World Bank Document

Report No. 538a-MLI COU V Appraisalof a LivestockProject

Public Disclosure Authorized Mali

January10, 1975 RegionalProjects Department Western Africa RegionalOffice Not for PublicUse Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the Intemational Bank for Reconstructionand Development International Development Association

This report was prepared tor official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published. quoted or cited without BankGrotup authorization The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracyof completenessof the report. f

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

US$ 1 MF 50 MF 100 = US$ 0.2222

WEIGHTSAND MEAJURES

1 millimeter (mm) = 0.0394 inches 1 meter (m) = 39.37 inches 1 kilometer (km) = 0.6215 miles 1 hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.205 pounds 1 ton (t) = 2,205 pounds 1 liter (1) = 1.056 liquid quarts

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB : African Development Bank BDM : Banaue de Developpementdu Mali CFDT : Compagni.eFrangaise Dour le Dgveloppementdes Fibres Textiles FAC : Fonds dtAide et de Cooperation FED : Fonds Europeen de Developpement IDA : InternationalDevelopment Association IEMVT : Institut d'Elevage et de M6decine V6t6rinaire des Pays Tropicaux IER : Institut d'Economie Rurale ILCA : InternationalLivestock Center for Africa ILRAD : InternationalLaboratory for Research on Animal Disenses ODEM : Op%6ration de D6velonpement de l'Elevnge de la 16gion de Mopti OPIBEVI : Office Malien du Betail et de la Viande Py : Project Year RMWA : Resident Mission in Western Africa of the World Bank SEDES : Socie6t6 d'Etudes pour le D6veloppement Economique et Social SOMBEPEC : Societ6 Malienne du Betail et des Peaux et Cuirs SONEA : Soci6te Nationale pour 1'Exploitation des Abattoirs USAID : United States Agency for International Development

FISCAL YEAR

January 1 to December 31 MALI

LIVESTOCKPROJECT

Table of Contents

Page No.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...... v i

I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

II. BACKGROUND 1...

A. General . . B. The AgriculturalSector. 2 C. The LivestockSubsector . . 3 D. Deteriorationof the Pastoral Resource 6 E. Livestock Development Strategy . . 8

III. THE PROJECT AREA . 9

IV. THE PROJECT ...... v...... 10

A. Summary Description . .10 B. Detailed Features . .11 Livestock Extension and Grazing Control 11 Animal Health Services . .13 Watering Facilities . .14 Abattoir and Hide-Drying Facilities 14 Livestock Markets . .15 Mopti Trial Station ...... 15 Personnel Training and Functional Literacy Programs . .16 Preparation of a Second-Phase Project 17

C. Organizationand Management . . 17 Organization ... *...... 17 Staffing...... 18

D. Accounts and Audit ...... 19

This report is based on the findings of an appraisal mission, comprising Messrs. H. Ochs, F.X. Leduc and E. Schertz (IDA), and R. Biscaldi, J. Gallais and D. Pratt (consultants),which visited Mali in January/February1974. TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) Page No.

V. COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS ...... 19

A. Project Costs ...... ,..... 19 B. Financing ...... 20 C. Procurement ...... 21 D. Disbursement ...... 21

VI. PRODUCTION, PRICES, MARKETING AND FINANCIAL RESULTS 22

A. Production ...... 22 B. Prices ...... 23 C. Markets ...... 23 D. Financial Results ...... 24

VII. ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND JUSTIFICATION ...... 25

VIII. AGREEMENTSREACRED AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 26

ANNEXES

1. The Fifth Region

2. Supply and Demand, Prices, and Taxation for Livestock and Meat

3. ODEM - Headquarters at Mopti-Sevare Table 1 - Investment Costs Table 2 - Operating Costs

4. Livestock Extension and Grazing Control Grazing Control Table 1 - Investment and Operating Costs Table 2 - 10 Tree-Nurseries: Investment and Operating Costs

5. ODEM - Animal Health Services Table 1 - Investment Costs Tab.le 2 - Operating Costs

6. Construction of Watering Facilities Table 1 - Construction, Renovation and Maintenance Costs of 50 Ponds Table 2 - Construction and Maintenance Costs of 70 Wells Chart - Hydrological Units of the 5th Region

7. Mopti Abattoir and Hide-Dryin Facilities Table 1 - Past and Projected Slaughter Rates Table 2 - Investment Costs Table 3 - Income and Operating Costs Table 4 - Cash Flow TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)

8. LivestockMarkets Table 1 - Past and Projected Throughput Table 2 - Investment Costs Table 3 - Income and Operating Costs

9. Mopti Trial Station Table 1 - Investment Costs Table 2 - Operating Costs and Income

10. ODEM - Staff Training Costs

11. PreinvestmentStudies and Project Preparation

12. Cattle Herd DevelopmentProjections Table 1 - Without the Project Table 2 - With the Project Table 3 - IncrementalBeef and Milk Production from the Cattle Herd

13. IncrementalMeat and Milk Production from Sheep and Goats

14. Terms of Reference of ODEMSenior Staff

15. Summary of Project Costs

16. Project Cost PhasiMy

17. Financing Plan

18. Annual Disbursementof IDA Credit

19. Quarterly Disbursementof IDA Credit

20. ODEMCash Flow

21. Government Cash Flow

22. Economic Rate of Return Calculation

CHART

Proposed Organizationand Management

MAP

Locatiornof Project Activities

MALI

LIVESTOCKPROJECT

SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS

Background i. The Government of Mali has requested IDA assistance in financing a livestock project. The location would be the 5th Region, Mali's most important and high potential livestock area (89,000 km , 1.12 million people), which during the 1972/73 drought lost about 25 percent of its 1.7 million cattle and 10 percent of its 2.2 million sheep. It would be IDA's first livestock operation in Mali, and the first comprehensiveeffort in West Africa to increase range livestock production by pastoralists in the Sahelian zone. RMWA identified the project in October 1970, and subsequently prepared it supported by PAC-financedSEDES and IEMVT studies and relevant Malian Services. This report is based on the findings of an IDA appraisal mission in January/February1974.

Project Description ii. The project would aim at the rational use of land and water in the 5th Region and would help about 100,000 pastoralist families to rebuild and improve their herds and to protect them against future droughts. An essential feature of the project would be to develop effective grazing control, which offers the only means of creating and maintaining the conditions in which efficient and stable livestock production can be developed on the 5th Region's rangeland. iii. A combinationof incentives,regulation and education is needed to make grazing control effective: regulationwithout educationwould mean friction between pastoralistsand authorities;education alone would produce results too slowly; and neither would have any lasting effect in the absence of strong incentives. The incentives and measures used would be adapted to the different areas covered by the project. iv. In three special areas - one of about 5,000 km2 and the other two about 1,000 km2 together - permanent watering facilitieswould be provided, along with animal health and extension services. Pastoralistsin these areas would have user rights to land and watering facilities which would be granted and safeguardedby the Government. This would provide the pastoralists with an incentive to use their land and facilities properly and an opportunity to invest in further developments such as fencing and additional watering facilities. To facilitate regulation and control, the project would aim at setting up pastoralists as legally constituted groups. Other areas amounting to about 10,000 km2 would be provided with seasonal ponds and improved animal health services. The location of the ponds would be designed to increase the pasture available at the beginning of the dry season and thereby reduce the - {i -

pressure on the dry season pastures in the Niger Delta. As the areas to be provided with permanent and seasonal watering facilities only cover aboalt20% of the 5th Region, and since the methods of introducing grazing control are new and untried, emphasis would be placed on the preparation of a seconc-phase project based on the experience provided by the first.

v. The project would be carried out over the five years 1975-79 End would comprise:

(a) introducinglivestock extension services and grazing control in three special development areas;

(b) providing improved animal health services throughoutthe 5th Region;

(d) constructing,and managing an abattoir and hide-drying facilitiesat Mopti-Sevare;

(e) constructingand managing five livestock markets;

(f) establishingand managing a 150-ha livestock and pasture trial station;

(g) providing personnel training and testing a functional literacy program for pastoralists;and

(h) preparing a second-phaselivestock project. Project Execution

vi. The Governmentwould establish the Operation de Developpementd! l'Elevage de la Region de Mopti (ODEM),which would be a branch of the Ministry of Productionresponsible for all livestock developmentin the 5:h Region and for the execution of the proposed project. ODEM would have legal authority to grant user rights to grazing lands and watering facilitiesaad to prescribe conditions for their use. It would include a planning and r'ange management unit, and services for livestock extension, animal health, livi.i- stock marketing and processing. It would employ 12 senior staff and about 500 support staff. In the absence of qualified and experiencedMalians, expatriateswould probably need to be recruited for at least the followinji: Deputy Director, Range Management Officer, Water DevelopmentOfficer, and Pasture Agronomist. They would be replaced after four or five years by Malians who would have been trained witlhinthe project and abroad. The prO- ject would also provide for eighteen man-monthsof consultantservices for studies related to project implementationand preparationof a second-phase project. - iii -

Cost Estimates and FinancialArrangements

vii. The project cost for the five-yearperiod, 1975-79, including taxes and duties is estimated at US$17.3 million. Taxes and duties account for about 14% of project costs before contingencies. It is proposed that an IDA Credit of US$13.3 million be made to the Governmenton standard terms, covering 77% of project costs. The Credit would finance the project's foreign exchange costs (US$9.0 million) and 52% (US$4.3million) of local currency cost. The remaining 48% (US$4.0million) of the latter would be met from Governmentbudgetary allocations (US$3.4million), ODEM's revenues (US$0.4 million), and livestock owners (US$0.2 million).

Procurement and Disbursements viii. Contracts for all items in excess of US$50,000 would be awarded on the basis of internationalcompetitive bidding (ICB) in accordancewith IDA guidelines. This would aggregate about US$7.8 million, covering: (a) buildings and structures,US$3.0 million; (b) installationof 40 wells in the Seno Mango area, US$2.2 million: (c) vaccines, US$0.9 million; (d) vehicles, machinery, and equipment,US$0.8 million; and (e) well constructionand maintenance equipment for the Ministry of Public Works, US$0.9 million, to construct 20 wells in the Seno Mango area and 10 wells west of the Delta by force account. These 30 wells are widely dispersed in remote areas and would be constructedover a three to four-year period. Contracts for all items below US$50,000 would be awarded on the basis of competitivebidding advertised locally and in accordancewith local procedures,which are satisfactory to IDA. Domesticallymanufactured goods procured for the project would be allowed a 15% price preference (or the level of applicable import duty, whichever is lower) over foreign goods; and for civil works, domestic contractorswould be granted a 7.5% preferenceover foreign contractors. The services of expatriate staff and consultants (US$0.8million) would be obtained according to procedures acceptableto IDA. The constructionand/or rehabilitationof 50 ponds, widely dispersed in remote areas, would be carried out by the Rural Engineering Department by force account, at a cost of US$0.8 million. ix. The IDA Credit would be disbursed over five years to cover:

(a) 95% of local expendituresfor the incremental local staff of ODEM, expenses for staff of the Mopti abattoir for its first year of operation, and local training expenses of ODEM staff -- US$1.3 million;

(b) 100% of foreign expendituresfor expatriatepersonnel, consultant services and training of ODEM's staff abroad -- US$950,000;

(d) 100% of fcreign or 75% of total expendituresof vehicles and equipment,and of livestock for the Mopti trial station US$450,000;and

(e) 75% of ODEM's operating expenditures during the disbursement period excluding expendituresfor the Mopti abattoir beyond PY 1 -- US$3.1 million.

US$3.9 million would be unallocated.

Markets x. The market outlook for meat is very favorable in West Africa. Meat is increasinglyscarce due to the recent droughts, rapid population and urbanizationgrowth, and the strength of demand is shown by rapidly rising prices. Since the incrementalproduction of the project at full develolmant would not exceed about 12 percent of predrought domestic output, it shoulld find a ready market. The hides and skins can easily be exported, or boughit by the Bamako tannery; the milk would improve the nutrition of about 100,(00 pastoralist families and neighboringfarmers and any surplus would find a ready local market. xi. Livestock marketing in the country is reasonably efficient,and the project would improve the marketing facilities in the 5th Region. Slaughteringfacilities are adequate, since the Bamako slaughterhouseoperates at only about 50 percent of capacity, and the simple abattoir to be constructed under this project:would cover the needs of Mopti, the only large town in the project area. Meat is retailed by an adequate network of butcher shops.

Benefits and Justification xii. The principal direct benefits from the project would be incremcni:al annual livestockproduction worth Mf 3.5 billion (US$7.8million) in 1974 terms, yielding net foreign exchange earnings of the order of MF 1.7 billion (US$3.8 million). Some 100,000 pastoral families would increase their aver age cash incomes from livestock production from MF 65,000 (US$144) to MF 100,)O0 (US$222),and almost 400 jobs would be created. xiii. The economic rate of return of the project is estimatedat 51%, and is not very sensitive to increased costs or reduced benefits. xiv. Without the changes that would be introduced under the project, it is likely that the 5th Region would continue to deteriorateas a grazing resource, aLsmore and more rangelandwould be destroyed by overgrazinganc degraded by shifting millet and rice cultivation. xv. Risks. The proposed project is risky because it is difficult to assess: (1) the degree to which pastoralistswill respond to the grazing control measures introduced by the project; (2) the degree to which other pastoralistswill be prevented from encroachingon the grazing rights of participatinggroups; and (3) the frequency and extent of future droughts. - v -

Should the grazing control measures fail to be effective, the project would be conducive to overgrazing and consequently to the deterioration of rangelands. However, the project would proceed by phases and on the basis of a development plan previously agreed between Government and IDA; each successive phase would be undertaken only on the basis of evidence that the previous phase had been completed successfully. These safeguards would make the project adaptable to the lessons of experience and would allow the discontinuation of activities which show high probabilities of being economically undesirable. As for the second risk, should participating groups be prevented from cooperating with the project by encroaching pastoralists, sound resource management would be impaired and overgrazing would likely result. It can, however, be expected that the Government would take appropriate measures to protect the rights of project participants. Turning to the third risk, the project area may be affected by two different types of drought: (a) moderate droughts which may typically occur every four or five years; and (b) catastrophic droughts such as the 1972/73 one. Moderate droughts are not expected to affect substantially the economic viability of the project. In fact, to the extent that the project promotes a proper balance between cattle and land, the project area would be better prepared to withstand such a drought than otherwise. Historical data show that catastrophic droughts occur every 40 to 50 years. Should this pattern hold, the project will have been successfully implemented and extended throughout the region before the next catastrophic one occurs. An appropriate balance between cattle and land would have been achieved and the region would be in the best possible position to withstand a serious drought with minimum losses. However, in the unlikely event that a catastrophic drought should repeat itself in the near future, it would be very difficult to maintain discipline in the project area and to prevent invasion by outside pastoralists; and as a result the project would be in serious jeopardy. Nevertheless, the potential benefits of the project are so important relative to this risk that the risk is worth taking.

Recommendat ion xvi. The project is suitable for an IDA credit of US$13.3 million.

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

I. INTRODUCTION

1.01 The Government of Mali has requested IDA assistance in financing a livestock project, estimatedto cost US$17.3 million. The project would be carried out in the country'smost importantlivestock area, the 5th Region, and would help to reconstitutethat area's drought-afflictedherd and to protect it against future droughts.

1.02 The project was identified by RMWA in October 1970, and prepared by RMWA supported by FAC-financedSEDES and IEMVT studies and relevant Malian Services. It would be IDA's first livestock operation in Mali; three previous IDA credits have been made for agriculture: (i) the Mopti Rice Project (Credit 277-MLI, US$6.9 million) in 1972, which is proceeding satisfactorily;(ii) the Drought Relief Fund Project (Credit 443-MLI, US$2.5 million), approved in November 1973, which is proceeding satisfactorily;and (iii) the Integrated Rural DevelopmentProject (Credit 491-MLI, US$8 million) which was signed only in July 1974.

1.03 This report is based on the findings of an appraisalmission, comprising Messrs. H. Ochs, F.X. Leduc and E. Schertz (IDA), and R. Biscaldi, J. Gallais and D. Pratt (consultants),which visited Mali in January/February 1974.

I1. BACKGROUND

A. General

2.01 Mali has an area of about 1.24 million km2 about 2.5 times the size of France, and a population of about 5.2 million. It is landlocked and the closest seaports are Abidjan and Dakar, both about 1,200 km from Bamako, the capital. Two-thirds of the country receives less than 400 mm annual rainfall and only one-quartermore than the 550 mm needed to sustain any viable farming. Rainfall fluctuateswidely, causing large variations in crop yields and livestock production. There were serious droughts in 1968/69, 1970/71, 1972/73 and 1973/74. The Niger River flows northeast through the country and provides a large irrigation potential that as yet is largely untapped.

2.02 With a per capita GDP of about US$70, Mali is one of the poorest countries in Africa and one of the world's 25 "least developed" countries. GDP at current prices was estimated at AIT 177 billion (US$393 million) in 1972, having increasedby about 5% per year in constant prices since 1)70. Figures for 1973 are not available, but because of the severe drought l decline of at least 3% is likely. Agriculture and services (includingtrans- port, trade and Government)each account for about 40% of GDP, and indistry for the remainder.

2.03 The main potential for developmentlies in agriculture,the iainstay of the economy. Expansion is impeded, however, both by natural constr6,its-- the landlocked location of the country, and the vagaries of the climati -- and by chronic budget and balance of payment deficits. The latter mainly titem from previous policies of rapid expansion in industry and the tertiary sector, and the creation of unprofitablestate enterprises.

2.04 The present Government,which came into power in 1968) launchaeda three-year"Rehabilitation Plan 1970-72" aimed at balancing the budget itd external trade through developing the productive sectors of the economy. Although some improvementshave been made in the performance of state eater- prises, and in removing restrictionson private trade, the basic ob4ectLves of the Plan have not been achieved. The main difficultieshave been ha~,ty project preparation,lack of finance and technical know-how, and the repseated droughts. Of the MF 116 billion (US$257.8million) proposed investmenti, only about half have been made. In the livestock subsector the situatit,n is even worse with only 20% of the investmenttarget being met. The balan::eof payments deficit on current account, after declining from MF 12 billion (US$26.,' million) in 1968 to less than MF 4 billion (US$8.9 million) in 1970, in(:reased to over MF 6 billion (US$13.3million) in 1972 and to almost MF 8 billic;n (US$17.8)in 1973. Budgetary deficits increased from MF 2.2 billion (UlS$4.9 million) in 1970 to over MF 6 billion (US$13.3 million) in 1973. The Gclvern- ment is aware of the need to improve the situation and the forthcoming Ltve- Year Plan, now being prepared, will continue to give priority to productive investmenit.

B. The AgriculturalSector

2.05 Agricultureaccounts for virtually all exports and provides the livelihoodof 85% of t:hepopulation. Since 1969, it has accounted for 4 % of GDP. In 1972, the value of agricultural output amounted to MF 75.5 bill:ox: (US$167.8million), of which farming accounted for 49%; livestock,40%; `iah- eries, 5%; and forestry, 6%. In 1973 it fell by about 20% due to the drought.

2.06 Farming is carried out on some 500,000 farms of 2-5 ha, mostly at: the subsistencelevel. Sorghum and millet are the most important cereals, followed by rice and maize; cassava, yams, sweet potatoes and vegetables ire also grown in the higher rainfall areas of the south or under traditional irrigation. Productionof seed cotton, one of the two most impcrtant casi crops,irose steeply between 1967 and 1971, from 39,000 tons to 74,000 toni, while that of the other, grounduuts,increased from 119,000 tons to 152,01c -3- tons of shelled nuts. These increases reflect Governmentinvestment and support, as well as favorableworld markets. In contrast, the Government has done little to stimulate food crop productionand its policy of holding officiallycontrolled producer prices at very low levels has been counter- productive; consequentlyproduction of millet and sorghum declined steadily, cereals have been in short supply, and the need for imports has increased,a situation that has been exacerbatedby the drought. The Government is now anxious to increase food production,andplans to attain self-sufficiencyin cereals by 1978/79. This requires increasingproduction of millet, sorghum, and maize by 200,000 tons, and paddy rice by 100,000 tons per year. In this connection,the Governmentagreed during negotiationsof IDA's Integrated Rural DevelopmentProject to fix, no later than September 1974, producer prices for millet and sorghum at no less than IF 25 per kg, which at prevail- ing prices would have made them more competitivewith the cash crops; and to carry out a study on the producer prices and marketing arrangementsof millet and sorghum. In line with this agreement,the Governmentincreased the controlled producer prices for millet and sorghum from MF 20 to NF 32 in June 1974, and those for paddy rice from MF 25 to MF 40. Although the producer prices of foodcropswere increased in absolute terms, relatively there have been no substantialchanges vis-a-vis prices of cotton and groundnutswhich were also increased in June 1974. However, by end 1975, the Governmentand IDA will review the study's findings.

2.07 Fishing is the principal source of livelihood for about 30,000 families in the Central Delta of the Niger. About 10,000 tons of dried or smoked fish are exported to neighboring countries each year.

2.08 Forestry produces shea butter nuts, a cocoa substitute,with an annual value estimated at about MF 2.0 billion (US$4.4million), firewood and building poles.

C. The Livestock Subsector

Numbers, Output and Exports

2.09 Until the drought started to cause major losses in 1972, livestock numbers had more than doubled in the past 25 years; and for cattle, from 1960-1970, the annual rate of increase was almost 6%. In 1970, the livestock population included 5.4 million cattle and about 11 million sheep and goats. Losses during the 1972/73 drought, the worst in 50 years, were most serious in the cattle populationand about 15-20% of the country's herd was lost.

2.10 Livestock's share of GDP declined from 20% in 1969 to 17% in 1972, mainly due to the repeated droughts, and almost certainly declined further in 1973. In 1970, total meat and offal production was estimated at 146,000 tons, including 84,000 tons from cattle. Milk production for human consumption -- from cattle, sheep, goats and camels--was estimated at 360 million liters. - 4-

2.11 From 1960 to 1972, livestock exports more than doubled and reached a yearly level of 220,000 live cattle and 210,000 sheep and goats, or about 30% of annual livestock production and 40% of all exports. The main custom- ers are Ivory Coast and Ghana, though exports to the latter have decreasec considerablydue to import and currency restrictions. Carcass meat expor.ts have been insignificant,500-1,000 tons per year, and are mainly air freighted to Liberia and Libya.

The TraditionalProducer

2.12 About 40% of Mali's cattle are raised by Peuhls, 30% by Touaregs and Bellas and 10% by Maures; these mainly semi-nomadicpastoral groups comprise only about 10% of Mali's population. The remaining 20% of the cattle are raised by Bambara, Malay, and Dogon farmers. Only about 250,000 pure nomads are left in Mali; even the Touaregs and Maures, the most dedicated to nomadism, are reported to be settling. Transhumanceremains the predominant: productionsystem. Except for calves and milking animals, which remain at the homestead,cattle go northwards during the rainy season to feed on wet season pastures and either southwardsor to the Niger delta, the "bourgou", during the dry season wlherethey feed on the natural pastures supported by the receding Niger flood, and crop residues. Herds typically comprise 50-80 cattle and 10-30 sheep and goats owned by family groups consisting of 2-3 families each averaging 6 family members. Sheep and goats are kept in small flocks around villages and usually do not follow the cattle on transhumance.

Productivity

2.13 The annual milk and meat production of a typical herd is estimated at 15% (US$900) of the herd value (US$6,000)of an average herd. About haLf of this production (valued at US$450) is consumed by the family group, about one-third (US$300) is scildand the balance (about US$150) represents the increase in the value of the herd. At market prices this production repretzeats a per family cash income from livestock production in the range of US$100-15) a year, which, including the value of subsistence consumptionof animal anmi agriculturalproducts and miscellaneousactivities, is roughly equal to the national average per capita income of about US$70. Livestock productivity is low due to poor nutrition, and weight losses of 20-30% during the dry season are normal. Liveweight gains average only 30-50 kg per animal annuailLy compared to 150-200 kg in Europe and North America. The calving rate is lcow at around 60%, and mortality rates are high -- about 20% for female and 40a; for male calves, and 5% for adults. The normal herd offtake is therefore only 9-10%; and average carcass weights are only 125-150 kg, or less than half those in Europe and North America.

Animal Health

2.14 Rinderpest, once Mali's most serious animal disease, is now under control as a consequenceof an immunizationcampaign financed by FED and USAID in 1964-1969. This campaign was the main reason for the rapid growth of the - 5 -

national herd until 1972. Mali has made great efforts to combat the other principal diseases (para 4.12), although mortality rates from disease remain high because the Livestock Service (para 2.17) has inadequateoperating funds to sustain its prophylacticactivities.

Marketing

2.15 Livestock and meat marketing is carried out by a large number of establishedprivate traders and butchers, and by SOMBEPEC (para 2.19). Trading generally takes place once a week at simple primary and secondary livestock markets. Animals are sold on appearance and are not weighed; sales usually are for cash; most animals are trekked to markets on the hoof over well- establishedstock routes, but transportby truck to final processing centers is increasing and transportby boat from Mopti to Bamako (Koulikoro)is being developed.

Taxation

2.16 Livestock taxes normally constitute 8-10% of public revenue. The head tax of MF 400 for cattle was suspended in 1972, however, because of the drought, and the revenues so lost have been replaced by offsetting FED grants in 1973 and 1974. Cattle export taxes amount to about MF 5,000 per head and slaughter taxes are usually MF 300 per head. Although these taxes are very unpopular, and probably less than half are actually collected, they are the only proven way of raising revenue from livestock. The Bank Group is financing studies in Chad and Nigeria to see whether more effective taxation can be devised, possibly through passing taxes further down the marketing chain. Similar work would be carried out in Mali under this project (Annex 11).

Institutions

2.17 The Livestock Service has six regional departmentsorganized into 42 sectors. The Service is relatively well staffed for its present commitments with 40 veterinarians,26 livestock officers, 150 assistant livestock officers, 300 animal health assistants and 110 inoculators. It is responsible for (i) free vaccinations; (ii) supervisionof abattoirs, cattle markets and butcher shops; (iii) production of vaccines; and (iv) supervisionof the Bamako dairy plant. The Service is oriented towards the veterinary medical aspects of livestockand, so far, has been only little involved in assisting pastoraliststo improve their husbandry, for example throughbetter nutrition and pasture management. Lack of funds has limited the Service's activities since the end of the antirinderpestcampaign in 1969, but recently the Service has been strengthened,at least temporarily,by internationaldrought relief programs, which have provided vehicles and other facilities,and in some cases operating expenses.

2.18 OMBEVI (OfficeMalien du Betail et de la Viande), assisted by a five-man FAO team, collects marketing statistics and advises Government on meat marketing. It is working on recommendationscovering domestic retail meat prices and improved marketing (para 6.04). -6-

2.19 SOMBEPEC (Societe Malienne du Betail et des Peaux et Cuirs) a State enterprise, has a monopoly of exports of carcass meat (para 2.1:), hides and skins, and also manages the Bamako abattoir. SOMBEPEC has serious financial and managementproblems, and finds it difficult to compete with private entrepreneursfor its supplies. The Governmentis aware of this and intends to reorganize SOMBEPEC this year.

2.20 IER (Institutd'Economie Rurale) is responsible for training eLnd research. Training is concentratedon Animal Health Assistants (35 pe. year), LivestockOfficers (30-40 per year) and Veterinarians (8-10 per year, abroad). In addition, there is a four-month practical course for Animal Health Assis- tants in animal husbandry at the Sotuba Livestock Research Center. The training programs are of a high standard, and the output of trained personnel is sufficient for the country's requirements.

2.21 Livestock research is carried out at the Sotuba and Niono stations, which are located near Bamako and in the 4th Region respectively. Prorising results have been obtained in cattle fattening; and in milk production w:th Jersey x local cattle crossbreeds,although these results have not yet been taken up by private farmers and pastoralistsdue to limited extension anld credit facilities.

Livestock Development:Projects

2.22 Several aid agencies are assistingMali in developing its livestock industry. USAID is providing about MF 2 billion for a veterinary laboratory near Bamako, and is starting a MF 1.7 billion cattle fattening program -.nvolv- ing feedlots, smallholders,and butchers/cattledealers between Bamako and Segou. FED is beginning a MF 1.4 billion project for selecting and distri.- buting N'Dama cattle in tsetse infested areas and intends to finance a fatteningranch at Niono in Mali's 4th Region. It is also providingMF 12l billion for improving livestockwater supplies, MF 300 million for vaccities and MF 50 million for mineral licks.

D. Deteriorationof the Pastoral Resource

2.23 The principal problem facing the developmentof Mali's livestock industry, and especially the traditionalindustry of the Sahelian zone, is the progressivedegradation of pastures,which in the northern areas is resulting in the advance of desertic conditions. The recent drought years have accelerated this condition which results from overstockingand overgrazin;, of cattle. Overstockingis a consequenceof a number of interdependentaAid mutually reinforcingfactors that together have resulted in too many anim,als being dependent upon a diminishingpasture resource.

2.24 This situation arose because existing economic circumstancesmai.e maximizing herd size the most rational production objective of the average pastoralist. These economic circumstancesare: -7-

(a) Pastoralistshave no legal rights to the use of grazing land, which is state-owned and used communally;consequently each livestock owner grazes as many cattle as he can in an attempt to maximize his share of the common resource.

(b) In the absence of banking facilitiesand any other investment opportunities,cattle provide the only means of accumulating wealth.

(c) Milk is an important component in the pastoral family's diet and its sale is usually the only source of regular cash income. Consequently,the proportion of cows is deliberatelykept high, which permits the herd to expand rapidly when grazing cond,itions are favorable.

(d) Large cattle numbers are an insurance against the risks of losses from drought and disease.

2.25 Additionally,external interventionhas further decreased the ratio. of grazing land to animals because:

(a) Livestock projects have concentratedon providing improved animal health care and watering facilities,and neglected the need for control to ensure a balance between animal numbers and the carrying capacity of pastures. They have led to a rapid increase in livestock numbers and serious overgrazing.

(b) Due to populationpressure more and more farmers have moved into traditionalpasture lands and started to cultivate there.

(c) Increasingnumbers of cattle have moved in from Upper Volta and Mauritania, from the former because of the population pressuresdescribed in (b) and from the latter because of deterioratingpasture conditions.

2.26 Finally, until recently, cattle movements and the duration of grazing in each area have been governed by strict traditionalrules. Tradi- tional authority is now breaking down and there has been little if any effort to identify an alternative.

2.27 If one of Mali's principal resources is to be preserved, and if the impact of future droughts is to be minimized, livestock numbers must be regulated. The range must never be grazed so hard that it deterioratesand fails to regeneratesufficiently quickly to prevent permanent damage. E. Livestock Development Strategy

2.28 An internationalemergency effort has been mounted in an atterpt to relieve some of the effects of the drought on the livestock industry Mostly this is in the form of financingsmall, short-termprojects with quite limited objectives. While these projects, among which is the IDA finani:-ed Drought Relief Fund E'roject (para 1.02), are aimed at helping people in tae drought affected areas to reestablish their self-sufficiency, there is Lfn urgent need for longer term projects aimed at a more rational land and pasture use in the Sahelian zone, and at the development of more efficient beef and milk production in other parts of the country.

2.29 The objectives of Government's livestock development strategy are to increase the productivityof livestock resources and to expand the volume of livestock exports, principally, through:

(a) helping nomads and semi-nomads make the best use of pasture land;

(b) opening up rnew grazing areas; and

2.30 Achievement of the first objective requires an integrated approach such as would be implemented under the proposed project.

2.31 In the case of the second objective, Mali still has large areas cf underutilized rangeland that could be more efficiently used through providling better watering facililties. A benefit of this approach would be to relietre pressure on the present grazing areas. An importantwater developmentprogram in the 5th Region is included in the proposed project. The Governmert also plans to combat trypanosomiasisin large areas south of latitude 130 north, and has already started to study the methods to be applied.

2.32 In pursuit of the third object, much is already being done to help farmers take up livestock production. Modern techniques are being tested ard demonstrated at two research stations, a FED-financed ranch, and in the "Office du Niger" irrigation scheme. A USAID scheme is to provide training, extent-ion, and credit for cattle fattening by farmers. To make cattle fattening more attractive and to help rebuild the national herd, Government has prohibite:1 exports of agroindustrial by-products, such as groundnut and cotton seed cELke, and fixed their retail prices well below border prices. Feeder steer markit- ing to serve fattening schemes would be developed under the proposed proje:t. Finally, as the area around Bamako is suitable for milk production, the Go';ern- ment intends to start a smallholder dairy scheme there which will include artificial insemination, pasture improvement, and fodder growing. -9-

III. THE PROJECT AREA

3.01 The project would cover the 5th Region (Annex 1; Map), which constitutes the most important and high potential livestock area in Mali, and provides an excellent testing ground for the range managementmethods provided by the project. The area is about 89,000 km2 and has a populationof about 1.12 million people. Annual rainfall increases from about 300 mm in the north to 700 mm in the south and occurs from June through September; a dry and cooler period follows through February, and a dry and hot season from March through June. The main ecological feature is the 38,300 km2 Central Delta of the Niger River, which divides the Region into two parts. The Niger and its tributariesoverflow every year in August/September,reach maximum flood in October/November,and then recede, with the lowest flow in June/July.

