A Chronology of Notable Weather Events by Douglas V. Hoyt
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EJ Air Pollution
www.spireresearch.com Air Pollution China’s public health danger © 2007 Spire Research and Consulting Pte Ltd Air Pollution – China’s public health danger The rapid pace of economic growth in the Asia Pacific region has been accompanied by resource depletion and environmental degradation. Air is the first element to get tainted by industrialization, with air quality becoming an increasingly important public health issue. China in particular has grappled with air pollution and frequent bouts of “haze” in recent years. Chinese smog has been recorded not only in Hong Kong but as far afield as America and Europe. Spire takes a look at how this impacts government, business and society. Air raid The Great Smog of London in December 1952 caused over 4,000 deaths, a result of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Dr Robert Waller, who worked at St Bartholomew's Hospital in the early 1950s, believed that a shortage of coffins and high sales of flowers were the first indications that many people were being killed. "The number of deaths per day during and just after that smog was three to four times the normal level," he said. Figure 1: Death rate with concentrations of The smog, which lasted for five days, smoke was so bad that it infiltrated hospital wards. The death toll was not disputed by the authorities, but exactly how many people perished as a direct result of the fog is unknown. Many who died already suffered from chronic respiratory or cardiovascular complaints. Without the fog, though, they might not have died so early. Mortality from bronchitis and pneumonia increased more than seven-fold as a result of the fog (see Figure 1). -
October 30, 2019 at 9:30 (AST) Objection Deadline: October 15, 2019 at 4:00 P.M
Case:17-03283-LTS Doc#:8789 Filed:09/30/19 Entered:09/30/19 19:02:04 Desc: Main Document Page 1 of 26 Estimated Hearing Date: October 30, 2019 at 9:30 (AST) Objection Deadline: October 15, 2019 at 4:00 p.m. (AST) UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO In re: ) PROMESA ) Title III THE FINANCIAL OVERSIGHT AND ) MANAGEMENT BOARD FOR PUERTO RICO, ) No. 17 BK 3283-LTS ) as representative of ) (Jointly Administered) THE COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO, ) et al. ) ) Debtors. ) ———————————————————— ) In re: ) ) PROMESA THE FINANCIAL OVERSIGHT AND ) Title III MANAGEMENT BOARD FOR PUERTO RICO, ) ) No. 17 BK 4780-LTS as representative of ) PUERTO RICO ELECTRIC POWER ) AUTHORITY (“PREPA”) ) ) Debtor.1 ) ) COBRA ACQUISITIONS LLC’S MOTION FOR ALLOWANCE AND PAYMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSE CLAIMS 1 The Debtors in these Title III Cases, along with each Debtor’s respective Title III case number and the last four (4) digits of each Debtor’s federal tax identification number, as applicable, are the (i) Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Bankruptcy Case No. 17 BK 3283-LTS) (Last Four Digits of Federal Tax ID: 3481); (ii) Puerto Rico Sales Tax Financing Corporation (“COFINA”) (Bankruptcy Case No. 17 BK 3284-LTS) (Last Four Digits of Federal Tax ID: 8474); (iii) Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority (“HTA”) (Bankruptcy Case No. 17 BK 3567- LTS) (Last Four Digits of Federal Tax ID: 3808); (iv) Employees Retirement System of the Government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (“ERS”) (Bankruptcy Case No. 17 BK 3566-LTS) (Last Four Digits of Federal Tax ID: 9686); and (v) Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (“PREPA”) (Bankruptcy Case No. -
NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS HYDR0-20 STORM TIDE
NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS HYDR0-20 STORM TIDE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS FOR THE GULF COAST OF FLORIDA FROM CAPE SAN BLAS TO ST. PETERSBURG BEACH Francis P. Ho and Robert J. Tracey Office of Hydrology Silver Spring, Md. April 1975 UNITED STATES /NATIONAL OCEANIC AND / National Weather DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Service Frederick B. Dent, Secretar1 Robert M. White, Administrator George P, Cressman, Director CONTENTS 1. Introduction. • • • • • • • 1 1.1 Objective and scope •• 1 1.2 Authorization •• 1 1.3 Study method •• 2 2. Summary of historical hurricanes •• 2 2.1 Hurricane tracks 2 2.2 Historical notes 3 3. Climatology of hurricane characteristics. 8 3.1 Frequency of hurricane tracks •••. 8 3.2 Probability distribution of hurricane intensity. 8 3.3 Probability distribution of radius of maximum winds. 9 3.4 Probability distribution of speed and direction of forward motion • . • • • • • • • • 9 4. Hurricane surge • • • • 9 4.1 Surge model ••• 9 4.2 Shoaling factor •• 10 5. Tide frequency analysis by joint probability method • 10 5.1 The joint probability method • 10 5.2 Astronomical tides •••••• 11 5.2.1 Reference datum •.•••• 11 Table 1. Tropical storm parameters - Clearwater, Fla 12 Table 2. Tropical storm parameters - Bayport, Fla •• 13 Table 3. Tropical storm parameters - Cedar Key, Fla. 14 Table 4. Tropical storm parameters- Rock ·Islands, Fla .. 15 Table 5. Tropical storm parameters - Carrabelle, Fla • 16 Table 6. Tropical storm parameters - Apalachicola, Fla 17 5.2.2 Astronomical tide • • • •.• 19 5.3 Prestorm water level ••••••. 19 5.4 Tide frequencies • • • • . • ••• 19 5.5 Adjustment along coast ••••••.•••.•••. 19 5.6 Comparison of frequency curves with observed tides and high-water marks • • • • • • • • • • • . -
