voting methods of, 230 Field, Richard, 175 non-democratic features of, 228–30 Filaret of Moscow, metropolitan, 184 reform of, through concordantia, 231–32 Filioque, 102, 134 General Synod of the Church of England, Finland, Lutheran Church of, 5 see Church of England, General Synod Firmilian of Caesarea, bishop, 52 of First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians, 22 General Theological Seminary, 209, 210, 238 Florence, Council of, see councils, individual Gentiles Folkekirke (Lutheran Church of Denmark), 5, mission to, in early church, 25–33, 43–45 180, 222 status of, as presenting issue at Council of “form of a slave” (Phil. 2:7), 48 Jerusalem, 26, 28, 29 Foundations of the Conciliar Theory (Brian Georgian Orthodox Church, 14 Tierney), 139 Gerson, Jean, 142, 144, 146, 166 Frankish councils, see councils, individual, Giles of Rome, see Aegidius Romanus Frankish (721–911) Glasspool, Mary Douglas, bishop, 205 Franks, 119, 121 Global Anglican Future Conference Frederick I (Barbarossa), emperor, 126 (GAFCON), 205–6 free will and grace, 97 Glorious Revolution, 167 freedom, see also conscience, freedom of Gnosticism, 36, 39, 44, 62, 64, 67 Broad Church view of, 192–93 Gomez, Drexel, bishop, 201, 203, 204, 210 and conciliar fellowship, 221–25 Gontran, king, 102 “good for everything in the world of the gospels, audience of, 23–24 spirit,” 222 grace and free will, see free will and grace intellectual, 188, 192, 221–22 Gratian, 9, 124, 125, 150–51, 156, of speech, 154, 155 see also Concordance of Discordant Frequens, see councils, individual, Constance Canons (Gratian’s Decretum) (1414–18) enumeration of councils by, 131 Friends (Quakers), 157 Gray, Robert, bishop, 187–88, 189, 191, 192 Fulford, Francis, bishop, 179, 191 Gray, Walter, bishop, 237 fundamentalism, Nicene, see councils, Great and Holy Council, see Pan-Orthodox individual, Nicaea I (First Ecumenical Council Council 325), Nicene fundamentalism Great Schism, 140–45 Funk, Robert W., 41 Gregorian reform, 119–20, 122–23, 141 Gregory I, pope, 93–94 GAFCON, see Global Anglican Future Gregory II, patriarch, 134 Conference Gregory VII, pope, 119, 123 Galatians, Letter of Paul to the, 26, 28, 29, 60, Gregory of Nazianzus, 82, 83, 169 see also New Testament; Paul, apostle Grotius, Hugo, 175 Garsoïan, Nina, 87 Grundtvig, N. S. F., 5, 180, 181–83, 222 Gaul Merovingian, 97, 114 Haec sancta, see councils, individual, Roman, 65, 69, 71, 72 Constance (1414–18) General Convention of the Episcopal Church Hägele Günther, 158 abuse of majority vote by, 230 Hanson, R. P. C., 81–82, 83 conventions, individual Hassett, Miranda K., 200 1789 (Philadelphia), 177 Hebrew Bible, see Bible, Hebrew 1862 (New York), 227 Hebrews, Letter of Paul to the, 21, 34, 112, 1865 (Philadelphia), 227 see also New Testament; Paul, apostle 1871 (Baltimore), 194 Hefele, Charles Joseph, 133, 183 1874 (New York), 195 Henōtikon, 87–88 2003 (Minneapolis), 199, 205, 226–27, 230 Henry III, emperor, 122, 123 2006 (Columbus), 204, 226–27, 231 Henry of Langenstein, 143 2009 (Anaheim), 205, 207, 219 Henry VIII, king, 163, 164