3.02 There are two main pastoral groups: the Peuhl, who make up 36% of the total population but own 80% of the livestock,and who depend on the "bourgou" for dry season grazing; and the Touaregs, about 5% of the 5th Region's population,who frequent the northeasternpart of the 5th Region and the grazing areas of the northern lakes. The remaining 60% of the total population are mostly Marka, Dogon and Bambara cultivators. The regional capital, Mopti, has about 35,000 inhabitants,almost double its populationof a decade ago. It is the commercialcenter for fish exports to the south and for rice and millet marketing.

3.03 In 1972, the 5th Region had about 30% of Mali's cattle (1.7 million) and 20% of the sheep and goats (2.3 million). As a result of the 1972/73 drought, about 25% of the cattle were lost, and 10% of the sheep. All cattle are Zebus and trypanosomiasis is not a problem. During the hot period of the dry season, most of them graze on the rich pastures of the Delta; in June, with the first rainfall and the beginning of flooding, they move on and until November graze on the ample Sahelian pastures in Mauritania, in the Mema region in the north-west, and in the Seno/Gandamiaand Gourma areas in the east. In November, cattle return to the borders of the inundated Delta and, as the water recedes, they spread into the Delta itself.

3.04 The ratio of grazing land to animals has steadily decreased over the past decade as the cattle populationhas doubled and, as a consequence,pastures are being depleted. In addition to the build-up of local herds, there has also been an influx of about 300,000 cattle from surrounding regions that have been more severely affected by the drought. At the same time, both pasture area and quality have diminished, due principally to the repeated droughts and the encroachmentof farmers on traditionalgrazing areas. - 10 -

IV. THE PROJECT

A. Summary Description

4.01 The project would aim at the rational use of land and water in the 5th Region and would help about 100,000pastoralist families to rebuild a.d improve their herds and to protect them against future droughts. An essential feature of the project: would be to develop effective grazing control, wh:.ch offers the only means of creating and maintaining the conditions in whicns efficient and stable livestock production can be developed on the 5th Region's rangeland.

4.02 A combination of incentives, regulation and education is needec. to make grazing control effective: regulationwithout educationwould mean friction between pastoralists and authorities; education alone would produiue results too slowly; and neither would have any lasting effect in the absence of strong incentives. The incentives and measures used would be adapted to the different areas covered by the project.

4.03 In three special areas - one of about 5,000 km and the other two about 1,000 km2 together - permanent watering facilities would be provided, along with animal health and extension services. Pastoralists in these areas would have user rights to land and watering facilities which would be granted and safeguardedby the Government on condition that the land and facilities were properly used and that grazing was controlled. This would provide the pastoralists with an incentive to use their land and facilities properly .md an opportunity to invest in further developments such as fencing, additiol,al watering facilities, et.c. To facilitate regulation and control, the projcct would aim at setting up pastoralistsas legally constitutedgroups. Othel: areas amounting to abou.t10,000 km2 would be provided with seasonal ponds and improved animal health services. The location of the ponds would be designed to increase the pasture available at the beginning of the dry season and thereby reduce the pressure on the dry season pastures in the Niger Delta. As the areas to be provided with permanent and seasonal watering facilitiesonly cover about 20% of the 5th Region, and since the methods oE introducing grazing control are new and untried, emphasis would be placed t)r the preparation of a second-phase project based on the experience provided by the first.

4.04 The project would be carried out over the five years 1975-79 and would comprise:

(a) introducing livestock extension services and grazing control in three special development areas;

(b) providing improved animal health services throughout the 5th Region; - 11 -

(d) constructingand managing an abattoir and hide-drying facilitiesat Mopti-Sevare;

(e) constructingand managing five livestockmarkets;

(f) establishingand managing a 150-ha livestock and pasture trial station;

(g) providing personnel training and testing a functional literacy program for pastoralists;and

(h) preparing a second-phaselivestock project.

4.05 At present, the sole Governmentagency concerned with livestock in the 5th Region is the Regional Livestock Service of the Ministry of Produc- tion, which only provides veterinary service. The implementationof the proposed project, however, would require placing a number of diverse programs under unified control. For this purpose, the Government would establish the Operation de Developpementde l'Elevagede la Region de Mopti (ODEM), under the Ministry of Production, to carry out the project.

B. Detailed Features

Livestock Extension and Grazing Control

4.06 The Pastoral Service, which would be one of the arms of ODEM, would provide livestock extension services and be responsiblefor introducing grazing control (Annex 4) in the 5th Region. The difficultiesin introducing efficient grazing control on a large scale should not be underestimated,due to the Region's harsh environment,remoteness and poor infrastructure. Not the least of the problems will be that the pastoralistswill be suspicious of Government interferenceand skeptical of the benefits to them. On the other hand, they have been seriously afflicted by the recent droughts and should now be more receptive than ever before to innovations,particularly when, as under the project, a number of incentives to adopt these innovations would be presented.

4.07 As a first step, the Pastoral Service would develop its activities in the three areas scheduled for well development,which cover about 7% of the 5th Region (para 4.17). The initial task of the Pastoral Service would be to elaborate the decree Government would use as the instrumentof establish- ing groups of pastoralistsand providing these with user rights for grazing lands and watering facilities. The groups so constitutedwould consist of sedentary or semi-nomadicvillage associationseach with 10 - 50 families of 6 persons on average and a total of 200 to 1,000 cattle per group. Each group would receive the exclusive user rights over 2,000 to 10,000 ha -- about 10 ha per head of cattle -- and related watering facilities. During negotiations, - 12 -

assuranceswere obtained that the Governmentwould issue a decree, sai:is- factory to IDA, giving ODEM the authority to: (a) grant user rights :o grazing land and watering facilitiesin the 5th Region; and (b) issue and enforce grazing control regulations.

4.08 The user rights to grazing land would be granted to pastora:-i3t groups contingent upon their agreeing to follow sound range and cattlt.management practices prescribedby, and under the supervisionof, ODEM. "has, they would be expected to agree, inter alia, to avoid over-grazingthroligh rotationalgrazing and the limiting of stock numbers; adopt more raticnal breeding policies; apply the animal health measures recommended by ODIM; maintain their watering points; control bushfires; plant, water and pro:ect fodder tree/shrub saplings and participatein functional literacy programs. These management practices would constitute the key medium to achieve a rational utilizationof rangelands in the project area. In the light of the presently favorable attitudes of pastoraliststo adopt innovations (para 4.06), it is believed that the opportunity to obtain exclusive grazing rights would constitutestrong incentives to follow ODEM's advice. This belief is sub- stantiatedby the response of pastoralistsin East Africa to similar opportunities, and by aslpirationsexpressed in Mali by pastoraliststo the appraisal mission and Malian officials. While these incentiveswould favor the objectivesof the project, it would be unwise to rely solely upon them (para 4.02). Therefore ODEM would need to have the power and means of enforcing compliance to the management covenants. On these matters, ODEM would act through the Governor of the 5th Region who, on the advice of ODEM, would first warn participantswhlo fail to cooperate that they may lose their grazing right. Subsequentand persistent failure would then lead to the impositionof fines and, ultimately,to the cancellationof the grazing right, and another group would be invited to replace the offending group. The Governor of the ..ith Region would also be responsiblefor preventing the encroachmentof other pastoralistson the grazing land vested in a participatinggroup; to t].at effect, the Governor would take appropriate action on the advice of ODIM. During negotiations,the Government indicated that the Governor of the 5th Region would take appropriate action, on the advice of ODEM, to enforce:'he agreements arrived at between pastoralistgroups and ODEM. Under presen: circumstances,it is believed that the proposed arrangementswould be su:.fi- cient to obtain the adequate cooperationof pastoralists. Indeed, it i.sex- pected that, after four to five years of implementationof the program, wihen pastoralistsshould feel that their rights are secure, it should be poss:.ble to require them to pay grazing fees (para 6.10). The ultimate goal of the program would be to create the environment in which the groups would be prepared to invest their own labor and money in additional land developmentEs such as fencing and watering facilities.

4.09 Since fires destroy up to half of the Seno Mango rangeland an:itally, the Pastoral Service would introduce fire-controlmeasures in that area, As a trial, two units, leachconsisting of a vehicle, a water tank sprayer, and auxiliary equipment,would be purchased in PY 3. In addition, the Past:)ral Service, through education and example, would enlist the help of the lo::al populationin fire control. - 13 -

4.10 In order to combat desertificationand to provide supplementary feed, the Pastoral Service would promote the planting of fodder trees and shrubs (Annex 4, Table 2), making use of the transport provided for fire- control. Saplings would be provided free of charge and, to begin with, would be planted around villages, thus serving not only as feed but also as wind- breaks and for firewood,which would be very much appreciatedby the villagers. These locationsnear villages would, at the same time, facilitate the protec- tion and watering of the saplings. In this connection,ODEM would maintain close liaison with the Water and Forest Service, and the project would assist the latter to rehabilitateeight tree nurseries and to establish two new ones.

4.11 Over the project period, the Pastoral Service would recruit a Head of Service, four Extension Officers, 11 Assistant Extension Officers, 24 Exten- sien Assistants and 25 other staff. There should be no difficulty in recruit- ing the staff required. In PY 1, two extension posts and six outposts would be built; and two further posts and two outposts would be built in PY 3 (Map). Vehicles would be provided, and horses for some outposts (Annex 4, Table 1).

Animal Health Services

4.12 Provision would be made for a five-yearRegion-wide vaccination campaign against rinderpest,contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP),anthrax, blackleg and bovine/ovinehaemorrhagic septicaemia (Annex 5). In the special development areas (para 4.07), drugs, insecticidesand mineral blocks would also be made available. To act as an incentive for their use and to induce pastoraliststo participatein the pasture control programs, all these services would be provided free of charge during PY 1 and 2; subsequently,and to guard against the danger of epidemics, only vaccination against rinderpest and CBPP would be provided free. The collection of charges for the other services is likely to be difficult, but is desirable in order to decrease Government'srecurrent costs. During negotiations,assurances were obtained from the Government that it would entrust ODEM with the collection of charges for animal health services and would ensure control of the major infectious diseases after December 31, 1979.

4.13 Staff of the Livestock Service operating in the 5th Region, who would be transferredto ODEM, would be strengthenedby an additional 60 persons bringing the total to about 200. Staff schedulesare in Annex 5. New staff would range from veterinarians,through livestock assistants, to skilled and unskilled workers. This increase can be met from the output of present training programs.

4.14 The infrastructureand equipment of the Regional Livestock Service would also be transferred to ODEM, and would be supplementedunder the project by three veterinary posts, 10 vaccination yards and five cattle dips (Map); needed transport,veterinary and laboratory equipment also would be provided. During negotiationsassurances were obtained from the Government that it would transfer to ODEM no later than one month after the Effective Date of the Credit the staff and facilities from its Livestock Service within its Fifth Region. - 14 -

Watering Facilities

4.15 Fifty ponds would be constructedor rehabilitated in the lower rainfall zones of wet season grazing areas to the east and west of the Niger Delta (Annex 6; Map). These would encourage herdsmen to delay their retu:n to the dry-season grazing areas of the Delta, thereby reducing both over- crowding at the borders of the Delta and friction between farmers and her.:[smen by preventing crop damage and enabling farmers to harvest their rice at fgill maturity. Moreover, as these ponds would dry up during the first half of each dry season, the danger of overgrazing around them would be minimized. Th,. ponds would only be located where sufficient grazing was available for adc'.itional livestock. The siting of new ponds would be agreed between the Government.and IDA (para 4.17), on the basis of criteria given in Annex 6.

4.16 The ponds would be constructedand maintained by the Rural Engir.eer- ing Department,of the Ministry of Production,with heavy equipment and stpar- visory staff financed by the African DevelopmentBank. Pond maintenance costs are high, as every 5th year or so about 1,000 m3 of earth must be excavated from each pond; funds for pond maintenance in PY 5 are included in project: costs.

4.17 Seventy wells would be provided in the areas with higher rainfall (Annex 6; Map). Ten of these would be west of the Delta, to guarantee water supplies along traditionalcattle routes; and 60 in the Seno Mango, a distinct socioeconomicunit of nearly 500,000 ha of good rangeland which, at present, is only very lightly grazed, due to lack of watering facilities. The location of the wells and the timing of their constructionwould be carefully plannec. and controlled. During negotiationsassurance was obtained that the first season's well constructionprogram, and the entire pond constructionprogram would be preceded by a plan of action acceptable to IDA, and that the Government shall cause O)DEMnot to proceed with the second and third seasoni's well constructionprograms until the Government,IDA and ODEM shall have reviewed the results of grazing control around the wells constructedduring L:he preceding well construct:ionseason(s).

4.18 Forty wells would be built by contractors for which ODEM, in col:lai- oration with the Hydraulic Service of the Ministry of Public Works would pire- pare the bidding documents; and 30 wells would be built on force account bl; the Hydraulic Service with equipment financed under the project.

4.19 During negotiations,assurances were obtained from the Government; that it would cause all project financed ponds and wells to be maintained properly. Abattoir and Hide-Drying Facilities

4.20 The project would provide for the constructionand operation by ODEM of a simple municipal abattoir and hide-drying facilities to replace the existing two primitive abattoirs of Mopti and Sevare (Annex 7). The - 15 -

replacement of the Mopti abattoir is particularly desirable as it pollutes the large stagnant lagoon of this town. The new facilities would be 15 km from Mopti and about 1 km south of Sevare, the nearest site not flooded during the rainy season; they would be on the all-weather Mopti-Bamako highway, and only 1 km from Mopti airport. The abattoir would meet modern standards of hygiene and would be able to slaughter 48 cattle and 100 sheep and goats per day. The hide-drying facility would have sufficient capacity to dry the daily output of hides and skins from the abattoir. Animals would be slaughtered by abattoir employees and carcasses and edible by-products would be delivered by the abattoir to butcher shops. Slaughter fees of about MF 2,000 per head of cattle and MF 350 per smallstock would be charged to make the facilities financially self supporting. These fees are about five times higher than the current slaughter taxes, and represent 5-10% of the value of the animals; but they would be acceptable to the butchers because they are anxious to reduce the significant losses arising from the present inadequate facilities.

4.21 ODEM would employ consultants to prepare detailed plans and tender documents for the facilities. An assurance was obtained during negotiations that the consultants and their terms of reference and conditions of employment would be acceptable to IDA. Construction would begin at the end of PY 1, be completed by the end of PY 2, and be supervised by the Rural Engineering Department. During negotiations, assurances were obtained from the Government that: (i) no slaughter would be licensed within the Mopti-Sevare municipality except at the abattoir to be constructed under the project; (ii) ODaM would be allowed to levy economic slaughter fees in this abatto4r; and (iii) the municipality would renounce the slaughter taxes presently levied.

Livestock Markets

4.22 There are no properly equipped and organized livestock markets in the 5th Region. Improvements are needed in order to develop competitive trading, encourage pastoralists to sell surplus cattle and, at the same time, provide an incentive for settlement in the area. ODEM would, therefore, construct and operate five livestock markets. Details of these markets are in Annex 8 and their location is shown on the attached map. Each market would operate one day a week and their capacity would range from 400 - 800 head of cattle and from 1,000 - 1,200 head of smallstock. Market fees, MF 150 per cattle and MF 50 per-smallstock, would guarantee the financial independence of these markets. Cattle owners would be willing to pay these fees in return for access to both physical facilities such as watered paddocks, and to more competitive buyers from which a better price could be expected. The Rural Engineering Department would prepare the plans for the simple facilities required, and would supervise their construction.

Mopti Trial Station

4.23 As current research and trial programs on livestock production in both Mali and elsewhere in West Africa are largely irrelevant to the unique problems of the Niger Delta and other seasonally inundated areas in West Africa, a 150-ha trial station for fodder and livestock studies (Annex 9) would be established 8 km north of Mopti to: (a) determine methods to - 16 -

protect, regenerate and improve the productivity of the pastures of the Central Delta, (b) establish the economics of different fattening techn>.ques, and (c) develop methods for the control of parasites and insects. Techiiiques worked out in the station would be tested in two nearby villages. The :tation would be operated by ODEM in close coordination with IER (Institut d'Ec4:,nomie Rural) and would also have the possibility of calling on ILCA and ILRAD as needed.

4.24 Dike construction and preparation of 50 ha for irrigation and simulated flooding regimes at the station, financed under IDA's Drought Relief Fund Project, already have been carried out. The proposed project would finance buildings and construction, equipment and livestock, and running costs of the station over the five-year disbursement period. Tha Rural Engineering Department would elaborate plans and tender documents Ec,r the station and would supervise the construction works. During negotiat:Lcns, assurances were obtained that the plans and specifications for the establishment of the station and its annual work program for the five-year disbursement period would be acceptable to IDA.

Personnel Training and Functional Literac_ Programs

4.25 Although training in livestock production in Mali is of a high standard and can meet the recruitment needs of the project, some additional specialized training would be needed for ODEM's medium and lower grade technical staff, particularly in extension methods and range management. The project would finance four-month courses in these subjects -- for 30 participants in PY 1 a:ndPY 2 and for 20 participants in PY 3, PY 4 and P' 5 -- using existing facilities of the National Livestock Research Center at Sotuba (Annex 10). There would also be: (a) a 2-3 day seminar for all project staff in Mopti once a year at which the project's progress and future work programs would be reviewed: (b) six two-month fellowships for senior ODEM staff to vi.sit livestock projects in other parts of Africa; an.d (c) four man-years of overseas training, mainly in development planning ard management, for four Marlian graduates.

4.26 To reinforce the impact of the training programs under the projec:, functional literacy would be organized under arrangements similar to those in the Integrated Rural Development Project (Credit 491-MLI). The Pastoral Service would, with the aid of the National Functional Literacy Center, design, develoo and evaluate a functional literacy program for pastoralisti; which would be the first of its kind in West Africa. To this end, the Pastoral Service would identify and set up approximately twenty functional literacy groups which would be instructed by specially trained cattle owners selected by the Service.,using materials developed in the local language, Peuhl. At the end of the course, the participants' comDrehension and appl:.ca- tion of the new procedures introduced by the Pastoral Service would be assi-ssed and compared with those of a control group of illiterate pastoralists in the Project. The cost of a specialist in functional literacy has been includec in the budget of ODEM tcgether with other costs pertaining to the design arid development of materials and the initial operation of the functional literacir - 17 -

groups. During negotiations,assurances were obtained from the Government that it would cause the National FunctionalLiteracy Service to make available, no later than one year after the EffectiveDate of the Credit, to ODEM an experiencedand qualified officer.

Preparationof a Second-PhaseProject

4.27 Areas in which the full package of grazing control, water development and veterinary services would be provided would cover only about 20% of the 5th Region. Thus, one of the main tasks of ODEM would be to assist IER to elaborate,with the assistance of specializedconsultants as required, investmentproposals for the whole of the 5th Region in the form of a Regional Livestock DevelopmentPlan (Annex 11) to be implementedunder a second-phase project. For this purpose, the Region would be divided into "development areas", and the main emphasis of the DevelopmentPlan would be the achievement of better utilizationof the rich pastures of the Delta. A tentative list of developmentareas is given in Annex 1, Chart 1. Most could be developed like the Seno Mango area, since they have reliable dry-season grazing; in other cases the herds would need to obtain assured access to a designated dry-season grazing area in the Delta. All "developmentareas", however, should have in common that they were intertriballyacceptable, fitted into the present land use pattern, and contain sufficientwatering points. The Regional Livestock DevelopmentPlan would draw from the experience gained during the project and thus it is important that the progress and achievementsof this project be properly monitored. To that effect, the Governmentwould cause IER to prepare a program to monitor the project to be submitted to IDA for approval no later than one year after Credit Effectiveness,and to make a livestock specialist permanentlyavailable for monitoring and evaluatingthe project. Appropriate assuranceswere obtained during negotiations.

4.28 Many innovationswould be tested and developed in the proposed project, which would be carried out, initially at least, in a climate of uncertainty as to how the pastoralists will respond. For this reason, the project should be thoroughly reviewed after about three years experience. Any necessary modificationswould be introducedinto the ongoing project and incorporatedinto the second-phaseproject. The second project could then be appraised in PY 4 and start in PY 5, thus facilitatingthe continuity of the program.

C. Organizationand Management

Organization

4.29 The Operation de Developpementde l'Elevage de la Region de Mopti (ODEM) would be a branch of the Ministry of Production responsible for all livestock development in the 5th Region and for the execution of the proposed project. ODEM would be headquarteredat Mopti-Sevare,and the Rural Engineer- ing Department would prepare the plans, specificationsand bidding documents - 18 -

for ODEM's headquartersand staff houses and supervise their construction. ODEM would have legal authority to grant user rights to grazing lands and watering facilities to pastoral groups in this Region, to issue and eiiforce grazing control regulations (paras. 4.07-4.08),and to prescribe cond:.tions for their use. It would be a Condition of Credit Effectivenessthat I)DEM had been establishedwith responsibilitiesand powers acceptableto I;;DA.

Staffing

4.30 ODEM would employ 12 senior staff and by PY 5 about 500 support staff. It would be headed by a Director and would include (Annex 3; Chart):

(a) Field Services, comprising the Pastoral Service, the Animal Health Service and the Livestock Marketing and Processing Service, each under a Head of Service;

(b) the Mopti Trial Station, headed by a Livestock Research Officer assisted by a Pasture Agronomist;

(c) a Planning and Range Management Unit, consisting of a Community DevelopmentOfficer, a Livestock Economist, a Range Management Officer, and a Water Development Officer, and headed by one of ODEM's Deputy Directors; and

(d) an Administ:rativeand General Service, under an AdministrativeOfficer.

4.31 The terms of reference of ODEM's 12 senior staff (listed above) are at Annex 14. As it is unlikely that qualified and experiencedMalianas would be available to fill all the senior posts, expatriateswould proba.ly have to be recruited for at least the following: Deputy Director, Range Management Officer, Water DevelopmentOfficer, and Pasture Agronomist. Eighteen man-months of consultant services to be employed in preparationof the Regional Livestock DevelopmentPlan to be implementedunder a second-phase project would also be provided under the project (para 4.27 and Annex 11). During negotiations,assurances were obtained from the Government that tl:e qualifications,experience and terms of referenceof the project's 12 sellior staff and the consultantswould be acceptable to IDA, and that it would callse ODEM to employ, no later than October 15, 1975, eight senior staff. It would be a Conditionof Effectivernessthat the Director, two Deputy Directors aad an AdministrativeOfficer had been employed by ODEM.

4.32 Training Malians to replace expatriate staff would be an important functionof the latter., Malians would not be appointed as counterpartst,-: expatriates,but would hold posts with specific responsibilities. Promotion to succeed an expatriatewould be contingent upon acquisitionof approprizta experience during project implementation. The timetable for the replacemen: of expatriatepersonnel would be along the lines of the schedule of Annex 3. - 19 -

D. Accounts and Audit

4.33 ODEM would keep records consistentwith sound accountingpractices and adequate to reflect its operationsand financial condition,and would employ independentand qualified auditors. Assuranceswere obtained during negotiations that: (a) ODEM would appoint auditors acceptable to IDA; (b) copies of ODEM's audited accounts and of the auditor's report thereon would be submitted to IDA within five months of the end of each financial year; and (c) the report of the auditors would be of such scope and in such detail as IDA may reasonablyrequest.

V. COST ESTIMATESAND FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS

A. Project Costs

5.01 Total project costs for the five-year disbursement period, 1975-79, are estimated at US$17.3 million, including a foreign exchange component of US$9.0 million. The costs are detailed in Annexes 15 and 16, and summarized below:

StMl.O¶RY OF PROJECT COSTS

Percent Percent of Total For-ign Local Foreign Total Local Foreisn Total Base Cost Excrange (1WFBillion) (US$ Million)

ODEM Headquarters .46 .62 1.08 1.03 1.38 2.41 19.8 57

ODEMPastoral Service .44 .22 .66 .97 .50 1.47 12.0 34

ODE?!Aninial liealth Services .91 .52 1.43 2.03 1.15 3.18 26.0 36

Ponds and Wells .45 1.09 1.54 .99 2.42 3.41 28.0 71

NioptiAbattoir .10 .07 .17 .22 .16 .38 3.2 L2

Livestocl. Markets .07 .05 .12 .16 .11 .27 2.3 40

Mopti Trial Station .22 .23 .45 .49 .51 1.00 8.2 51

Tra_ino .01 .02 .03 .03 .03 .06 0.5 58

Total Base Cost 2.66 2.82 5.48 5.92 6.26 12.18 100.0 51

Physical Contigencies .08 .19 .27 .18 .43 .61 5.0 70

Fxpected Price Increases 1.00 1.03 2.03 2.21 2.30 4.51 37.0 51

Subtotal 1.08 1.22 2.30 2.39 2.73 5.12 42.0 53

TOTAL PROJECT COST 3.74 4.04 7.78 8.31 8.99 17.30 - 52 - 20 -

5.02 Cost estimates are based on prices ruling at the beginning Df 1974. Physical contingencies include: 5% for the construction of the Mopti abattoir and hide-drying facilities and for the livestock markets; 10% for the construction and maintenance of ponds, and for preparatory work on well construc-- tion; and 20% for well construction. The physical contingency for we.>ls is large because it is not possible to estimate accurately the depth of ':he wells, the amount of rock to be excavated, or the number of dry wells, Expected price increases have been calculated by compounding the follcw:Lng annual rates of increase for both local and foreign costs: for buildings and civil works 18% in 1974, 15% in 1975, and 12% in 1976 and thereafter; and for all other costs 14% in 1974 (excluding local salaries and wages which have been updated following Credit negotiations) 11% in 1975, and 7.5% in 1976 and thereafter. Total contingencies are estimated to amount to 4ZŽ,of the project's base costs. Taxes and duties account for about 14% (abouit US$1.7 million) of project costs before contingencies.

B. Financing

5.03 The financing of project costs would be as follows (details at Annex 17):

Livestock Project Component Owners Government ODEM IDA Total …~~~~US $t 00…

ODEM Headquarters - 256 - 2,151 2.,407 Pastoral Service - 201 - 1,269 4,70 Animal Health Services 140 1,268 - 1,770 '2,'78 Ponds and Wells - 558 - 2,854 _,412 Mopti Abattoir - 42 109 233 ':84 Livestock Markets - 31 84 157 272 Mopti Trial Station - 53 69 882 1 004 Training - 3 - 54 57 Unallocated 60 988 138 3,930 5I116

Total 200 3,400 400 13,300 17,300

Percentage 1% 20% 2% 77% 1(0%

5.04 The IDA Credit of US$13.3 million would be on standard terms to the Government and would finance 77% of project costs during the five-year dil;- bursement period. The Credit would finance 100% of the project's foreign exchange costs (US$9.0 million), and 52% (US$4.3 million) of local currency costs. The remaining 48% (US$4.0 million) of the latter would be met frot Government budgetary allocations (US$3.4 million), ODEM's revenues (US$0.4 million), and livestock owners (US$0.2 million). Assurances were obtainec", at negotiations that the Government would make available its contribution to ODEM as a grant, quarterly in advance on the basis of ODEM's budgets. - 21 -

5.05 To ensure the efficient and timely execution of the project against the background of very tight budgetary constraints,it is proposed that IDA should prefinance project activities. To that effect, immediatelyafter Credit Effectiveness,an initial IDA disbursementof US$200,000equivalent would be made into a Special Account that Governmentwould establish for this purpose; from this account Governmentwould be able to finance project expenditures. IDA would replenish the Special Account upon reception of satisfactory evidence that such expendituresare eligible for financing out of the proceeds of the credit. However, should any disbursementout of the Special Account fail to meet the criteria of eligibility,IDA would refuse reimburse- ment, and Governmentwould be under the obligationto deposit the corresponding amount into the Special Account. A Condition of Effectivenessof the credit would be that the special account had been established.

C. Procurement

5.06 Contracts for all items in excess of US$50,000 would be awarded on the basis of internationalcompetitive bidding (ICB) in accordancewith IDA guidelines. This would aggregate about US$7.8 million, covering: (a) buildings and construction,US$3.0 million; (b) installationof 40 wells in the Seno Mango area, US$2.2 million; (c) vaccines, US$0.9 million; (d) vehicles, machinery,and equipment,US$0.8 million; and (e) well constructionand maintenanceequipment for the Ministry of Public Works, US$0.9 million, to construct 20 wells in the Seno Mango area and 10 wells west of the Delta by force account. These 30 wells are widely dispersed in remote areas, and would be constructedover a three to four-year period. Contracts for all items below US$50,000 would be awarded on the basis of competitivebidding advertised locally and in accordancewith local procedures,which are satisfactory to IDA. Domesticallymanufactured goods procured for the project would be allowed a price preferenceof 15% (or the level of applicable import duty, whichever is lower) over foreign goods; and for civil works, domestic contractorswould be granted a 7.5% preferenceover foreign contractors. The services of expatriatestaff and consultants (US$0.8 million) would be obtained according to procedures acceptableto IDA. The constructionand/or rehabilitationof 50 ponds, widely dispersed in remote areas, would be carried out by the Rural EngineeringDepartment by force account, at a cost of US$0.8 million.

D. Disbursement

5.07 The IDA Credit would be disbursed over five years to cover:

(a) 95% of local expendituresfor the incrementallocal staff of ODEM, expenses for staff of the Mopti abattoir for its first year of operation, and local training expenses of ODEM staff -- US$1.3 million; - 22 -

(b) 100% of foreign expendituresfor expatriate personnel, consultant services and training of ODEM's staff abroad-- US$950,000;

(d) 100% of foreign or 75% of total expendituresof vehicles and equipment, and of livestock for the Mopti trial station -- US$450,000; and

(e) 75% of ODEM's operating expendituresduring the disbursement period excluding expendituresfor the Mopti abattoir beyond PY 1 -- US$3.1 million.

US$3.9 million would be unallocated. Annex 18 shows the estimated annual, and Annex 19 the estimated quarterly disbursements. Any unspent balance would be cancelled.

5.08 Disbursements would be against import documentation,contracts, or certified records of expenditures. For disbursementsagainst the latter, documentationwould not be submitted to IDA for review, but retained by ODEM for possible scrutiny by IDA supervisionmissions. ODEM would prepare and endorse all supporting documents needed for reimbursementsand, where relevant, attach an addendum certifying that the Government had disbursed its share of the costs. Reimbursementby IDA would be made directly into ODEM's bank account.

VI. PRODUCTION,PRICES, MARKETING AND FINANCIAL RESULTS

A. Production

6.01 At full development (PY 12), incrementalcattle production is isti- mated at 14,500 t of carcass weight equivalent annually,which is equal t:o 12% of Mali's 1970 domestic beef output. This incrementalproduction includes 33,000 surplus heifers which could be slaughtered,used to replace old cows, or sold outside the project area, and 73,000 feeder steers which could be slaughteredor fattened in Mali's higher rainfall areas (para 2.32). In addition, the project would generate an annual incrementalproduction ,f about 4,400 t edible offal, 137,000 hides, and 20 million liters of milk. These estimates are based on two main assumptions: (a) the carrying capa::ity of the project area, estimated at 1.6 million animal units, would be full, utilized in PY 6 whereas without the project there would be no more than 1.4 million animal units at this time; and (b) with the project the offtaie would be 15% by PY 12, whereas without the project it would never go above 9.5%. Tables 1, 2 and 3 of Annex 12 give details on production assumptions - 23 -

6.02 At full developmentin PY 9, the incrementaloutput of sheep and goats is estimatedat 1,800 t of carcass meat, 540 t of edible offal, 150,000 skins, and 3.8 million liters of milk. It is also estimated that the number of sheep and goats would increase from 2 million in PY 2 to 2.5 million in PY 9, or by 3% per year (Annex 13).

B. Prices

6.03 Free market forces determine prices of live cattle (Annex 2). High quality steers are generally exported at a price about 50% higher than cull or lean cattle destined for local consumption,i.e. MF 120-150per kg liveweight compared to HF 80-100. During the last five years, cattle prices have increased by about 70% in the 5th Region.

6.04 In accordancewith Government'spolicy of low wages and low food prices, there are retail price controls for meat in all cities and towns. Controlled prices are highest in Bamako, where they have been unchanged since 1969 (MF 275/kg for meat with bones or meat with bones and offal; and MF 350/kg for boneless meat), and 20% lower in the 5th Region. Given the increasing cost of live cattle and operating expenses,butchers would operate at a loss if they applied these prices strictly. Thus, actual retail prices exceed controlledprices by about 30% for meat with bones and 70-80% for boneless meat. Controls are easily circumventedbecause most meat is retailed in "heaps" rather than specific cuts, and the butcher increases the proportion of low quality parts included in these heaps. In any event, the price controls are not a serious disincentiveto producers because they are not enforced by the Government efficiently;indeed, the level of domestic cattle prices is mainly determined by the prices of export cattle, which are freely arrived at. The Government-- aware that existing controls are unsatis- factory -- recently asked ONBEVI (para 2.18) to submit recommendations. OMBEVI is expected to recommend that controlled prices be increased to profitable levels. Thus in this particular case, price controls are not an issue of practical importance.

6.05 In calculating the financialbenefits to pastoraliststhe domestic beef price of MF 200 per kg of carcass has been used. For the economic analysis a border price -- consistentwith retail prices in the Abidjan markets (Annex 2, Table 3) -- of MF 340 per kg of beef has been used for export quality cattle while feeder steers and domesticallyconsumed cattle have been priced at MF 250 and MF 200 per kg, respectively. The domestic prices of mutton and goat meat, estimated at MF 250 per kg, and of milk, estimated at MF 20 per liter, have been applied in both cases.

