The Golden Age of Mountaineering

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The Golden Age of Mountaineering BERGBEKLIMMEN /THE GOLDEN AGE OF MOUNTAINEERING Tegen het midden van de negentiende eeuw was het Groot-Brittannië van Queen Victoria uitgegroeid tot de absolute wereldmacht. De overzeese koloniën brachten letterlijk goud naar het eiland en op de rijkdom van de upper-class stond geen maat. De gewone man werd er amper beter van, maar er ontstond wel een gegoede burgerij die geld had om te reizen en te ontdekken. De wetenschappelijke nieuwsgierigheid was groot en de Royal Geographical Society stuurde Victoria’s onderdanen naar alle uithoeken van de wereld om de resterende witte vlekken op de wereldkaart in te vullen. Ook naar de Alpen, waar een periode aanbreekt die de geschiedenis inging als “The Golden Age”. De Renaissance had al in de 16e eeuw de deur op een kier gezet voor dingen die niet levensnoodzakelijk waren, maar gewoon interessant om te weten of te doen. Zoals de aarde exploreren. Marco Polo ondernam grote ontdekkingsreizen naar China en Mongolië, en Columbus was in 1492 naar Amerika gevaren. Maar pas met de Verlichting ging de mens initiatieven nemen die louter dienden voor het genot of omdat men er zin in had. De nieuwe rijken, zowel de adel als de upper-middle class, waren vermogend genoeg om op tijd en stond het regenachtige Engeland te ontvluchten en ze gingen graag kuren, het liefst in Zuid-Europa of in de bergen. Voor de mannen, en mettertijd ook vrouwen, begint in de Alpen een stormloop naar de Alpentoppen. Niet zozeer om er wetenschappelijke waarnemingen te doen, nee, gewoon voor het plezier. Om de eerste te zijn en hun naam te vereeuwigen met de berg. In de Alpenlanden groeit een nieuwe industrie: het bergtoerisme. Het viel op dat, tien jaar na haar oprichting, de fanatieke sportievelingen de Alpine Club al helemaal domineerden. Het alpinisme (de term werd pas in de twintigste eeuw geïntroduceerd) had op dat moment grotendeels zijn huidige vorm gekregen Links: gletsjer aan Mont Blanc anno 1862 Rechts: amper een uur lag er tussen Victory en Tragedy. met specifieke uitrustingsstukken, individuele topklimmers, De Matterhorn was de laatste maagdelijke vierduizender. een bredere groep recreatieve beoefenaars en een ervaren en professioneel gidsenkorps. De dramatische afloop van Whymper’s Matterhornbeklimming in 1865 was het eerste alpine ongeval dat gedurende maanden de frontpagina’s van de Europese kranten beheerste, met alle complottheorieën erbij. 28 Tekst Mark Sebille / foto’s Wikimedia Tekst Reginald Commons Roels Ontstaan van een sport Twaalf turbulente jaren op een rijtje Het begin van de klimsport in de hoge Alpen, men sprak toen nog De periode van 1854 tot 1865 waren zonder meer stormachtig. Een uitsluitend over mountaineering, wordt gelinkt aan de beklimming aantal prominente namen komt voortdurend terug in het lijstje van van de Wetterhorn (Berner Oberland 3692 meter) in 1854 door Sir de eerstbeklimmingen. Onder hen Lord Francis Douglas, Florence Francis Wills, een latere rechter aan het Britse Hooggerechtshof. Crauford Grove, Charles Hudson, E. S. Kennedy, William Mathews, Maar in tegenstelling tot wat Wills dacht was hij niet de eerste die A. W. Moore, Leslie Stephen, Francis Fox Tuckett, John Tyndall, op de top van de Wetterhorn stond, Melchior Bannholzer en Hans Horace Walker, George Spencer Mathews, J. K. Stone, Edward Jaun, twee gidsen uit Grindelwald, waren hem al tien jaar voor. Whymper en vele anderen. Velen onder hen waren stichtend lid Wills’ reisverslag was echter hot news in Engeland en het maakte van de Alpine Club en werden vaak de The Gentlemen Climbers bergbeklimmen plots “fashionable”. Daarmee brak een gouden genoemd. tijdperk aan. Tussen 1854 en 1865 gingen vervolgens alle drie- en vierduizenders voor de bijl. Maar ook de gidsen hadden hun vedetten, zoals Christian Almer, Het was kenmerkend voor de beginjaren van de Golden Age dat Jakob en Melchior Anderegg, J.J. Bennen, Michel Croz, Johann wetenschappelijke observatie zich nog vermengde met sportieve Zumtaugwald. prestatiedrang. De fysicus John Tyndall was daar nog een goed voorbeeld van. Maar tegen de tijd dat Whymper en Carell op De jonge Edward Whymper was een buitenbeentje in het gezelschap, rivaliserende wijze streden om de top van de Matterhorn kon men al hij was niet van adel en kwam niet uit de gegoede burgerij. Whymper spreken van een competitieve sport. was een getalenteerd schilder, graveur en tekenaar en werd door een Het viel op dat, tien