280 Index

heresy, 36, 129, 138, 146, 163, see also councils, house churches, see church, house churches and heresy; doctrine, and heresy, in humanism development of conciliarism Byzantine, 136 Hilary of Poitiers on, 65–66 Christian, 172, 175 meaning of, in early church, 60–61 modern, 2, 192 reevaluation of, 62–65 Hungary, 129 and schism, in Cyprian of Carthage, 60 Hus, Jan, 145–46 hesychasm, 134, 184 Hussite movement, 145, 146 Hierarchical Council of the Russian Orthodox hymns, 42, 115, 182–83 Church, 249, 250 Hilary of Poitiers, bishop, 65–66, 91 Iberian conciliarism (sixth/seventh centuries), Hispana, 100–1 95–104 Historia ecclesiastica (Eusebius), see Eusebius, Iceland, Lutheran Church of, 5 Ecclesiastical History (Historia Iconoclasm, 61, 89, 122, 135 ecclesiastica) icons, veneration of, 89, 121–22, 135, 194 Historia ecclesiastica (Socrates of Ignatius of Antioch, bishop, 23, 49–50, 55 Constantinople, Scholasticus), and “monarchical” episcopacy, 22 see Socrates of Constantinople and “the catholic church,” 21, 56 Historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum (Bede), Ildefonso of Toledo, bishop, 99 see Bede inclusiveness History of Councils (C. J. Hefele), see Hefele, and Anglican Congresses, 237 Charles Joseph catholicism and elitism in ancient Hoadly, Benjamin, bishop, 168 Christianity, 67–68 “holy Internet,” 24 characteristic of conciliarism, 247 Holy Roman (German) Empire, 119, 143–44, and conflicts over homosexuality in church, 145, 151 7, 223, 225 empire and papacy in Middle Ages, 122–23, and primatial conciliarism, 243 125–26 and Russian Orthodox conciliarism, 249–50 Holy Spirit, see also Filioque; Montanism; inculturation of the Gospel, 31 Pentecost indaba in Acts of the Apostles, 27 definition of, 206 “assailants of the Spirit,” 116 and Lambeth 2008, 195, 206, 219–20, 241 at work in councils, 96, 110, 144, 155, 173, 238 means “council,” 219–20 discernment of, 47 individualism, see also communalism, and doctrine of, in relation to councils, 61, 115–18 individualism; democracy, and gifts of, 69, 94 individualism Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, in Fourth Gospel, 37 249 Kierkegaard’s, 5 Home Synod, see Constantinople, Home infallibility, papal, 10, 180 Synod of Inglis, Charles, bishop, 179 homoousion, 73, 81 Instruments of Communion (Instruments homosexuality, conflicts over, in church,2 , 7, of Unity), see Anglican Communion, 199, 200, 209, 221, 223, 230 Instruments of Communion at Lambeth 1998 , 199 (Instruments of Unity) and legalism, 226 Inter-Conciliar Assembly of the Russian openness subverted by radicalization, 225 Orthodox Church, 249–50 Windsor moratorium, 204–5 interdependence Honorius, emperor, 101 and Anglican Communion Covenant, 201, Hooker, Richard, 16, 18, 166, 168, 172–75 202 Hopkins, John Henry, bishop, 186–87, 190, Archbishop Runcie’s call for, 240 195–97 and independence, in New Testament, 30 Hopkins, John Henry, Jr., 194–95 investiture controversy, 123, 125 Hormisda, pope, 153 Ireland, Church of (Anglican), 5, 187 Hosius of Cordova, see Ossius of Cordova, Irenaeus of Lyons, bishop, 54, 60 bishop Isaiah, 128 Hostiensis, 141 Isidore of Seville, bishop, 99, 100, 103, 156

Index 281

derivation of concilium, 9 John, First, Second and Third Letters of,23 , Israel, see also Bible, Hebrew 34, 35, see also Catholic Epistles; as allegory of Roman church, 129 John, apostle and theologian; and Christian communalism, 112 New Testament continuity of church with, 28, 35 John, Gospel according to, 21, 34, 35, kings of, as model for Charlemagne, 122 see also John, apostle and theologian; Italos, John, 136 New Testament Italy, see also papacy, Roman John, king, 130 authority of “religion in Italy and Rome,” 71 Johnson, Luke Timothy, 43, 45–47 Greek-speaking clergy in, 90 Joint Standing Committee of the Anglican removal of Council of Basle to, 147–48, Consultative Council and the Primates’ 159 Meeting, 203, 234, see also Standing Iversen, Hans Raun, 162 Committee of the Anglican Communion Jacobazzi, Dominicus, 9 Jong, Mayke de, 121 James I (VI), king, 167, 175 Josiah, king, 122, 128–29 James of Viterbo, 137, 138 Jude, Letter of, 23, see also Catholic Epistles James, brother of Jesus, 25, 28, 45 Judicial Committee of Privy Council, 188 James, Letter of, 34, see also Catholic Epistles; Julian of Toledo, bishop, 99 James, brother of Jesus; New Testament Julian, emperor, 82–83 Jedin, Hubert, 131 Julius, pope, 91 Jerome of Prague, 146 jurisprudence, Christian, 1, 7, 124 Jerusalem, Council of, see councils, individual justice Jesus and anti-conciliar bishops, 192 on binding and loosing in church, 56 appeal to, in conflicts over homosexuality in condemned by a council, 221 church, 223, 225 as fulfillment of God’s promises toI srael, 33 papal, 124–25 and hospitality, 114–15 Justinian, emperor, 87, 88, 89, 92 present where two or three are gathered in his name, 46, 116 Keble, John, 180 successor to, after Ascension, 24–25, 26, 27, kenotic mind, 48, 68 37, 117–18 Khomiakov, Aleksei Stepanovich, 180, 184 unity of historical Jesus and exalted Christ, kingdom of God, 19, 195, 225, 251 35, 42 Kinnamon, Michael, 207 Jewel, John, bishop, 168–72, 174 Kireevsky, Ivan Vasilievich, 184 Jews, see also Gentiles; Israel Kirill, patriarch, 249 and conciliarism, 112 Kishkovsky, Leonid, 249 and date of Easter, 76 koinōnia, 20, 36, 37, 110, see also fellowship; discrimination against, by Visigothic sobornost; ubuntu councils, 102–3 early church as heir to cosmopolitan laity, participation of, in councils, 8 network of, 33 in ancient church, 49, 51 forced conversion of, 102 in Anglican assemblies, 229 Johannine community, 32, 35, 37–38, 56, and Anglican Consultative Council, 202 see also John, apostle and theologian in conciliar theory, 140–41 John xxiii, pope (fifteenth century), 144 in English Reformation, 166 John Paul II, pope, 4, 214 in Frankish assemblies, 121 John, apostle and theologian, in Hooker, 173–74 see also Johannine community; John, in Pan-Anglicanism, 189, 196 First, Second and Third Letters of; in polity of Episcopal Church, 177 John, Gospel according to; Revelation and reform of Roman Catholicism, 15 to John and religio-political councils of Middle John Mark, 27 Ages, 129, 130 John of Paris (Jean Quidort), 138 and renewal of synods in Church of partnership with Peter, 26 England, 184–85 trust in the Spirit, 115 in Russian Orthodoxy, 12, 249, 250