C. Markets

6.06 Meat produced under the project would be sold domesticallyand exported. The market outlook is very favorablein West Africa (Annex 2). Meat is increasinglyscarce due to the recent droughts, rapid population - 24 -

growth and urbanization, and the opening up of new markets in Arab ccuuntries. The strength of demand is shown by rapidly rising prices (para 6.03) and by steadily increasing exports to Ivory Coast and Ghana. Since the incrzniental production of the project at full development (PY 12) would not exceeli about 12% of predroughtdomestic output (para 6.01), it should find a ready domestic and external market.

6.07 The project's incrementalhides and skins production could 4/asily be bought or exported by SOMBEPEC (para 2.19). Incrementalmilk prodtction would improve the nutrition of about 100,000 pastoral families and neighibor- ing farmers, and any surplus would find a ready local market.

6.08 Livestockmarketing (para 2.15) is reasonablyefficient, and as the project would improve the marketing infrastructurein the 5th Regi1rL, marketing arrangementswould be adequate to meet project needs. Slaugitering facilitiesare adequate, since the Bamako slaughterhouseoperates at onlly about 50% of capacity, and the simple abattoir to be constructedunder this project would cover the needs of Mopti, the only large town in the pro: ect area. Meat is retai.ledby an adequate network of butcher shops.

D. Financial Results

6.09 Pastoralists. Financial benefits to the pastoralistsunder tle project are difficult to quantify because of variation in herd size and the complexityof ownership,and because herds in areas with more intensive project activitieswould profit more. However, assuming that the Region's 100,')00 families share equally in the overall benefits, the average annual cash income from livestock productionwould be, at full developmentin PY 12, MF 10C,)00 (US$222) compared with MF 65,000 (US$144)without the project. This estimnate assumes an average herd of 20 cattle and 5 to 10 sheep/goatsper family w:Lth 6 persons.

6.10 Government. ODEM's earnings are limited, and would require Gcverna ment to cover annual operating costs of about US$100,000 after the disbursement period. Because of its financial support of ODEM, the Government's cash flow remains negative throughout the project life (Annex 21). The estimated annual incrementaldeficit, US$200,000- 300,000, is based on 1:he assumption that livestlocktaxes and duties remain at their present level (para 2.16), and does not take into account the increased revenues from :In- direct taxes resulting from purchases of taxed goods by pastoralists, dui to their significantly increased income because of the project, which are verr difficult to estimate. The Government would thus be indirectlysubsidizing the pastoralistsusing the 5th Region grazing resources. Although this c:i1ld be justified on income distributiongrounds, it must be recognized that t.i! Government'sbudgetary situation is likely to remain precarious. Therefo7E, during the five-yeardisbursement period, the possibilitieswould be exam 'ned by ODEM of generating revenues to cover part or all of the Government cash deficit in respect to the project. Assuranceswere obtained during negotiations that Governmentwould consult with IDA on: (a) the structure and lcvel of livestocktaxes, after the completionof the taxation study to be carr:leS out under the project in PY 2; and (b) the imposition of grazing and watel: fees by ODEM, during the course of project implementation. - 25 -

VII. ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND JUSTIFICATION

7.01 The project would be the first comprehensiveeffort to improve range livestock production in West Africa's Sahel. It would be aimed at low- income pastoralists,who were seriously afflicted by the recent droughts.

7.02 The project would yield substantialbenefits. At full development in PY 12, project-inducedincremental livestock productionwould be worth MF 3.5 billion (US$7.8million) annually in 1974 terms. Assuming that 50% of the marketed live cattle are exported, in line with present trading patterns, foreign exchange earnings would be of the order of MF 1.7 billion (US$3.8million) a year, as compared with foreign exchange costs of about MF 0.2 billion (US$0.4 million). Some 100,000 pastoral families would increase their average cash incomes from livestockproduction from MF 65,000 (US$144) to MF 100,000 (US$222), and almost 400 new jobs would be created.

7.03 The economic rate of return of the project is estimated at 51% (Annex 22). This high incrementalrate of return is due to the fact that the investment representedby the project is expected to raise significantly the productivityof the existing herd. Thus, if total (existingplus project financed) investment is considered,the project is estimated to raise overall annual return from about 12 - 14% to about 20 - 22%; that is, the treatment of existing assets as sunk costs gives high leverage to the investments that would be carried out under the project.

7.04 The sensitivity of the rate of return has been tested: a 25% increase in costs would lower the rate of return to 40%; a 25% decrease in benefits would lower it to 37%. A 67% decrease in benefits, or a 50% increase in costs combinedwith a 50% decrease in benefits, would lower it to 10%. It is, therefore,unlikely that the project's economic viability would be destroyed by renewed droughts, provided they were not catastrophic. Also, as meat prices are expected to continue rising in West Africa, the rate of return may increase.

7.05 Without the changes that would be introduced under the project, the 5th Region would continue to deteriorateas a grazing resource, as more and more rangelandwould be destroyed by overgrazing and degraded by shifting millet and rice cultivation. Other unquantifiablebenefits would be: (i) better nutrition for about 100,000 pastoral families and surrounding farmers through increased production of milk; (ii) more sanitary and more accessible water supplies for about 5,000 pastoral families; (iii) the replacementof unsanitary slaughter facilities; (iv) the easing of friction between herdsmen and farmers; and (v) incentives to trade and settle that would be provided by secure land rights and the developmentof livestockmarkets.

7.06 Risks. The proposed project is risky because it is difficult to assess:

(1) the degree to which pastoralistswill respond to the grazing control measures introduced by the project; - 26 -

(2) the degree to which other pastoralistswill be prevented from encroachingon the grazing rights of participating groups; and

(3) the frequency and extent of future droughts.

Should the grazing control measures fail to be effective, the project would be instrumentalin acceleratingan increase in stock numbers, and thus would be conducive to overgrazing and consequentlyto the deteriorationof rangelairLds. However, the project would. proceed by phases and on the basis of a developmev,,t plan previously agreed between Government and IDA; each successive phase would be undertaken only on the basis of evidence that the previous phase had been completedsuccessfully and was being managed satisfactorily. These safeguarc:s would make the project adaptable to the lessons of experience and would allow, the discontinuationof activitieswhich show high probabilitiesof being economicallyundesirable. As for the second risk, should participatinggroups be prevented from cooperating with the project by encroachingpastoralists, sound resource management would be impaired and overgrazingwould likely resuli. The prevention of encroachmentwould depend on the willingness of Government to effectivelyprotect the grazing rights of participatinggroups. It is reasonable to expect that the Government would take appropriate measures to protect the rights of project participants. Turning to the third risk, the project area may be affected by two different types of drought: (a) moderate droughts which may typicallyoccur every four or five years; and (b) catastrophicdroughts such as the 1972/73 one. Moderate droughts are not expected to affect substantially the economic viability of the project. In fact, to the extent that the project promotes a proper balance between cattle and land, the project area would be better prepared to withstand such a drought than otherwise. Historical data show that catastrophicdroughts occur every 40 to 50 years. Should this pattern hold, the project would have been successfullyimplemented and extended throughout the region before the next catastrophicone occurs. An appropriat:! balance between cattle and land would have been achieved, and the region wouldl be in the best possible position to withstand a serious drought with minimum losses. However, in the urLlikelyevent that a catastrophicdrought should repeat itself in the near future, it would be very difficult to maintain discipline in the project area and to prevent invasion by outside pastoralists; and as a result the project would be in serious jeopardy. Nevertheless,the potential benefits of the project are so important relative to this risk that the risk is worth taking.

VIII. AGREEENTS REACHED AND RECOMMENDATION

8.01 During Credit negotiations,agreement was reached with the Govern- ment on the following principal points:

(a) it would give ODEM legal authority to: (i) grant user rights to grazing lands and watering facilities to pastoral groups in the 5th Region and (ii) issue and enforce grazing control regulations (para 4.07); - 27 -

(b) it would entrust ODEM with the collectionof charges for animal health services and would ensure control of the major infectious diseases after December 31, 1979 (para 4.12);

(c) it would transfer to ODEM no later than one month after the Effective Date of the Credit the staff and facilities from the livestock service within its 5th Region (para 4.14);

(d) the first season's well constructionprograms, and the entire pond constructionprogram would be preceded by a plan of action acceptable to IDA, and that it shall cause ODEM not to proceed with the second and third season's well constructionprograms until the Government,IDA and ODEMshall have reviewed the results of grazing control around the wells constructedduring the preceding well construction season(s) (para 4.17);

(e) the consultants for the preparationof detailed plans and tender documents for the constructionof the Mopti abattoir and hide-drying facilities,and their terms of reference and conditionsof employmentwould be acceptableto IDA (para 4.21);

(f) (i) no slaughter would be licensed within the Mopti-Sevare municipalityexcept at the abattoir to be constructedunder the project; (ii) ODEM would be allowed to levy economic slaughter fees in this abattoir, and (iii) the municipality would renounce the slaughter taxes presently levied (para. 4.21);

(g) the plans and specificationsfor the establishmentof the Mopti trial station and its annual work program for the five-yeardisbursement period would be acceptable to IDA (para 4.24);

(h) it would cause the National Functional Literacy Service to make available, no later than one year after the Effective Date of the Credit to ODEM an experienced and qualified officer (para 4.26);

(i) it would cause IER to prepare a program to monitor the project to be submitted to IDA for approval no later than one year after Credit Effectivenessand to make a livestock specialist permanentlyavailable for monitoring and evaluating the project (para 4.27);

(j) the qualifications,experience and terms of reference of the project's 12 senior staff and the consultantswould be acceptable to IDA, and that it would cause ODEM to employ, no later than October 15, 1975, eight senior staff (para 4.31); - 28 -

(k) (i) ODEM would appoint auditors acceptable to IDA; (ii) copies of ODEM's audited accounts and of the auditor's report thereof would be submitted to IDA within five months of the end of each financialyear; and (iii) the report of the auditors would be of such scope and in such detail as IDA may reasonablyrequest (para 4.33);

(1) it would make available its contributionto ODEM as a grant, quarterly in advance on the basis of ODEM's budgets (para 5.04); and that

(m) it would consult with IDA on: (i) the structure and level of livestock taxes, after the completion of the taxation study to be carried out under the project in PY 2; and (ii) the imposition of grazing and water fees by ODEM, during the execution of the project (para 6.10).

8.02 Conditions of effectivenessof the IDA Credit would be that:

(a) ODEM had been establishedwith responsibilities and powers acceptable to IDA (para 4.29);

(b) The Director, two Deputy Directors and,an Adminis- trative Officer had been employed by ODEM (para 4.31); and that

(c) a special bank account, for the purpose of funding the revolving fund, on terms and conditionssatis- factory to IDA, had been opened (para 5.05).

8.03 The project is suitable for an IDA credit of US$13.3 million, ANNEX I Page 1

M A L I

LIVESTOCKPROJECT

The Fifth Region

GeographicalLocation and Climate

1. The 5th AdministrativeRegion of Mali, the Region of Mopti, covers some 89,000 km2, or about 7X of the country. It is situated between latitudes 14' and 16° north, in a tropical zone marked by a long dry and a short rainy season, with mean annual rainfall ranging from 750 mm in the south to 300 mm in the north. These rainfall averages, however, conceal considerablevariability from year to year. Also, there appears to be a climatic cycle, with dry and humid periods alternatingevery three to five years; at longer intervals, there is a dramatic reduction of rainfall for two or three consecutive years. For example, drought occurred during 1913-14 and, in recent years, during 1971-73. In 1971-72, the average annual rainfall was 390 mm for Mopti, as against 545 mm during a "normal" year.

2. Under these climatic conditions, the most important and richest area of the 5th Region is the Central Delta of the Niger, composed of the Niger itself and its tributaries,lakes and flood plains. This inland delta, created by the gentle gradient of the Niger (only 4-5 cm/km), is covered annually by the river's flood. The flood begins in August-Septemberand reaches its maximum at Mopti between October 15 and November 30; then the water level falls slowly until March, progressivelyuncovering the flood plains. Overall, some 70 billion m of water is released into the inland delta by the combined flow of the Niger and the Bani, and 36 billion m3 emerge at the northern boundary of the 5th Region. The rest is dissipated by infiltrationinto the alluvial plains, evaporation from open water and evapotranspirationfrom the extremely thick grassy vegetation.

Natural Subregions

3. Five major natural subregions can be recognized in the 5th Region:

(a) The Central Delta of the Niger, covering an area of 38,300 km2, consists of four sections:

(M) The "Livin" Delta, corresponding to a natural flood plain of about 19,000 km2 .

(ii) The Upper Delta, covering an area of 7,000 kmi2, occupies the southern portion, where the plains are generally only slightly flooded, and Vetiveria negritana - Oryza barthii (wild rice) grasslands predominate. Deeper flooded plains occupied by dense stands of "bourgou" ANNEX 1 Page 2

(Peub.lname for Echinochloastagnina) are found in a few localities (Pondori,Goube, and Yongari), and offer important grazing from December onwards. Extensive areas of higher ground ("toggue") are exposed as the flood waters recede.

(iii) The Middle Delta covers an area of 8,300 km . On its le.:t bank, in the so-called Djougol Region, the Niger has numerous anastomosed branches. The biggest arm, the Kiaka, is bordered by small basins which become deeper with distance downstream (Region of Macina). Between the Niger and the Bani, the Sebera consists of a bourgou style plain. The entire area is under water from January to March.

(iv) The Lower Delta covers 4,000 km2 . This is a vast and deep basin, under 3-6 m of water at maximum water level, and interspersedwith a few rare hillocks. The spreading aquatic plants of the bourgou, which survive here because they are capable of growing rapidly during submersion, form a floating pasture which is uncovered briefly from March to May. The Lower Delta ends in three lakes, Ouallado, Debo and Korientze,which retract somewhat during low water but remain precious water reservoirs.

(b) The Erg of Niafounke, occupying the northern portion of the 5th Region, is an immense field of old dunes covering an area of about 15,000 km2 ; the Niger crosses this field by means of three tributaries, the Issa-Ber, Bara-Issar,and Koli-Koli. Parts are inundatedbut usually less so than the main delta.

(c) The Bandiagara Plateau, or Dogon Country, occupies 8,000 km2 in thie center of the Region. It comprises a sandstone massif, lying to the east of the inland delta, which rises progressivelytoward the northeast, to an elevation of about 700-800 m. The north and east flanks form a straight, high escarpment of about 200- 300 m -- the Bandiagara "lcliffs"-- from which numerous springs arise from the fissured sandstone. The plateau comprisesmainly degraded bushland and cultivation.

(d) The Plain of Seno-Gondo-Mondoroextends to the east of the Bandia3ara Plateau to the border of Upper Volta. This monotonous region, consisting of more or less deep sands, supporting grassy and shrubby vegetation,covers 18,000 km2., There is very little surface water, except at the southern end of the Sourou Valley, and undergroundwater is often available only at depths of more than 60 m. ANNEX 1 Page 3

(e) The Gourma, to the northeast of the Bandiagara Plateau, falls partly within the 5th Region. The massive sandstones of the Bandiagara Plateau are representedhere: notably Gandamia,with an area of about 800 km2 and an elevationof 900-1,000 m, and Mt. Boni and Mt. Hombori at 1,150 m. The plains below consist mainly of impermeablesoils which, though often concealedby thick dunes, hamper rainfall penetration. Groundwater reserves are poor. Stagnant pools tend to back up behind the dunes, but hold water only until November. Thereafter,several lakes persist which are supplied by the high water of the Niger, namely Lakes Niangay, Aougoundou,Do, Garou and Korarou.

Population

4. The 5th Region has a population estimated at 1.12 million (at the end of 1973), or 21% of the country's total, and a population density of 12.6 inhabitantsper km2, placing it second to the 4th Region. Population growth is estimated at 2% per year.

5. Ethnically, the population is one of the most diverse in Mali. From ancient times, the Niger Delta and the Bandiagara Plateau have supported two very distinct peasant groups: the Marka, rice-growersand merchants from the time of the medieval Empire of Mali, and the Dogon, who used to occupy a vast area but progressivelysought refuge from pastoral tribes on the Bandiagara Plateau. In addition, the Delta and its surroundshave attracted various waves of migrations: the Bambara, who have extended their millet culture on sandy soils northwards from the Soudanian zone up to the climatic limits of cultivation (350 mm annual rainfall); the Peuhl cattlemenwho depend on the flooded plains for dry-season grazing; and the Touareg pastoralistswho frequent the Gourma and the shoreline grazing areas of the lakes in the north. Finally, the river itself has served as an axis of settlement for groups such as the Sonrai,who came from downstream,and the Bozo and Somono fishermen who came from upstream. These ethnic groups are also diverse linguistically and culturally, and each group has specialties in terms of economic activities.

6. The population of the 5th Region is very unevenly distributedwith average densities from 5 to 20 persons per km2 (Table 1). With 16 inhabitants per km2, the Delta is relatively underpopulated,considering the variety and wealth of its natural resources. On the other hand, the Bandiagara Plateau has concentrationsof Dogons along the eastern cliffs, where cultivable soils are rather scarce. Population densities on the Plateau reach 200-500/km2 of cultivable land. Despite the use of very sophisticatedfarming techniques, includinghand irrigation and fertilization,the population pressure results in emigration and heavy seasonal migration. However, contrary to what might be expected or desired, there is little movement between the Plateau and the Delta; only seasonal migrants move out for the rice harvest or for work in the cities. The more importantmigration is between the Plateau and the Seno-Gondo, which constitutes the "virgin land" of the Dogon. Possibly 100,000Dogons have come down from their plateau over the past half century to find cultivable land in the Seno-Gondo. ANNEX 1 Page 4

Commerce and Urbanization

7. Commercial and urban activity in the 5th Region dates from tie Middle Ages, when Djenne, in the Upper Delta, developed as a major religious and commercial metropolis, maintaining close contact with Tombouctou via river navigation. Other markets developed with the start of the colonial era, especially in the Delta. Today there are several small centers, such as Kona, Sofara, Korientze and Fatoma, with populations of 2,000 to 4,000 inhabitants, which attract fishermen,farmers, and livestock owners to their weekly miarket from a radius of 20--40km, and a few larger markets, such as Diafarabe Kouskourou and Ombollore,which concentratemainly on the sale of rice and fish. In the other natural subregions, urban centers are rarer: on t-he plateau is Bandiagara (6,000 population),while the Seno-Gondohas Koro)(4,000; and Bankas (2,500). At the point of contact of the Plateau, Seno-Gondo and Gourma, is Douentza (5,000), the most important population center in the northeast.

8. The regional capital and river port of Mopti-Sevareis strategically situated between the Plateau and the Delta, and at the confluenceof the Bani and the Niger. The old town of Mopti occupies a man-made site within the flood plain: a site which poses considerableproblems in terms of expansion and drainage, so that most of the new facilitiesnow being planned are to be set up at Sevare, on dry land, and linked to Mopti by a causeway. Growth of the combined community of Mopti-Sevaresince 1960 has been particularly rapid: from 8,200 inhabitantsin 1948, to 19,400 in 1960, and 35,000 inhabitants in 1973.

9. Mopti is the commercialcenter for exports of fish by truck to the south, and also for shipments of rice and millet to the grain-deficient 6th Region. The weekly market attracts 10,000-15,000persons. The river pcrt is extremely active. Hleavy-dutynavigation by COMANAV involves about *T,000 t between August and January, while light navigation, carried out by motori:,ed 10-20-t payload canoes, handles six to eight times the traffic volume of COMANAV.

10. Mopti, being the seat of the Governor'sOffice, is a focal center for the entire Region. It houses the regional directoratesof the variouis Government agencies, Government-ownedcompanies, and "Operations"with regional sector involvement (OperationRice, Operation Fishery and Operai:ion Millet). It possesses a regional hospital and a regional hiighschool. it is connected to Bamako by an excellenthighway, by the river and by a schediled air service.

Livestock Productionin the 5th Region

11. In 1972, the 5th Region had about 1.7 million cattle (30% of the country's cattle population),2.3 million sheep and goats (20% of the coula:ry's sheep and goat population), 80,000 donkeys, 30,000 horses, and 20,000 canals. The majority of the cattle are owned by Peuhl, who account for only 36% oE ANNEX 1 Page 5 the region's population. Although most Peuhl also engage in farming, their main activity is livestockraising. The distributionof the cattle population by natural subregions and administrativeunits, and in relation to the distribution of the Peuhl population group, is given in Table 2.

12. In general, the regional cattle population alternates seasonally between the delta and the surroundingdry grazing lands. The latter attract cattle during the rainy season, when pasture and surface water are abundant. The main zones of attraction are:

- in the northwest: the Sahel area (on either side of the border between Mali and Mauritania),Mema and Tilemsi;

- in the northeast: Karwasa, Gandamia, Drougama or Gourma, and the Seno-Mango area in Seno-Gondo; and

- in the south: Sanari and Bobori.

13. During the dry season, the cattle concentrateon the pasture land in the flooded delta, especially on the"bourgou'.As the water recedes and this area becomes progressivelyexposed between November and March, the cattle herds follow along the outer fringes to the downstream section of the delta, successivelyusing different terrain levels. Fresh pasture is grazed in this manner until April. From April until June, the herds are concentrated in the deepest "bourgouttieres" where Echinochloa stagnina is still abundant and where pools and other watering points are still numerous. With the arrival of the rains, the climate becomes humid and insects and parasites troublesome, the flood waters begin to rise, and the herds move off to drier grazing areas.

14. The bourgou attracts also herds from the 4th and 6th Regions. Al- together, 300,000 additional animals from outside the 5th Region use the Delta, generally arriving one or two months later than those from the Region itself.

15. Within this general framework, several pastoral systems have evolved. The most important are the systems used by the Peuhl. MianyPeuhl, who have been permanently settled in the Delta since the 19th Century, tend to stay in their villages and concentrate on rice cultivation,while a small number of specialized herdsmen take control of their herds. Under this bourgoukodji system, the herds are divided into three groups:

- Garti (bulls, steers, weaners, heifers and old cows), which range A far from the villages, starting in July, returning for a spell in October-November,and then moving once more to the bourgou area;

- Benti (the bulk of the milk cows and calves),which are kept close to the villages -- except when driven out by flood water (aroundAugust) or when grazing is lacking -- thereby providing the owners with milk for home-use or barter for six-eight months; ANNEX I Page 6

- Dounti (one or two milk cows), which are kept corralled under shade for milking purposes during the rainy season; these cows are usually earmarked for slaughter.

16. The bourgoukodjitradition is based on a pastoral code devised during the 19th Century by the Sovereign Peuhl Sheikou Ahmadou. The codi. provided for the organizationof herds on the move to and from the bourgcu into large conglomeratesof 10,000-20,000cattle, under the command of one leader. Although herds leave the delta in a rather dispersed pattern, they return along specific trails, following a schedule and precedence that has been estabLishedover the years. These trails are marked by stopping poin:s where the herds spend the night. The trails, stopping points, and pasture areas all have traditionalnames. The system is recognized by the Mali Administrationand each year there are "annual regional conferenceson the bourgouttieres"to determinemovement dates and to organize surveillance.

17. Unlike the settled Peuhl of the bourgou, the Peuhl of Seno-GondD and Gourma are seminomadic in the sense that most of the families tend the herds, at least during the dry season. Most of them follow the same rhyt'm of movement as described for the bourgoukodjiherds, but their descent to the bourgou is more protracted. Some, however, do not usually frequent thle bourgou at all. The Peuhl of Gondo, Diougani, Boni, Hombori, Mondoro -- totallingsome 18,000 Peuhl with about 30,000 head of cattle -- graze their herds in the Seno-Mangoduring the rainy season and spend the dry season around wells and villages to the north and south of the Seno-Mango.

18. With few exceptions,however, it can be concluded that the livestock industry of the 5th Region is intimately linked to and is dependent on thf! ecologicalbalance and the efficient utilization of the bourgou. This is unique among all livestock systems in the entire Sahel. It is also a cha:a::- teristic of the Region that most herdsmen are far removed from their homes;tad for most of the year. From this follows an underutilizationof the milk potential of the herds, and a psychologicalattitude which emphasizes the herds' social role and reserve capital resource.

The Livestock Service

19. Responsibilityfor all livestock services in the 5th Region rests with the Regional Livestock Service. In practice, however, only an animal health service is provided. Present staff includes three Veterinary Officers, one Livestock Officer, 16 Assistant Livestock Officers, 47 Animal Health Assistants and 30 Vaccinators. The headquartersis at Bandiagaraand, in all, there are 19 veterinary posts distributedbetween the eight Circles wthich comprise the Region. Most Circles have two to three posts though Douentza has five and Djenne and Tenenkou only one each. There are 68 vaccination yards (betweensix and thlirteenper Circle, except for Tenenkou which has four), and including dips or spray races. ANNEX 1 Page 7

20. Miuchof the attention of the Livestock Service is directed to controllingrinderpest, contagiousbovine pleuropneumonia(CBPP), blackleg and pasteurellosis,as is reflected in the annual vaccinationprogram:

1971 1972 1973 /1

Rinderpest 553,587 509,751 737,050

CBPP 156,650 130,586 121,770

Blackleg 66,818 66,008 65,450

Pasteurellosis 28,009 36,016 16,660

/1 Data for 1971/72 represent numbers of doses used but those for 1973 represent the doses distributed to the 5th Region by the Central Veterinary Laboratory at Bamako (which now has the capability to produce all the standard vaccines required in Mali).

Particular attention is being paid to rinderpest in order to maintain the effectivenessof the JP15 anti-rinderpestcampaign, which in Mali was financed by FED and USAID. However, even greater coverage is necessary if rinderpest is to be finally eliminated. The same applies to CBPP. There is also a need to increase control measures against tick-bornediseases and intestinal parasites; the latter are especially troublesomein the Delta.

21. Although shortages of staff and finance have substantiallyconstrained extension and range developmentactivities, a small staff is maintained in the Region by the Water and Forestry Service with responsibilitiestoward the control of fire and destructivetree-cutting and the planting of Acacia albida and other fodder trees. For the latter purpose, there is nominally one tree nursery per Circle, though these are mostly abandoned. The present regional establishmentconsists of only two officers (one Inspecteur and one Ingenieur) and 17 other staff.

DevelopmentOpportunities and Requirements

22. The Central Delta. Theoretically,the available grazing area -- about 1.5 million ha, of which about one third are high-grade bourgou pastures -- should be capable of supporting the total herd of 1.7 million Animal Units for a period of eight months each year (including the extra 300,000 "foreign" cattle). In practice, however, the carrying capacity of the land is reduced by the spread of rice cultivation,mainly shifting,wqhich eliminates some of the best grasses. In addition, the concentrationof cattle over the available area is far from even. The main overexploitedareas occur on the fringes of the delta, in the most populated regions, where the recent extension of rice cultivation is most marked. In the west, these include the Region of Toggue, ANNEX I Page 8 where the most herds arrive, and the Region of Diaka, through which the herds from the Tenenkou Region pass; and, in the east, the bourgou of Kounart, on either side of Mopti. The main underexploitedareas are those which are off the major movement axes. In their haste to reach the best bourgou, thl>herderl pass by many potentially useful areas, e.g., the plains between Kotia and the left bank of the Niger, the northwest corner of the flood plains of Ou-o N'dia. and Sebera, the center portion of the Bani and Niger.

23. In the lorngterm, the solution lies in more rational use of the 'bourgou." Inevitably,this will involve a stricter division between cultivated and grazing lands. There may also be opportunitiesfor the explc.i::ation of shallow groundwateron the edges of the delta, either for irrigated fodder or crop production. In the shorter term, however, pending a more elaborated plan, it would be useful to aim at amending present itinerariesand seasonal water supplies on the western and eastern approaches to the Delta. This would permit a better.distributionof herds as they move into the delta, and ier,able them to delay their return to the delta until there is sufficient grazing.

24. Any longer term developmentstrategy will need to give consideration to ways by which a greater proportion of the milk cows and young animals can be kept near the villages throughout the year. This will require a better protectionof animals against parasites and the provision of fodder adequate to meet animal needs through the year. At the same time, the delta can be envisaged as a finishing zone for feeder steers: e.g., using grazing coupled with the feeding of fodder crops and crop residues (rice bran and rice nmiddlings). The implementationof these last two developmentscould be of interest not:only to traditionalcattlemen but also to the rice farmers of the bourgou.

25. To the west and east of the delta, there are different problem~ requiring different strategies (Annex 4). In the Seno Mango, for exampli, the shortage of water causes fragmentationof the herds early in the dry season. Some herds spend the dry season near the villages of Gondo and loai, while those from Kirana leave the region and head for Bore. Others, fror: Douma or Okoyeri, hiave!begun to use the bourgou. The consequencesare a division of herds, breakup of families, overcrowdingof village wells, ard a growing attractionof the bourgou. In this situation, the establishmert of permanent watering points in the Seno Mango -- the existenceof adequa:e groundwatersupplies has already been proven -- would permit a semisedentary setup, at least for milk cows, which could provide a basis for a more stable and productive system. Mostly, however, the grazing areas away from the delta will need to be retained as wet season grazing areas, with emphasis on surface water development. ANNEX 1 Table 1

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

The 5th Region

Population Distribution

Geogranhic Number of Administrative Persons Subregion AdministrativeUnit Persons I/ Unit(km2) per km2

Living Delta Mopti ) (includingCity) ) 25,000 16.0 ) 400,000 Djenne ) Tenenkou )

Erg of Niafounke Niafounke 192,000 15,375 12.5

Bandiagara Plateau Bandiagara 143,000 7,250 19.7

Seno-Gondo- Bankass Mondoro Koro 271,000 34,249 7.9

Gourma Douentza 113=000 23,312 4.8

TOTAL 1,119,000 105,186 10.6

11 Estimated end of 1973.

June 26, 1974 ANNEX . Table 2

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

The 5th Region

Population and Cattle Distribution

Ratio Between Geographic Administrative Number of Number of % Cattle and Subregion Unit Cattle 1/ Personsl/ Peuhl Inhabitants

Living Delta Mopti 310,000 168,000 52 1.8 Djenne 79,000 101,000 26 C., Tenenkou 143,000 88,000 75 1.6

Erg of Niafounke Niafounke 450,000 183,000 64 2.4

Bandiagara Plateau Bandiagara 60,000 138,000 6 0.4

Seno-Gondo- Bankass 170,000 122,000 29 1,4 Mondoro Koro 185,000 156,000 15 1,1

Gourma Douentza 200,000 111,000 55 1,8

TOTAL 1,697,000 1,067,000 40 1.6

1/ 1972 estimates.

June 26, 1974 RALI LIVESTOCK PROJECT Summary Description of Development Areas ir the 5th Region (First Approximation)

No. Area Dencriptior Development Opportunities/Resuirenents

] Mopti-Sevare Vicinity of the regional capital; mostly in Development opportunities constrained by heavy pressure on land; strat- the inundated zone; high pop':lation pressure egg should be linked to the requirements of Mopti town (e.g. for milk)

2 Upper-M- I Del'a Main inunda-ed 0oT.e, important for both ri-e cultivation and dry-seasorn grazing ) Area critical to the livestock economy of the Region; requires detailed survey to differentiate future crop and grazing areas and to develop Lower Delta Partially inundated but including old dunelands ) strategy for maximizing forage potential

L West Delta Fringe Belt of populatior pressure bordering the delta; Little spare land, but requires investigation to determine opportunities largely cultivated for utilizing shallow groundwater for irrigation of crops and fodder

NW Border Belt of very arid courtry strategically situated Of possible potential for water and range development; to be evaluated between the Lower Delta and the 6th Region ,in relation to neighboring parts of the 6th Regju

6 Nema Wet season grazing area of low and unreliable Present land-use to be maintained; would benefit from new surface rainfall water supplies (following predevelopment survey)

7 Dioura Arid but partially settled area; also important Relatively overgrazed and with few apparent development opportunities; transition zone between wet and dry season grazing areas facilities for migratory herds need to be maintained

8 sWDioura Relatively underutilised area; arid ar.i partially un- Requires careful survey to differentiate opportunities for settlement der bush but possibly of some potential for agriculture and for holding cattle on migration to the delta

9 East Delta Fringe As 4, but also a migration route for cattle moving As 4 B and S to and from the delta

10 Bandiagara Plateau Sandstone plateau relatively densely settled by To be developed for the resident population; critical area agricultural- cultivators (also transit zone for delta-Gondo cattle) ly but not of high priority for livestock development

11 Gandamia Outlier of 10; of considerable scenic value Primarily for development for resident population (with some tourism)

12 Bore Main migration corridor for cattle W of the delta; To be kept open for migratory herds, with surface water development sut also, occasionally cultivated If feasible to hold cattle before entry to delta

13 Lake Korarou Area strategically situated between he delta and Requires survey to determine water and range potential before further Gourma stock routes and grazing areas action is decided; could have high development potential

14 Lake Niangay Very arid area, but closely associated with Lake As 5 (though relatively more inaccessible) lNiangay and Inundated grasslands

15 West Gourma Wet season grazIng area of low and unreliable rainfall; Present land-use to be maintained and developed by new surface water integral part of the Gourms of the 6th Region supplies (especially to hold cattle longer en route to the delta)

16 NE Border As 15 Of uncertain but presumed low potential; to be evaluated in relation to neighbcring parts of the 6th Region

17 Douentza-Bombori Complex area, partially settled, partially grazed and Requires survey and subdivision before development opportunities/ partially under bush; not greatly used by herds from delta requirements can be stated; an area of medium-low priority la Seno Mango Underutilized wet season grazing area on consolidated Good opportunities for controlled grazing and possibly settlement in dunes with knowr groundwater resources association with groundcvter development; requires detailed planning

19 East Seno Mango Natural extension of 18 but, of less certain ground For survey and possible development following development of 18 water potential and less easy to admirister

20 South Gondo Area of moderate rainfall mostly under cultiva'ion/ For integrated agricultural/livestock development: some herds from grazing: borders Upper Volta. this area are likely to be accommodated in the Seno Mango (18)

21 West Gordo Mostly consolidated sand-dunes, partially cultivated; Presumably agriculture will predominate, but survey and further is subject to population overflow from 10 subdivision is needed

22 Ray 'Higv rainfall" area of the Gondo (700 mostly (to),Primarily for agricultural development but perhaps with opportunities cultivated; borders Upper Volta (to be evaluiated) for ranching ANNEX 2 Page 1

M A L I

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Supply and Demand, Prices, and Taxation for Livestock and Meat

A. Supply and Demand

1. Supply. In 1970, total meat and offal production in Mali was estimated at 146,000 t, of which 84,000 t originated from cattle (635,000 head), 48,000 t from sheep and goats (3.5 million head), 3,000 t from camels, 1,000 t from pigs and 10,000 t from poultry. Exports, including transit cattle from Mauritania,have more than doubled since 1960 and reached about 220,000 cattle and 210,000 sheep and goats in 1972, equivalent to 43,700 tons of meat and offal, or about 30% of total production. Since 1972, however, the offtake for both domestic consumption and exports has declined steadily by 5-10% per Year, and the 1973/74 drought resulted in an even greater decline, the full extent of which is ncotyet known.

