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SFU Thesis Template Files Parenthood, Childhood and Organized Youth Sport in Rural and Small-Town British Columbia: An Ethnographic Study by Dominique Alexandra Payette Falls M.A., University of British Columbia, 2009 B.Sc., Creighton University, 2007 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Dominique Alexandra Payette Falls 2017 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2017 Approval Name: Dominique Alexandra Payette Falls Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title: Parenthood, Childhood and Organized Youth Sport in Rural and Small-Town British Columbia: An Ethnographic Study Examining Committee: Chair: Cindy Patton Professor Barbara Mitchell Senior Supervisor Professor Noel Dyck Supervisor Professor Rick Gruneau Internal Examiner Professor School of Communication Kevin Young External Examiner Professor Department of Sociology University of Calgary Date Defended/Approved: October 27, 2017 ii Ethics Statement iii Abstract This thesis explores how parenthood and childhood are enacted within the context of organized youth sport in one rural and small-town British Columbian region. Studies of organized youth sport, childhood, and parenthood have primarily emphasized the experiences of (sub)urban dwellers. This has resulted in a dearth of knowledge on the spatialized processes which inform experiences of organized youth sport in rural and small towns. This ethnographic exploratory study was conducted between 2012 and 2015 in the British Columbian rural and small-town region of the West Kootenays. It draws on fieldnotes, open-ended interviews, and participant observation to capture the lived experiences of over a hundred young people, parents, and sport administrators. By utilizing a place-based, life course perspective, this study reveals the historical, structural, and spatial fluidity of concepts such as parenthood, childhood, and organized sport. A central finding in this study is that while principles of modern parenting and childhood are now part of the dominant cultural narrative, children and parents enact this narrative in conflicting and nuanced ways. Four spatialized patterns of child-rearing vis-à-vis sport emerged: (1) pursuing the dream of sporting success, (2) making organized youth sport work, (3) opting out of organized youth sport, and (4) being pushed out of organized youth sport. Parents’ and children’s relationship to place, access to resources, and commitment to varying narratives and discourses on childhood and parenthood were found to drive child-rearing practices. Overall, this study showcases the agency of rural residents and draws attention to the futility of representing rural people as solely “passive recipients” of hegemonic culture. It also draws attention to the importance of including young people alongside adults in research about their lives. Finally, this study encourages government policy-makers and community-level stakeholders in organized youth sport to take a place- based approach to the delivery of programs. Keywords: Organized Youth Sport; Rural and Small Towns; British Columbia; West Kootenays; Ethnography iv Dedication This dissertation is first and foremost dedicated to the First Peoples of the West Kootenays, the Sinixt, on whose land these soccer fields, baseball diamonds, and ice rinks were built. This dissertation is also dedicated to the young people and parents of the West Kootenays—may you recognize how fortunate you are to have grown up and raised children surrounded by such beauty. Last, this dissertation is dedicated to everybody who works tirelessly to “make it work”— whatever “it” might be—in their own rural or small town. May your future, and the future of your village, town, or city be meaningful. v Acknowledgements I am so fortunate to be at the end of this journey with a smile on my face, not only because the work is done (!), but also because I enjoyed (almost) every moment. But I do recognize there is no way I would have completed this project without the help of the following people: To my family, thank you for showing me how proud you were every step of the way. It was a long haul and I knew I had your support at every turn. To my husband, may the completion of this project mark the beginning of a new journey together. To my Supervisor, Dr. Barbara Mitchell, and Committee Member, Dr. Noel Dyck: Thank you for believing in this project from the start and for providing me with the independence necessary to explore, yet the guidance required to stay on track. You knew just when to push and how much. To my editor, Cameron Duder: Thank you for helping me polish this document. And finally, to my little peanut, may you develop a love for exploring the world around you just like your mom and dad. vi Table of Contents Approval .............................................................................................................................ii Ethics Statement ............................................................................................................... iii Abstract .............................................................................................................................iv Dedication ......................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................vi Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. vii Table of Figures ................................................................................................................xi Glossary ........................................................................................................................... xii Introductory Image .......................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 1.1. Why an Ethnography on Organized Youth Sport in the West Kootenays? .............. 2 1.2. Methodological and Theoretical Introductions .......................................................... 8 1.3. Introduction to the West Kootenays ....................................................................... 12 1.3.1. Indigenous Peoples .................................................................................. 12 1.3.2. Resource Migrants: Miners, Loggers, and Farmers .................................. 13 1.3.3. Japanese Internees .................................................................................. 15 1.3.4. Ideological Migrants: Doukhobors, Quakers, and Draft Dodgers .............. 15 1.3.5. Current Population .................................................................................... 17 Age ......................................................................................................................... 17 Ethnicity .................................................................................................................. 18 Employment ........................................................................................................... 18 Education ............................................................................................................... 19 Income ................................................................................................................... 20 1.3.6. A West Kootenay Culture .......................................................................... 20 1.4. Research Questions ............................................................................................... 21 1.5. Definition of Key Terms .......................................................................................... 24 1.5.1. Rural ......................................................................................................... 24 1.5.2. Young People ........................................................................................... 26 1.5.3. Organized Youth Sport ............................................................................. 27 1.6. Dissertation Chapter Overview ............................................................................... 28 Chapter 2. Literature Review .................................................................................... 30 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 30 2.2. Organized Youth Sport and Dominant Ideologies of Parenthood and Childhood ............................................................................................................... 33 2.3. Growing Up and Parenting in Rural and Small Towns ........................................... 42 2.4. Organized Sport in Rural and Small-town Canada ................................................ 45 2.5. Theoretical Orientation ........................................................................................... 50 2.5.1. A Life Course Perspective ........................................................................ 51 2.5.2. A Place-Based Perspective ...................................................................... 54 2.6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 58 vii Chapter 3. Methodology ...........................................................................................
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