Confederate Symbols and Media Coverage: a Look at Mississippi Newspapers Over Time Madison Elizabeth Heil University of Mississippi
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University of Mississippi eGrove Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors Theses Honors College) 2017 Confederate Symbols and Media Coverage: A Look at Mississippi Newspapers Over Time Madison Elizabeth Heil University of Mississippi. Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis Part of the Journalism Studies Commons Recommended Citation Heil, Madison Elizabeth, "Confederate Symbols and Media Coverage: A Look at Mississippi Newspapers Over Time" (2017). Honors Theses. 614. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis/614 This Undergraduate Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College) at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONFEDERATE SYMBOLS AND MEDIA COVERAGE: A LOOK AT MISSISSIPPI NEWSPAPERS OVER TIME by Madison Elizabeth Heil A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College. Oxford, Mississippi May 2017 Approved by: ____________________________ Advisor: Dr. Kathleen Wickham ____________________________ Reader: Dean Charles Mitchell ____________________________ Reader: Professor Alysia Steele © 2017 Madison Elizabeth Heil ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis was to examine how the media coverage of Confederate symbols in Mississippi has changed over time by focusing on the following events: the banning of flag sticks at the University of Mississippi athletic events in 1997, the removal of the Mississippi state flag from campus in 2015, the modification of the song “Dixie” at football games in 2009, and the banning of the song from athletic events in 2016. A sample of news articles featured on the front page of three different Mississippi-based newspapers were reviewed through content analysis by two trained coders for changes in story format, journalistic elements, framing, voice, and tone. The study found that the media coverage of Confederate symbols has changed over time as the media landscape continues to change. iii DEDICATION This is dedicated to everyone who helped me and guided me through this entire process. In particular, I thank my family for supporting me through my own times of stress and anxiety. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express my deepest appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Kathleen Wickham, and my committee members Dean Charles Mitchell and Professor Alysia Steele. I could not have produced this study without your continuous support and guidance. In addition, I’d like to thank my sister, McKenna Heil, for volunteering to be the second coder in my study, my family for your constant encouragement, and my roommates for always being there for me through stressful times. Lastly, I acknowledge the collegial support of my fellow honors college students. v CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………iii DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………………iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………...v Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..1 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………...3 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………...16 Chapter 4: RESULTS……………………………………………………………………18 Chapter 5: DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………..30 Chapter 6: CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………32 LIST OF REFERENCES………………………………………………………………...33 SELECTED PUBLICATION DATES…………………………………………..36 APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………...38 I: CODE BOOK………………………………………………………………….38 II: ARTICLES……………………………………………………………………42 vi Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION This manuscript studies the media coverage of events on two controversial topics associated with the University of Mississippi at this time: the Mississippi State Flag and the song “Dixie.” The goal was to compare the media coverage when flag sticks were banned from football games at Ole Miss in 1997, the 2015 decision to stop flying the state flag, and media coverage when the song “Dixie” was first modified in 2009 and then banned completely from athletic events in 2016. Much of the University of Mississippi’s history is rooted in the state’s slave driven and Confederate past. The University’s past and traditions are widely known throughout the South and across the nation and can be recognized by the many symbols on campus related to that past. These symbols have brought about social protest over the years in turn leading to significant change. It is important to note that as Confederate symbols change so does the media coverage surrounding them. With an ever-changing media landscape, the way social protest and controversial issues are portrayed in the media changes over time. The purpose of this paper is to show any documentable changes in the media coverage from the first event to the most recent event. Content analysis was used to analyze the media coverage across various news outlets and sources to assess any 1 changes. The selected news articles appeared on the front page of The Daily Mississippian, Oxford Eagle, and The Clarion Ledger. The results were guided by the following research questions: RQ1: What story formats were favored by which publication (inverted pyramid, Wall Street Journal), and were they hard news or feature stories? RQ2: To what extent were traditional journalism elements of (a) direct quotes, (b) paraphrase (c) description favored by which publication based on the percentage of paragraphs used in each story? RQ3: Which news frames dominated (patriotism, moderation, law and order, violence, racism/ethnocentrism or constitutionality)? RQ4: Researchers reviewed the material for evidence of bias as well as point-of-view and perspective including objective, first person, third person and omniscient or limited omniscient (Written such that there is a one speaker who appears all-knowing, or appears to have one character that dominates but he/she has a limited view.) What was the voice? RQ5: Researchers sought to determine the tone of the article toward the protagonists and their goals and the supporting sources and their goals (Supportive, neutral, oppositional) 2 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Change is never easy, especially on a large scale. It is often met with hesitation and backlash. But today, change is prevalent in the media and on college campuses. Journalism has evolved tremendously over time and more so, just in the 21st Century. The mainstream media is engaged in a constant battle of finding new ways to disseminate information to the public in the most immediate, attention-grabbing way. And colleges and universities are increasingly finding themselves facing challenges and social pressure from clashing cultures. These changes and their impacts can be seen in the difference between the print coverage of two controversial events that occurred at the University of Mississippi: the banning of the Confederate flag from football games to not flying the state flag on campus, and the shortening of the song ‘Dixie’ to completely banning it at games. The literature will first examine the background of each event and discuss the basic similarities and differences, diving specifically into the coverage of these events in order to asses the methods used for the earlier and later events. Secondly, the review will explore the trend of clashing cultures as a culprit behind student activism and change on college campuses, with an emphasis on the campus cultural climate at the University of Mississippi. Next, the literature will review solutions colleges and universities have 3 implemented to change their campus cultural climate, specifically looking at the University of Mississippi’s past and possible future solutions. The review will analyze the changing media landscape from each former event to the latter event, focusing on the amount and narrative focus of the coverage. Background The University of Mississippi was founded in 1848, and much of the school’s history is rooted in the state’s slave driven and Confederate past. The school’s first matriculates were the sons of plantation owners and the University played a key role in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. The University’s past and traditions are widely known throughout the South and across the nation and can be recognized by the many symbols on campus related to that past, including the Confederate statue, the existence of the Confederate cemetery, and the names of streets and buildings. In an article from The Daily Mississippian, assistant provost and assistant to the chancellor concerning minority affairs, Donald Cole, deemed the University “the keeper of Southern symbols,” as he discussed how other universities in the South have abandoned some of these symbols.1 Change to these symbols made its way onto the University’s campus under Chancellor Robert Khayat’s term. In 1997, Chancellor Khayat eliminated the Confederate flag at sporting events by banning the wooden flag stick used to wave the flag.2 This purposeful rule was described to ensure the safety of fans and allow fans to have an unobstructed view of the playing field. It was a decision that took a lot of consideration 1Turnage, "The Symbols' Keeper: Ole Miss' Identity Struggle," The Daily Mississippian, Nov. 17, 2016. 2 Nave, R. L. "Rebel Land: A Racial History of Oxford and Ole Miss." Jackson Free Press. GoDaddy.com LLC, 12 Dec. 2012. Web. 14 Nov. 2016. 4 over nine months, as the Confederate symbol was continuously causing problems. The football coach at