2. Cattle supply is being seriously affected by the drought. It iLS difficult to predict, however, how herders will cope with this situation mnd its effects during the next few years. On one hand, because of the great importance attached to cattle owning (para 2.24, main report), cattle ow.uers will rebuild their herds as quickly as possible, thus selling fewer cattle than previously,and even selling immature males to purchase females. Oii the other hand, due to significantlyincreased cost of grain for human c.)n- sumption, they may be obliged to sell more cattle than would be expected, given the reduced herclnumbers. The number of mature males reaching the market would thus be reduced during the next 5-10 years. However, as Ma:ii strives to develop its livestock industry and to increase grain producticn, 1985 domestic cattle supplies may have increasedby 10-20% over present rullbers provided new catastrophicdroughts do not occur.

3. Demand. 1970 estimates of meat and offal consumptionare shown in Table 1, this Annex. A total national per capita consumptionof 11 kg of beef and offal, and 21 kg of all forms of meat and offal, made Mali, after Niger with 23 kg, the second highest meat consumiingcountry in West Africa. In addition to this fairly high meat consumption,Malians ate some 11 kg of :'ish per capita, and thus the consumptionof animal protein in Mali was the hijhast in Africa.

4. Since 1970, however, this favorable situationhas changed, mainly due to the drought. It is feared that available animal protein per capita has declined by as much as one third. This decline is also due to a decreaEe in real incomes, particularlywithin the Governmentwork force, and to favorable export conditions for livestock as well. ANNEX2 Page 2

5. External factors strongly influence the livestockand meat situation in Mali. Increasingdemand during the past decade by West African importing countries,principally Ivory Coast and Ghana, has led to greatly increased exports of Malian cattle, thus reducing domestic meat supplies. In recent years, exports to Ghana have declined due to high import taxes and, more importantly, the exchange rate changes which worked against the Malian seller. However, Ghana wants to increase its cattle imports and, with a per capita beef consumption of less than 4 kg per year, remains a large potential market for Mali. The Ivory Coast, with no import tax on cattle and no exchange difficulties, remains the most important market for Malian livestock, and exports to this market are expected to continue to increase. Mali's estimated exports, and total imports by Ghana and the Ivory Coast, are shown in Table 2, this Annex.

B. Prices of Cattle and Meat

Live Cattle

6. Free market forces determine the price of cattle. Animals suitable for export - steers usually older than six to seven years, yielding 150-200 kg carcass meat, and preferred because of their better ability to withstand the long trek to consumer markets -- cost about 50% more per kilo than cull or lean cattle destined for local consumption. From 1970 to early 1974, export cattle prices in the Mopti Region increased from about MF 25,000 per head to about HF 40,000-45,000,an increase of about 70%. Prices of cull cows destined for local consumptiondecreased from M;F 15,000 in 1970 to a low of EHF 8,000 in May 1973 (because of increased stress sales due to the drought), then increased substantiallyover the next nine months to MF 25,000. In January 1974, livestockprices in the Mopti Region were as follows:

Category (kg/carcass) Purchase Price (1MF/kg)

Beef 90 165-180 130 220-260 170 240-280 190 260-300

Sheep 9 230-250 10 260-290 15 320-350

Goats 10 220-240 12 240-270 14 260-280 ANNEX 2 Page 3

Since 1970, prices for heifers and young breeding cows have more than doubled (from MF 10,000-12,000per head to about MF 25,000) due to the intense demand for breeding stock, reflecting the pastoralistseffort to build their drought reducedherds up as soon as possible.

7. Prices normally vary by as much as 30% over the year. This is; mainly due to changing supply conditions,but also to fluctuationsin demand reflectingevents such as Tabaski and Christmas and the sale of cash crops. Prices are lowest from October to March, due to poor condition of the cattle towards the end of the dry and the beginning of the rainy season; they peak in July/August due to the migration of herds away from the market at the beginning of the rainy season. Prices increase steadily from the Sahel toward the major consumption areas in the south of Western Africa.

Meat

8. In accord with its policy of favoring low wages and low food prices, the Governmenthas controlled retail prices since the mid-1960's. The Council of Ministers periodicallysets official levels for these prices in Bamako; these prices have been unchanged since early 1969, and were as follows in early 1974:

Price (MF/kg) Actual Type Category Official January 1974

Beef Special cut 400 750 Boneless 350 600 Meat with bones 275 400 Meat with bones and offal 275 300 Sheep/Goat Leg 400 560 Shoulder 350 450 Meat with bones and offal 300 350

Elsewhere, local administrativecommittees (Commissionsde cerele) deternine official prices; in Mopti, in early 1974, official prices were about 20% lower than in Bamako.

9. Given the increasingcosts of live cattle and operating expensis, retailerswould operate at a loss should they apply official retail priclts. Actual retail market prices, in Bamako and Mopti, range from 10% to 85% higher than official prices: 10% higher for meat with bones and offal ard 30% higher for meat with bones, the most widely consumed carcass parts, ,'0% higher for boneless, and 85% higher for special cuts. Official prices ate easy to circumventsince retail butchers have control over cutting standZirds, and for instance increase the proportion of bones and/or offal in consumer purchases of mixed heaps.

10. Government policy is intended to deflate food price in urban arezs, and in essence it is based on the premise that the producer should subsidl2e ANNEX 2 Page 4

the urban consumer. In addition, controls can hinder the flow of good quality animals to local markets, specially during periods of limited supply, because retailers may hold back on purchases due to doubts concerningtheir ability to operate at reasonableprofit margins.

11e However, the disincentivesto livestock producers stemming from meat price controls are relatively low, since there are no export quotas for live Cattle. Therefore, Government controls result in indirectly encouraging exports, as opposed to sales for domestic consumption. Government's restraint in enforcing the official retail prices also reduces the negative impact of its pricing policies on livestock production.

12. The Government is aware that present price controls are not satisfactory. An FAO/ULNDPproject (Mali 523) is presently assessing livestock and meat marketing. 0MBEVI is expected soon to submit recommendations to Government for changing the meat price controls. OMBEVIis expected to recommend that official retail prices be increased to profitable levels.

13. Although livestock prices are not the most important incentive for Malian producers (Annex 1), project implementationwould be facilitatedby Government continuing its free export policy and easing, possibly removing, its retail price controls in favor of free market prices.

Economic Price for Beef

14. Lower quality live cattle, destined for domestic consumption, command only about two-thirds the price of higher quality export cattle. Since the project's aim is to improve the quality of cattle, irrespective of where final consumption takes place and since it seems certain that much of the project productionwould be exported, it is therefore appropriate to base the economic price of export quality cattle from the project on the border value for live cattle. Table 3, this Annex, shows that the value of an export quality beef animal (150 kg carcass-weight)is HF 338 per kg of carcass. To check w4hetherthis amount was consistentwith the price conditions of the regional market, a border economic value of MF 325 per kg, based on the December 1973 price for beef in Abidjan's African retail market for meat, was computed. An economic price rounded to MF 340 is therefore used in the economic analysis for export quality cattle. Domesticallyconsumed cattle are priced at MF 200 per kg of carcass, while feeder steers for fattening in Mali's higher rainfall areas are priced at MF 250 per kg.

C. Taxation

15. There are three major taxes on livestock: (a) head tax, which since 1970 has been MF 1,300 per horse, MF 400 per cattle, and MF 70 per sheep or goat; (b) duties and taxes on the export of live animals, MF 7,000 on horses since 1969, and MF 3,500 on cattle and MF 500 on sheep and goats since mid-1971; ANNEX 2 Page 5 and (c) slaughteringfees. These taxes contributedabout 6% of totajl ublic revenues in 1970-72 (Table 4). Together with other taxes and fees (butcher's and cattle dealer's licences, etc.), the livestock subsector, in a 'rio-mallf year, is probably contributing8 - 10% of total public revenues, which is about the same as the traditionalrural sector's contribution.

16. The major problems facing livestock taxation are: (a) the d:.fficulity of assessing exact numbers and ownership of herds; (b) the fact that taxes are too many and a,ccrueto different budgets (for example, the head tax forms the bulk of regional resources); (c) frequent and untimely changes in rates and the creation oE additional taxes (for example, export taxes were more than doubled in mid-1971, and a 2% ad valorem "Statisticaltax" on exports was created as of January 1972); (d) possible excessive taxation of exports of live cattle; and (e) the short and long term impact of drought, which forced Government to exempt livestock owners from per head taxes, the proceeds of which were replaced by FED grants in 1973 and 1974; frictions may very well arise once this tax is again levied.

17. The project will finance a detailed taxation study, thus helping the Government to strengthen its tax policy for the livestock subsector and overcome the problems mentioned above. ANNEX 2 Table 1

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Beef Supply and Demand

Annual Meatl/ and Fish Consump io2/

5th Region National Category Unit Urban3/ Rural Total Urba4- Rural Total Population % 8 92 100 10 90 100

Beef

Per Capita kg 9.1 13.5 13.2 20 9 11 Total '000 t 0.7 12.6 13.3 10 40 50

Sheep and Goats

Per Capita kg 8.0 7.5 7.6 7 11 10 Total '000 t n.a. n.a. 7.7 n.a. n.a. 45

Total Meat

Per Capita kg 17.1 21.0 20.8 27 20 21 Total '000 t n.a. n.a. 21.0 n.a. n.a. 95

Fish

Per Capita kg n.a. n.a. 30.0 n.a. n.a. 11 Total '000 t n.a. n.a. 30.2 n.a. n.a. 50

1/ Includes offal, but excludes poultry which accounts for 1-2 kg per capita per year. 2/ 1970 estimates. 3/ Towns and cities over 5,000 inhabitants.

Source: "Projet de D4veloppement de l'Elevage dans la Region de Mopti"; SEDES. - feasibility study, 1972.

June 26, 1974. ANNE'.X2 Table 2

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Beef Supply and Demand

A. Destination of,Exnorted Malian Cattle in 1970 (Head)

Country Numbers Transit Cattle Total from Mauritania

Ivory Coast 113,000 27,000 140,000

Ghana 31,000 - 31,OOC

Upper Volta 20,000 20,000

Niger 15,000 - 15,000

Liberia 8,000 1,000 9,000

Senegal 2,000 - 2,000

TOTAL 190,000 28,000 218,00)

B. Imports of Cattle from all Sources by Ghana and Ivory Coast (]lKed)

Year Ghana Ivory Coast

1966 61,000 101,000 1967 58,000 119,000 1968 47,000 164,000 1969 70,000 172,000 1970 61,000 198,000 1971 58,000 n.a. 1972 37,000 n.a.

Source: OMBEVI.

June 26, 1974. N A I 2

LTVBSTOCIPRWROCT

m S1PPIX ANDDEUMID

Econt6mic Value of Export Beef (MF per Kg carcass) A. Border Basis

Producer price of an export quality cattle in tbs 5th Region (150 kg carcass weight at 1Y 250/kg) 37.500 Yarketiug and transport costs to foptl-Sivare masket 2,000 lut.rsdiaries fees at Mopt±-Sivari market 200 DtieLs aud Expenses for expert: - Patent for ImportEpmort biness w - Export Permit 67 - Export Tax 3,500 - OMBEVITax 100 - Sanitary Tax 350 - Statistical Tax 800 - General Turnover Tax 800 6,017

Transport costs frm Mopti-Sivar* market to border including weight loss and foed &,ring transport -W°17 Total border value, liveeight

Border value per kg of carcass3L

B. Abidan Basis

Prioe of 150 kg/carcass beef, including fifth quarter, based on retail price of beef of African 90,000 markets in Abidjan, December 1973.

Less Retailersk margin (25 %) 23,000

Valse ex-slaughterhouse 67000 Less: - Slaughter and Market Fees 3,600 - Transport to Border 3,000 - fmprter's Margin (20%) 12N0O

Border Value, linmeight 48S,800

Border Value per k)g o carcass 325

Sept. 4, 1 97l ANNEX 2 Table 4

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Beef Supply and Demand

Major Taxes Paid by the Livestock Sector- (MF million)

1970 1971 1972 1973

Per Head Cattle Tax Projected 1,066 (312) 1,194 (312) 1,248 (339) 1,223 (340) Issued 1,192 (304) 1,171 (318) 1,213 (337) 1,275 (344) Recovered 1,063 (266) 1,097 (308) 1,147 (337) 7513/(n.a.)

Ex-port.Taxes and 4/ Duties 166 158 342 327--

Statistical Tax - - n.a. n.a.

Sanitary Export Tax 42 (18) 46 (17) 36 (17) n.a. (16) slaughter Tax 12 (2) 14 (4) 16 (4) n.a, (5)

TOTAL 1,283 1,315 1,541 n.a.

Total Public Revenue 21,559-/ 23,610-/ 24,5052/ 20,22 5/

Total Livestock Taxes as % of Public Revenues 5.9% 5.6% 6.3% n.a. l/ Figures for 5th Region in brackets. 2/ National and Regional Budgets; Development Taxes; Highway, Amortization aad Stabilization Funds; and Commons. Figures taken from Direction Generale lu Plan et de la Statistique, Rapport d'exe'cutiondu programme de redressemelat economigue et financier 1970-1973, Dec. 1973. 3/ Eleven months. 4/ Data on horses: 5 months only. 5/ National and Regional Budgets and 11 months only.

Source: Halian authorities.

June 26, 1974 MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

ODEM - Headquarters at Mopti-Sevare

Investment Costs (MF'OO)

Unit ------Project Year------Foreign Local Cost 1 2 Total Exchange Costs Taxes No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost 7/ % % Buildings and Construction Administrative Office /1 35,000 1 35,000 - - I 35,000 Staff House /2 16,000 1 16,000 - - 1 16,000 Staff House T3 14,000 7 98,000 - - 7 98,000 (40) 74,000 (45) 83,250 (15) 27,750 Staff House 7_ 7,000 2 14,000 - - 2 14,000 Staff House /5 1,000 10 10,000 - - 10 10,000 Workshop/Store /6 12,000 1 12,000 - - 1 12,000 Water and Electricity Supply /7 22,200 - - 22,200 (67) 14,874 (18) 3,996 (15) 3,330 Elaboration of Contracts & Supervision of Works /8 12,400 - - 12,400 (40) 4,960 (45) 5,580 (15) 1,860 Furniture for Offices & Houses /9 30,000 - - 30,000 (40) 12,000 (45) 13,500 (15) 4,500 External Fencing (km) 500 5 2,500 - - 2,500 (40) 1,000 (45) 1,125 (15) 375

Subtotal 252,100 - 252,100 106,834 107,451 37,815 Vehicles and Equipment Staff Car /10 2,800 1 2,800 - 1 2,800 (67) 1,876 (8) 224 (25) 700 Four Wheel Drive Vehicle /11 4,500 2 9,000 - - 2 9,000 Four Wheel Drive Vehicle /12 3,800 5 19,000 - - 5 19,0000 (56) 16,688 (8) 2,384 (36) 10,728 Van 1,800 1 1,800 - - 1 1,800 Lorry - 5 t 6,200 2 12,400 - - 2 12,400 Motobike 200 3 600 - - 3 600 Stereoscope 450 1 450 1 450 2 900 Cartographic Equipment 1,500 - 500 2,000 (67) 17,018 (8) 2,032 (25) 6,350 Calculators 100 5 500 5 500 10 1,000 Typewriters 100 5 500 5 500 10 1,000 Radiotelephone /13 - - - 7,500 7,500 Camping Equipment (set) 550 6 3,300 - - 6 3,300 (40) 1,320 (45) 1,485 (15) 495 Workshop Equipment 2,000 - 1,000 3,000 (67) 2,010 (8) 240 (25) 750 Miscellaneous Equipment 5,000 - 2,000 7.000 (50) 3.500 (35) 2.450 (15) 1,050

Subtotal 58,850 12,450 71,300 42,412 8,815 20,073

TOTAL INVESTMENT COSTS 310,950 12,450 323,400 149,246 116,266 57,888

2 /1 350 m at NF 100,000. T2 With four bedrooms. 7 With three bedrooms. 14 For senior staff without families. 5 For one accountant, two secretaries, four technical assistants, two cartographers, and one head-mechanic. 2 T7 200 m at NF 60,000. 77 12% of construction costs; includes construction of one 50 m deep borehole at NF 100,000 per m, acquisition of a waterpump with a capacity of 15 m3 per hour and a small water reservoir. /8 6% of construction costs including water and electricity supply. 77 Includes air-conditioners. /10 Peugeot 404 or equivalent. 711Estate - long wheel base. 12 Pick-up - long wheel base. 113 With five sets: one at Mopti, one at Bamako, two East and one Rest of the Delta.

April 26, 1974 ANNEX 3

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECI

ODEI - Headquarters at Mosi-Sevare

(MF' on0) Unit … … … ------… …t------Poj-ect Year_------_------__ Cost 1 2 C 5 6-2n No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost Cost Salaries and WaRes 1. Cirentor 2,500 1 2,500 1 2,500 1 2,500 1 2,500 1 2,500 1 2,5(1 Deputy Director 25,000 1 25,000 1 25,000 1 25,000 1 25,000 1 25,000 1 2,1100 Planning and Masagement Ugit - Range M.anagement Officer 20,000 1 20,000 20,000 l 20,000 1 20,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 - Water Development Officer 20,000 1 20,000 1 20,000 1 20,000 1 20,000 1 2,000 1 ,0 - Li.estock Econonist 2,000 1 2,000 : 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 ,,0CO - Cornonity Dovelopment Officer 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 2 000 1 2,000 1 2,000 - Hoad of Marketing Servi-c 2,000 1 2,000 : 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 Supporting Staff - Administrative Officer 2,000 1 2,000 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 _ Acco-ntant 1,500 1 1,500 : 1,500 1 1,500 1 1 500 1 1,500 1 1,500 - Technical Assistant 1.300 2 2,600 5,200 4 5,200 4 5,200 4 5,200 4 5,200 - Secretary 960 2 1,920 2 1,920 2 1,920 2 1,920 2 1,920 2 0,920 - ClerklStorekeeper 6100 2 l,200 ' 2,400 4 2,400 4 2,400 4 2,400 4 2,402 - Cartographers/Illustrators 600 1 600 1,200 2 1,200 2 1.200 2 1,200 2 1,200 - Head Mechanic 720 1 720 720 1 720 1 720 1 720 1 720 - Mechanic/Mason 610 2 1,220 2 1,220 2 1,220 2 1,220 2 1,220 1,220 - Driver-Mechanic 400 11 4,400 l: 4,400 11 4,400 11 4,400 11 4,400 !1 4,400 - Ltboree 's-ri 20 10t 2 ,600 10Il 10 2,600Z,660 10 2,600 10 2,600 N 2,60C - Eerdsmen-In.tructor 20 10 200 20 400 20 400 20 400 20, 400 70 400 - Speciali.' for 1-.nitorln- n .ro ect I 2.000 O 2.000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 2.000 1 2.N00

Subtotal 3,200 99,060 99,060 63,_60 40,560

Consultants Man Months /2 3,000 4 12,000 t 18,000 4 12,000 4 12,000 Maintenance Buildings & Constr-ctious 13 - 10,500 10,500 10,500 10,500 10,5CO

Kunning Cost of Vehicles Staff Car /4 1,500 1 1,500 1 l,500 1 1,500 1 1,500 1 1,500 1 l,50( Ps-r Whe-l Drive Vehicle /5 1,875 7 13,125 7 13,125 7 13,125 7 13,125 7 13,125 ' 13,125 Va- /6 1,000 1 1,000 1 1,000 1 1,000 1 1,000 1 1,000 I,02'I L-orr - i t /7 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 7,00S Motrhike /3 100 3 300 3 300 3 300 3 300 3 300 3 31,0

Subtotal 17,925 17,925 17,925 17,925 17,925 17,9:!5

R.eplacenent Vehicle- and Eqsipment /9 7,060 8,560 6,560 8,560 8,540 8,5t Other Expess-s OffiMc Expenses 2,000 0,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,003 lnternal Flights /lO 40 30 1,200 30 1,200 30 1,200 30 1,200 30 1,200 30 1,207 lire of Helicopter or Smnal Airplane (hour) 50 20 1,000 20 1,000 20 1,000 20 1,000 Daily Allowances for Bamako (11 6 150 900 150 900 150 900 150 900 150 900 150 900 Po-er and Water 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,001) Anditing 500 500 500 500 500 501 Miscelaneoss /3 12,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,00( Sebcotal 20,600 11,600 11,600 11,600 10,600 10,600 Funds for Livestock Credit Trials /12 30 - - Of 3.000 10 3,0O0 10 3X000 10 3,900 - - TOTALOPERATING COSTS 152.045 1684,65 162.645 162,645 113,64, o7,64:

/1 Includes field allowances and provision for medical, leave and other allowances. /2 IOcludes international and internal air travel, field allowances and in-urances forta Geophysicist ( two months), a Water Catchsent Design Engineer (two months), a Sociologist (two months) a Demographer (one =onth); an Agrostologist (one =ssnth),, an Aerial Censuer (sne month) and other specialists (nine meoths). /3 5% of construction costs beginniog with year following constructionl eml1des elaboration of contracts, supervision of works and purchase of furniture. /4 25,000 kn/year at MF' 60 per km for fuel, oil, greens., spare parts, repairs and insurance. /5 25,000 ks/ye-r at MF 75 per kn for lust, oil, grease, spare parts, repairs and insurance. /6 20,000 kI/year at MF 50 per kt for fuel, oil, grease, spare parts, repairs and insurance. /7 20,000 km/year at MI 100 per ks for fuel, oil, greas.e, spare parts, repairs and insurance. /8 10,000 kI/year at MF 10 pee km for fuel, oil, grease, spare parts, repairs and insurance. /9 200 of original cost beginning with year of acquisition. /10 Mopti-Bamako-Mopti. /11 For senior staff. /12 Would be at the disposal of the Mopti Trial Station; based on lF 300,0O0 per farmer for up to 6 feeder steers, covered cattle yard, small equip,nent and tools, fencing, pasture improvement, insecticides, drugs and minerals. /13 Includes provision for renting staff dwellings in pY 1.

January 10, 1975 ANNEX 4 Page 1

M A L I

LIVESTOCK PROJECTS

Livestock Extension and Grazing Control

1. The traditionalrules which formerly governed cattle movements and the duration of the grazing in each zone of the 5th Region (Annex 1) have suffered in recent years due to increased population and livestock pressure, drought and decrease of traditionalauthority. Furthermore,past programs for improving livestock production in the 5th Region, consistingmainly of animal health services and additionalwatering facilities,have failed to provide any alternativemeans of grazing control. Yet a balance between livestock numbers and range resources is critical in achieving maximum production from any pastoral resource, especially in the Sahel where the inev- itable result of overgrazing is rapid range deteriorationand possible desert encroachment. While rehabilitationof degraded Sahelian pastures is possible through very costly measures such as soil and water conservationworks and tree planting, it is very costly and is no substitute for grazing control.

2. Grazing control is best effected through a combinationof regulation, education and incentive. Regulationwithout education and incentive inevitably means largely unproductiveconfrontation between pastoralistsand authorities; while education alone produces its results too slowly. Thus, it is an essential feature of this project that direct investmentsin water development and animal health services would be complementedby an investmentin ODEM, a strong coordinatingmechanism, with planning capability and an ex- ecutive function that includes an extension service, training and functional literacy programs for Peuhl pastoralists. Furthermore,the release of project funds for water developmentwould follow a carefully planned and balanced investment program, to guard against the possibility that new water supplies might accentuate overgrazing and range deterioration.

3. Over most of the northern, lower rainfall area (250-400 mm/year), emphasis would be on seasonal surface water supplies rather than permanent water. Since these supplies dry up during the course of each dry season, there is relatively little danger of overgrazing. Thus, up to 40 ponds would be constructedor rehabilatedin the wet-season grazing areas to the east and west of the Niger Delta. These are intended primarily to spread the grazing pressure and encourage herdsmen to delay their return to the dry- season grazing areas of the Delta. The latter strategy is necessary in order to reduce overcrowdingat the borders of the Delta and the conflict between farmers and herdsmen which arises when cattle return to the Delta before the rice harvest. The realizationof this strategy would prevent crop damage and enable farmers to harvest at full crop maturity. ANNEX 4 Page 2

4. The only permanentwater supplies recommended on or near the traditional cattle migration routes are about 5 wells on the Mema/Delta sto':kroute, to guaranteewater supplies when surface supplies are short, and a siml;.ar number of wells for a potential settlement area SE of Dioura. Precond-tions for their constructionare described in the main text (para 4.17).

5. The main area for well developmentwould be Seno Mango, an at:ea of nearly 500,000 ha with somewhat higher rainfall (averaging about 525=i/ year), and a good stand of annual grass on consolidatedsand, under a canopy of Combretum glutinosum and associatedspecies. At present the area is only very lightly grazed, due to lack of water, and the Governmentwishes to open it up as a controlledgrazing area. The project would provide for the installationof up to 60 wells, at an average depth of just under 60 m. It is not yet known exactly how many livestock are in the Seno Mango and in its neighborhood,nor has there been any dialogue between the Government and the people regarding forms of local participationand mechanics for grazing control. Thus, prior to disbursementfor well constructionseveral studies would have to be carried out (Annex 11, studies 1-3).

6. To avoid overgrazing,great importance would be laid on the introduction of forms of cooperativegroups which give defined and increasing responsibilitiesto the local people. A decision must await the outcome of the proposed socio-economicsurveys and discussionwith the people, but the aim, at least, should be to establish local organizationswith as much status and authority as is commensuratewith the local situation. One possibility, as an immediate or medium-term objective,would be the establishmentof cooperatives.

7. The main purpose in seeking to organize the people into legall' constitutedcooperative bodies, each with defined user rights for a spec:ifted unit of land, is to generate community responsibilityfor the management oE the land and its resources. Whatever other provisions are incorporated (Governmentcontrols, extension services, etc.), there is no assurance of permanent control unless this internal responsibility is secured. Moreovel, until the communities concernedhave clearly defined user rights, there i3 no incentive for them to invest time and their own financial resources in development;and until they are able to invest in the land, there is no g-eat likelihood that substantiallyincreased numbers of livestockwill be forthi- coming for sale. CattlLevalues are such that the sale of 1-2 animals per year usually meets all the everyday cash requirementsfor a family, so th:Lt, unless there is an outlet for investment in the land (for water supplies, fencing, etc.) the only way of ensuring additionalsales is by the levy o: taxes, which are unpleasant to pay and often difficult to collect.

8. Although it remains uncertain how exactly the Seno Mango will be organized, there is no reason to suppose that a satisfactorydecision will not be reached. Provision for the required predevelopmentstudies is in- corporatedin the project, alongside funds for the establishmentof an extension service in the form of the Pastoral Service. The latter would be representedby 4 outposts in the Seno Mango, under the control of a distrii:t ANNEX 4 Page 3

headquartersat Douentza or Boni. It is further proposed that the stocking rate should be restrictedto one animal unit per 10 hectares, compared with the 2.8 hectares suggested as feasible for the Seno Mango by IEMVT.

9. Ten wells would be constructedwest of the Delta (Map) to ensure a line of guaranteedwater supply along the cattle migration routes between Mema and the Delta and between the Sahel and the Delta. No permanentsettle- ment would be allowed in the vicinity of these wells with the exception of the three wells between Dioura and Kerke. Their constructionwould be preceded by a detailed assessmentof land capabilityfor settlement and their use would be supervisedby the Pastoral Service applying the same strategies as in the Seno Mango.

10. Areas where seasonal and permanentwatering facilitieswould be developed cover, however, only about 20% of the 5th Region; the remaining 80% is too little known to allow grazing control measures and investments to be specified at this stage. One of the main tasks of ODEM would be to elaborate such measures for the whole of the 5th Region. For this purpose, the first step would be to subdivide the Region into distinct "DevelopmentAreas," based on a study of ecological and socioeconomicdevelopment opportunities and requirements(Annex 11, Study 13). A tentative list of such areas is given in Annex 1, Chart 1. Most could be developed like the Seno Mango area, since they have reliable dry-seasongrazing; in other cases the herd would need to obtain assured access to a well determined dry-seasongrazing area in the Delta. All "DevelopmentAreas," however, would have in common that they were intertriballyacceptable; fitted into the present land use pattern; and contain sufficientwatering points.

11. The introductionof efficient grazing control on a large scale will be difficult,due to the harsh environment,remoteness and poor infrastructure of the 5th Region. In addition, the pastoralistswill be suspiciousof Govern- ment interferenceand skeptical of the benefits to them. On the other hand, they have been seriously afflicted by the recent droughts and should now be more receptive than ever to innovations.