282 Index

“Lambeth Commentary, A,” 241–42 and instruments of church government, 1 Lambeth Commission on Communion, 201, of contemporary revisionists, 224, 225, 226 208, see also Windsor Report, The Leo I, emperor, 87 Lambeth Conference, 185–97, see also Lambeth Leo I, pope, 84, 91 Conferences, individual Leo IX, pope, 122–23 ambivalence toward conciliarism, 186, Letter on Behalf of a Council of Peace (Henry of 189–90, 195–96 Langenstein), 143 authority of, 190, 191, 198, 220 letters boycott of in New Testament, 21 in 1867, 189 and the origin of councils, 53 in 2008, 196, 207 synodical, defined, 51–52 defined, 185 as vehicles of the early Christian network, and Lambeth idealism, 193–97 21–23 origin of, 186–90 Life of Constantine (Eusebius), see Eusebius, Life publicity at, 190 of Constantine (Vita Constantini) Lambeth Conferences, individual literacy, theological, 100 1867 (First), 185–93, 196, 217, 237 Lithuania, Lutheran Church of, 5 1878 (Second), 195, 206 liturgy, see Anglicanism, liturgical practice 1897 (Fourth), 208 in; diversity, and liturgical bond, in 1920 (Sixth), 197 Anglicanism; eucharist 1930 (Seventh), 190, 197–98 Livonia, see Latvia (Livonia) 1948 (Eighth), 198, 237 local church, see church, local 1968 (Tenth), 190, 200, 237 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox 1988 (Twelfth), 30, 237, 240 Church (1917–18), 12, 248, 249 1998 (Thirteenth), 196, 199, 200, 213, 217 localism, 20, 45–47 2008 (Fourteenth), 196, 201, 205, 206–7, London, bishop of, 176, 179, 192 219–20, 241–42 Longley, Charles, archbishop of Canterbury, list of, 185 189–93, 195–96 “Lambeth Indaba Capturing Conversations lots, decision by, 24 and Reflections from the Lambeth Louth, Andrew, 90, 133 Conference 2008,” 206 Luke, evangelist, see also Acts of the Apostles Lamennais, Félicité de, 180 and “early catholicism,” 24 Latin American bishops’ conferences, 104 ideals of, 25–33, 115 Latvia (Livonia), 129 Luther, Martin, 82, 166 Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church, 4–5 “Lutheran Catholicism,” 182 Lausanne Conference (1927), 12 Lutheran Coalition for Renewal (Lutheran law, see also canon law CORE), 6 Center for the Study of Law and Religion Lutheran World Federation, 6 (Emory University), 1–2 Lutheranism, see Evangelical Lutheran Church of medieval corporations, 140, 141 in America; Folkekirke; Latvian “new law” (papal) in Middle Ages, 123–25, Evangelical Lutheran Church; Porvoo 129 Communion Roman, 102, 124 Lycaonians, 31–32 study of, 124 leadership, see also apostles; authoritarianism; Macedonianism, 61, 116 decision-making; democracy; McGuckin, John, 133 episcopacy MacMullen, Ramsay, 67, 106, 107, 109, 113 in doctrinal disputes, 88 maior pars, see majority vote and elites, in conciliarism, 108–9 Maistre, Joseph de, 180 non-conciliar modes of, in ancient church, majority vote, 14, 106–8 67–68 alternatives to, in ecclesial assemblies, prophetic, in Montanism, 51 230–31 Leander of Seville, bishop, 95, 99 changing approach to, in Middle Ages, Lee, Peter, bishop, 226 126–27 legalism and minorities, 108–9