Climatology, Variability, and Return Periods of Tropical Cyclone Strikes in the Northeastern and Central Pacific Ab Sins Nicholas S
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School March 2019 Climatology, Variability, and Return Periods of Tropical Cyclone Strikes in the Northeastern and Central Pacific aB sins Nicholas S. Grondin Louisiana State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Climate Commons, Meteorology Commons, and the Physical and Environmental Geography Commons Recommended Citation Grondin, Nicholas S., "Climatology, Variability, and Return Periods of Tropical Cyclone Strikes in the Northeastern and Central Pacific asinB s" (2019). LSU Master's Theses. 4864. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4864 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLIMATOLOGY, VARIABILITY, AND RETURN PERIODS OF TROPICAL CYCLONE STRIKES IN THE NORTHEASTERN AND CENTRAL PACIFIC BASINS A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Nicholas S. Grondin B.S. Meteorology, University of South Alabama, 2016 May 2019 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my family, especially mom, Mim and Pop, for their love and encouragement every step of the way. This thesis is dedicated to my friends and fraternity brothers, especially Dillon, Sarah, Clay, and Courtney, for their friendship and support. This thesis is dedicated to all of my teachers and college professors, especially Mrs. -
Hurricane and Tropical Storm
State of New Jersey 2014 Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 5. Risk Assessment 5.8 Hurricane and Tropical Storm 2014 Plan Update Changes The 2014 Plan Update includes tropical storms, hurricanes and storm surge in this hazard profile. In the 2011 HMP, storm surge was included in the flood hazard. The hazard profile has been significantly enhanced to include a detailed hazard description, location, extent, previous occurrences, probability of future occurrence, severity, warning time and secondary impacts. New and updated data and figures from ONJSC are incorporated. New and updated figures from other federal and state agencies are incorporated. Potential change in climate and its impacts on the flood hazard are discussed. The vulnerability assessment now directly follows the hazard profile. An exposure analysis of the population, general building stock, State-owned and leased buildings, critical facilities and infrastructure was conducted using best available SLOSH and storm surge data. Environmental impacts is a new subsection. 5.8.1 Profile Hazard Description A tropical cyclone is a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or sub-tropical waters and has a closed low-level circulation. Tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes are all considered tropical cyclones. These storms rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere around the center and are accompanied by heavy rain and strong winds (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] 2013a). Almost all tropical storms and hurricanes in the Atlantic basin (which includes the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) form between June 1 and November 30 (hurricane season). August and September are peak months for hurricane development. -
1 Fighting Smog in Los Angeles the Air Pollution Was So Thick You Could
Fighting Smog in Los Angeles The air pollution was so thick you could cut it with a knife. I remember looking at the outside window and saying, “Oh my, there’s the smog.” Here we are. You should be able to see the mountains, you should be able to see our beautiful city, but you can’t see anything. And it’s destroying not only our health. But our economy. From 50 to 70 percent of the junk that’s in the air comes from our own cars. Mine and yours. Alexis: Hi, I’m Alexis Pedrick. Lisa: And I’m Lisa Berry Drago, and this is Distillations, coming to you from the Science History Institute. Alexis: Each episode of Distillations takes a deep dive into a moment of science-related history in order to shed some light on the present. Today we’re talking about smog in Los Angeles, in the final installment of a three-part series about environmental success stories. Lisa: Our last two episodes, “Whatever Happened to the Ozone Hole?” and “Whatever Happened to Acid Rain?” are available on our website: Distillations DOT ORG, through Apple Podcasts, or wherever else you get your podcasts! Alexis: If you live in Los Angeles, or even if you’ve just visited, you know all about smog. But what you might not know is that half a century ago smog in Los Angeles was already completely unbearable even though they had far fewer cars. As of June 2018, the United States has one of the strictest car emission standards in the world. -