1/ Boudet, G. (1972) Project de Developpementde l'Elevage dans la Region de Mopti (Republiquedu Mali). Etude agrostologique. Institut d'Elevage et de Medicine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux. Maisons Alfort, France. MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

ODEM - Pastor-l Servfre

Ineesttent and OperatiLt Costs (HP I 001)

----- , ______-___-______------_____Project Ysar.------Unit 1 2 3 4 5-20 Total Foreign Local Cost No. Cost No. Coet No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost E5-hanh- Costs Tsxes

A. Isvest-net Costs BuildinRs nsdCosctr-"too's (15) 4,800 Extension Posts /1 8,000 2 16,000 - _ 2 16,000 - - - 4 32,000 (40) 12,800 (45) 14,400 Outputs /2 6,410 3 19,200 3 19,200 2 12,800 - - 8 51,200 (40) 20,480 (45) 23,040 (14) 7,680 Extension 9,252 Wells 13 20.560 _ - 3 61,680 - - 61,680 (70) 43,176 (15) 9,252 (15)

Subtotal 35,200 80,880 28,800 144,880 76,456 46,692 21,732

Vehsicles. Horses snd Equiprsent Poor Wheel Orive Vehicle L4 3,800 3 11,400 - - 2 7,600 - _ _ - 5 19,000 (56) 10,640 (8) 1,520 (36) 6,840 (25) 3.525 Lorry - 3t 4,700 3 14,100 -_ _ _ _ 3 14,100 (67) 9,447 (a) 1,128 4,000 Fire Control U-it L5 8,000 - - - - 2 16,000 - - - - 2 16,000 (67) 10,720 (8) 1,280 (25) (8) 750 Mlotobike 200 C 1,200 3 600 6 1,200 - - - - 1 3.000 (67) 2.010 240 (25) 495 C;s-piog lqoSpoert (Sets) 550 3 1,650 - - 3 1,650 - _ - 6 3,300 (40) 1,320 (45) 1,485 (15) llor-es snd Ta-k 50 i0 500 6 300 4 200 - - - - 20 1,000 - (100) 1,000 6, 13 Sob tot'l, ___000 9-_____ 2~6_650 .,4- 36 Total Io-vest._Ot Cos F _565450 - 81.80 so 110_59 _ 5 53 4

Herd of Serv-ic L7 2,00 1 2,000 2,000 1 2,000 2,000 Extension Gffirer /7 1S00 2 3,000 2 3,000 4 6,00G 4 6,000 4 ;.Q7 Ar-sior.t rotesuion Officer 78 1 ,30v 6 7,800 9 11,700. 11 14S3Od 11 14,300 11 - _ * ' Extension Asslstant L9 720 6 4,320 12 8,640 20 14,400 24 17,280 24 .i1 Cle,k/Storslcpere 600 3 1,900 3 1.800 3 1,901. 3 1,800 3 jf)$n Driver - Mechsnic 400 6 2,40(0 6 2,400 10 4,000 10 4,000 10 4,000 l.aborer /Guard 260 5 1,300 8 2,080 12 3,120 12 3,120 12 3,120

Subtotal 22,620 31,620 45,620 48,500 48,500

Maintenanre Buildin5e /0 _ 1 760 72 __ 4,160 4.160

RssoossL C V i nd Horaee Foor Wh.eel DrCe Vobijl/ Ei 1,875 3 5,625 3 5,625 5 9,375 5 9,375 5 9,375 Lorry /12 1,800 3 5,400 3 5,400 5 9,000 5 9,000 5 9,000 Fire Control unit /13 1,600 - 2 3,200 2 3,200 2 3,200 Motobike /14 100 6 600 9 900 15 1,500 15 1,500 15 1,500 Horses 20 10 200 16 320 20 400 20 400 20 400

ISolLotAl l 711,5 12.245 23,475 23,47 23,475

Vehiclet, U---or- rd Fquopr-oet /15 __ _.770 ______,,511n280 1280 '1.20

,enerol ad,stsat,soro ______1.0 __ 1_500 2,50 _ 2.500 _ _ 500

Total Op,rotiog Coors ___ 4T.7.5 _. _____5 5_, _ 89,913

TOIAI. lNVESl'1101T ANT OPEiATINC COSTS _ _ 105,765 134,855 1_41,045 89,915

2 .od either 1 Assit.ant Extenelou Offirer Coosists of a steple 100 m buildlng t MPP80,000 per m2; 2 pots at Di--o- ad Do.est.a in PYI and 2 poets at Dje-oe sod possibly Mondoru in PY3. Each post is staffed by 1 Natetnion Officrt end one Cler1Storekreper (Dioura and D...stos) or 2 Osteooior Aseistants (Dienne sod Mondoro)., Eeh post has one four wheel drive vehicle, 1 3t-lorry (eoept Doenoe) and one motobile. 2 is each is staffed by I Asst-soot fotoniron /2 Coiu sto of a arple 80 m bhilding er MF 00,000 per m2; 3 port in Sen0 Mango in PYI; I pot in Seno Mpno, 1 at Kone snd I West of the DNits in PY2; cnd 2 West ef the Dalts PY3; - -tposl Offi0er and 2 Exteosion A-sistanti, with motobikes/hortes as npproprioto. t3 Wells for remote outposts (sboot 20 w deep). 4 Long Wheel Base - Pich-up. 5 Consists of a 2 t four wheel driven track w th a mounted 2000 I water tLok and a sprayer; would also soroe for dliitribtion of Acatia Albida saplings. 76 Includes field allowances cod pre-iaion for medical, lcae and other lowoces..rl tM Scienres Appliq-es at ODtl HQ'.s bOth 1 Asssit-st Extension Officer, I Clerk/Storekeeper, I four wheol drive vehitle, I lorry and I motobike ). 7 Would be sn Ingenieur des t /8 World bh Liv-stotk Assistats. 79 Wo-ld bh Infirmier Veterinaire. 10 57.of construction costs of extension posts snd exteosion outposts beginning with year following coostrartion; 2.5% of .o.struction .oass of wells beginning with ye-r 10 folloing .o.struction,

/02 20000 kb/-ear t 00 kmh for foel, oil. aroase. spare sorts. reo cod inaurance. 713 20,000 ksa/year at MF 80 per kh for foal, oil, grease, spare parts, repsirs ond Cnsuranre. /14 10,000 km/year at MF 10 per kh for fuel, oil, grease, spore ports, ropairs snd issurasce. /I5 20°. of original root beginning with your of acq.iSitios,

J--osry 10, 1975 MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Rehabilitationand Establishmentof 10 Tree-Nurseries1/

Investmentand Operating Costs (MF' 000)

---- Project Year------Unit 1 2 3-20 Total Cost No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost A. InvestmentCosts Small Store 1,000 8 8,000 2 2,000 - - 10 10,000 Fencing 200 8 1,600 2 400 - - 10 2,000 Water Handpump 50 8 400 2 100 - - 10 500 MiscellaneousEquipment and Tools 150 8 1,200 2 300 - - 10 1,500 Seed and Fertilizer 100 8 800 2 200 - - 10 _ 1,000 Total Investment Costs 12,000 3,000 - 15,000 B. OperatingCosts Laborer 260 24 6,240 30 7,800 30 7,800 Laborer (seasonal) /2 70 - - 24 1,680 30 2,100 Guard 260 8 2,080 10 2,600 10 2,600 Miscellaneous/3 1,210 1.250

Total Operating Costs 9 150 13,290 13,750 TOTAL INVESTMENT AND OPERATING COSTS 2L150 16 290 134750

/1 1 ha per tree-nursery,with a productioncapacity of 10,000-15,000saplings per year. One would be established XD at each of the 8 district cities in PY 1 and two in the Seno Mango in PY 2. /2 During July, August and September, the time of transplantingsaplings. /3 10% of operatingcosts.

January 10, 1975 MALT

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

ODEM - Animal Health Services

Invgstment Costs (MF'000O

Project Year ------Foreigi Local Taxes Unit Assets 1 2 Total Exchange Costs % % Investment Costs Cost Taken Over No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost % Buildings and Construction 9,600 (45) 10,800 (15) 3,600 Veterinary Post /1 8,000 100,000 - - 3 24,000 3 24,000 (40) (55) 6,600 (25) 3,000 (20) 2,400 Vaccination Yard 72 1,200 40,000 10 12,000 - - 10 12,000 (40) 15,000 (15) 5,625 Cattle Dip /3 7.500 - 5 37,500 5 37,500 (45) 16,875 28,800 11,625 Subtotal 140,000 12,000 61,500 73,500 33,075

Vehicles and Equipment (8) 2,432 (36) 10,944 Four Wheel Drive Vehicle /4 3,800 8 30,400 - - 8 30,400 (56) 17,024 (67) 25,192 (8) 3,008 (25) 9,400 Lorry - 3 t 4,700 8 37,600 - - 8 37,600 4,020 (8) 480 (25) 1,500 Motobike 200 30 6,000 - - 30 6,000 (67) 4,480 (19) 1,520 (25) 2,000 Motor Boat /5 2,000 4 8,000 - - 4 8,000 (56) 3,698 (8) 442 (25) 1,380 Freezer (Kerosine) 230 24 5,520 - - 24 5,520 (67) 96 (75) 720 (15) 144 Ice Box 20 48 960 - - 48 960 (10) Veterinary and Laboratory 1,340 (8) 160 (25) 500 Equipment - 1,000 - 1,000 2,000 (67) (40) 800 (50) 1,000 (10) 200 Miscellaneous 1,000 _ 1,000 2,000 9,762 26,068 Subtotal 90.480 2,000 92,480 56,650 89,725 38,562 37,693 TOTAL INVESTMENT COSTS 102,480 63,500 165,980

2 /1 Consist of a simple 100 m building; one at Baye, one at Konio and one at Toguere. Kouli and Tamara. T2 West of the Delta at Doungoura, Gueledie, Dondawel, Gniminiama, Tiekoye, Tohi, Kassa, Diakouri, 71 Three in Seno Mango and two South of Dioura. /4 Long Wheel Base - Pick up. 71 Metal Boat with a 25 HP outboard engine for Niafounke, Tenenkou, Mopti and Djenne.

April 30, 1974 ANS'dE 5 Table 2 MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

OD0- Anima.l Reslth 3e.vices

Operating Costs (9W '400)

------Yar_ rrtjeet Unit 1 2 3 4 5-20 Operatinl,g Coats Cast No. Cast No. Cost No. Coat No. Cost No. Coot Salaries and Wages 11 Head of Service 2,000 1 Z,000 I 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 Veterinary Officer 1,940 2 3,880 2 3.880 2 3,880 2 3,880 2 3,880 Liv-stoak Offi- /2 1,500 1 1,500 1 1,50o 1 1,500 1 1,500 1 1,500 Aasistant Liveatock Offioer /3 1,300 19 24,700 19 24,700 22 28,600 22 28,600 22 28,600 Animal Health A-sistant /4 720 47 33,840 47 33,840 53 38,160 53 38,160 53 38,160 Vaccinator 380 30 11,400 30 11,400 30 11,400 30 11.400 30 00,400 V oaciator (eseasonl) /5 220 30 6,600 30 6,600 30 6,600 30 6,600 30 6,600 Clerk/Stor-keeper 600 3 1,800 3 1,8O0 3 1,800 3 1,800 3 1,800 Oriver-MochAooo 400 16 6,400 16 6,400 16 6,400 16 6,400 16 6,400 Boat=an 400 4 1,600 4 1,600 4 1,600 4 1,600 4 1,600 Laohrer 260 30 7.800 30 7,S00 36 9,360 36 9J360 36 9.360

SOvbtotol 101,520 101,520 111.300 111,300 111,300 Maintenaonc Biildiigo oad Co-struction /6 6,000 6.300 8,440 8.440 8.440

Running Costs of VeAicles And Equ ipment Foar WhAel Drive eAhiole /7 1,875 8 15,000 8 15,000 8 15,000 a 15,000 8 15,000 Lorry - 5 t /8 1,800 8 14,400 8 14,400 8 14,400 8 14,400 8 14,400 Motobike /9 100 30 3,000 30 3,000 30 3,000 30 3,000 30 3,000 Motor Boat /10 900 4 3,600 4 3,600 4 3,600 4 3,600 4 3,600 Freerer /11 80 24 1,920 24 1,920 24 1,920 24 1,920 24 1,920 Niscellanepus 2.000 2.000 2,000 2.000 2,000

Subtotal 39,920 39,920 39,920 39,920 39,920

Repl-a-emt VAhicles oad Equipment /12 18,100 18,500 18,500 18.500 18.500

Vcacines /13 Rioderpest MF 12/dose 1,400,000 16,800 1,500,000 18,000 1,600,000 19,200 800,000 9,600 6800,0000 0 0 0 0 9,600 CRPP /14 20/ 1,400,000 28,000 1,500,000 30,000 1,600,000 32 000 Z,600,000 32_000 _ : 32,000 Aothrax/Blaokleg " 2/ 200,000 2,400 200,000 2,400 !zo,oO ~ 8 6 ,0,0 7T0 80,000 9607/15 B-vine Haemorrhagic 8eptioaemia " 12/ " 200,000 2,400 200,000 2,400 140,000 480 60,000 720 80,000 9601 Ovi-e H-emorrAhgic Septioaenia 12/ 250,000 3.000 250.000 3.000 !50o000 600 75.000 900 100,000 1,2001

Subtortl 52,600 55,800 52,760 43,940 44,7201

Drugs and Medicanents Foe Helminths MY 60/dana 100,000 6,000 135,000 8,100 127,000 1,620 40,500 2,430 54,000 3,2401 Fta Liverfluke 95/ 30,000 2,850 50,000 4,750 110,000 950 15,000 1,430 20,000 1,900t Foe Tryposomasis" 70/ " 30,000 2,100 50,000 3,500 10,000 700 15,000 1,050 20,000 1,400! Insecticides 1,200/L 4,000 4,800 7,000 8,400 i 3,000 3,600 3,500 4,200 4,000 4,000 Hisoaolaneoao Drug00000 and Medicaments 1,550 2, 000 2.000 2.000 2.

Sbhtotal 17,250 26,750 t8,70 11,110 13,340!

Minoral Olacks /16 MF 100/black 100,000 10.000 150,000 15,000 60.000 6,000 75.000 7.500 90.000 9,000

General Afdinistration 3,000 50000 ,000 5,000

TOTAL OPERATING COSTS 248 390 268.790 250.790 245,710 240,220

XI 7ncludes field ollaoances and provisioos fot m-dical, leave and 0ther allowances. /2 Wooul Ae an 7ngeoori- des SBiesces Appliqaees. /3 Would b4 Aasistaet- d'Elea-ge. 14 Would be Infir-i-rs Veterinaires. /5 S-ven months per yeae. /6 5% at costs-onstruction of Veterina-y Poats and of buildingt take- over (estimatnd at MF 100 million) and 2.5% of co.straction costs of Vaccnation Yards a-d Cattle Dip. afd of constraction toke- 0000 (e-timated at MF 40 million) Aeginning 0ith year f1o1oui.g construction. /7 25,000 ho Her y-ar at MY 75 pee kA for foal, oil, grease, spore parta, repairo a-d i.s.r.an. t8 20,000 kA poe yaea at MF 90 per kr fo- fneS, oil, grease, apare p-rto, repair- ond insuraece. /9 10,000 km per year at MF 10 pee ke foe foal, oil, gr--se, spaee ports, r-pairs and insaranoe. /10 500 haors per year at MY 2,B00 pee hoar for fuel-oil (Lxtuitr 3:1), grease, spare parts and epaits. /11 For ketosi-e and repairs. /12 20% of original casts beginning with year of acqaision. /13 Based on prie- of Dakoe-prod-aod vcaci-es. /04 Caotagious Bo-ine Pleuo-pn-onto. /15 Costs enterefd i this re-taogle are assumed to be ohorged to the Lisi-took oers. Tt6 Will be prod-ced in Mali.

January 10. 1975 MM,EX 6 Page 1

M A L I

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Constructionof Watering Facilities

A. Background

1. The 5th Region can be divided into six hydrologicalunits (Chart 1, this Annex). With the exception of the areas east of Seno Mango and south of Dioura, the hydrology of the Region is fairly well known. Data on surface hiydrology(run-off, flood volume, evaporation)is contained in the two ORSTOM 1/ reports on the "ExperimentalWatersheds of Tin Adjar (Gourma) and Koumaya (Mopti Region).` Krnowledgeof subsurfacewater varies: the Dioura region is coveredby the hydrologicalmap of Western Sudan by Roure (1957); the Bandiagara Plateau is partly covered.by Defossez's thesis (1962); the western Gourma region is covered by both Defossez and Reichelt (1971), though in-- sufficientfor carrying out catchmentworks without preliminary studies; the Gondo plain is again covered by Defossez's thesis and also by the reports of the Mali SubsurfaceWater Project (UNDP, 1971).

B. Constructionof Surface Watering Facilities

2. Many natural and man-made ponds are already in use in the gra:;ing areas and along transhumanceroutes of the 5th Region. They are used diiring the rainy season and at the beginning of the dry season until they dry Dp, generally in November-January. They are much appreciatedby the pastor.alists because they enable livestock to be watered without requiringmanpower for drawing water. Deepening natural ponds by 1 or 2 meters or building sm:..ll downstream dams is undertaken spontaneouslyby the local populations. Deep- ening of 16 natural ponds was also financed by FED west of the Niger de:tta. The constructionof dams, making possible the storage of more water for elual investmLent,is economicallymore attractive than the deepening of natural ponds, but in practice, the choice of techniqueto be adopted must be made in 1:enms of the conditions of each site. Thus, the constructionof surface watering facilities should be organized as follows:

(a) Selection of the site in the light of the needs for water and the future use of the pond.

(b) Determinationof the run-off and volume of water available for filling the pond, the volume of soil to be excavated, and

1/ ORSTOM: Office de la Recherche Scientifiqueet Technique d'Outre-Me,f ANNEX 6 Page 2

of the evaporation;choice of constructiontechnique (deepening and/or dam).

(c) Reconnaissanceborings (to an average depth of 5 m), including the examination and interpretationof the cores and permeability tests.

(d) Topographicsurvey and planning, followed by the measurement and staking out of the works to be carried out.

(e) For each new pond 5,000 m3 of earth would be moved on average, and deposited at least 150 m from the edge of the pond on the side facing the prevailingwinds (for an average pond of 1,500 m2 area, this volume correspondsto a depth of about 1.5 m at the center with a slope of 1/10). For each old pond about 2,500 m3 of earth would be moved. In some cases part of the excavated earth would be transporteddownstream for building a compacted earth dam.

3. Under the project up to 50 ponds would be rehabilitatedor constructed (Map):

East of the Delta

- West Gourma: up to 15 new ponds.

- Batouma - Bore: about 3 new ponds.

West of the Delta

- Along existing stock routes: rehabilitationof 10 ponds originally built with FED funds.

- Southeast Mema: up to 10 new ponds.

- West of Dioura: about 3 new ponds.

- Southwest of Dioura: up to 9 new ponds.

4. The preliminary constructionwork of the ponds would be done by:

- consultanthydrologist (3 months in the field and 2 months office work);

- complete topographicteam, with materials supplied by the Rural Engineering Department (3 months field);

- 1 team composed of a foreman and 4 workers equipped with manual soil augers and the material needed for digging wells 1.5 to 2 m deep, supplied by the Rural EngineeringDepartment (3 months field); and ANNEX 6 Page 3

1 draughtsmanresponsible for recording the topographicsunreys on a site plan (2 months office).

5. The release of project funds for pond constructionwould be carefully controlled in order to ensure maximum benefit and minimum danger of overgrazing. Thus, preconditionsfor their constructionwould be:

(a) The siting of new ponds would be preceded by an assessment by ODEM of grazing conditions,livestock numbers, livestock movement patterns and present water availability over the grazing areas concerned;

(b) New ponds would be built and old ones rehabilitatedonly where grazing is adequate for additional livestock;

(c) Each new or rehabilitatedpond would be designed individually in accordance with topography,soil, pasture, livestocknum1jers and season of use;

(d) Pond size, calculated on the basis of rainfall probability and catchment yield, would only allow permanent water during two years out of 10; and

(e) Each new pond site would complement existing water supplies in the same grazing area or on the same stock route.

6. The ponds would be constructedby the Rural EngineeringDepar!:ment, operatingwith the heavy equipment listed in Appendix 7 to be based first at Niono, later at Douentza. This equipment is being financed by the Africvan DevelopmentBank (ADB). Including transportation,construction with tli.s material would require an average of 10 days to construct one new pond. Constructionof the 32 ponds in the west of the Delta would therefore :ake 8 months; and construction of the 18 ponds in the east of the Delta wolild take 6 months. Supervision of the work would be done by the ODEMWatei- Development Officer with the possible assistanceof a consultanthydro;;eologisl:.

7. Although ponds are cheap in comparison with the construction cost of wells and bore-holes, they have high maintenance costs as about eve3y 5th year about 1,000 m3 earth must be excavated per pond. The Rural Engineering Department would be made responsible for maintaining the ponds.

C. Constructionof Wells

8. Up to sixty wells, 35-70 m deep, would be constructedin the ieno Mango, and up to ten wells, 25-65 m deep, would be constructedalong stock routes west of the Delta to provide permanentwater. As mechanicalpumping ANNEX 6 Pages 4 or water drawing by animals is too expensive and relatively complicated, manual water lifting would be used. This fixes the maximum depth to water at about 60 m, the limit for manual water lifting. The speed at which water can be lifted manually also provides insurance that would limit overgrazing, as this system allows watering of not more than about 1,000 animal units per day.

9. Data available on the west of the Delta and in the Seno Mango make it possible to constructwells in these localitieswithout additional large scale studies. However, preparatorywork would be required for the exact location of each well and the constructionprogram would be carried out in the following order:

(a) Selection of well sites from the point of view of sociological, pastoral, and management conditions;

(b) Inventoryof already existing wells around the site to be equipped;

(d) Supervisionof works during construction,including decision to stop constructionworks through carrying out radial or vertical borings and trial pumping.

10. The preliminarywork for constructionof the wells would be carried out by:

- 1 consultanthydrogeologist (2 months field); and

- 1 geophysical team composed of an engineer-geophysicist,an assistant geophysicist,a Malian assistant geophysicistand 10 laborers; the geophysicistteam would be required for 3 months and would be selected under internationalcompetitive bidding (terms of reference,Appendix 2). The geophysical studies would be carried out only to the extent that one or more of the 10 wells provided for the west of the Delta are found in one of the three zones of "dry overlap." The decision to undertake these studies would not be made by the ODEM Water Development Officer until the wells have been sited in coordinationwith the ODEM-Range Management Officer.

11. The constructionof the wells must be to very precise specifications. To that end the call for tender and the contracts would be prepared by ODEM's Water DevelopmentOfficer, assisted, if necessary, by a consultant. The following points would be included in the documents:

(a) Wells would be built of reinforced concrete with moulds of a diameter of 1.8 m. The concrete line would be anchored every ANNEX 6 Page 5

8-10 m, 0.30 m deep in the soil. In the aquifer the line Di, strainer-equipped pipes of a diameter of 1.4 m would be l10Nered by caisson to 4 to 7 m; it would be covered with a pipe of the same diameter by telescoping the casing.

(b) Filter gravel, calibrated to the granulometryof the soil traversed, would be put around the strainer-equipped pipes and would fill the bottom of the well for 0.50 m. Greatest atl:ention would be given to the catchment part of the well. In Cont:.nental Terminal (a relatively little permeable formation), an attvimpt would be made to catch the highest possible aquifer and to select a diameter of opening of the screens and the granulometry of the gravel so as to obtain flows of at least 6 m3 /hour. This yield of 6 m3 /hour would be the flow for acceptance of the works.

(c) In the Seno Mango, it would, most likely, not be necessary to strain the wells as the rocky substratum does not easily crumble. The decision to use the wells with or without anchoring pipes would be made by ODEM's Water Development Officer.

(d) In the Seno Mango, as some wells reach the rocky substratum, a decision would have to be made by ODEM's Water Development Officer whether or not to sink the wells deeper in order to reach possible waterbearing fissures. In some cases, well digging would be stopped and borings would continue several meters with the aid of pneumatic hammers. It would also be possible to continue the well by boring with a hammer-drill a quick and cheap technique. These methods would only be used in cases where the aquifer is confined,which will require a precise knowledge by the hydrogeologistof the depth of the water level. The cost of such additionalwork is included in the physical contingencies.

(e) A pumping test of six hours at the minimum acceptance yield of 6 m3/hour would be carried out. The pumping rotationsmust be compatiblewith the future well use. This test will ser"e for work acceptance.

(f) The surface installationswould include a 1 m high curbston.: of reinfcrced concrete surrounded by a reinforced concrete slab of 6 m in diameter to prevent mire and 4 basins of reinforced concrete with the internal dimensions of 0.40 x (1.60x 0.60 m, The basins would be connectedby stainless steel pipes of 2-1/2" diameter with 4 reinforced concrete troughs placed 5 m distant from the edge of the well and having internal dimensions of 4.50 x 0.80 x 0.30 m. The curbstone would make it possible to install 6 wooden forks bearing the pulleys used for lowering and raising "delous" (water sack) by manual or animal traction. ANNEX 6 Page 6

12. Constructionof the wells would be carried out by force account by the Hydraulical Department of the Ministry of Public Works (10 wells in the west of the Delta and 20 wells in Seno Mango) and by a contractor (40 wells in Seno Mango).

Well Constructionby Force Account

13. The project would finance the establishmentand operation for three years of 10 teams of OperationWells distributedas follows:

- 3 new teams at Koro, representinga "sector";

- 1 additionalteam at Bankass; and

- 3 additional teams at Niono and 3 at Douentza.

Details of the buildings, furniture, technical equipment, vehicles, consumable materials, personnel costs of these teams is given in Appendix 6.

14. The expected output per team is 80 m of well per year completely equipped in soft earth or 60 m in semihard earth or 40 m in hard earth. Be- yond 50 m depth the output diminishes by 25 percent. On this basis, 30 wells -- representing 1,520 m in the ContinentalTerminal and 130 m in the rocky substratum,of which 240 are beyond 50 m -- would be carried out by the 10 teams in 2-1/2 years. Taking contingenciesinto account, the project would therefore take 3 years.

Well Constructionby Contractor

15. It is expected that the constructionof the 40 wells -- representing 2,080 m in the ContinentalTerminal and 305 m in the substratum-- would be completed in two years. This would require five well constructionteams operating simultaneously.

16. The ODEM Water DevelopmentOfficer would supervise the construction of all 70 wells, assisted, if necessary, by a consultant hydrogeologist. Operation Wells would be made responsiblefor well maintenancework, starting in PY 10. ANNEX . Append:ix 1 Page 1

CONSTRUCTIONOF WATERING FACILITIES

PREPARATORYWORK FOR POND CONSTRUCTION

Terms of Reference

1. The areas to be developed with surface water would be selected by ODEM staff, but an expert consultant in surface water hydrology would be needed to draw plans for pond constructionin the light of local conditions, with particular reference to the surface topographyof watersheds and the nature of the alluvia of pond-bottoms. The expert should have at least 10 years' experience,not less than 5 of them in Africa.

Descriptionof the Work

2. The consultantwould be responsiblefor locating sites for pond development either by deepening or by damming natural ponds (the 2 techniques may be combined). For each pond site he would specify:

-, the volume of earth to be moved;

- the dimensions of the ditch to be dug (staked out on the land);

- the facilities to be provided for access to the pond;

- the nature, thickness and permeability of the clayey alluvia at the bottom of the pond;

- possibly the characteristicsof a downstream dam;

- the estimatedvolume of water in an average year, a dry yea: and a rainy year, with the probabilitiesof filling;

- the site for depositing excavatedmaterial; and

- the time required for the developmentwork.

The expert would be assisted by:

- a team of surveyors from the Rural EngineeringDepartment who will stake out the ponds;

- a team from The Rural Engineering Department for reconnaissalice boreholes which would carry out an average of 5 boreholes, 1.5 to 2 m deep, at the bottom of each pond; and

- the ODEM Water DevelopmentOfficer who would determine soil and geologic characteristicsof the alluvia.

3. Time Required: Three months. ANNEX 6 Appendix 2 Page 1

CONSTRUCTIONOF WATERING FACILITIES

PREPARATORYWORK FOR WELL CONSTRUCTIONWEST OF THE DELTA

Terms of Reference

1. The constructionof 10 wells west of the Niger Delta may make it necessary to specify: (a) the limits of 2 zones of "dry overlaps" of the ContinentalTertanal around the undergroundrelief of substrata north and south of Sioura, (b) the topographyof the pre-Cambriansubstratum under the C.T. around the village of Petal.

2. The assistanceis required of (a) a hydrogeologistwith about 10 years of experience,half of which would be in Africa, and (b) a geophysical team composed of an engineer geophysicistwith about 10 years of professional experience,partly in Africa, and an expatriateassistant geophysicist. The Mali Departmentof Hydraulics and Energy would make a Malian assistant geophysicist available to the team.

3. The geophysicalteam would be provided with the material necessary for carrying out electric prospectingby the Schlumbergermethod (electric soundings) and prospecting by seismic refraction (12-channelapparatus), inclusive of vehicles, radio apparatus and explosives. ODEM would obtain from the Government the authorizationsfor temporaryadmission of the material, for purchase and handling of explosivesand for using radio equipment.

4. Description of the Work

4.1 Hydrogeology: the followingwould be undertaken: inventory of wells, geologicalsections of wells, siting of geophysicalprofiles; interpretation of measurements in collaboration with the geophysicist.

4.2 Geophysics: (a) "Dry overlap' zones: execution of it profiles (each 8 km long and 1 km apart) by electric soundings in AB = 400 m &;ery km. Elec- tric soundingswith a smaller grid would be carried out in zones considered interestingor presenting particularproblems. After two of the electric sounding profiles, seismic refractionprofiles would be carried out. The calibrationwould be done by reference to wells in the area. Number of steps anticipated: 50 electric soundings in AB = 400 m on a 16 km seismic refraction profile. (b) Petal well: the requirementis 25 electric soundings in AB 200 to 300 m or a grid of 3 km x 3 km around the Petal well, plus 2 seismic refraction profiles following the electric sounding profiles, and calibration on the Petal well and surroundingwells. Number of steps anticipated: 25 electric soundings on AB = 200 to 300 m + 10 km of seismic refraction profile. ANNEX 6 Appendix 2 Page 2

5. Documents to be Furnished:

(a) Interpretationreport;

(b) Maps of the substratum topography (isobaths)and maps o;: thickness of the C.T. (isopacks);

(d) Seismic cross sections interpretedalong seismic profiles of the centers of irresistivity;and

(e) Isoresistivitymap.

6. Time Requi.red: Two months for hydrogeologist;and two months for geophysicalteam. ANNEX 6 Appendix 3

CONSTRUCTIONOF WATERING FACILITIES

TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE HYDROGEOLOGISTTO SUPERVISE THE WELL CONSTRUCTION

1. The constructionof wells would take a total of 3 dry seasons. Up to 15 teams would be working at the same time at sites far away from each other. Therefore, funds are included in this project to allow ODEM to draw, if necessary, for the services of consultanthydrogeologists of different levels for supervisingwell constructionworks. The consultant(s)would be engineers or technicianswith considerableprofessional experience in hydrogeology and well constructionin West Africa.

2. Descriptionof the Work. The tasks to be performedwould be defined for each consultantmission by the ODEM Water DevelopmentOfficer. They would consist of supervisingor assisting in geological and technical cross sections of the wells and in the control of current constructionworks at the hydrogeological and technical levels.

4. Time required: from one week to two months for each mission, as stipulated in each case by the ODEM Water DevelopmentOfficer. ANNEX 6 Appendix 4

CONSTRUCTIONOF WATERING FACILITIES

JOB DESCRIPTIONOF THE ODEM WATER DEVELOPMENTOFFICER

1. Brief terms of reference for ODEM's Water DevelopmentOfficer are given, along with other senior staff, in Annex 14. Specifically,he would be required for 3-4 years and would need to be completely mobile, with,radio communicationboth with Mopti and the worksites. He would in particular carry out the followingtasks:

- Select the pond sites (with the Range Management Officer) and establish them (with the consultant hydrologist,Appendix 1);

- control the pond constructionwork;

- establish the 70 wells as the work progresses (in collaboration with the Range Management Officer) including an inventory of the watering points and a study of hydrogeologicaland topographical conditions;

- conduct hydrogeological and technical control of the wells under construction(in liaison with the hydrogeologistand the well specialist from Operation Wells);

- interpret the geophysicalstudy of the Dioura region (in coll..bora- tion with the consultant hydrogeologist, Appendix 2);

- prepare international calls for tender and contracts for well construction; and

- prepare monthly and yearly progress reports containingthe technical details on the ponds, and the hydrogeologicaland the technical cross sections of the wells.

2. At the request of the hydrogeologistand with the agreement of the Project Director, consultants of varying level would be made available tu: ODEMto participate in the control of the works particularly while many worksites are in operation. ANNEX 6 Appendix 5

CONSTRUCTIONOF W4ATERINGFACILITIES

HYDROLOGICALSTUDIES EAST OF SENO MANGO

Terms of Reference

1. East of meridiarn1025', there are insufficientdata at present to propose surface or undergroundIlydraulic development, though the area is one of considerablepastoral potential. The project would, therefore, provide for a study of that region in order to specify possible developmentsthat a follow-upproject could finance. Studies to date indicate an eastern limit of the ContinentalTerminal between meridians 1°30' and 1020'; it would be useful to know precisely the topography of the pre-Cambriansubstratum and to seek possible extensions eastward of the undergroundstructures observed in the Gondo plain. It is considered that this work can be done by the same staff that would undertake the preparatorywork for well construction (Appendix2).

2. Descriptionof the Work

In the region east of meridian 1°25', bounded by the frontiers of the 5th Region, the studies to be carried out would include:

(a) a preliminaryphotogeologic study, to be undertaken by a consultant (one week);

(b) a visit by a consultant hydrogeologistto estimate the needs of water and the Dossibilitiesof developmentby deepening of ponds (note the existence of large ponds to the south and east of this region) or undergroundhydraulic works;

(c) geophysical prospecting on three 30-km profiles 15 km apart with electric sounding profiling every 1-3 km; in addition electric "profiling"at a constant depth would be carried out according to the perpendicularsto the presumed structures; a seismic profile following the electric sounding profiles would make reciprocal calibration of the measures possible; these would be calibrated on the existing wells. Number of steps anticipated would include: 30 electric soundings plus 5 km o' "orofiling" and 10 km of seismic refraction. Time needed: 4 weeks for a team composed of an expatriate geophysicist, an expatriate assistant geophysicist and a Malian assistant geophysicist;

(d) interpretationof the geophysicalmeasures and the drafting of a report (three weeks).

