A NATIONAL ANALYSIS of MINORITIES in SCIENCE and ENGINEERING FACULTIES at RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY by Dr
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A NATIONAL ANALYSIS OF MINORITIES IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FACULTIES AT RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY by Dr. Donna Nelson supervising Christopher N. Brammer and Heather Rhoads The first national and most comprehensive minority student can get a B.S. or Ph.D. without being demographic analysis to date of tenured and tenure taught by or having access to a URM professor in that track faculty in the top 100 departments of science and discipline. However, there is a disproportionate engineering disciplines shows that minorities and number of White male professors as role models for women are significantly underrepresented. There are White male students. For example, in 2005, 16.7% of relatively few tenured and tenure-track the students graduating with a B.S. in chemistry were underrepresented minority (URM) faculty in these URMs, but in 2007, only 3.9% of faculty at the top 100 research university departments, even though a growing chemistry departments were URMs. For females, those number and percentage of minorities are completing data are 51.7% and 13.7%, respectively. In contrast, their Ph.D.s. Qualified minorities are not going to the corresponding percentages for White males are faculties of many science and engineering disciplines. 37.4% and 74.2%, respectively. While the percentages However, in some engineering disciplines, there is a of women and of URMs in science and engineering better match between the percentage of URMs in recent Ph.D. attainment have increased in recent years, the Ph.D. attainment versus among assistant professors. White men still dominate the corresponding faculties. The percentage of URMs in science and engineering A cycle is perpetuated. Minorities are less likely B.S. attainment generally continues to increase, but to enter and remain in science and engineering when they are likely to find themselves without the minority they lack mentors and role models. In most science and faculty needed for optimal role models and mentors. engineering disciplines, the percentage of URMs There are few minority full professors in the among faculty recently hired is not comparable to that physical sciences and engineering disciplines studied; of recent minority Ph.D.s. and is far below that of the highest percentage of all URMs combined among recent BS recipients. This results in fewer minority full professors is less than 5% (chemical engineering). faculty to act as role models for minority students. Comparing the representation of URMs among assistant Minority students observe this in the course of sampling professors in the top 50 departments, versus those in the the educational environment. If minority professors are next group of 50, gives mixed results; in engineering, not hired, treated fairly, and retained, minority students the top 50 departments have higher percentages of perceive that they will experience the same. This will URMs, while the top 50 chemistry, math, and computer not encourage them to persist in that discipline. science departments have much lower representations Trends in data for women are very similar to those of URMs. In each discipline except biological sciences, observed for URMs, but more obvious due to greater the percentage of White males in top 50 departments is magnitudes. Therefore, the most useful comparisons about equal to or greater than in the next group of 50. may be those for representation of women across URM women faculty, especially “full” professors, disciplines. For example, in the top 100 departments, are almost nonexistent in physical sciences and the representation of females among professors in engineering departments at research universities. chemistry, versus astronomy or earth sciences, is lower Surprisingly, most of the few female minority full at each rank. The ratios of chemistry: astronomy: earth professors in those disciplines were not born in the U.S. science are 21.2%: 25.3%: 28.2% for assistant In most disciplines studied, the percentage of professors, and 13.7%: 15.8%: 16.5% for professors of URMs among recent Ph.D. recipients is significantly all ranks combined. However, the representation of above their percentage among assistant professors; female students in chemistry is and has been higher exceptions include civil engineering and mechanical than that of astronomy or earth sciences for years engineering. In the top 50 departments of chemistry (51.7%: 42.4%: 41.9% for B.S. in 2005, and 32.4%: and math, the percentage of Hispanic and Native 22.7%: 31.8% average for Ph.D.s in 1996 – 2005). American faculty among assistant professors is lower Astronomy and earth science may have desirable hiring than among associate professors, revealing a decline in practices which could be used by other disciplines. hiring these minorities. In contrast, in all disciplines Using these data to identify points of strength and studied, the highest percentage of female faculty is at challenge for each discipline could guide the search for the level of assistant professor, as a result of increased programs, resources, and attitudes which are recent hiring of women. responsible for the results. We hope this will facilitate In most disciplines, URM faculty are so few that a the transfer of good practices among disciplines. 