On the Structure of Hurricane Daisy 1958
NATIONAL HURRICANE RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT NO. 48 On the Structure of Hurricane Daisy 1958 ^ 4 & U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Luther H. Hodges, Secretary WEATHER BUREAU F. W. Rolcheldorfoi, Chief NATIONAL HURRICANE RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT NO. 48 On the Structure of Hurricane Daisy (1958) by J6se A. Coltfn and Staff National Hurricane Research Project, Miami, Fla. Washington, D. C. October 1961 NATIONAL HURRICANE RESEARCH PROJECT REPORTS Reports by Weather Bureau units, contractors, and ccoperators working on the hurricane problem are preprinted in this series to facilitate immediate distribution of the information among the workers and other interested units. Aa this limited reproduction and distribution in this form do not constitute formal scientific publication, reference to a paper in the series should identify it as a preprinted report. Objectives and basic design of the NHRP. March 1956. No. 1. numerical weather prediction of hurricane motion. July 1956- No. 2. Supplement: Error analysis of prognostic 500-mb. maps made for numerical weather prediction of hurricane motion. March 1957. Rainfall associated with hurricanes. July 1956. No. 3. Some problems involved in the study of storm surges. December 1956. No. h. Survey of meteorological factors pertinent to reduction of loss of life and property in hurricane situations. No. 5. March 1937* A mean atmosphere for the West Indies area. May 1957. No. 6. An index of tide gages and tide gage records for the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, toy 1957. No. 7. No. 8. PartlT HurrlcaneVand the sea surface temperature field. Part II. The exchange of energy between the sea and the atmosphere in relation to hurricane behavior. -
P6.3 Using ERA40 in Cyclone Phase Space to Refine the Classification
P6.3 Using ERA40 in Cyclone Phase Space to Refine the Classification of Historical Tropical Storms Danielle Manning* and Robert Hart The Florida State University *Corresponding author email: [email protected] I. INTRODUCTION The goal of this study is to, when feasible Understanding of cyclone structural evolution within the ERA40 data, extend and refine the structural both during and beyond the tropical stage has increased characteristics of existing best-track cyclones. These tremendously over the past fifty years through various refinements may include the tropical or extratropical satellite-based, model-based, and analysis-based transition points in the lifecycle or the genesis point of classifications. This new knowledge has brought tropical cyclones that formed from cold-core origins. forward the reanalysis of historical storms in the context Finally, through a detailed examination of the full 45 of present understanding (Landsea et al. 2004) in order years, several cyclones were found of warm-core or to extend and revise the National Hurricane Center’s hybrid structure that may qualify for subtropical or (NHC) North Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT; tropical status, but were not documented within the Neumann et al. 1993). This reanalysis is vital for the existing best-track archive. Case examples of all these filling of gaps within, and further improvement overall events are presented below, along with an evaluation of of the track and structural evolution of tropical cyclones. CPS intensity bias evolution over the ERA40 period. II. DATA AND METHODOLOGY Using ECMWF Reanalysis dataset (ERA40; Uppala et al. 2005), three parameters that classify a cyclone within a continuum of structure (warm to cold core, shallow to deep, and frontal to nonfrontal) can be calculated (Hart 2003). -
Hurricane & Tropical Storm
5.8 HURRICANE & TROPICAL STORM SECTION 5.8 HURRICANE AND TROPICAL STORM 5.8.1 HAZARD DESCRIPTION A tropical cyclone is a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or sub-tropical waters and has a closed low-level circulation. Tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes are all considered tropical cyclones. These storms rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere around the center and are accompanied by heavy rain and strong winds (NOAA, 2013). Almost all tropical storms and hurricanes in the Atlantic basin (which includes the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) form between June 1 and November 30 (hurricane season). August and September are peak months for hurricane development. The average wind speeds for tropical storms and hurricanes are listed below: . A tropical depression has a maximum sustained wind speeds of 38 miles per hour (mph) or less . A tropical storm has maximum sustained wind speeds of 39 to 73 mph . A hurricane has maximum sustained wind speeds of 74 mph or higher. In the western North Pacific, hurricanes are called typhoons; similar storms in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean are called cyclones. A major hurricane has maximum sustained wind speeds of 111 mph or higher (NOAA, 2013). Over a two-year period, the United States coastline is struck by an average of three hurricanes, one of which is classified as a major hurricane. Hurricanes, tropical storms, and tropical depressions may pose a threat to life and property. These storms bring heavy rain, storm surge and flooding (NOAA, 2013). The cooler waters off the coast of New Jersey can serve to diminish the energy of storms that have traveled up the eastern seaboard. -