3. Documents to be Furnished

A hydrogeologicalreport with a map of watering points, a map of photogeologicalinterpretation, a map of the substratum topography, an estimate of the possibilitiesof hydraulic development,and a geophysicalreport with electric and seismic cross sections. ANNEX 6 Appendix I- Table 1

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

.Constructina of Watering Facilities

Investment Costs of Buildings for Well Construction by Force Accot.nt

Total Cost With 15% Tax

1. Complete Sector With 3 Teams

Lodging of Sector Chief 6,900

Workshop, Storehouses, Office 1/ 11,590

Building for Storage of Explosives 2/ 740

Office and Dwelling Furniture 1,725

Total 20,955

Rounded to MF 21,000

2. Supplementary Building

Hangar for Vehicles 3/ 2,070

Rounded to MF 2_100

1/ 224 m2 at MF 45,000 per m 2. 2/ 16 m 2 at MB 40,000 per m 2 . 3/ 4Lom 2 at MF 45,000 per m

June 28, 1974. ANNEX6 Appendix 6 Table 2 MALI

LIVESTOCKPROJECT

Coi truction of Watering Facilities Cost of Equipment of a Typical Sector with 3 Teams

(MF '000)

Unit Cost Total Cost Total Cost Item Quantity Before Tax Before Tax After Tax (25%)

Four wheel drive vehicle 1 3,380 3,380 4,225 5 t truck 4x4 w/dumper & front winch 2 t 1 9,800 9,800 12,250 2 t truck 4x4 w/winch & reinforced chassis 2 6,900 13,800 17,250 Compressors4,000 1 - 7 kg/m2 3 4,900 19,600 24,500 Hammer drills 4 210 840 1,050 Pneumatic picks 4 92 368 460 Phase converterwith shell 4 25 100 125 Flexible coupling, compressed air 40 31 1,240 1,550 Monoblock drill borers 40 16 640 800 Needles for pneumatic pick 40 2.8 112 140 Narrow spades 40 11.5 460 575 Pneumatic winches and cables 3 805 2,415 3,020 Casing for lining rings 1.80 m 0 3 390 1,170 1,460 Casing for lining pipes 1.80 m 0 2 320 640 800 Molds for pipes 1.20 m 0 3 520 1,560 1,950 Cylinders 150 0 and 3 m long 2 400 800 1,000 Pipe guides 3 155 465 580 Telescopic derricks 3 600 1,800 2,250 Self-emptyingcauldrons 3 35 105 130 Tracted 2,000 1 cistern 1 1,100 1,100 1,275 3 ton hoist 4 45 180 225 Detonators 6 90 540 675 Ohm meters 2 52 104 130 Safety belts 15 21 315 395 Sisal rope 300 2.5 750 940 Pumps and hoses 4 650 2,600 3,250 Shop material 1 900 900 1,125 Four wheel drive vehicle parts 1 460 460 575 Truck parts 3 975 1,725 2,160 Miscellaneous 3,500 3,500 4,375

Total 71,469 89,340

Rounded to 89,500

June 28, 1974. ANNEIjX6 App nlix 6 Tabl e 3 MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Construction of Watering Facilities

Cost of Complementary Equipment of a 3-Team Sector

Unit Cost Total Cost Total Cost Item Quantity Before Tax Before Tax After Tax (25%)

2 t 4x4 trucks w/winch &: body reinforcement 1 6,900 6,900 8,625 4,000 1 compressor 7 kg/rm2 1 4,900 4,900 6,125 Drill hammer 1 210 210 265 Pneumatic pick 1 92 92 115 Phase shifter with shell. 1 25 25 30 Compressed air hoses 10 31 310 390 Monobloc drill borers 10 16 160 200 Needles for pneumatic picks 10 2.8 28 35 Narrow spades 10 11.5 115 145 Casing for lining rings 0 1.80 m 1 390 390 490 Mold for perforated pipes 0 1.20 m 1 520 520 650 Pipe guide 1 155 155 195 Telescopic derrick 1 600 600 750 Self-emptying cauldron 1 35 35 45 2,000 1 cistern 1 1,100 1,100 1,375 3-ton hoist 1 45 45 55 Detonators 2 90 180 225 Ohm meter 1 52 52 65 Safety belts 5 21 105 130 Sisal rope 100 2.5 250 315 Pump with hoses 1 650 650 815 Shop material 1 300 300 375 Truck material 1 575 575 720 Miscellaneous 1,000 1,000 ' 250

TOTAL 18,697 23,385 Rounded to 22,oo

June 28, 1974 ANNEX6 Appendi 6 Table 4 MALI

LIVESTOCKPROJECT

Constructionof Watering Facilities

Operating Cost per Year of a Typical Sector with 3 Teams

A. Salaries ana Wages

(MF '000)

Unit Cost No. Total

1. Sector with 3 Teams

Sector head 960 1 960 Bookkeeper, storehouseman 610 1 610 Masons-shaftsinkers 610 3 1,830 Assistant shaftsinkers 400 3 1,200 Drivers 400 1,600 Mechanic 610 1 610 Mechanids assistant )400 1 400 Permanent laborers 260 5 1,300 Guard 260 1 260 Seasonal laborers at MF 20,000/mo. for 10 mo. per year 200 15 3,000

Subtotal 11,760

Bonus for Output 400

Total 12,160

2. SupplementaryStaff

Mason-shaftsinker 610 1 610 Assistant shaftsinker 400 1 400 Driver 400 1 400 Permanent laborers 260 2 520 Seasonal laborers at MF 20,000/mo., 10 months a year 200 5 1,000

Subtotal 2,930

Bonus for Output 70

Total 3,000

TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES 152160 January 10, 1975 ANNEX 6 Appendi2 6 Table 5

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Constructionof Watering Facilities

Operating Cost per Year of a Typical Sector with 3 Teams

B. Vehicles and Equipment

(NF '000)

Before Taxes Taxes After Taxes

1. Vehicles

Four wheel drive vehicle 950 460 1,410 5 t truck 1,210 580 1.790 Two 2 t trucks 1,700 800 2,500 Compressorsand pumps 2,450 1,200 3,650 Cisterns 370 170 540

Subtotal 6,680 3,210 9,890

2. Materials

4 curbstones 1,150 200 1-,350 170 m in soft earth 440 110 550 35 m in rocky earth 280 70 350 Small materials (shovel, pick, borer) 680 170 850 Office operation 80 20 100 Miscellaneous 260 60 320

Subtotal 2,890 630 :,520

3. SupplementaryEquipment

Evaluated at 1/3 of the equipment

of a 3-team sector 3,190 1,280 L 1470

TOTAL 5,120 1i,880

Rounded to l2)00

June 28, 1974 ANNEX 6 Appendix 7

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Constructionof Watering Facilities

Constructionof Ponds

TyDical Equipment of a Rural EngineeringWork Brigade for Pond Construction

Ite Number

Bulldozer with ripper 130 HP 2 Motor scraper on tires 150 HP 2 Grader 120 HP 1 Loader on tires 1 Isocompactorroller I Dump truck 6 m3 2 10,000 l tank truck I Motor pump 1 Jeep 3 SurveyingMaterial 3 Concrete mixer 1 20-ton hydraulic jack 2 6-ton hydraulic jack 2 Mobile granulationstation 4 loads 1 Set of tools for mechanic, metric 1 Set of tools for mechanic, American 1 Set of hand tools for terracing 1 Tent for 4 persons 5

June 28, 1974 MAL.I

LiVESTOCKPROJECT

Co-truti-n of we-.iDa F-c111iis

VA,.sssiVs.utio sod :jtWt-o Costs .0 5 PoNds

3 Total fr.5. __ Cotogory 0Lth LInStCot I No. Rist.!nz LOStS Osoe- M. Cost No. Cos so, Cost No, Cost NO. Cost Coat

---- 4 06.000 52,60 5,7000 Hydrologist for Dsigo of Po-d. 1/ Na-/-~th 4,000 2 12.000 1 4,000- 400 -- 4 1.600 4o0 960 160 ToOotOphtO-l Wor-Y Moo/moth 400 3 1,200 1 00 la 00 1 40 3 1250 It0 prOP.rOti_ of PI... M.o/-soth 40 2 00 - -4 000 240 480 -Soil Sonolino at P-sd Sit.e.5/ Mts,s 200 5 600 1 200

18.520 13,900 4,720 250 S.bt.t.1 03.0 4,660

176.000 22.200 52,000 30 165,000 iN 50,00O -- 40 220,000 WooFoOt 0/ ~~~~~ ~~Pond5,000 22,000 2,750, 2,750 10,250 0 0.050 - -- I 27.500 Oooooolono foistng fods 6/ P05t 2,750 7 10 9 000 7.200 90090 totth~~~D-a 900 7 6.300 3 2.700 .- .-- 5,rt''1 'Thu. -256,500 205.200 25.650 25905-0 Wob.t.1i - 190,55 - 60.950 -

--- 00111cofCosrciOWorks ' ------50 5.000 5.000 44_000 5. 0050 ttsint--aooto Pond I/ Pond 0,000 ------5.900 - 31.15(, 24,920 3,115 i.55 P'.yltsIConttoooiorIO/ 10,0055 6,595

Ta00A. INVESTMENTAND MADSTONANCE -- 00.00 - 6.5170 287,*70 38,905 34,505 COSTSFORVOPONDS- 224,4AS -77,160 -

I/ 1-,0 lot- ...oti-ono o-d lot -rno- SIr r fi.ld all1o-ooc iod ...... os 2/OnploOaOo,lots topographi.s IOn0 6 oe ftgls.ia0 p.ott, lsLoi,o field alostoas t-aosf-r f-oflltia.. .Io,.n -d traeport f-silitls.. 2/000552 t.an of the &orel W2agCOa.ft1gflsPetM.st, eso oo.aOi.aig of . foro..t s.d 1.Ib.--.; 1-.d50. fiead of th5. am-. 4/ W-ill bo t...troot.d Wy th. ...lR Itistn SptonDp,". 1~ 0000.4t .01ththe yp. of sqolp".etd..o-lI,d in App*Milz I 5/0002o~ pOt fonPdan M? 1,100 Pat57 u pOt pond 01My 1,100 Por n.. 3 6/700 600 for, 7!O br -tInstrtod 0t 00 of thO -0 or --- otod po-d.; -locld.. cao nOt.-- -nd -owotitg of 1.900 .3 3y 0/ 411 it d0- by hydrog9~o0i1 ojtf ODEM. I/..tOp,o og t 00 0,000 0 -Hty 4 5 y...s Of 0, o7.frOttuttlo it o.d -soscots..

Jonoory 00, 1975 VNNEX6

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJEWI

Construction of Wttering Facilities

Construction and Maintenan.e Cost of 70 ells (YI' 000) toil 1 2 3 Total Foreign F 'to I Category tufit Cost Nc Cost No Cost N. * .c No Cost Exchange VŽ1 Tj.es -c_t ------Yeas------_ _-__ Prepocotory Works

HydroQeclegiut tI Mau/Month 4,000 - 8,000 - - - 2 8,000 6,400 .us)' I' Geophysical SOcocy /2 M-oth 9.2000 2 18,000 2 16,000 12,800 l'. l- Prcooa-tion of Bidding Dcon.eots L3 - -

Subtotal 26.0000 - 26,000 19,200 . .20' 1,600

4 A. W811 Construstiss by Ct-ractor ( 0 wells)

Prepacation of Eqoipment 175 - - 5 87i - - 5 875 660 a5 130 T-raspcrt of Equipmest /4 865 - - 5 4,325 5 4,325 10 8,650 6,490 860 1.100 Transport of Equip-nt /5 14 -, - 20 280 20 280 40 560 120 'S 85 AssemblingandDiusaseobling of Equipoent /6 460 - _ 20 9,200 20 9.200 40 18,400 13,600 1.841' 2.760? Earth-excavation with Pisk-cue /7 - - - 54,630 - *4.630 109,260 81,945 '.925 16,390 R-ck-exc.oation with E

Subtotal - 282,740 282,585 564,925 423,700 56,h75 84,750

B. iell Canutruction by Forse Account (30 Wello) /8

Ivesct-ent Coets Buildisgo cod Purnituoe /19 - 35,700 - . 35,700 26,775 1,5711 5,355 Eqgipiest L2O2 - 291,900 - . 291,900 218,925 - 72.4'5 Opesoting Coste Wages and Salaries /21 - 23,600 33,200 -3,201 '10,000 - ,'.' 4. O0 Vchisles and Matesloin /22 - 31,500 45,000 45,000 121,500 85,050 - 3b,4>"

Sob carol ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-302,700 78,200 28,200, 539,101 330,750 5 ' 119.28'

SuoervisiaonofiConstruction Werbs /223 - 46,115 24,530 6,7754 75,420 52,815 .e15 '3,970

1 Wll iaisteonsne 2'-4

Phynsial Contin,encies /25 - 83,750 74,640 72,550 230,940 161,660 22,1 4 ,

TOTALCONSTRUCTION AND MAIN0ENANCE COSTS 5-38.565 - 460.110 637,710 1,436,385 988,125 181 ,70 266,6'

/1 Includes interna-tioal end internal air travel, field allowances end insurances. 72 Will be -ected by I eupatriate geophysicist, 1 espatriate geophysicist technician, 1 Malian geophysicist Ie-h-.cian and 10 laborers. Includes transport cests is the field, field ullogansas, cost of necessary small equipment and internatienal and internal air travel and insurance fsr the 2 expatriates. /3 Will br done by the hydrogeolegist of ODE08 in collabhration with the Hydraulic Service. 14 From theb-sththe ocotrantor to the first well-site and froa the last well-site te hisbae.. /5 Between wells. 76 O each well. 77 M27 40,500 per m fron 0-10 m depth (400 n); N4146,000 per m from 10-20 n (400 m);Ml 51,500 per m fron 20 to 300 (4uO i); MP 57,500 per m fron 30 tc 40 n (400 m), hF 63,500 per n from 40 to 50 m (360 m); 141 69,500 per m from 50 to 60 (110 m); 4F 75,500 per frosm 60 to 75 m (10 m). /1 Z 149,500 per m frco 40 to 50O (10 n); YsF 161,000 MF per i irom 50 tc 60 0 (225 m); 817172,500 per m frie TI to 70 m (85 i). 27 o 1,80 m 710 i per well fer 14 wells. 711 5 r per well for 26 wells. 712 For 14 wells. T13 For 26 wells. 1t4 1 m per well. 7/5 4 cobic neters of calibrated gravel per well. tl6 Daring 6 hourn per well. 717 Includes parapet, concrete apron, 4 trowghs (4.5 n x 0.8 m x 0.3 n) and piping. /15 Will be constructed by "0peration Wel1s" of the 'yvdraulic Service. /I9 Office, heusiog und farnitore for 3 additional we11 cnostruction tsans at Nion and at Doueetza, one additional tean at Bankass and coo complete well sonstruetlee sector at ore, For details see Appendix G, Table I of -cccAnex. /20 Ior 3 trars at Nion, Deusngta and Xors respectively acr one teen at Banhass. For details see Appendix,;Tables 2 and 3 of this Adnna. /21 or a complete se-ter at lore, 3 teans at Nidon and L_oe-taa respestively and one te at Bankass.._ For details see Appesdfmv,Tgb1e 4 of this Adnex. /22 Per a eomplete sector at Kore, 3 teans at Niece and D-lwnt-s respectively and one teen at Boaksos. For details see Appendiof,Table 5 of this Anne-. 773 77,of cost of c-estructioc works. 724 2.57. of cast of .o.struction weeks beginnieg in year 10 i_llowing consttrcoion,l(appro-i-ately MF 30 nillion per year). 7725 107. of cost of preparation and superoision of -coat-uction works and 207, of cost of construcsion works.

January 10, 1975 MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Hydrological Units of the 5th Region

AAEA Surface Water Ceology Sul surface hater

est of the Delta Flat region. slighty higher than the flooding Geological substrateum made up of shales The C.T. when thick enough. contains A generalized aqu,ifer area, No organized hydrographic network low rndpre-Carilran gravel locally injected esute. known by measurementa made in the wells. The water table topographic p toinsoccupied by raiy season with veins of doletite. The depth of this is fed to the east and South east by infiltrations frio the ponds. substratum is about 50 a toward Diora. Niger river and the flood area; it rumn off toward the north be- 16 ponds were deepened in 1961 to a vo- dininishJrgtoward the wBstand incregaing coeing progrestively deeper (5 a near the flood orea to 60 m in the lume of 4,500 r3; tley are still partly used toward the north, reanhing several hundred no-fih of the 5th region). and -eoh appreciated by atockraisers. meters ta tie Ntara - LaikeVaguibinsarea. Two "dry overlas" aro located north and south of Diners. Thbirexact On this substretrum have been deposited liadt i not knowng the establishment of wells in these areas f6rotations of clayey sands belonging to would require prior reconnaissnce. The permeability of the C.T. the Continental Terminal (C.T.). - vAries widely; the ydeds obtained from the wells are less then .2 m/hour but could be improved up to 6 m /hour. The water is of good quality. The substretum may beer water locally whcn ftsaured, butChe determonation of water-bearing tonrsa would require costly. studies.

Corresponds to the plain actually flooded by The Alluvia of the Niger rest on the C.T. The aq.ti'er of the C.T. is fed by infiltration from the Delta of the Niger the river. The flood begins In August-Sep- in the east and the west, directly on the the Niger. and is also contained in the shellow alluvia, 3 to tetber at Mopti, reaches its peak fron Oct- substratum in the north (Lare-tiaftunke 10 m underground, It is possible to obtain eacellent yield. at ober 15 to November 30, subsides until March region) and southeast (Bandiag#re plateau all times in the Upper Delta and April May in the lower with a dry overlap in both cases. Both Delta. The flow 3is 30 a3/s and increases to t.e Alluvia of the Niger and tht C.T. are more than 5,000n rs Annual nun off ave- of undetermn1ed thickness is tliis area. rages S0 billion e . The waters of tlhc inte rtor Delta are intensively used by the herd- men in the dry season.

The very fissured fnrmations permit consider- The Tlateau is composed of a thick aries Thl Koutlaha sandstones apparently contain i generalized deep able infiltrations and give rise on the peri- of q.asihorizontal sandtoro s resting on aeuifer (over IG0 r deep). andiagars Plate.. phery to tny springs used fur irrigation. schst- A large dyke of dolerite cuts There Are shallower discontinuous aquifers in the fissured and tandamia Many daos have been built on the Plateau. the series near Deuentze. Toward the cones of the upper sandstones. Water is found a depths of 5 northeast a aeries of outliers extend to 15 a, with large seasonal fluctuations. The yields are as far as hodsort. on tie order of 3 m3thour per well. Many comaeshave %otsnderTround water

The hydrsgraphic system is well organized The region is connected ts the Uandiagara There Are no enxct data on the hydrogeological characteristics Of B atousa Bore - eat of the surface water being drained by a plateau. The quaternary cover is only a the region; the search for wster beating levels would require lengthy Lake KS arou permanent streaw (Acure Amba) and by Lake few meters deep nd the sandstones outcrop and costly technique. IPYrarou. The course of tho Acure Amba is in a series of hills running IE-NW. The region is classified as inadequate for subsurface water dew- marked by a series of more or less permanent elopment under the project. ponds. Rainy season ponds also Torn in the northeast of the region.

The region is covered with dunes running e-u, The substratum under the donesconsists of The only weakly productive levels are the seams of limestone, but aestern Gourms and there fs practically no hydrographic syst sandstone quartzites and brechoid conglo- their prospecting would require lengthy and costly investigations. Only in the Intermediate hollows and at the merates. shales or clayey and limestone The region is classified as inadequate for subsurface water dev foot of the otliers are tie-re a few ponds at schisti, and shales, sandstone, and do- *lopnent under the project. the end of the rainy season. lomites.

The hydregraphic sysiem is rather degraded, The coopositine and the topography of the The oondo plain is the seat of a generalized water table, the surface becouse the Gondo plain is a watershed between subutratun under the CT. is fairly well of which is found either in the C.T. or At the upper level of the the Niger b.oin and the beaten of the Voltas. known and was deterimined by the geol.gica s,ubstratum (limestones and dolo,sitesn The Aquifer table is fed on its Only the southern perc of thc plain l\L a sections supplied by the wells and by the edgens inflrtos fironthe 54- , --- f - - i. hydrographic syntem developed in cuoiuctio nevyic; rcf'1-- of Douentea - Kombori; there is Also a feeding de-e at the level of I'' V-t14 i' .- ,-- -Thu topagraphy ofthe s.bstratue is irrc- the Koro ochl ia. Ponds have been co,otructed vith a '.''F -f - ;, . r... st over SO a thickh The depth of the water table varies from 45 to 90 e averaging 60 m. ri-P1 l" 2 s to 12 000 m and a e~pth of l. S hs Es fmrda 1°25 there is no precise W09st of IferidiAn 1°25' the hydrgogoloRY to known well enorE1 to preLIe_e ponds are very much apprecioted by st- krtiser. eologic study the C.T seaus to bh a progren of exet.tiom withoult further study. The precise lncation but there ore no exact data on these works, Lhinner, allovius he substratum to of eatchment works will require a preliminary field survey, because of outcrop distorted topography of the dune -assif; the flows 0 expected should in Seno 'tango, arge dunes cover tho C.T., Anot vcrcod 6 m. /hor'r1,- ' v .o,;-e-!r. .- - Es tnoA with '^- I - .t..e-uitstreatin6 coc o a ' c podyu.-roso g ~, = I,~_ __ ANNEX 7 Page 1

M A L I

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Mopti Abattoir and Hide-DryingFacilities

The Current System of Marketing and Slaughtering

1. Cattle and smallstock for Mopti and Sevare are now slaughtered in abattoirs owned and operated by the municipalities. Butchers, primarily wholesalers,purchase the animals from the ljvestockmarkets and bring them to the abattoir where they are resold to a local retailer. The local retailer has the livestock slaughteredand drepsed in the municipal abattoir by his own hired labor. The municipalitiesfurnish the facilitiesand the Livestock Service furnishes veterinary inspectors.

2. The retailer's costs for slaughtering and dressing are approximately MF 1,300 per head for cattle and MF 410 per head for smallstock,broken down as:

Cattle MF

Municipal fee 300 IHiredlabor (in-kindpayment) 1,000

1,300

Smallstock

Municipal fee 160 Hired labor (cash) 250

410

3. Most livestock for the Mopti and Sevare abattoirs are purchased from the large livestock market in Fatoma about 10 km north of Sevare; only a small number comes from the small local Mopti and Sevare markets. In 1973, about 2,350 head of cattle and 4,650 head of smallstockwere slaughtered in the Mopti abattoir and about 2,150 head of cattle and 1,000 head of smallstock in the Sevare abattoir. Some smallstockbut almost no cattle are illegally slaughteredoutside the municipal abattoir for sale in retail shops.

4. The livestock marketing system involves the cattle owner, one or several middlemen, and the livestock traders. Generally, the livestock owner has only a few animals to sell and prefers to deal via a middleman rather than directly with a livestock trader and so the owner usually contacts a ANNEX 7 Page 2

middleman from a small primary market. Besides bargaining for the owner, the middleman usually provides him overnight quarters and subsistence. The trader purchases animals either for resale to local butchers and other traders, or for export. Some owners, however, sell their animals directly to traders. Local abattoirs generally purchase cull animals, which are :Lessexperni.ve tharn export quality cattle, and probably could not make the long trek to corsumpticrl centers in coastal countries. Trading is private without documents, arLd animals are sold without being weighed. Most transactionsare in casl, thougli credit at high interest rates is sometimes provided. All livestock a-.emarketed on the same day once a week. Veterinary inspectors are present and, in addition to animal health, are responsible for gathering market informationon prices, numbers presented and sold, and destinationof animals sold for export:.

5. Wholesale and Retail Meat Trade and Prices. Wholesale butchters generallypurchase several animals at the livestockmarket and then resell them to the retailer at the local abattoir. The retailer hires butcher boys to slaughter the animals. Then the carcasses, viscera and edible by-products are sold in the retailer's street stalls.

6. Government controls livestock prices only at the retail meat level. In Mopti, control prices are MF 200 per kg for meat without bones, MF 225 per kg for meat with bones, MF 250 per kg for fillet and special cuts. With the present market valuteof cattle, actual prices exceed control prices by about 25%.

7. Existing Mopti and Sevare Abattoirs. The existing abattoirs at Moptl and Sevare are unsanitary. Animals are slaughteredand dressed on the floor, and edible and inediLble products are not properly separated. No runninigwater is available. A taik truck brings one load of water once a day, primarily to wash the floor after slaughteringis completed. The Mopti abattoir corisists of only an uncovered concrete slab with three horizontal beams (about nihigh) containing hooks for supporting the dressed carcasses. It is in a residential area on the banks of a large stagnant lagoon; in this lagoon intestines, heads and hides are washed and stomach contents are dumped. The abattoir carninotbe improved or extended due to the lack of space, nor can it be reallocatedwithin .Yopti. The Sevare abattoir design also does not allow for expansion at reasonable cost. The investment costs to construct a larger and more efficient abattoir to serve the needs of both Mopti and Sevare would be consideraY3.y less than the cost of building a small new facility for Mopti and moder-iizing the present Sevare facility.

The Project: New Abattoir at Mopti-Sevare

8. The project:would replace the existing abattoirs in Mopti and Sevare with a modern and sanitary facility in Mopti-Sevare. Included and adja4:ent to the abattoirwould be hide and skin-dryingfacilities and a livestocd holding pen to hold Et one-week lot of animals for slaughtering. ANNEX 7 Page 3

9. Location. The abattoir would be located 15 km from Mopti -- the nearest site not flooded during the rainy season -- about 1 km south of Sevare, on the all-weatherMopti-Bamako highway and 1 km from the Mopti airport. This location would facilitatemeat export by plane and refrigeratedtrucks. The site selected would satisfy the basic requirementsfor a modern abattoir: proximity to adequate labor sources, availabilityof water and electricity, nearby livestock markets, and sufficient possibilitiesfor effluent treatment. In addition, the Mopti and Sevare retail markets could easily be supplied without refrigeratedtransport. Furthermore,the relative nearness to Sevare is justified because, due to lack of space for expansion in Mopti, Sevare will grow more rapidly in the future.

10. Capacity. Table 1 gives slaughter figures for 1967-73 and projections to 1995 based on these figures and expected population growth of Mopti and Sevare. On the assumptionthat the abattoir would operate for 360 days per year and need 25% spare capacity for peak demand periods, it would require a capacity to process 48 cattle and 100 smallstockper day. The hide-drying facility would have sufficient capacity for drying the daily output of hides and skins during two days.

11. Buildings. The abattoir would be designed, constructedand equipped to provide hygienic facilitiesfor slaughtering,dressing, processing and storing meat products. The loading dock for carcasseswould be opposite the livestock pens and the effluent treatment lagoons. The facility would be single story with a roof and walls finished on the inside with waterproof surfaces. All openings would be screened. Inspectionand work areas would be well lighted. The abattoir would have a carcass storage room adequate to hold a full day's kill of beef and smallstock. A rail system would be included to allow moving the carcasses from the kill floor to the storage area and to the loading dock. Rails would be placed 3.35 m above the floor.

12. The office and guard facility would be an enclosed single story building. Livestock pens and kill floor races would be fenced. The hide drying facility would be a covered shed with concrete floors and open sides to allow ventilation.

13. Equipment and Processing. Equipment would be constructedof waterproof materials which can be easily cleaned. Wood would not be used. Slaughter floors would have on-the-rail dressing without chain conveyors. Complementary facilitieswould be provided for edible by-products. Inedible by-products would be processed in a separate area. Condemned carcasses and offal would be destroyed in a lime pit. Throughoutprocessing, each carcass with its edible and inedible by-productswould be properly identified. After slaughtering, carcasses and edible by-productswould be deliveredby a truck, owned by the abattoir, to the butcher shops. In the hide-drying facility, hides and skins would be fleshed, identified and hung on rust-resistantdrying racks. The livestock holding pens would be fenced and provided with watering troughs. ANTNEX7 Page 4

14. Utilities. A bore hole would be constructedadjacent to the existing one, and each would be installedwith a pump with a minimum capacii:yof 15 m3/hour. Water rould be pumped to the water tower of the adjacent -ice processing mill. ThLissystem would provide water to the abattoir,and related facilities.

15. Electric power would be available from the municipal electric system. Provisions have been made for extending the aerial feeder lines and for distributionof electricitywithin the site. Effluent treatmentwould in)ioLve separation of solids and fat in a catch basin, anaerobic treatment, and evaporation in lagoons constructedadjacent to the facility.

16. Management. ODEM would be responsible for constructingand operating these facilities. OiDEMwould employ a firm experienced in abattoir design to prepare detailed plans and specificationsfor the abattoir/hide-dryingfacility, includingprocess flow diagrams showing the required equipment. The Rural EngineeringDepartment would supervise construction,procurement and installa- tion of equipment. The plant manager, driver, guard and skilled and unskilled laborerswould be employed locally.

17. Benefits and Justification. The new abattoir would provide wholesome meat for Mopti and Sevare and eliminate the present health hazards associated with the existing abattoirs. It would take slaughteringaway from the residential area in Mopti. Furthermore,it would provide additional capacity to meet growing demand for meat that is not available in the existing abattoirs. In addition, improved handling between the abattoir and the retail outlet woluld be effected. MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Mopti Abattoir - Hide Drying Facility

Past and Projected Slaughter Rates

Actual Slaughter (Head)!-/ Projected Slaughter (Head).Z/

Year Cattle Smallstock Year Cattle Smallstock

1967 3,294 9,033 1974 4,800 6,400 1968 3,394 8,742 1975 Project Year 1 5,100 8,600 1969 4,086 7,792 1976 2 5,400 10,800 1970 4,216 - 1977 3 6,120 11,880 1971 4,306 10,300 1978 4 6,840 12,960 1972 4,500 9,100 1979 5 7,560 14,040 1973 4,495 5,700 1980 6 8,280 15,120 1981-85 7-11 9,000 16,200 1986-90 12-16 10,800 21,600 1991-94 17-20 14,400 28,800

/1 Combined Mopti and Sevare. /2 New abattoir to be in operation PY 2.

June 27, 1974

(>X o0 i..NNEX7 lable 2 MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Mopti Abattoir - Hide Drying Facility Investment Casts

Units Unit Cost Foreign Exchange Local Taxcs Total Category ------F'000------

Site Preparation - 450 ID 500

Civil Works Fencing /1 600 m 1,320 600 480 2,400 Fencing /2 600 m 4,500 1,600 1,400 7,500 Fencing /3 120 m2 1,100 500 400 2,000 Abattoir /4 350 m2 100/m 2 14,000 15,750 5,250 35,000 Hide Drying Building 300 m2 40/m 2 4,800 5,400 1,800 12,000 Administration Building /5 100 m2 70/m 2 2,800 3,150 1,050 7,000 Guard Facilities 50 m2 70/m2 1,400 1,570 530 3,5C00

Utilities Borehole /6 1 2,000 2,250 750 5,000 Pumps (15m3 7hr capacity) 2 4,080 720 1,200 6,000 Electric Power Supply for Abattoir 600 675 225 1,50() Water System for Abattoir 1,500 1,020 480 3,000 Utilities System for Holding Lot7/ 1,650 1,150 500 3,30() Effluent Treatment 255 1,020 225 1,5CC

Equipment Cattle Slaughtering & Dressing /8 2,590 1,170 940 4,7C() Small stock Slaughtering & Dressing /8 2,480 1,120 900 4,5CO Carcass holding area for 1 day kill /8 730 310 260 1,300 Hide Drying /9 1,250 550 400 2,200 Miscellaneous /10 1,180 820 500 2,500

Transportation Equipment Truck /11 2,640 760 1,10r 4,50)

Engineering Services Plans and Specification Preparation /12 4,000 600 40i' 5,002

Subtotal 54,875 41,185 18,84: 114,90) Supervision of Construction (6%) 5,600 1,400 7,00)

Subtotal 60,475 42,585 18,84: 121,90') Physical Contingencies ()3,025 2,115 96& 6

TOTAL 63,500 44,700 19,80': 128,001)

/1 Exterior perimeter abattoir - hide drying facility atMF 3,000/m plus MF 600,000 for entrance way. /2 Exterior perimeter livestock holding lot at MF 12,500/m. /3 Cattle and small stock pens including ramp to slaughterfloor atlF 12,500/m plus MF450,000 for gates. /4 Separate slaughter area for cattle and small stock. /5 Includes facilities for guard. /6 Drilling bore hole for water system 50:m at MF100,000/mto be constructed by force account. /7 Water and electric service to livestock holding lot. /8 Equipment for slaughtering and dressing 48 cattle and 90 smallstock/day. /9 Drying racks. /10 Tools, small equipment, trolleys and office equipment. /11 Closed truck for transporting dressed meat to butcher shoDs. /12 For preparation of detailed engineering drawings and specifications for procurement.

June 27, 1974 MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Mopti Abattoir - Xide Drying Facility

Income and Operating Cost Projections

Year I Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Years 7-11 Years 12-16 Years 17-20

Volume Cattle (Head) - 5,400 6,120 6,840 7,560 8,280 9,000 10,800 14,400 Small Livestock (Read) - 10,800 11,880 12,960 14,040 15,120 16,200 21,600 28,800

------MF '000 ------Revenue Slaughter Fee (Cattle) I/ - 10,800 12,240 13,680 15,120 16,560 18,000 21,600 28,800 Slaughter Fee (Smallstock) 2/ - 3,780 4,158 4,536 4,914 5,292 5,670 7,560 10,080 lloldingFee (Cattle) 3/ - 2,268 2,570 2,873 3,175 3,478 3,780 4,536 6,048 Holding Fee (Smallstock) 4/ - 756 832 907 983 1,058 1.134 1.512 2.016

Total Income - 17,604 19,800 21,996 24,192 26,388 28,584 35,208 46,944

Operating Costs Plant Manager 960 960 960 960 960 960 960 960 960 Assistant Manager - 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 Skilled Labor 5/ - 1,600 2,000 2,400 2,400 2,800 3,200 4,000 5,200 Unskilled Labor (Abattoir) 130 520 520 780 1,040 1,040 1,300 2,080 2,860 Unskilled Labor (Ride Drying Facility) 130 520 520 520 780 780 780 1,300 1,820 Guard (Abattoir) 130 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 Guard (Hide Drying Facility) 130 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 Driver 200 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 Water 56 425 510 595 680 765 850 1,030 1,370 Electricity 100 300 360 420 480 540 600 740 1,100 Maintenance - 2,200 2,560 2,700 2,880 2,980 3,000 3,600 4,600 Vehicle 6/ 250 900 1,100 1,300 1,500 1,700 1,900 2,400 3,000 3,000 Feed 7/ _ - 1,130 1,270 1,420 1,580 1,740 1,900 2,400 Miscellaneous 8/ 50 190 230 270 310 360 410 540 730

Total Operating Coats 2,136 9/ 10,265 11,555 12,885 14,130 15,185 16,420 20,570 26,160 Hll 1/ MF 2,000 per head. 2/ MF 350 per head. 3/ MF 120/day average 3.5 days each animal. 4/ MF 20/day average 3.5 days each animal. / Butchers. 6/ Operating costs including insurance. 7/ One animal unit consumes 4.5 feed units/day at MF/10/unit (6 smallstock = 1 animal unit). 8/ Knives, trolleys, cleaning materials, expandable office supplies. 9/ Operating costs during construction period.