1 31Oct2007 A NATIONAL ANALYSIS OF MINORITIES IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FACULTIES AT RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES by Dr. Donna J. Nelson supervising Christopher N. Brammer and Heather Rhoads October 31, 2007 Introduction represented in the U.S. scientific work force. In this The U.S. faces impending national, way, diverse talents of U.S. URMs and women, will international, and global crises that will require the be included in formulating solutions to these crises. expertise and effort of scientists and engineers, such Because the values, culture, and interests of as the energy challenge, environmental issues, scientists and engineers in leadership positions will globalization of our economy, national security greatly influence solutions to our national, considerations, and the technological industries’ international, and global crises, it is important that impending “Great Crew Change.”[1] In order for URMs and women be represented among those these crises to be addressed with consideration of leaders. An education from a highly-ranked U.S. values, culture, and interests, there must be university is often a credential for such a leadership adequate participation of U.S. scientists and position; most U.S. science and engineering leaders engineers. U.S. scientists and engineers will passed through highly-ranked educational embody these traits due to their U.S. life institutions. Therefore, it is desirable to explore the experiences and will convey them while addressing degree to which the highest ranking U.S. academic these crises. Simultaneously, the U.S. science and science and engineering departments are prepared engineering work force is aging; “baby boomer” to serve U.S. URM and women students. This will scientists and engineers are leaving the U.S. work influence whether U.S. URMs and women will be force. The increasing need for scientists and among the U.S. scientists and engineers who will engineers who imprint U.S. values, culture, and lead the development of solutions to the crises interests, combined with the increasing loss of mentioned above. current U.S. scientists and engineers, creates a Simple measures of these departments’ critical situation. Therefore, the need for accommodation of and appeal to URM and women transferring U.S. values, culture, and interests while students can be made by assessing the developing solutions to the national, international, representations of URMs and women at points and global crises, will grow more critical with time. along the academic pipeline. We report herein the In order for U.S. citizens to enter the scientific results of comparing the shares held by work force, they must acquire necessary knowledge underrepresented groups at pertinent points in and skills, usually by passing through U.S. academia, by discipline. These comparisons are: educational institutions. In planning the education (1) recent B.S. recipients versus faculty, in order to of our future scientific work force, an essential gauge same-race or same-gender mentors and role consideration is the changing demographics of our models for the students; (2) recent Ph.D. recipients population, which will constitute the pool from versus assistant professors, in order to gauge which future U.S. scientists and engineers will be utilization of the faculty hiring pool; (3) faculty drawn and the constituents who future U.S. distributions by rank, in order to gauge overall scientists and engineers will serve. The U.S. progress toward faculty diversification; and (4) in population is increasing in Blacks, Hispanics, and some disciplines, URM faculty rank versus year and Native Americans, known collectively as country of each degree, in order to explore effects underrepresented minorities (URMs). Also, the of being a native-born U.S. citizen. women’s share of the general U.S. work force continues to increase. Together, URMs and women “Underrepresented minorities are projected to constitute almost two-thirds of the U.S. population; constitute almost 32% of the American population as their representations increase in the work force, by 2020, outnumbering White males (30.1%).[2] underutilizing their talent and potential in science Therefore, proactive steps should be taken now in and engineering is not only impractical, but also order to insure the proportionate inclusion of such detrimental to the nation’s future success. It is a large part of the U.S. population in science and important that U.S. educational institutions are able engineering, throughout all levels of academia.” to accommodate the needs of this large segment of Dr. Donna J. Nelson, Associate Professor, our population, so that those citizens will be fully University of Oklahoma 2 General Methods scientists and engineers is to import them. This Our data were gathered by surveying the top solution does offer a way to increase the diversity 100 departments in each of fifteen science and of our science and engineering work force.