Eastern Shore Archipelago: Conservation and Scientific Assessment
Eastern Shore Archipelago: Conservation and Scientific Assessment Field Studies of a Range of Sea Islands on the Eastern Shore of Nova Scotia from Clam Harbour to Taylor Head Monday, March 5 2012 Contributors: Nick Hill, Bob Guscott, Tom Neily, Peter Green, Tom Windeyer, Chris Pepper and David Currie 1 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Purpose of the Work ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 NSNT Mandate ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Contents of Report ........................................................................................................................... 7 2. SITE DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Physical Characteristics .................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Community History ........................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Ship Harbour National Park and Eastern Shore Seaside Park System .............................................. 9 2.4 Community Profile ........................................................................................................................... -
Adec Preview Generated PDF File
Records ofthe Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 66: 27-49 (2004). The Burrup Peninsula and Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia: an introduction to the history of its discovery and study, marine habitats and their flora and fauna Diana S. Jones Department of Aquatic Zoology (Crustacea), Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth, Wester!). Australia 6000, Australia email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Englishman William Dampier who made the first The Dampier Archipelago lies between latitudes recorded European visit to the archipelago in 1688 20°20'5 - 20°45'5 and longitudes 116°24'S -117°05'E (Dampier, 1697). Aboard Captain Swan's Cygnet, he on the Pilbara coast in northwestern Australia, with spent nine weeks on the northwestern coast of the towns of Dampier and Karratha as its focus. Western Australia. Returning in 1699 aboard the The archipelago is situated at the eastern end of an Roebuck, the ship anchored off Enderby Island on 31 extensive chain of small coastal islands between August and on 1 September, Dampier landed on an Exmouth and Dampier and is one of the major island which he named "Rosemary" due to the physical features of the Pilbara coast (Figures 1 and presence of a plant (presently known as Eurybia 2). Western Australia's mineral resources sector is dampieri but awaiting formal publication in Olearia) flourishing and much of the state's investment that reminded him of a herb of that name (George, potential lies in the iron ore and gas and oil-rich 1999). Pilbara region, an area of distinctive climate, The French navigator St Allouarn noted geology, land forms, soils, vegetation and biota. -
The Hurricane Season of 1966 Arnold L
March 1967 Arnold L. Sugg 131 THE HURRICANE SEASON OF 1966 ARNOLD L. SUGG* National Hurricane Center, US. Weather Bureau Office, Miami, Florida I 1. GENERAL SUMMARY ward in the United States in September (Green [4]), but The 1966 hurricane season began early and ended late. While the number of storms was only slightly above normal, hurricane days totalled 50, well above the yearly average of 33 and the second highest of record tabulated since 1954 (table 1). Hurricane days for June and November exceeded the previous 12-y ear totals. Except for a late May-early June hurricane in 1825, Alma, the first tropical cyclone of the 1966 season, made landfall in the United States earlier in the season than any other hurricane of record. Faith and Inez were tracked over very long distances (fig. 1). The 65 advisories on Inez were the most ever issued for a hurricane and the total of 151 bulletins and advisories also exceeded previous advices on a hurricane. The unusual path of Inez made her the first single storm of record to affect the West Indies, the Bahamas, Florida, and Mexico. She was also the first of record, so late in the season, to cross the entire Gulf of Mexico without recurvature. The season continued active through July. Since 1871, there have been only thee other years when the fifth tropica.1 cyclone developed as early as July. These were 1933 (fifth tropical cyclone on July 25, total of 21 cyclones), 1936 (July 27, 16 cyclones), and 1959 (July 22, 11 cyclones). According to Wagner [14], the June 700-mb.