January 10, 1975 LIVESTOCKPROJECT

Mppti Abattoir - Hide Dlryirg Facility

t Cash F Proec ions ?WliF00;

1 2 6 12 13-1 1 18-20

CASH INFLOW

1. Slaughter Fees 14,580 16,398 18,216 20,034 21,652 23,670 23,670 29,160 29,160 38,880 38,880 2. Holding Fee 3,o24 3,402 3,780 4,158 4,536 4,914 4,914 6,dge 6,048 8,064 8,064 3. Long-Term Transfer 108,000 - 14 , 4. Government Contribution _20.00 - _ - -

Total 128,000 17,604 19,800 21,996 24,192 26,188 28,584 28,584 35,208 35,208 46,944 46,944 CASH OUTFLOW

1. Operation Costs 1,500 8,571 9,776 10,719 11,980 12,9551/ 13,958 13,9582, 17,348 17,348 22;242 22,242 2. Investbrt. M81' 0 _ _ 4 - - -

Total 129,500 8,571 9,776 10,719 11,980 16,355 13,958 17,958 20,748 17,348 25,6142 22,242 Cash Surplus (Deficit) before Debt Service (1,500) ,,033 10,024 11,277 12,212 9,833 14,626 10,626 14,460 17,860 21,302 24,702 3.Debt Sertvie*2 A. Interest (5%) 5,400 5,400 5,220 5,031 4,833 4,624 3,415 3,136 1,516 B. RepayqAt - 0i2 4. h 78

Total 5,0oo 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 Net Cash Surplus (Deficit) after Debt Service (6,900) 33 1,024 2,277 3,212 833 5,626 1,626 5,46O 8,860 12,302 15,707 Transfer at year end 108,000 104,400 100,620 96,651 92,48t 88,107 68,301 62,718 56,854 30,316 22,833 1/ Tr>:lk Replacemnt ./ Equipment rep2acemrt 3/ An assumed debt service projected to show financial viability of the abattoir.

n21 June 27, 1974 ANNEX 8 Page 1

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Livestock Markets

Background

1. Livestock marketed in the 5th Region originate mainly from within the Region, with some animals coming from the 4th and 6th Regions. In 1972, over 200,000 cattle were presentei for sale at the Region's 19 public livestock markets; about half of these cattle and 180,000 sheep and goats were presented at the five markets to be constructedor expanded under the project: Sevare, Kona, Douentza, Boni and Tenenkou. These markets are located along the principal stock routes.

2. The larger markets generallyhandle animals for slaughter and for export. Markets are held once a week. For details of the marketing system, see Annex 7.

3. Activity in livestockmarkets varies substantiallyby seasons. Most animals are sold at the beginning of the dry season, when livestock returns to the Delta, and least during the rainy season when the herds are grazing away from the major markets. However, the markets in the Delta have their greatest activicy near the end of the dry season when cattle are concentratedthere.

4. The existing livestock markets in Sevare, Kona, Douentza, Boni and Tenenkou operate in opernuncontrolied areas, in or near the communities. Cattle are traded in one area and small stock in another. The availability of little or no water and the lack of security discourageherders from using the markets; livestock get lost rather frequently. In fact, in Douentza, where there is a small fenced private cattle market, cattle owners are more than willing to pay a fee for security reasons, for the overnight use of the livestock park. Due to their disorganization, the existing markets make it difficult to collect basic marketing data (numbers presented and sold, prices, destination). Improvements are needed to facilitate marketing and thus to attract larger numbers of producers and traders.

Construction of Five Livestock Markets

5. Location and Layout. Under this project, facilities for holding, watering and marketing livestock would be provided at Sevare, Kona, Douentza, Boni and Tenenkou. Annual throughput for each facility has been projected from the number of livestock presented for sale at each of these sites during the period 1971-73 and from the expected increased offtake resulting from the proposed project (Table 1, this Annex). Two models with different capacities have been developed, as follows, assuming that the markets would operate one day a week: ANN'EX 8 Page 2

Cattle Smallstock head/day

Sevare 800 1,200 Kona 800 1,200 Douentza 400 1,000 Boni 400 1,000 Tenenkou 400 1,000

6. Investment Costs for the markets are given in Table 2 of this Annex, and Income and Operating Costs in Table 3. Each livestock market would have three basic elements:

(a) A livestock park, where animals are held prior to sale, would be enclosed with a six-strand wire fence attached to metal posts, and watered by troughs. The larger markets would have a 1 ha holding area and the small ones, 0.6 ha. Each market would be equipped withi a well, a hand pump and a water storage tank.

(b) A single story building, adjacent to the livestock park, would be constructed for administrative purposes and as a guard facility. For the larger markets, the building would have 45 m2 of floor area and for the smaller, 30 m 2.

(c) Some livestock holding pens, where sold livestock could be kept, a concrete vaccination yard for vaccinating cattle destined for export, a cattle weighing scale, and a loading ramp would be built at the livestock park of each market.

7. Construction and Management. ODEM would be responsible for constructing and managing the livestock markets. The Rural Engineering Depai:t- ment would prepare plans and tender documents and would supervise constructLon. Each market would have a manager, a laborer and a guard, and would be supervised by ODEM's Marketing Service.

8. Benefits and Justification. The proposed market fees -- MF 150 per head of cattle and MF 25 per smallstock, to be paid by the producer -- have been calculated to generate a reasonable rate of return on the investment. The producer is expected to pay this fee willingly for the services renderdcl. The markets would provide thiebasis for developing an organized livestock marketing system in the 5th Region. The availability of water and securiti at the markets would attract an increasing number of livestock owners and traders, which in turn would increase competitiveness and, subsequently, producer prices. The markets are also expected to develop the supply of feeder steers necessary for satisfying the rapidly increasing demand for these steers from the fattening schemes in Mali's higher rainfall areas. Furthermore, better organized livestock marketing would facilitate gatheri::Lg ANNEX8 Page 3 reliable data on prices, livestock availability, types of animals being presented, destination, etc. Finally, associated with these markets would be increased social benefits and income to the five communities, which would induce desirable settlement. MALI

LIVESTOCKPROJECT

Livestock Markets

Past and Projected Throughput

1971 1972 1973 Project Year 2 ProJect Years 3-7 Cattle Smallstock Cattle Smnalistock Catte Smallstook Cattle Smallstock Cattle SmallstoWk

Shvar 6 -Mopti-Fatoma 35,557 499673 47,817 84,691 29,809 52,290 36,000 51,000 43,200 61,200

6 Kona 25,836 36,097 19,895 37,000 23,465 40,250 25,000 38,000 30,000 45, 00

Douentza 13,200 46,700 13,267 36,384 15,006 42,500 14 ,000 44,000 16,800 52,800

Boni 7,857 9,516 10,898 12,560 15,921 16,641 11,000 13,000 13,200 15,600

Tenenkou 14,806 7,295 10,791 6,897 - - 14,000 7,000 16,800 8,400

June 27, 1974

ti, MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Livestock Markets

Investment Cost

(MF '000)

Units Unit Cost Sevar Keona Douentza __Boni Tenenkou Foreign ExchanRe Local Taxes rotal

Fencing barbwire /1 300 m 1,060 1,060 1,170 525 425 2,120 Fencing barbwire /1 310 m 1,160 1,160 1,160 1,920 865 695 3,480 Fencing metal tubing 370 m 4,660 4,660 5,130 2,325 1,865 9,320 Fezncing metal tubing 180 m 2,260 2,260 2,260 3,730 1,695 1,355 6,780 Concrete vaccination paddocks 2,440 2,440 1,950 1,955 975 4,880 Concrete vaccination paddocks 1,840 1,840 1,840 2,210 2,210 1,100 5,520 Loading ramp 650 650 650 650 650 1,340 1,410 500 3,250 Office and guard housirng 2. 45 m2 2 80/r 3,600 3,600 2,880 3,220 1,100 7,200 Offic- and g,,Ard hcuxing 2/,0)2 2 80/. 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,880 3, 22001 I,200 Well 230 a 170/m 3,400 3,400 7 3,000 2, 710 1,090 b,800 Well 15 m 1 0/m 2,550 2,550 2,250 2,030 820 5.100 Well 10 m 160/n 1,600 3 3 710 635 255 1,600 Water storage 30 rn 40/a 1,200 1,200 960 1,080 360 3 3 2.400 Water st3rage 20 m 40/c BoO 800 800 960 1,080 360 2,40(0 PuJmps 3 eacl: 330 330 330 330 330 1,130 190 330 1,650 Watering trouigh 30 mS 20/c 600 600 480 540 180 1,200 Watering trough m 15 201m 300 300 300 360 405 135 900l Scale 660 660 660 660 660 2,260 250 790 3,300 Miscellanecins S250 / 1l,OS 600 700 500 616403t,635 43,00 Sub-Total 19,850 18,800 13,550 14,500 12,500 36,960 28,170 14,0-'0 79,200 Supervision of Construction (77.) 1,390 1 0 4 1,320 950 1,0 _ B84 _.550- Sub-Total 21,240 20,120 14,500 15,510 13,380 41,400 29,280 14,070 84,750 Physical Contingency j 060 1,010 730 780 670 2j160 _,380 710 ) TOTAL 22,300 21,130 15,230 16,290 14,050 43,560 30,660 14,780 89,000

/i Six strand barbwire on metal posts. /2 Single structure diuided for Jffice and guard housing. /3 Hand puwss to fill reservoir and watering trouigh. /4 Office equipment, pump :;pare parts, hand tools, etc.

June 27, 1974 MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Livestock Markets

Income and Operating Cost Prolections

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3-7 Year 8-12 Year 13-20 Sevare Kona Douentza Boni Tenenkou Total x 1.2 x 1.5 x 1.9

Volume Cattle Hlead - 36,000 25,000 14,000 11,000 14,000 100,000 120,000 150,000 190,000 SmallstockRead - 51,000 38,000 44,000 13,000 7,000 153,000 183,000 230,000 290,000

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~M FOO-

Revenue Cattle Fee 1/ - 5,400 3,750 2,100 1,650 2,100 15,000 18,000 22,500 28,500 Smallstock Fee 2/ - 1.275 950 1.100 325 175 3.825 4.575 5.750 7.250

Total - 6,675 4,700 3,200 1,975 2,275 18,825 22,575 28,250 35,750

Operating Cost Manager - 600 600 600 600 600 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 Laborer - 260 260 260 260 260 1,300 1,300 1,560 1,820 Guard - 260 260 260 260 260 1,300 1,300 1,300 1,300 Maintenance (2.5%) - 550 525 375 400 350 2,200 2,640 3,300 4,180 Miscellaneous 3/ - 300 255 225 200 200 1.180 1360 1.740 2.200

Total - 1,970 1,900 1,720 1,720 1,670 8,980 9,600 10,900 12,500

1/ FM 150 for use of market facilities. 2/ FM 25 for use of market facilities. 3/ Small operational items.

January 10, 1975 ANNEX 9 Page 1

TALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

I-loptiTrial Station

Background

1. The internal delta of the Niger River system is an area of unique value. Agriculture and fisheries apart, its grasslandseffectively support the whole of the cattle industry of the 5th Region, and some neighboring areas.

2. At the same time, the delta is an area of many problems and con- flicting interests. In recent years, the spread of shifting rice cultivation has spoiled the grazing potential by an estimated 150,000ha of bourgou and other floodplain grasslands. The bourgou grasslands -- dominatedby Echinochloa stagnina and Vossia cuspidata -- are the Tost valuable grazing resources of the delta.

3. It is imperative that the forage potential of the delta be pro- tected against future deteriorationand that the productivityof areas already damaged be restored. If land-use in the delta can be rationalized, there will be opportunitiesfor greatly intensifyingpresent systems of livestock production,including the retentionof animals in the delta for longer periods of the year. Ilowever,if this is to happen, it will be necessary to develop methods for the control of parasites and insects, as well as to establish the economics of different productiontechniques.

Present Research Facilities

4. Livestock and grassland research is currently under way at two Government centers in Mali:

(i) Centre National de RecherchesZootechniques de Sotuba, which has good animal facilities and a land area of some 700 ha; and

(ii) Station de l'Elevage et de RecherchesZootechniques du Sahel de Niono, which has equally good facilitiesfor field research (including both a ranch and access to the irrigated lands of the Office du Niger) and yards for feedlot trials on a semi- commercialscale.

In addition, feeding trials are conducted by the Office du Niger itself, using by-products from irrigation farming. A:NNEX9 Page 2

5. Current research programs are largely irrelevant to the uni(lUe problems of the Niger delta. An exception is the feeding trials that have been undertaken at Niono (and, to a lesser extent, by the Office du N:.ger). The capability of the Niono station for future feedlot work is suffic: ent to make it unnecessary to consider major feedlot facilities at M4opti. Although the feedstuffs immediately available at Niono and Mopti are -ot always comparable, there is no reason why Mopti-type rations could nol: be simulated in the Niono yards, as and when required.

Project Provisions

6. The project provides for the establishvnent of a 150 ha trial station on the east bank of the Niger, 8 km north of Htopti, to be staffed by one Livestock Research Officer (in-charge), one Pasture Agronomist,, and support staff. The Pasture Agronomist would initially have to be an ex'tat- riate, who would be replaced in PY 5 by a Malian.

7. The purpose of the trial station is:

- to determine methods for restoring the productivity of degenerate bourgou;

- to study production increases from natural pastures through grazing management;

- to identiLy productive forage plants that can be used to replace o;rsupplement the natural grasslands of the delta;

- to establish, through combinations of different categories o;- land and forages, systems of land and forage resource managernent that provide for the nutrition of animals kept year-round in the delta;

- to establish appropriate regimes of parasite and insect cont:oL for maintaining the health and productivity of cattle and sheep kept year-round in the delta; and

- to determine, by stall feeding, the potential value of the fcrages produced on the station or available locally.

In addition, it is anticipated that the station will grow Acacia albidc seedlings, for distribution for planting in suitable areas. In all, 40-O50 ha will be developed for irrigation and simulated flooding regimes.

8. Individual studies will include:

- methods for reestablishing Echinochloa or alternative species under simulated flooding regimes; ANNEX9 Page 3

studying of potentially useful forage plants under a variety of flooded and irrigated conditions;

assessments of the livestock carrying capacities of representative grassland types;

comparison of alternative antihelminthic regimes and insect repellents on cattle and sheep; and

- feeding trials for milk and meat production.

9. Techniques worked out on the station, especially those focused on animal husbandry, will be tested in collaboration with two nearby villages, probably Nimitogo and Tourorongo. The former comprisesmainly Peuhl cattle- men and some rice cultivators and the latter mainly Marka rice cultivators. The difficulties encountered in incorporating new technologies, as well as their social and economic consequences, will assist in framing the future work of the station. It is anticipated that this pilot extension program will incorporate a small livestock credit component.

10. While the station is regarded as an outstation of ODEM, close liaison will be needed with the Institut d'Economie Rural (IER), which controls the research program of the Ministry of Production, including the stations at Sotuba and Niono (para 4). The work program of the Mopti Trial Station would therefore be subject to annual review by a Research Committee under the chairmanship of the Director of IER or his representative, and with membership comprising the Director of ODEM, the Director of the Station de l'Elevage et de RecherchesZootechniques du Sahel, and the Livestock Research Officer and Pasture Agronomist of the Mopti Trial Station. l0.J10101 0l0.0l10IO 0010 0010 0'1'0- 00 10°ww w :<0,0y 0 w <0rc f-yoredn>twg: 0010 n g=001°°0000.011g 11W00001 WW0000 0W 000 000On 1o 01100,1 w.r oU f. * 01000 = o o

. , 0 0 0 0 001 0 g 0 0 o O a o O o o g o ' O o o oS r,o 0na 0Q u n n I 0 o O O o . . o o n 0 o 0 n 0 a W. 0 0 0 = 0 0 1< 0 0' 0 0I- S ~ ~ ~l ~q ~ 0 X00 g 0 0° 0 00 0 0g0o .q r 1°"P n 0 'n ' a0 00 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0. 0 0 1.: s10100000r :X> .R¢6u=000 00 00 0°f 00 0.000 01.10a a 0. 001 e 0 01 00

IŽ nn= a ¢6 Xg "~ . S 88 ooo-01<800081<0 81 oSoIQ( o 8

z< s R n .wX ovwa ooo ooooooooooo80gooo o0-0010oooS sgr 0 a 0.° 3 0n 00e100 010g10 0. s0 01 2 2a0 0 010 0 081 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 11 . - 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 n0 g c a a2 0.< 00c '01 = 000ua

0*0 ° 0. 04 0 0 .o 0

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0~~~~~ 0 0 ~~~0 00 r -0.|| c 1 0 8 80 8 810 8888I ~ 0 0

01 c w _ _ 0 0 _.1 r0>~ wv , N O 0

80 t P 0 0 00 0 00 0

S'~~~~~~~~ __ 1 _ OO O O W = W¢O) W:O

6~~~~~~~~ 0s 00 0n 00 ~ ~ ~r.

0 ~1 101

10 |g|t$6| s r'8 10.0 xo00<001 88 > 01<08.0 P o 8100000 S~~~~~~~~~~011010000008 ANNEX 9 Table 2 MALI

LIVESTOCKPROJECT

ODEM- Mopti Trial Station

Operating Costs and Income

(M ' 000)

Unit ------Project Year ------Cost 1 2 3 4 5-20 Mo. Coat- NO. Cost No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost A. OPflAT ING COSTS Salariea and Wages 1/ Director of the Station 2/ 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 1 2,000 2,000 Pasture i Agronomist 20,000 1 20,000 1 20,000 1 20,000 1 20,000 Assistant 1 2,000 Livestock Officer 1,300 1 1,300 1 1,300 1 1,300 1 1,300 Technical 1 1,300 Assistant 3/ 960 3 2,880 3 2,880 3 2,880 3 2,880 Mechanic 3 2,880 610 1 610 1 610 1 610 1 610 Driver-Mechanic 1 510 400 4 1,600 4 1,600 4 1,600 4 1,600 4 Head Herdsman 1.600 400 1 400 1 400 1 400 1 400 Herdsman 1 400 260 2 520 2 520 2 520 2 520 2 520 Laborer 260 20 5,200 20 5,200 20 5,200 20 Guard 5,200 20 5,200 260 1 260 1 260 1 260 1 260 1 260 Subtotal 34,770 34,770 34,770 34,770 16,77J Maintenance Buildings & Construction 4/ - 4,230 4,230 4,230 4,230 Land Development 5/J ______

Running Costs of Vehicles & EBuiment Four Wheel Drive Vehicle 6/ 1,875 1 1,875 1 1,875 1 1,875 1 Van 7/ 1,875 1 11i75 900 1 900 1 900 1 900 1 900 1 Motobike 8/ 900 100 2 200 4 400 4 400 4 400 4 400 Tractor (60-70 HP) 9/ 2,250 1 2,250 2 5,500 2 5,500 2 5,500 2 5,500 Lighting Plant 10/ 675 1 675 1 675 1 675 1 675 1 Pumping Station 11/ 675 1 4.000 1 4.000 1 4.000 1 4.000 1 4,000 Subtotal 9,900 13,350 13,350 13,350 13,350 Replacement Vehicles & Equipment 12/ 5,420 6.920 6.920 6.920 _6.92i0

Purchase of Livestock Breeding Heifers/Cows 40,000 - - - 6 240 6 240 - Breeding Bulls - 60 - - - 1/3 20 1/3 20 1/3 20 Feeder Stee-s 30,000 - - 60 1,800 60 1,800 60 1,800 50 1,500 Miscellaneous Livestock Purchases 13/ - - - 200 200 200 Subtotal - 1,800 2,260 2,260 1,720 Diverse Production Means Fertilizer 14/ 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 Seed 6,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Concentrate Feed 15/ 700 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,600 Minerals 16/ 20 30 35 Vaccines, 40 45 Drugs & Insecticides 17/ 40 60 70 80 Miscellaneous 18/ 90 .780 820 830 840 870 Subtotal 8,540 9.010 9,135 9.260 9.605 .OTAL OPERATING COSTS 58,630 70.080 70.665 70.790 52,595 B. INCOME Culled Cows 40,000 - - - - 5 200 5 200 5 Culled Bulls 200 60,O0e - - - - 1/3 20 1/3 20 1/3 20 Fattened Steers 50,000 - - 58 29,000 58 29,000 58 Heifers 29,000 60 30,000 40,04e ------5 200 Miscellaneous Livestock 13/ - - - 400 - 400 - 400 Milk 19/ - 400 - - - - _ 450 - 450 - 450 TOTAL INCOME 29,400 30,070 30,070 31,270

1/ Includes field allowances and provision for medical, leave snd other allowances. 2/ Would be a veterinarian, specialized in livestock research. 3/ One Infirmier Vet(rinaire and two Moniteurs Agricoles. 4/ 5% of construction costs beginning with year following construction; excludes elaboration of contracts, supervision of works and purchase of furniture. 5/ Will be done by the Station. 6/ 25,000 km/year at MF 75 per km for fuel, oil, grease, spare parts, repairs and insurauce. 7/ 20,000 km/year at MF 45 per km for fuel, oil, grease, spare parts, repairs and insurance. B/ 10,000 km/year at MF 10 per km for fuel, oil, grease, spare parts, repairs and insurance. 9/ 1,500 working hours/year at MF 1,500 per hour for fuel, oil, grease, spare parts and repairs. 10/ 1,500 working hours/year at Mr 450 3 3 per hour for fuel, oil, grease, spare parts and repairs. 11/ 20,000 m /ha x 50 ha x MF 4 per m for fuel, oil, grease, spare parts and repairs. 12/ 20% of original cost beginning with year of acquisition; includes pumps of pumping station valued at MF 9 million. 13/ For exple for sheep and lambs for fattening for the Tabaski feast. 14/ 50 ha x MF 120,000 per ha. 1/ 0,7 t per A.U. per year at MF 15,000 per t. 16/ MF 300 per A.U. per year. 17/ MF 600 per A.U. per year. 18/ 10% of diverse production means; includes office expenses. 19/ 30 cows x 300 1 milk/year/ME 50.

January 10, 1975 MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

ODEM - Staff Training Costs (MF'000)

Unit ------Project Year ------Cost 1 2 3 4 5 Total No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost, No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost Training at CNRZ/Sotuba /L Travel Mopti-Sotuba 5 30 150 30 150 30 150 20 100 20 100 130 650 Living Cost Allowances /2 36 30 1,080 30 1,080 30 1,080 20 720 20 720 130 4,680 Education Materials 4 30 120 30 120 30 120 20 80 20 80 130 520

Subtotal 1,350 1,350 1,350 900 900 5,850

Annual Seminars at Mopti /3 Seminar Costs and Living Cost Allowances 10 122 1,220 131 1,310 152 1,520 156 1,560 156 1,560 717 7,170

Training Abroad 2-Month Fellowship /4 950 3 2,850 3 2,850 - - - 6 5,700 Formal Training Abroad (man year) /5 1,700 - 2 3,400 2 3,400 - _ 4 6,800

Subtotal 2,850 6,250 3,400 - - 12,500 TOTAL STAFF TRAINING COSTS 5X420 8,910 6,270 2,460 2,460 25)520

/1 Four-month courses at the "Centre National de la Recherche Zootechnique de Sotuba in livestock husbandry, range management and livestock extension for ODEM's medium and lower grade technical staff. /2 MF 200 per participant per day. /3 For all project technical staff.

__ For senior Malian project staff to visit ongoing livestock projects in Africa; includes living cost allowances (MF 7,500 per day) and transport costs (MF 500,000 per person). /5 For four Malian graduates to replace expatriates; includes living cost allowances (MF 100,000 per month) and transport costs (MF 500,000 per person).

Spnrat>pmh,r A_ 1Q77A ANNEX 11 Page 1

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Preinvestmentand Other Studies and Project Preparation

Apart from the Mopti Trial Station (Annex 9), the executionof the project requires or would benefit from:

(a) preinvestmentstudies for well construction,which are conditions of disbursement;

(b) studies in support of a regional livestock developmentplan; and

(c) miscellaneousstudies, e.g., concerning the testing of functional literacy programs, tree planting, fiscal and credit systems.

The main responsibilityfor designing and executing these activitieswill rest with the Planning/ManagementUnit of ODEM.

A. Preinvestment Studies

Study No. 1: Human and Livestock Census, Seno Mango (Controlledgrazing area and site for water development).

Objective: To determine the number and distributionof families and livestock likely to use the area and the herd composition.

Execution: By enumeration,under the direction of the Community DevelopmentOfficer and Livestock Economist of ODEM, utilizing the field staff of the Pastoral Service and the Animal Health Service.

Duration: Three-fourmonths for the initial census, starting in PY1 as soon as possible; supplementarydata concerningparticular groups will need to be collected in PY2 and PY3 prior to each year's well development program.

Study No. 2: SocioeconomicSurveys, Seno Mango

Objective: To determine (a) the proportion of local villagers and livestock that will actually participate in the Seno Mango scheme; (b) the numbers of animals from further afield that will be accommodated,seasonally or permanently, and the areas that will be reserved for ANNEX 11 Page 2

their use; and (c) the forms of cooperativeorganization and the conditions of participationthat will be introduced for purposes of management. This informationwill be incorporatedinto an outline plan for the Seno Mango, indicating a proposed subdivisioninto developmentunits, each with allotted users, livestock, and management system.

Execution: By dialogue with the pastoralistsconcerned, enquiry into social organizationand attitudes, and discussion with representativesof other government departments;to De planned and directed by the Planning/ManagementUnit of ODEX (especiallythe Community Development Officer, Livestock Economist and Range Management Officer), supported by the Pastoral Service. The Livestock Economist will need to support developmentproposals by economic analyses.

Duration: About four months initially, comprising three months of field work (concurrentwith Study No. 1) and six weeks' analysis to prepare for the first season's development program; subsequentlyabout one month of field checking anGh analysis will be needed to precede and update each development season.

Study No. 3: Well-siting Survey, Seno Mango (in the light of Annex 6)

Objective: To choose specific sites for well-digging.

Execution: Site selection by the Water DevelopmentOffic,r and, as required, a consultant hydrogeologist(Annex 6, Appendix 3), working in collaborationwith the Range Management Officer.

Duration: About three weeks prior to each season's work, concurrentwith Study 2, with intermittentsupervision andl resiting by the Water DevelopmentOfficer during well- digging operations.

Study No. 4: Ecological Studies, Seno Mango

Objective: As part of wider ecologicalstudies (Study No. 4), to maintain a record of range condition and trend, and to establishbetter guidelines for determing livestock carryil,g capacity.

Execution: Transects and study plots, establishedand recorded under the direction of the Range Management Offic!r.

Duration: Intermittentthroughout the project period. ANNEX 11 Page 3

Study No. 5: PredevelopmentRange Survey, West Gourma and Batouma-Bore (Areas for water development)

Objective: To site new surface reservoirsin a manner that will optimize the investment,providing sufficientwater (if feasible) to permit 200,000 cattle to remain east of the Niminiama-Adiouline until mid-Novemberand, subsequently,on the Bore plain until the end of November.

Execution. Reconnaissancesurvey and air-photo interpretation by Planning/ManagementUnit, especiallyRange Management Officer and Water DevelopmentOfficer, who will jointly decide the final sites in relation to topography,grazing conditions and estimated livestock populations;the design of appropriate structuresfor the reservoirswill be undertakenby a consultant water engineer (Annex 6, Appendix 1).

Duration: About four weeks, probably in PY2, immediately preceding constructionwork.

Study No. 6: PredevelopmentRange Survey, West of Delta (Areas for water development)

Objective: As Study No. 5, but designed to permit (a) 200,000 cattle to remain in the Mema until mid-October,and subsequently to delay their onward passage (cf. Study No. 7) so that they arrive at the delta in mid-November, (b) 150,000 cattle using the Diafarabe area to remain west of the Barakabougou-Kerkeline until mid-October,and (c) up to 50,000 cattle to divert from the Diafarabe area to the old Kotia area and remain east of Dioura until mid-October.

Execution: As for Study No. 5.

Duration: About five weeks, early in PY1.

Study No. 7: GeophysicalSurvey, West of Delta (see Annex 6, Appendix 2)

Study No. 8: Land Resource Assessment, SW Dioura

Objective: To determine land capability and devise an integrated development plan for the area southwest of Dioura, optimizingthe use of the wells scheduled for that area (cf. Study No. 7), in balance with other physical, and human and biological resources. AN:CX l; lage 4

Execution: Air photo interpretation, followed by combi:ked ecological and socioeconomic surveys by the Planning/Ma&-age- ment Unit supported as required by consultants. A semi4.etailed soil survey will be required if early indications suggest agricultural settlement.

Duration: About two months, probably in PY2.

B. Regional Livestock Development Plan (Including Identification of Future Investment Programs)

Study No. 9: Surveys of the Central Delta

(i) Pastoral land use survyy

Objective: To map the movements and territories of pastoral groups in relation to the grazing resources of the delta, as a basis for planning and organizing ODEM activities.

Execution: The vegetation-topographical map at 1:50,000 scale by the UNDP/FAO Migratory Locust Project will form a base mnap for refining or regrouping grassland types and superimposing the movements and territories of pastoral groups. The survey will be conducted by the Planning/Management Unit (especia:ly the Community Development Officer and Livestock Economist) with the support of the Pasture Agronomist from Mopti Trial. Station, involving air-photo interpretation, pasture anal-s is, observation of herds and enquiry among pastoral groups. iIerd observiationwill be supplemented by enumeration and possi,)ly aerial counts. The firnal map will show the ownership and itineraries of herds along stock routes, including patter'1s and timiesof dispersion and aggregation.

Duraticon: About 10Omornths, broken into two periods of five months in consecutive dry seasons, the eastern delta bein: studied. in t'ne first season and the western delta in the seconds The f4rst field season will 'e preceded by a reconnaissance survey to establish methods.

(ii) Aoeconomic sure

Obljctive- To divi-de the delta into discrete dev elopment Irnits based on opportunities for agriculture, livestock and othe- (e.g., :fishery) development, havIng in mind the need to co:ifine the sDreAd of cultivation to areas of best agricultural po:en- tial while safeguardioig and developing the pasture resourcl] of the delta for the benefit of the regional livestock indust:y. ANNEX 1 1 Page 5

Execution and Duration: To be decided. In part this study can be combined with 9 (i) but in its entirety it requires a major agriculturalinput (includingsoils and hydrology). The best approach, and the consultant requirement,can be decided when 9 (i) is being planned.

Study No. 10: Hydro-EcologicalSurvey, the Delta Fringe

Objective: To determine the feasibilityof developingshallow groundwater for crop or pasture use on the fringes of the delta.

Execution: A reconnaissanceor semidetailedsurvey of water and land resources, undertakenby the Water Development Officer and possibly a consultantsoil surveyor and/or irrigation engineer, assisted by the Pasture Agronomist and/or the Range Management Officer.

Duration: Probably undertakenas an extension of 9 (i).

Study No. 11: HydrologicalSurvey, East of Seno Mango (see Annex 6, Appendix 5).

Study No. 12: Livestock Census, 5th Region

Objective: To determine the livestockpopulation of the 5th Region.

Execution: To be planned by the Livestock Economist, probably to involve aerial sampling combined with ground checks during other studies and at the time of aerial sampling (immediately before and after the rains, when the livestock are concentrated).

Duration: Possibly before and after the rains in PY2 and PY3; the exact replicationand durationwill depend on the methods used and the success and coverage of the first counts.

Study No. 13: Identificationof Discrete DevelopmentAreas, 5th Region

Objective: To complete the division of the Region into discrete development areas and to establish more precisely their development opportunitiesand requirements,as a basis for deciding priorities and planning future livestock activities.

Execution and Duration: Data on ecological and livestock potential, present land-use, social organizationand water resources to be accumulatedduring other work by the Planning/ Management Unit; to be finalized in PY3, when four to seven months will be devoted to completing area surveys and preparing ANNEX l 1 Page 6

new project proposals,with consultantsupport as appi^opriate. In the preparationof the latter proposals,considerati1on will be given to opportunitiesfor ranching and fattening in the south of the 5th Region.

Study No. 14: EcologicalStudies, 5th Region

Objective: To provide more reliable assessments of range condition and trend and the livestock carrying capacity of representativegrazing areas, required in support of future development planning (Study 13).

Execution and Duration: As Study No. 4.

C. Miscellaneous Studies

Study No. 15: Functional Literacy, 5th Region

Objective: To determine the response of representative pastoral groups to functionalliteracy programs, as a medium for transferringnew ideas and applying livestock extension programs.

Execution: To be designed by the Community Development Officer in conjunctionwith the FunctionalLiteracy Serrice and applied with the assistanceof the Pastoral Service. Priority will be given to the Seno Mango area. On the '.vidence of early tests, more comprehensiveprograms are likely .o be initiated.

Duration: Intermittentthroughout the term of the projec .

Study No. 16: Tree Planting Trials, 5th Region

Objective: To determine (a) the potential value under Theal conditionsof a variety of fodder trees and shrubs and ()) efficient methods for the establishmentand utilizationof' Acacia albida and other species of recognizedvalue.