Index 283

misuse of, by ecclesial assemblies, 228–30 monasticism in Nicholas of Cusa, 156–58 canon of Council of Chalcedon on, 93 Manicheanism, 63, 64 and conciliarism, 92–93 Mansi, J. D., 9 and Priscillian, 62–63 Marcellus of Ancyra, 78, 81 Monophysitism, 61 Marcian, emperor, 85, 87 unsatisfactory term, 86 Marcion, author of Martyrdom of Polycarp, 22 Monotheletism, 61, 120, 121 Marcion, second-century Gnostic, 39 Montanism, 36, 50–53, 56–57, 62, 66, 67–68 Maret, Henri, bishop, 183–84 Moore, Peter, 228 marriage morals, reform of, 97–98, 129 clerical, 123 Morning Prayer, 235 same-sex unions, 6, 199 Moscow patriarchate, 3, 4, 249 Marsilius of Padua, 139 Mother of God, see Theotokos Martin of Braga, bishop, 96, 98, 121 Mountain, Jacob, bishop, 179 Martin V, pope, 146 multiculturalism, 219 Martyrdom of Polycarp, The, 22 “multi-unity” of the church, 8 “matchless discovery”, 181, 183 Murray, Paul D., 100 Matthew, Gospel according to, 21, 34, 113, mystical body, in conciliarism, 166 see also New Testament mysticism, 45, 134, 159 ecclesial decision-making in (Matt. 18:15–20), 43, 46, 56, 115–16 Nairobi Assembly of the World Council idea of church in, 35, 37 of Churches, see World Council of Peter and authority in (Matt. 16:18–19), 56, Churches, assemblies of 152 Nassau Draft, see Anglican Communion Covenant, drafts of “Meaning and Unity of the Anglican Natal, bishop of, see Colenso, John William, Communion, The,” 198 bishop mediation, 56, 212, 246 Neale, John Mason, 183 Menéndez Pelayo, Marcelino, 64, 65 Nestorius, bishop, 61, 85, 86, 96, 111 Merovingian councils, see councils, individual, network, catholic, see also fellowship; letters Merovingian councils as flexible fellowship, 76 Methodism, 10, 14, 18, 30, 233 harm caused to church by loss of, 72, 226 Methodist Church of Great Britain, 233 importance of, in doctrinal debates, 81, 83 Meyendorff, John, 88, 92, 133, 135, 160 and “mafia,” 91 middle way, 87, 159, 184, 212, political utility of, in Roman Empire, 79 see also Anglicanism, as middle way; proto-conciliar, 20–30 conciliarism, as middle way value of, in discernment of Spirit, 47 “mind of Christ” (1 Cor. 2:16), 47–48, 185 New Delhi Assembly of the World Council Minear, Paul, 34 of Churches, see World Council of minority, see decision-making; elections; Churches, assemblies of majority vote New Hampshire, bishop of, see Robinson, V. missionaries Gene, bishop and audience of the gospels, 23 New Prophecy, see Montanism Colenso, 192 New Testament, see also under names of New and conciliarism, in Germanic Europe, 95, Testament books 121 canonization of, 38–42 and cosmopolitanism, in early church, as conciliar phenomenon, 38–42 30–33 as “dialogical literature,” 40–41 and formation of proto-conciliar network, mono-plurality of, 40 24–30 and “new New Testament,” 41 and koinōnia, 20 textual icon of church in council, 42 and need for conciliarism, 112 New Westminster, diocese of, 199 and origin of Ecumenical Movement, 12 New Zealand, Anglican synods in, 178, Selwyn, 194 see also Selwyn, George Augustus Möhler, Johann Adam, 180 Nicaea, Council of, see councils, individual