jaar na haar oprichting, de fanatieke uitgeverij naar de Alpen gestuurd om er illustraties te maken voor sportievelingen de Alpine Club al helemaal domineerden. Het hun reisgidsen. Vanuit die rol raakte hij gefascineerd door de bergen alpinisme (de term werd pas in de twintigste eeuw geïntroduceerd) en hun toppen. Hij hield nauwkeurige aantekeningen bij en zou later had op dat moment grotendeels zijn huidige vorm gekregen zijn eigen klimgidsen uitgeven. met specifieke uitrustingsstukken, individuele topklimmers, een bredere groep recreatieve beoefenaars en een ervaren en professioneel gidsenkorps. De dramatische afloop van Whymper’s Matterhornbeklimming in 1865 was het eerste alpine ongeval dat gedurende maanden de frontpagina’s van de Europese kranten beheerste, met alle complottheorieën erbij. 29 De opsomming van de voornaamste Britse premières geeft een idee van de intensiteit van die periode: 1854 Wetterhorn, Königspitze, Monte Rosa Ostspitze, Strahlhorn 1855 Mont Blanc du Tacul, Weissmies, Monte Rosa Dufourspitze 1856 Aiguille du Midi, Allalinhorn, Lagginhorn, Les Droites 1857 Mönch, Monte Pelmo 1858 Dom, Eiger, Nadelhorn, Piz Morteratsch, Wildstrubel, Grandes Jorasses 1859 Aletschhorn, Bietschhorn, Grand Combin, Rimpfischhorn, Monte Leone 1860 Alphubel, Blüemlisalphorn, Civetta, Gran Paradiso, Grande Casse 1861 Castor, Fluchthorn, Lyskamm, Mont Pourri, Schreckhorn, Weisshorn, Weisskugel, Monte Rosa, Nordend, Mont Pelvoux 1862 Dent Blanche, Dent Parachée, Doldenhorn, Gross Fiecherhorn, Monte Disgrazia, Täschhorn, Zuckerhütl 1863 Dent d’Hérens, Parrotspitze, Piz Zupò 1864 Adamello, Aiguille d’Argentière, Aiguille de Tré la Tête, Antelao, Balmhorn, Barre des Écrins, Dammastock, Gross Wannenhorn, Marmolata, Mont Dolent, Pollux, Presanella, Zinalrothhorn 1865 Brenvapijler Mont Blanc, Aiguille de Bionnassay, Aiguille Verte, Grand Cornier, La Ruinette, Ober Gabelhorn, Grande Rocheuse, Pigne d’Arolla, Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey, Piz Buin, Piz Roseg en tenslotte de Matterhorn. Edward Whymper: cultfiguur, kunstenaar, en een klimmer die niet uit de upper-class kwam. Zodra in de Alpen alle drie- en vierduizenders “gevallen” waren, verlegde de competitieve veroveringstocht zich naar het Amerikaanse continent. De hoofdrolspelers bleven dezelfde, met die nuance dat een aantal van de Franse en Zwitserse gidsen nu als klimmer, en niet meer zozeer als gids, deelnamen aan de rush naar de overzeese toppen. Ondanks de ongebreidelde individuele eerzucht van sommigen werd in die tijd nog in de naam van het land geklommen. In 1865 waren de gouden jaren voorbij, maar het waren nog lang de Engelsen die de boventoon voerden. In 1874 beklom Crauford Grove met Gardner en Walker de Mount Elbroes (5642 meter). Zijn boek The Frosty Caucasus, geïllustreerd met tekeningen van Whymper, was een echte bestseller. In 1904 haalden Whymper en de gebroeders Carell de top van de Chimborazzo (6263 meter) in Ecuador en waren daarmee de eersten die een berg van meer dan zesduizend meter hadden beklommen. Omdat er in Engeland nogal wat scepticisme was hierover beklom Whymper hem in hetzelfde jaar opnieuw, langs een andere route. In Afrika haalden Duitsland-Oostenrijk in 1889 als eersten de Kilimanjarotop, de Engelsen waren dan weer eerst op Mount Kenya (1899) en Ruwenzori (1900). In 1882 werden ook de Southern Alps in Nieuw-Zeeland ontdekt en in 1894 bereikte de “Kiwi-mountaineer” Tom Fyfe als eerste de top van Mount Cook (toen nog Aoraki genoemd). In de twintigste eeuw traden vooral Duitse, Oostenrijkse en Franse klimmers op het voorplan en namen het initiatief over van de Engelsen. Op zoek naar een fysieke uitdaging midden in een prachঞ g decor? ZuiDERHuiS IJslandreizen hee[ zowel wandelreizen, trekkings als cross-country ski én een uitdagende MTB-reis in het aanbod. Onder de In de Alpen brak in 1915 de Groote Oorlog uit. Dat had ingrijpende Grandes Jorasses met Pointe Whymper wandelreizen en trekkings is er keuze tussen dagtochten vanuit een vast verblijf, trekkings met bagagevervoer en rugzaktrekkings. gevolgen op vele vlakken, maar de bergtoppen bleven dezelfde. Na de oorlog evolueerde de sport op twee sporen: de veroveringsdrang verplaatste zich naar de Himalaya en in de Alpen werd geleidelijk de Kortedagsteeg 13-15, 9000 Gent - tel 09/233 50 00 Melkmarkt 23, 2000 Antwerpen - tel 03/285 99 90 sportieve moeilijkheidsgraad opgedreven. ▲ [email protected] IJslandreizen www.zuiderhuis.be/sportieve-ijslandreizen 31.
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