284 Index

Nicene Creed, 80, 197 and civil peace, 80 addition of Filioque to, 102 conciliar formation of, 81 and Nicene fundamentalism, 84 as product, not starting point, of doctrinal and sobornost, 11 debates, 81 Niceno-Constantinopolitan creed, see Nicene “technology of orthodoxy,” 65 Creed Ossius of Cordova, bishop, 74, 75 Nicholas II, pope, 123 Ottoman Empire, 246, 248 Nicholas II, tsar, 12 Ottoman Turks, 147 Nicholas of Cusa, 50, 148 Oxford Movement, 17, 181, 235 Catholic Concordance, The, 149–60 and Christian self-rule, 236 concept of concordantia, defined, 150–51 and conciliarism, 184–85 electoral scheme of, 157–58, 230 “General Reform of the Church, A,” Pagels, Elaine, 62 160–61 Palamas, Gregory, 134 Nissiotis, Nikos, 251 Palamite councils, 134–35 Noll, Stephen, 243 Pan-Anglican Council, 209, 218, 226, 235–44, Norway, Lutheran Church of, 5, 6 250, 251, see also Lambeth Conferences, Nova Scotia, bishop of, see Inglis, Charles individual, 1867 (First) compared with Anglican Communion Oakley, Francis, 15, 119, 139, 143, 148, 163, Covenant, 239–41 211–12 as extraordinary assembly, 239 O’Donovan, Joan Lockwood, 174 first calls for, 186–87 Of the Church (Richard Field), 175 and provincial autonomy, 239 Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity (Richard reception of, 242–43 Hooker), see Hooker, Richard Panormitanus (Nicholas de Tudeschis), 148, Of the Pope (Joseph de Maistre), 180 170 oikoumenikos, see ecumenical (oikoumenikos), Pan-Orthodox Council, 16, 247–49, 250–51 applied to councils papacy, Alexandrian, 59, 92 On Christian Government (James of Viterbo), papacy, Roman, see also Avignon papacy; 137 conciliarism, papal; elections, papal; On Councils (Athanasius of Alexandria), 91 Great Schism; Holy Roman Empire, On Councils (Hilary of Poitiers), 91 empire and papacy in Middle Ages; On Ecclesiastical Power (Aegidius Romanus), infallibility, papal; justice, papal; law, 138 “new law” (papal) in Middle Ages; On Religion Considered in Its Relations with the plenitude of power Political and Civil Order (Félicité de and acceptance of Council of Constance Lamennais), 180 (1414–18), 144 On Royal and Papal Power (John of Paris), 138 and acceptance of Council of On the Councils and the Church (Martin Constantinople (381), 84 Luther), 82 authority of, in churches of Italy, 59, 91, 92, On the Trinity (Hilary of Poitiers), 65 123–24 On the Unity of the Catholic Church (Cyprian conciliarization of, in Nicholas of Cusa, of Carthage), 59 152–53 ordination to clerical office constitutionalist critique of, in Conciliarism, of homosexuals, 6, 199, 221 140–43, 151–52 of women, 199, 221, 238 and Quartodeciman controversy, 53–54 Origen, 57–58, 61, 89, 136 and reassertion of papal monarchy, 3, 160, Orthodox churches, see also Pan-Orthodox 175 Council; Russian Orthodox Church and Roman exceptionalism, 91 after fall of Communism, 3–4, 246, 248 Papadakis, Aristeides, 133 and communio ecclesiology, 210–11, 212 Paris, university of, 138, 140, 146 and conciliarism, in Middle Ages, 132–37 Parker, Matthew, archbishop of Canterbury, in World Council of Churches, 14, 231 168 orthodoxy, see also doctrine; heresy parliaments, see also conciliarism, as “biggest heresy of all,” 36 parliamentary, in England

Index 285

democratic parliaments and church councils as “bridge figure in New Testament,”37 compared, 228–30 as commanding figure in Acts 1–12, 24–26 medieval, 99, 130 and Gentile mission in Acts 10–15, 43–45 Pastoral Epistles, 34, 35, 36, 43 as model for bishops, 98 patriarch of Constantinople, 4, 130, 134, 147, and Roman papacy, in Nicholas of Cusa, 159, 247 152 patriarch of Moscow, 3, 4, 249 Peter, First and Second Letters of, 23, 34, 35, patriarchates, 90, 133, 134, 159, 60, 98, see also Catholic Epistles; New see also pentarchy Testament; Peter, apostle patristic theology, study of, 133, 180, 181, 184, Philip IV, king, 137, 138, 139 210 Philip, evangelist, 26 Paul of Samosata, 58, 70–71 Philippians, Letter of Paul to the, 48, Paul, apostle, see also under names of letters of see also New Testament; Paul, apostle Paul Philomelium, 22 churches of Pauline heritage, 35, 37 Photius, patriarch, 130 and connection with Jerusalem church, 25, Pius II, pope, see Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini 28–29 (Pius II, pope) conversion of, 26 Pius IV, pope, 168–69 and cosmopolitanism, 31–32 Platonism, 136 and hospitality, 115 plenitude of power, 123, 138, 139, 141, 142, 228 Jewel’s appeal to, 170 pluralism, 6, 179, see also middle way and “mind of Christ” (1 Cor. 2:16), 47–48, and church tragedies, 38 68 and early church, 21, 22–23, 27 not one of the twelve, 26 and monism, at Babel, 33 quarrel with Barnabas, 27–28 and New Testament canon, 34, 36, 40, servant, not master, of Spirit, 27 41, 42 peace as paradigm for church history, 62, 64–65 accepting diversity for the sake of, 54 principled limit to, 38 Christ “is not the author of discord but of pneumatology, see Holy Spirit peace,” 156 Poland, 129 conciliar peace, in Hooker, 172 polarization, 158, 207, 212 as concordantia/shalom, 150–51 polity, ecclesiastical, see also Anglican “a council of peace,” 143 Communion; Anglicanism, and need eschatological and prudential, 57 for laws of ecclesiastical polity; Church Pope Calixtus II, witness to, 125 of England, polity of; conciliarism; theological substance and civil peace, 80, 88 congregationalism; connectionalism; “unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace” episcopacy, significance of, in episcopal (Eph. 4:3), 110, 115 polity; Episcopal Church, formation Pelikan, Jaroslav, 11, 70 and polity of; Hooker, Richard; penitentialism, see rigorism and penitentialism Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church; pentarchy, 92, 128, 155 Norway, Lutheran Church of; Pan- Pentateuch, Colenso’s commentary on, 187–88, Anglican Council; papacy, Roman; 192 presbyterianism; Russian Orthodox Pentecost Church and cosmopolitanism (Acts 2), 30–31, 33 apostolic leadership and conciliarism in Council of Nicaea as second Pentecost, 75 early catholic polity, 68–69 and descent of Spirit (Acts 2), 24–25, 33 and catholic revival, 180–85, 236 in Grundtvig’s hymns, 183 councils as element of, 8 pentecostalism, 67, 68 divine–human, in Nicholas of Cusa, 159 Percival, Henry, 118 and estrangement of Eastern and Western persecution, 58, 59, 66, 71, 74, 113 churches, 119, 132 Peter, apostle, see also Peter, First and Second and World Council of Churches, 12 Letters of Polycarp of Smyrna, bishop, 22, 50, 53 and apostolic leadership in Acts of the Polycrates of Ephesus, bishop, 54 Apostles, 27, 45 pope, see papacy

286 Index

Porto Alegre Assembly of the World Council Provoost, Samuel, 177, 179 of Churches, see World Council of Psellos, Michael, 136 Churches, assemblies of Puerto Rican Conference of the United Porvoo Communion, 5 Church of Christ, see United Church power-realism, 105–6 of Christ Prayer Book, see Book of Common Prayer Pukelsheim, Friedrich, 158 Pre-Conciliar Assembly of the Russian Pulcheria, empress, 85 Orthodox Church, 12, 249 purism, see rigorism and penitentialism presbyterial council, 50 Pusey, Edward Bouverie, 184–85, 192 Presbyterian Church (USA), 14 presbyterianism, 10, 165, 176, 177 Quadrilateral, see Chicago–Lambeth Presbyterians, Scottish, 232 Quadrilateral priests, equality of, 112, see also ordination to Quakers, see Friends clerical office Quartodeciman controversy, 53–54 Prieto Prieto, Alfonso, 99 Quebec Conference, 179 primacy, see also authority, conciliar and Quebec, bishops of, see Carrington, Philip; episcopal/primatial; conciliarism, Mountain, Jacob primatial; ecclesiology, conciliar and primatial, in ancient church; papacy, Radner, Ephraim, 208, 216–19, 234 Alexandrian; papacy, Roman rationalism, 126, 127–28, 174 in ancient African church, 59 Ravenna, exarchate of, 90 focus of Anglican–Roman Catholic reason, as theological criterion, 18, 127–28 International Dialogue, 213 Reccared, king, 95, 101 harmonized with consent, in Nicholas of Reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum, 167 Cusa, 159 Reich, Ebbe Kløvedal, 181 of Peter, in Nicholas of Cusa, 213 reunion of churches, 147, 159, 160, 175, 228, and presiding bishop of Episcopal Church, see also Ecumenical Movement; 177 ecumenism and proposal for restructuring Anglican Revelation to John, 21, 23, 25, 32–33, 34, Communion, 243–44 see also John, apostle and theologian; Primates’ Council, 205 New Testament Primates’ Meeting, 177, 197, 200, 202, 203, 211, revisionism, 47, 209, 221, see also progressivism 214, 234, 237, 242, 243 and traditionalism Priscillian, 62–65 Anglican, criticized, 223–25 progressivism and traditionalism, 2–3, 15, 83, Ridley-Cambridge Draft, see Anglican 199–200, 205, 207, see also revisionism; Communion Covenant, drafts of traditionalism rights, of individuals, 109 Protestant Episcopal Church, see Episcopal rigorism and penitentialism, 51, 57, 58, 59, Church 67–68, 71 Protestantism and conciliarism, 10 Robbers’ Council, 85, 93 Ecumenical Movement as Protestant Robinson, V. Gene, bishop, 2, 223, 226, 230 contribution to conciliarism, 12–15 Roman Catholic Church, see Anglican–Roman in Continental Reformation, 165–66 Catholic International Commission; in English Reformation, 163–75 collegiality; ecclesiology, modern pre- and post-Reformation conciliarism, 222 Roman Catholic; laity, participation Reformers and late medieval Conciliarism, of, in councils; papacy, Roman; 215 progressivism and traditionalism; proto-conciliar network, see network, catholic traditionalism; Vatican i; Vatican ii; Providence, 25, 69, 195, 242 Vatican iii provincialism, see also Anglicanism, and Roman Empire, 31, 58, 69–90, 92, 95, 113, 114, provincialism; Donatism, as provincial 245, see also Holy Roman (German) catholicism Empire and Arian Christians, 95 Romans, Letter of Paul to the, 28, 32, 113, boorish and sophisticated, 32 see also New Testament; Paul, apostle errant conciliar provincialisms, 102–3 Colenso’s commentary on, 192

Index 287

royal supremacy, 163, 164, 169, 171, 173, 175, 178 sexuality, see homosexuality, conflicts over, in Rufinus, bishop, 128–29, 132 church Rules for Radicals (Saul Alinsky), 105 shalom, 150 Runcie, Robert, archbishop of Canterbury, 30, Shriver, Frederick, 238 237–38, 240 Sieben, Hermann Josef, 58, 110, 111, 115 Russian Empire, 10, 246 Sigismund, emperor, 143 Russian Orthodox Church, 4, 10, 11–12, 14, 16, Silva, Francisco Maria da, bishop, 103–4 248–50 simony, 98, 123, 145 Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, 3 Sisebut, king, 102–3 Russian Revolution Smith, Benjamin Bosworth, bishop, 196–97 of 1905–1906, 11 sobornost, 11, 183, 184, 212, 220, 249 of 1917, 3 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 186, 187 Sachs, William, 200, 215 Socrates of Constantinople (Socrates Sanders, James A., 39 Scholasticus), 75, 77, 82 Sarpi, Paolo, 175 Solodovnikov, Vladimir, 98 Saumagne, Charles, 70 Somerville, Robert, 124, 130 schism, 2–3, 7, 16, 56, 58–59, 108, 112, 151, Soria Vasco, J. Alejandro, 104 153, 163, 207, 234, see also Donatism; Sotomayor y Muro, Manuel, 98 reunion of churches South Africa, Anglicanism in, 187–88, 192, between Eastern and Western churches, 90 193, 196 in East after Chalcedon, 86–89 South, global, 200, 205, 232 in Episcopal Church, 205, 226–28 Southgate, W. M., 170 in Johannine community, 37–38 Spain, 32, 63, 97, 99, 153 in modern Russian Orthodoxy, 3, 248 Spanish councils, see councils, individual, papal, 126, 147, see also Great Schism Iberian schismatic majorities, 227 spiritualism, 106 as understood in ancient catholicism, 59–60 St. Andrew’s Draft, see Anglican Communion Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 181 Covenant, drafts of Schmemann, Alexander, 8, 118 Standing Committee of the Anglican Scholastic theology, 18, 128 Communion, 234 Scottish Episcopal Church, 5, 176, 187 Stanley, Arthur, 189, 195–96 Scripture and Discernment (Luke Timothy Stuart Restoration, 167 Johnson), 43, 45–47 Study of Anglicanism, The, 238 Scripture, as theological criterion, 18, 181, 182, Submission of the Clergy and Restraint of 208, 217, 245 Appeals, 164 Seabury, Samuel, bishop, 176, 177 Suevian kingdom, 96, 98–99 sectarianism, 21, 56, 60, 64–65, 72, 86, Sumner, John, archbishop of Canterbury, 186 193, 247 Sweden, Lutheran Church of, 5 secularism, modern, 158 Synod of Westminster, The, 228 Segovia, Juan de, 148 synodality, 50, 208, 213, 214 self-rule, Christian, 1, 2, 10, 11, 17, 178, 181, synodical government, see also conciliarism 236, 239 in Anglicanism, 162, 176–79, 184–85, Selwyn, George Augustus, bishop, 178, 189, 191, see also Church of England; 194, 195 Convocations; Lambeth Conference senate, episcopal, see councils, as episcopal in Danish Lutheranism, 5 senate in Nicholas of Cusa, 152 Senate, Roman, 58, 79–80 in Norwegian Lutheranism, 6 senates, municipal, and conciliarism, 58, synodical letter, defined,5 1–52 106–7 Synodikon of Orthodoxy, 135–36 Septuagint, 33 synodoi (“fellow travelers”), 50 Serapion of Antioch, bishop, 52 synodomania, 67, 69 Serbian Orthodox Church, 133 synodophobia, 162, 179, 188, 193, 196, Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided 226, 237 Church, The (Henry Percival), 118 synodos, 9, 49, 50, 52

288 Index

synodos endēmousa, see Constantinople, Home ultramontanism, 180, 183 Synod of Unam sanctam (One Holy), 137–38 synods, see councils unanimity, 30, 54, 127, 152, 156–57, 183, Syrian-heritage churches, 86, 133 see also consensus; decision-making; elections Tabbernee, William, 52 United Church of Christ, 6–7, 14 Tait, Archibald, archbishop of Canterbury, 192, United Methodist Church, 14 193, 195 unity, see also ecclesiology; ecumenism; schism Tanner, Norman P., 73, 131 as first principle of ecclesiology, 109 taxation of church, 164 Unity and Diversity in the New Testament Te Paa, Jenny Plane, 210 (James D. G. Dunn), 35–36, 41–42 Tertullian, 52, 109 Unity of the Church and the Principle of That They May Be One (Ut unum sint), 213 Catholicism, The (Johann Adam theocracy, 90, 99, 122 Möhler), 180 Theodora, regent, 135 Uppsala Assembly of the World Council Theodore of Canterbury, archbishop,12 0–21 of Churches, see World Council of TheodosiusI , emperor, 69, 80, 82 Churches, assemblies of theosis, 48, 135 Ut unum sint, see That They May Be One Theotokos, 61, 85 Thirty Years War, 175 Valerian, emperor, 58 Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, 165, 167, 205, Vandals, 114 232 Vansteenberghe, Edmond, 149 Tierney, Brian, 139, 140, 141, 142 Vatican i, see councils, individual Timothy, First and Second Letters of Paul to, Vatican ii, see councils, individual see Pastoral Epistles Vatican iii, 15, 251 Titus, Letter of Paul to, see Pastoral Epistles Vermont, bishop of, see Hopkins, John Henry, To Set Our Hope on Christ, 208–9 bishop Toledo, councils of, see councils, individual Victor, pope, 54–55 “Towards a Common Understanding and Vincent of Lérins, 111 Vision of the World Council of violence, 87, 91, 109, 112, 146 Churches,” 13 Virginia, diocese of, 226 Tractatus Maior (William Durant the Virginia Report, The, 162, 213 Younger), 139 Visigothic church, 99–100 tradition, as theological criterion, 18, 94 Visigothic councils, 96, 99, 102–3, traditionalism, see also Anglican Church in see also councils, individual, Iberian, North America; Global Anglican Toledo iii, IV, viii Future Conference (GAFCON); Vita Constantini (Eusebius), see Eusebius, Life progressivism and traditionalism of Constantine (Vita Constantini) and conciliarism in Anglicanism today, 244 voting, see elections; General Convention of and conciliarism in Roman Catholicism the Episcopal Church, need to reform today, 247 voting methods of; majority vote; and tradition, 247 Nicholas of Cusa, electoral scheme of Trent, Council of, see councils, individual Voting about God in Early Church Councils Trevett, Christine, 53 (Ramsay MacMullen), see MacMullen, Trier, 64, 149 Ramsay Trinity, see also Arianism; Filioque; Holy Spirit; homoousion Wales, Church in, 5 as a council, 118, 153–54 WCC, see World Council of Churches doctrine of, 81–82, 116–17 Westminster Abbey, 189, 195 Tübingen, 180, 183 Whitby, Michael, 85–86 Tudeschis, Nicholas de, see Panormitanus Whitby, Synod of, see councils, individual Turner, Philip, 216–19 White, William, bishop, 176–77, 179, 217 Whittingham, William, bishop, 187 ubuntu, 219, 220 William and Mary, king and queen, 167 Ukraine, churches of, 3 William of Ockham, 139, 141

Index 289

Williams, Rowan, archbishop of Canterbury, Orthodox–Protestant relations in, 14, 250 21, 201, 203, 206, 220 shift to consensus-based decision-making, Windsor Report Papers, unpublished, 209–10 14, 230–31, 250 Windsor Report, The, 201, 204, 207–8, 209, Wright, J. Robert, 121, 148, 209–11 211, 231, see also Anglican Communion Wyclif, John, 146, 163 Covenant Witte, John, Jr., 1 York, Convocation of, see Convocations World Council of Churches (WCC) York, see of, see archbishop of York assemblies of 1961 (Third, New Delhi),13 Zabarella, Franciscus, 142 1968 (Fourth, Uppsala), 13, 251 “zealots of hospitality,” 114 1975 (Fifth, Nairobi), 13 Zeno, emperor, 87 2006 (Ninth, Porto Alegre), 14, 231 Zulu communalism, 219–20 and conciliarism, 8, 12–14, 236, 250 Zulu language, see indaba; ubuntu formation of, 12 Zululand, 192