Execution: Study plots to be laid out in consultationbitween the Water and Forest Service and the Pastoral Service as required.

Duration: Intermittent throughout the project period. ANNEX 11 Page 7

Study No. 17: Legal and Tax Systems for ControllingGrazing and Livestock Numbers, 5th Region

Objective: To review present legislationand fiscal (primarily tax) policies governing livestock and land-use in the 5th Region and to indicate ways in which amendment could assist in realizing desired developmentobjectives.

Execution: By one or two consultants.

Duration: About 6 man-months, in PY3 or 4.

Study No. 18: Livestock Credit, 5th Region

It is anticipatedthat under the program of work of the Mopti Trial Station (Annex 9), two or three villages will be incorporated into a pilot scheme for testing livestock credit for fodder and meat production. hed -1vhs,,e- F-i-tri-s - Wilh-~ b ll esee

Lehi he-isheSit2 ~ ~ ~3 ~ ~~4 ~5 ~ ~~26 3 8 9 ii hI 6 2 is 04 is it i his 19 20

N..ehe 54h.hhh 5172,020 5 9h7.sia 612,303 605,426 614,603 62h,.856 622,625 622,h782 h6246I 6027,207 629,800 6310,691 633,945 636,126 6380,2h0 640,616 642,h830 645,049 641, 286 64.3 s W.h. 54,000 51Y,202 59. ash 61. 230 60,543 626460 62, hit 62,262 62,200 62,4t2 62, 7h29 62,900 6 3,2189 63,395 63,603 63,030 64,062 64,203 64,525 64.729 6,9 hIf.r hel- N80. hhhh 63 2825 143,356 14h.h53 145,3h02 147,5h5 149,hhh 149,42i hh9.46h h49,9h9 15h.549 hh ,h152 h5h,654 h52,h1472 h5h,63h17 h453,200 h53,34h h54,29 hhho h5,4 , lleiiers~ a-a 9s. hhh.hhhlo4.Iss hhh,Whh h25,06h h38,36 436,Sih 030655 hh,i h,h 4,h h4,hIh,i 4,h 4,5 4.h363.3I I 46hi 164,23 h45.h22 14,2 i6h2 heaters 3-6 aer0M. h,h0h ihh,h2h ihh,49h4 95, 392 I, 6h4 ih17 8h13 ,2h:, 15 11,4h020 12hi,21h3 122,h45 122,79 02,82512 223, ih6 i03, h3 h24,21ih i4,622 1225 h2 009,65 2,5 2,32 ai shOhr s.. 9h,hh hh,h Ih7 .h hhIh hI97 4,29 hh75 i 62,Ihh1hh 1h2,432 112,912 113,364 2h3 ',4 h14,hhh 204,503 hh4,908 h65,Shh 225,hh Oh,h ,h h,1 alhs02sesNi. hOhOhO 19,200 90,600 92,463 92,580 89360 09,609 89,403 00,36 08,5~60 0,6129h 89,200 69,352 69,655 90,h46 92,45 9020 9009 h960 00,226 hh4 Mies23 atr N.. 00,000 90,002 22,072 803,642 60,4604 00,944 25,063 2522 25,0920432 2439 2674,:60 742 2,2 25,416 2,2 595 2,53 2,2 6262,6 heOe94 ystsh. 20,000 92,220 83560,i 67,746 25,60 35,1:66 2,710 32,359 20,755 7h,593 69,0 69,927 76,033 20,432 70,264 20,969 26.073 36 426 2,2 2146 067 Oehrs9cn$ 4-5 ts.~~~~~~~~~N62,000 6250 7h,621 70,04 5396 5,85 5644 52,992 40,66 40,020 46.04Q9' 48,232 46,249 49,25 40,590 60,7992 68,955 49 h .. 4,04952963 S-ire 0lder 6bs 5 Irm N.. _50,h2III .0875 _56.040 66, 206 75.4,94 68,2227 67,5613 64.159 _62.352s 5.125 546011- 53.036 5I.83 51.094 52._204 50.579 50.566 50.663 5 2 599 5 6

…-i Os. 2,522,~~~~~~~~1~00 00 h,355. 766 1.6312.h52 h658 0 I362 625 2210 2 692,96 h693 64I5 0 668,56h 16864,439 0,693 872 1 605 692 66906 663s 16044 h2322 23556 h7526 60

T-t1AisiO,6 LI is. 2~,239,009 1.~268,882 0,3_30,634 2,3~61,436 1,375.162 1,388,609 1,503998139 9129 ,2,22 1,2,53 1.374,416 03751 8614 1138 205 1,382.489 0,306.678 6.392136 2 395,247 _1.4045Q 1_405238 2 0 2 . 3

N,heeOhsah.262,024 172,606 629,295 103,691 262,628 184,382 106,252 08h,785 206,695 68a,386 188,296 188,940 289,561 290,684 692,830 091,514 192,185 292,649 193,326 194,186 29 6 Zshcle,O.162,000 171,606 2159,695 185,9 19.8 RI60 686,252 186,785 006,835 687,366 088,166 100,942 1895.57 193.204 190,850 696,56419682116594.686 69 6

Ss VO63h-s 9s- 924,005 343,6 5,9 62,562 363,206 360,262 37,1 323,520 973.610 324,272 9 _76,372 372 800 3929 24 3800566 381,606 3863029 384,370 385 6~9h 302 030~ 90 2 8 2

Csss 9s. ~~~~~~~37,40030,589 40,692~ 42,6331 42,1:I62 43,05G4 43,94 44,497 44,521 44,640 146,824 43,205 4o,056 45,305 45,459 45,620 45,180 45,939 46,292 456,22 4842 OsOls is. 3,~~~ ~~2023, 140 3,450 504 364 353 9 ,0 ,3 ,32 ,4 5764 3,29 529 504 3,017 3.630 5,444 5,077362 5,6 Osi Ir nOseshs. 324201 94,3121 35,03-9 56,7138 36,326 36,0716 52,251 137,35 32,367 52,422 3263 32,720 3~7,923 38,631' 38,1I68 833 3,42 3,2 3, 17073 3 37 38,12 Seiters 0-2 ess6. 120 6,62 9,3/,01 886s,1 8,050 8,940 0,966 8,96h 0,995 9,033 ss9 9,299 9,129 h,6 19,3 5225 9,5 ,8 ,2 osller 2 Y-3ao 9s, 0.040 7,~20 6:,224 2:,243 0,095 h,289 0,69 h,369l 6,404 6,420 6,4301 I,65 8,402 8,525 0,553 8,5841 661:111 8,46067 ,2h,3 Irlsse5-ses s, 6,02 6,642 6,6 5,3G,20 260 2,9I,4 7,824 7,900 ,2 792 7,96"29h 8,203 9,20 I,t,9 8,2:,5 ,1794 Bell essse is. 64,8025 5 6,6s 22,618 25,426' 22,:690 23,527 24,5203 712,204 24,2314 14,954 25,214 1556 2,21 2,1 33 666 2,'874 11,042' 21.4h6 22,614 22,44 Osle 2-2acor Is, 6,02 5,400 6,216 6,450 0,613 6,539 6,638 0,205 6,24 686 6,746 6.7151 6,602 8,024 6,47 4,010 6,094 6,919 6,945 6,862 6,99 tsr,2-3ys..5, e. 6h,h22 4,2582 5,5 548 ,555 5,5462 5,327 5,364 5,512 5,306 5,569 53.350 3,313 5 ,3h 5 5,5,21 5,4 5,665,655,0 Milin 3.4 osesi Os. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~4,240O5,280 3.460 4,324 4,03 4,2 4,833 4,504 4.506 4,506 4,462 4,463 4,472 4,4836 4,5014 4,329, 4.1,43 4,559l 4,1 ,9,0 .el..-. ..e..s 3,460 4,200 4,963 522 4,065 4,548 4,532 4,543 4.234 4,245 4,236 4,694 4.196 4,208 4,226 4,243 4,251 4,21 4,6 436,2 ileshdi hl-e S ...ses _hs.3002 6,4020 6,611 6,431 2612 6.923 6,846 6,525 6,244 3.809 554 094 32h 5.196 5,197 5,044 5,144 ~ 5,152 ~ 5,163 5 2 ,9 0s2,, ts,tses s. 165,209 292,903 200,8604 704,396 2072,35 200.3~53 222,450 202,1209 712,30 0212,102 21,4 1.2 14.282 214 9636_56 2~ 22 -202.056 217.8000 260542 20 30 220 06

4,,0 CsN s 32,402 32,490 40,041 42, 195 35,:021 60,9~45 69:2,60 24,503 1474 71 94:,734 24,555 15,2 75,576 25,627 76,12% 2639 16,606i 76,874 7,5 146264 4,21 OlIn 4, 9,60 0,0 .8 ,6 ,660 9 ,2 ,0 ,3 9,46 9.6 9408 944 941 9,0 ,42 9,56 9.69 9,42 966 0,70 hsl 9rhr4 , ,03 1,14 1,22 81 1,23 6267 12,90 6,204 8.3093 0,367 6,520 632 1325 2370 6,336 1,41,344 2,349 ,5 ,1 ,6 sihr-e3- ysN.lo. - - - - . - sleiss 0-8 lesss ts. 6,000 5,400 6,~~~~~~~~~~~~~2120:6,61 12,9072 13,21~1 14,382f 25,646 06,03116 26,85 06,065 08,9317 172,OhS 62,06'66 221~1297 62,27 1:27,13 172,27 12,336 81,61 12,41 9 Mes2-3,yees , 6,0 3,02 2,28.3 ,2 ,8 ,3 ,4 ,940 0,094 856 8,0 92 695 998923 806910.60 9,429,7 Osise 41 ,e O. 2, 3,500 4,036 0,54 0,h62 01,378 66,636 089,261 67,440 22669 62,648 12,421 27,46 755 70 12,479 h272367 6729 6,51791292 Stres 010cr 66cr S Yts- 3s. 21,62 ,2 1,2 40,0 4,85 49,364 40,058 50,0I60 642 33887 32,397 31.46~4 30,32 4 30,010 3,00 33.iQ005 30,009 30,054 3.2 020 3,9

Ss6eI Ns-bre-s 90,000 94,463 96,6 1,0 3,47 142,203 158,021 065,938 263,069 1_62,931 161.410 L60.764 660,499 162,495 160,113 , 161,092 66.5 6,5 6,1 6,1 6,2

CelalriOst 0 60 60 60 68 60 00 60 00 60 tO 60 60 6 60 69 67 60 60 60 60 60 Mstlt es"-.1lO- Ceise 0 20 20 26 2 20 20 02 20 20 2 2 20 20 20 20 70 20 228 2 -hsihe -e 0 42 48 40 4h 40 41 40 49 40 40 40 40 40 42 40 40 40 60 40 404 -As% 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 6 6 6 CsllIsget-sc 6' 6 1 8 9 20 ii Il 122 I 12 12 12 12 12 1.2 12 2621 -ssOe 5 25 05 65 65 15' I5 25 25 1,5 15, 15 65 65 iS 15 13 75 5 15 65 i

Oshh/hseRetis 10 00 10 10 1 10 10 20 10 18 0 22 12 10 68 10 10 0100 Oi e-irr1lhis sst 40 68 46 48 46 49 48 46 41 40 46 46 40 46 46 40 48 46 48 48 4 Cs%OelOr 36.0 36.8 36. 54. 38.2 36.3 36.7 36,9 37.0 37.6 52.2 37.3 32,.3 90. 33.3 .3 3I3.4 7,.4 437.4 33. Ociss-le2 Y--oS.ld s 6 8 20 62 83 64 45 65 85 I5 41 05 i5 05 15 IS0 58 Nee2:9yi :,IsId 2. 3 3 5 7 l 2I0 2 10 60I 0 10 74 00 10 10 6i 1 Meleel-5 vretl4 OslO 5 5 5 ~~~ ~~~15 ~~~12 ~~~22 ~~~24 ~23 ~ ~~~25 ~ ~2 ~25 ~~~~12 2525 2 2905 5 2 25 25 SteeeotIIIshn-t sYes-8s02l 5 3I 3 35 35 35 35 95 35 35 35 35935353 53 55 9355 st-1 0stest 6.l 0 6 11 8.2 8.8 9.3 99 99 9.7 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 949. ,

Li,es = I O 000,irl 89.2.2 sel 0.3 4.2.1 sere 1-2 ye-- 0.66A...; heier 2-3 y-er- 0.25 8,.6. heifer 3-4 y--e = 0.9 A,.1. 6ee23 ere=0.0 8.2.; s,el 34 yee- - 0.95 0.0.2 -1-r 4-5 yss=1.2 A.U.1 btsll/-tee slIe this S ru- = 1.2 2.4. MAL,

le-d lovove root,l 0h the hroj~ect

.3 i4-20 6 7 2 p 1 11 12 unit. D3ep- 2 1. 5

765,400 765,400 74 ,40, " 765,400 765,400 765,400 765,100 540,000 572,020 60,4,097 002,_ i1' 668,176 691,724 726,413 742,689 Cows Ne. 53,578 531,575 53,578 53,578 53,578 .4,2e> 46,773 .4,4.4 0,1,49 51,915 531,578 53,174 Nulls lie. 54,000I 57,202 4-3,28 6 2'02,525 202,525 202,525 202,525, i83,030 189,56, 156,251 2,2,525 202,535-' 202,525 No. 110,000 137,285 4,P42, 162, 94 £74,500 j94,424 Heifer Calves 151,980) i86,40i 191,4324 344'. 11,4L14,421, 194q o 14,42Ii4,h~ No. L20,00 i3,10010 a30O421 1I, 27, I 56, 184 165,729 175,705 Heifera1-2 years .60,465 106,61, L52, 47 156,617 1966147 156,647 98,.'30 .1~,2P04 37,1, s'5") ,931 it,381,681 274,701 Hinfers 2-3 years ND. 114,000 .12,500 1,8o5I4.,835 .,838 131,555 85,269 97,060 105,805 114,952 1q,1940 i23.252 .1,2 Heffers - 4 Years No. 103,000D 108,020 .01,901 9)2, ''4-~ 165",771 3 157,969 163,542 168,774, O.6,771 .65,771 118,771 .65,771 264,771 90.100 102,961, 116,017 219,71 147,~3 0'.2!,525 6 Soil Calves Wo. 146, 704, ul 700, 3,•701 236,704 106 701 .136,704 90,268 10) 630 15, i40 1058,1P00 P,4 25,Ii 31,469 Males -1-2 years No. I100,00 19,210o 49,21.44,l 49, 214 1,;) 49,214. 817 5 6 541 599 72,602 60,312 '.7,689 O.9, ul1 110. 85,oo 000 (00 117i281 81 045 oo( - 417,24, Mel ee 2-3 Yeses 51 21 69,695B 57,900 ('5 4710121> 17,245 47,245 70,000 52,720 56,45 0 2 78, 56 87,209 54, 0016 Ml elo 3-4 yearo Ns. 49, 233 41, 325Q ' 4 51544 13, i5 2 6A,410 275 61, '2' -7,6625 45 Years No. .1000 62,00 71 966 7 705± 142 2 Malee lI 59 4,64 40o1 1,86 2,2 011 ~ ~ OteoOlder lIhr 5) yeas, o.5.0..2 7 '0 62 5 9 l24 0 0 01 0 5 4>9~1,020P,2__ 216 2 1 1~94.__ 95i200 9k-127__1,,98__3 _579, lotol L5Nulsoore No. 1,5)8 756 1 624 253 L,714 200 1 S'S o4' 1 S97,0~00 , m2'

0 41 >1 0,14,o L,~77 'Ž 20o2 , 212 4.0 2 ~:01 0 1 lIe. (or lelucO 1100~~~~TI. 112.010 271 o26 18 051.91, L 1'7 0174 12l 41 Ill 2,60 h,0 ,1 T`2Ž,72.,6372 241,0 ?41,111t 2451,10 2o iI l1ll r-vo lO. 14.00 11 6 184 50 2,15046

4559 5,8)OM90 35,5%9 28,360 25,986 30,255 31,551 1,8 34,267 1~5,377 35,547 35,721 Costs No. 3,2,400 38,550 33,902 2,143 2,143 2,14, 2,1.: 2,560 1,933 1,770 1,571 1,937 2,006 2,077 2,1431 2,143 hiulls No. 3,240 3,280 38,576 38,576 38,375 6, 76 33,323 33,676 34,563 36,107 37,351 35,576 38,576 48,576 ~ Hei2e- Calves Nio. 32,4oo 34,321 35,005 8,101 5, 101. 5,101 5,111 6, 101 6,600 6,561t 5,970 6,5083 7,072 7,321 7,583 7,850 5,103 Hleifers -1-2 years N.. 7,200 7,279 7,536 7,777 7,777 7,777 7,777 7,777 6,540 7,200 5,170 5,217 5,731 6,247 6,789 7,028 Heiefers-2-3 Years No. 1,742 4,I909 5,084 5,263 5.4`7 547 5,4~7 5,4 17 No. 6,120 6,540 5,64o 3,929 3,756 4,002 4,363 Hifolers-3-4 years 67,701 70,090 72,330 72,330 72,30 71,330 72,3310 72,3411, 72,334 Null Calves No. 64,500 68,642 55,173 66,646 63,143 65,368 6,751 5,593 6,101 6,319 6,542 6,751 6,751 6,751 5,751 6,751 Males I-2 Years No, 6,000 5,400 5,l48 4,643 5,175 5,468 1.,661 4,225 4,6o6 5,157 5,156 5,245 5,299 5,465 5,468 5,468 Males 2-8 years No, 5,250 6,000 5,960 3,707 1,969 1,9)69 1,96,9 3,2~62 3,634 3,500 3,384 2,904 2,4129 1,905 1,965 Males3-4 years No. 4,900 5,250 4,550 2,551 I,591 3,131. 3,485 3.360 3,249 2?,755 2,316 1,531 1,590c 1,590 Maled4-5 years No, 3,66o 4,200 4,156 3,455 2,737 _,_.,_55,,~30 59 2,723 2.325 1,870 1,390 1,8124 StversOlder than 5 years No,. ,0 6,66o ~ 5,85 4,41 4,677 ~ 127570 1853,39588417 189,11 65855 ----- 18,21- 15,19 17,7 TotalNumhers 175,.14o 193.003 150,970 1,68 6,66 170,863 ~2- Isales .07,156 107,156 107,156 107,,56 44,041 45,325 56,905 26,518 75,090 55,970 96 ,)20 107,1.56 107,156 :,IP Cow, No. 52,',00 '32,400 ),644e 9,640, 4~,61'. 9,644 9,.40. 9),414 5,100 8,1.00 9,152 5,659 7,967 8,4ig 5,71i6 4,017 9,345 Su,l. lulls No. 5,060 5,241 5,426, 5,42,21 Ž142_6 5,424 l-42E No. 1,030 1,140 2,3D56 1,965 3,756 4,126, 4,498 1l,,8B Cull Heifers 262 17,595 23,123 20,701 32,735 32,738 32,738 No. ------25,316 Heifers3-4 years 13,260 16,775 20,536 24,531 25,316 25,316 25,316 95,5,16 25,316 1-2 years No. 6,000 5,400 5,145 5,8o4 9,056 52,020 82,022 Males 231,028 35,41,4 51,858 65,557 79,451 52,022 52.022 52,022 2-3 years No. 10,000 3.100 3,960 7,413 oo,563 11,811 Males 13,309 17,4112 19,3,22 20,304 17,425 14,475 11,445 11,511 L1,811 Males 4-5 years No, 10.500 5301C 6,618 9,510 9,582, 59 ,,7 05t9:2 ,,l>21 9 leer Older than 5 yeeeu P01,670 4oq23,88 680 t,8 42 53,877 1 755,9855,5_306,780 305,519 3050 27.4 9j82~, uelN,ouber, 9---9---11,3 1743 5,92 1253 Produetlo,sSets 63 63 63 63 61 63 63 63 63 6~3 63 63 CalvingRate 6o 6( 61 16 16 16 16 16 6 20 19 17 16 16 i6 16 16 16 Moe,talotyRate-Heifer Calves 20) 30 30 30J 30513 0 40 4o 37 31, 30 30 30 30 -lull Calves 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 5 4 4 4 14 -Adults 11 12 23 14 11, 14 14 1IL 6 6 7 5 9 10 15 CollingNate-Cows 18 18 18 18~ 18 18 1-8 18 -Bulls 15 15 16 15 15 18 3 3 3 3333 I 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 -Heifers 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 10 10 8 7 7 7 4, R,ll/CoswRatio 1* 5 45 15 45 45 45 45 45 Age at.First Calvinog Months 1 46 4 138 , 45 45 38.7 35.7 38.7 317.2 36.9 ?64,5 36.5 36.6C 37.o 35.0 35.3 38.5 15b.4 C-ss/TotalHierd 36 36.5 15 I, 15 15 15 15 6 5 5 7 9 11 13 15 Males1-3 years "lol nce. 50 60 60 60 60 64, 60, e.a 3 5 5 10 P0 30 40 Males 2-3 years Sold 23 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 n.soa.55 21 114 17 20 66 Males 4-5 years Sold 60 66 66 6F, 66 66 66 66 steersOlder than yeses Sold 5, .5, 35 .8 48 50 55 1,4.9 14.9 9,6 11,0 12.5 134 11,3 15.3 15.2 15.0 Total 101t1,1Raet 6 ~ .7.3 5.0 8.U.

A.1.1 heifer 3-4 yve- r.1) A.4',; Cost= 1 An! ml Usit (A.1..; calf ). 3 A.U1. Iear-r - 0.6 A.0.1 1,cif- v-eoaro 0.75 I oller 'h-s - yeses 1,1 2A.11. msle 2-53Years 05. A1T.1, Made 3-'- yeses =0 .95 A,.,. mosl 4Ic"y- = I.. A.' .; lolI st-or

Jesse2, 1974 ANNEX 12 Table 3

MALI

LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENTPROJECT

ecremeneutl Beef and Mert Productiou fro, the Cattle Herd

(MF mfllio.)

Cltn Price/ Before Pro1ect Year (MB) Developenut 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

A. Without the Project

Beef

Cull Cows 25,000 810 810 1,001 1,195 1,378 1,514 1,690 1,863 1,868 1,868 1,874 1,882 1,889 1,896 1,902 1,908 1,915 1,922 1,929 1,935 1,942 Cil1 Bulls 57,800 468 468 496 518 531 525 533 538 540 540 542 544 546 548 550 552 553 555 557 559 561 Cu11 Peifers 22,000 23 25 25 21 27 28 29 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 Heifers - 3-4 Years 22,000 ------Males 1-2 Years 16,000 96 86 99 138 176 209 230 250 269 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 289 Mlles 2-3 Years 27,500 275 83 65 125 178 178 246 246 246 243 244 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 251 252 Meles 4-5 Years 54,400 588 190 225 465 553 619 905 989 960 962 960 951 951 954 958 962 965 968 971 975 918 Eteeca Older thao 5 Years 57.800 1.253 2,365 1.955 2,341 2.589 2.334 2.315 2.200 2.105 1.959 1,873 1,819 1.777 1.752 1.739 1.734 1.735 1.737 1.741 1,746 1,751

Sub Total 3,513 4,027 3,866 4,803 5,432 5,407 5,948 6,114 6,017 5,870 5,792 5,740 5,709 5,698 5,699 5,708 5,723 5,739 5,757 5,775 5,794

Milk 2/ 972 1,030 1.07S 1.102 1.090 1.106 Ijg18 1.121 1.121 1.124 _1.129 1.134 1.137 1.141 1.145 1,149 1,153 1,157 1,161 1,165 1,169

T17TAL 4,485 5,057 4,941 5,905 6,522 6,513 7,066 7,235 7,136 6,994 6,921 6,874 6,846 6,839 6,844 6,857 6,876 6,896 6,918 6,940 6,963

B. With the Projget

Bee,f

Cull Co-e 25,000 810 810 1,001 1,208 1,423 1,670 1,902 2,149 2,410 2,679 2,679 2,679 2,679 2,679 2,679 2,679 2,679 2,679 2,679 2,679 2,679 Cull Bulls 57,800 468 468 529 503 406 487 504 522 540 557 557 557 557 557 557 557 557 557 557 557 557 Cull elifers 22,000 23 25 50 43 83 91 99 108 I11 115 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 Heifers - 3-4 Years 22,000 ------6 387 509 631 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 Melee - 1-2 Years 16,000 96 86 82 93 145 212 268 329 393 405 405 405 405 405 405 405 405 405 405 405 405 Moles - 2-3 Years 27,500 275 83 109 204 290 633 1,057 1,426 1,803 2,186 2,256 2,256 2,256 2,256 2,256 2,256 2,256 2,256 2,256 2,256 2,256 Melee - 4-5 Years 54,400 588 190 360 517 521 724 949 1,051 1,105 948 787 623 643 643 643 643 643 643 643 643 643 SteensOlder then 5 Veers 57800 3,108 3.271 2.822 2.596 2.217 47 1.186 1.186 15186 .t86_ 1.186 1186__ 1.18

Sub lstal 3,513 4,027 5,128 5,787 6,247 6,931 7,887 8,856 9,190 9,873 9,529 9,054 8,704 8,646 8,565 8,565 0,565 8,565 8,565 1,565 8,565

Milk 2/ 972 1,030 1,105 1.176 1,263 1,307 1,354 1.402 1.447 1.447 1,447 1,4444 7 14747 1 1.44,447 1447 1,,447

TOTAL 4,485 5,057 6,233 6,963 7,510 8,238 9,241 10,258 10,637 11,320 10,976 10,501 10,151 10,093 10,012 10,012 10,012 10,012 10,012 10,012 10,012

C. ENCREMENTALEBEYE AND MILK PRODUCTION - _ 1,292 1,056 988 1,725 2,175 3,023 3,499 4,326 4,055 3,627 3,305 3,254 3,168 3,155 3,136 3,116 3,094 3,072 7,291-'

1/ Based ou ecomic beef pricee of: MB 340 per kg osrc-su c,eight (Asnex 2, pore 14) for export qleity cattle c(.ll bulle, -sles 4-5 years, esd steers older thee 5 years); 250 per kg carcass iwsight for 2-3 yeer old feeder steers to be fattened in Mali's southerm region; and MP 200 per kg carcesae veight at Mopti-S6vare m,rket for doeesticIlly coueeu,d ctttle (cull cows, heifers, cod meles 1-2 year. old).

2/ Cawo ix milk follofin clvino raer: 150 liter- mil per veer per c.ov frf-h-mu nnne -n,, e- MB °0 7cr liter.

8epteeber 4, 1974. MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Incremental Meat and Milk Production from Sheep and Goats

No. of Sheep No. of Value Value Total Value and Goats /1 Sales /2 of Sales /3 Milk Production /4 of Milk /5 of Production Inoremental Production ('000) ('000) (MF million) ('000 1) (MF million) (MF million) (MF million)

Before Development 2,000 600 1,800 15,300 306 2,106

End of Project Year 1 2,000 600 1,800 15,300 306 2,106 - 2 2,060 618 1,854 15,759 315 2,169 63 3 2,122 637 1,911 16,233 325 2,236 130 4 2,186 656 1,968 16,723 334 2,302 196 5 2,252 676 2,028 17,228 345 2,373 267 6 2,320 696 2,088 17,748 355 2,443 337 7 2,390 717 2,151 18,284 366 2,517 411 8 2,462 739 2,217 18,834 377 2,594 488 9-20 2,500 750 2,250 19,125 383 2,633 527

/1 3% herd increase per year from PY 2-9. /2- 30% extraction rate. /3 Carcass weight 12 kg at MF 250 per kg. /4 45% of sheep and goat flocks are ewes/goats of which 85% give 20 liters milk per year for human consumption. /5 MF 20 per liter.

September 4, 1974. ANNEX 14 Page 1

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

QualificationsRequired for ODEM's Senior Staff

Director

An experiencedadministrator, preferably with some formal training in the biological sciences, and with at least 10 years experience in Et iLead- ing position in Africa. He will be required to direct a mixed team of Malian and expatriate staff; he will hold responsibilityfor an annual budget of some US$2 million and he will negotiate and provide liaison with Government departmentsand internationalagencies. He must command respect and have an understandingof pastoral peoples. He should be conversant in French and preferably English and be between 40 and 60 years old.

Deputy Director

A graduate in agriculture,animal production or veterinary science, capable of providing technical and administrativesupport to his Directcr and, when necessary, assuming full responsibilityfor the affairs of an interdisciplinarydevelopment agency. He should have at least 10 years- experience in Africa, mostly in pastoral areas, and preferably in both East and West Africa. Previous responsibilityfor developmentprogram-, in pastoral areas would be highly desirable. He should be conversant in P'rench and English and be between 40 and 55 years old.

Range Management Officer

A graduate in a biological science, with qualificationin rarga management, and with an intimate understandingof the ecology of arid lands in Africa. He must be fully competent in aerial photo interpretation. Previous experience with range developmentprograms would be desirable. Ilewill participate in, and probably lead, interdisciplinaryrange surveys, assess livestock carrying capacities, and be required to develop and ayp.y methods for assessing range conditions and trends. He should be willing to accept extended periods of field work, be conversant in French and English and be between 25 and 45 years old.

Water Development Officer

A graduate in hydrogeology (or in hydrology with a working knowledge in hydrogeology)with a broad understandingof rural water developLaent in Africa based on at least six years postgraduate experience. He will participate in interdisciplinary surveys, site surface reservoirs and wi!lls, supervise construction teams and interpret the hydrological and hydrogeological implications of soil and geological samples. Within reasonable ANNEX 14 Page 2

limits, he will be able to draw on consultant advice, but must be capable to a large degree of functioningindependently and effectivelyin remote areas and under harsh conditions. He must be conversantin French, and should be 30-40 years old.

Livestock Research Officer

A graduate in animal production or veterinary science with at least three years postgraduateexperience in animal production in Africa. He will be required to direct an experimentalstation for forage and livestock production and be responsible for its livestock component. His work will include feeding trials with zebu cattle and small ruminants and work on parasite and insect control. Some experiencein conducting and preferably designing and directing animal research is required. The officer should be conversantin French and preferablyEnglish and should be 30-45 years old.

Pasture Agronomist

A graduate in agriculture or animal production with specializa- tion in pasture research, includingat least three years postgraduate experience in irrigated tropical grass production. He will be required to design and implement experimentalprograms for the rehabilitationand management of floodplain grasslandsand irrigated pastures, involving the simulation of flooding regimes. Additionally,he will participate in interdisciplinarysurveys in the inundated zone of the Niger delta. In his research activities he will work in liaison with and under the direction of the Livestock Research Officer. He should be conversantin French and preferablyEnglish, and be 30-45 years old.

Livestock Economist

A graduate in a biological science with postgraduate training in economics or a graduate in economicswith several years experience in the agricultural sector. Experience in collecting and handling socioeconomic and livestock statistics is essential, as is a working knowledge of the theory of samples and of the commoner forms of statistical and economic analysis. The officer will be responsible for collecting and analyzing herd statistics, leading or participating in livestock censuses by combined aerial and ground sampling techniques, and for determining the economic viability of specific investment programs. He will participate in interdisciplinary surveys and must be prepared for extended periods of field work. He should be conversant in French, and be 30-40 years old.

Comunity Development Officer

A graduate in a social science or education, or an experienced educational or extension officer. The essential requirement would be an ability to collect and interpret socioeconomic data related to pastoral AIN\EX14 Page 3 peoples. An understandingof forms of cooperativeorganization adapted to African pastoral conditions is desirable,as would be a knowledge of the theory and practice of teaching functionalliteracy. He will participat:ein interdisciplinarysurveys, collect census data, evaluate social organiz;tions and attitudes,and assist in designing and evaluating forms of organization for the Seno Mango area. He will also provide liaison with the Functioral Literacy Service in testing and developingliteracy programs. He shoult 'e conversantin French and preferablyPeuhl, and be 35 to 55 years old. ANNEX515

Cost OCr-s Foreign

lsvootswnt- 30576.930 Costs toO Osaarmstleo 1)~~~~3253 370C,- ~ ,> 22.6a 233,54 361.2 (84.0) 42 3/ ink's cod n- 28sot2.23 4 2>3 -. 2'',73, '4 42 '"~4 ( 44.6) 59

opor-tlog Coals Salatt- a')oToo 73,3221061,- 23,3,0) 377.2 637.3 1,310.5 (18.9) 63 -Coo...ttOtsl 1070400 - a.3 2-o- 12.0 I 33912.13 - 108 - &Salsoloaoo..oa Cosstrsnolzo4/,23' of lsilOiozs 17,430 '>' '' ~~~~~~~~~2.333 31.3. 33.1 93.3 (14.0) 42)4 - Oollolo (355-49 Coo-, &-3o~P2s-aono) o. 33"77 4.1 197,1 290.9 (32.7) 66

0-Ch-r !..' 33c'c___ 32 93.3 539.6 246.7 (2.03 39

S,ibtotsi 3252 3'- 3 V '"' ' 34) ,028.0 0,337.9 2,406.7 (Z56.0) 19.8 57

bootsatCosts 3'7dI~7.. an aon,ta 34?. 4," ''5(2 193.7 186.6 3.3 (53.3) 3 - 'OolOoIos aod 3rvi~~~~~~~~~~~~~~zoo,133,3 3 ~~~~~"I(n'3310) t.71 ~ 32.9 120.3 (34.3) 61

OsaogCoats - CaI-IS3 -1' -9,oZ 233 -7723) 3o31.2 - 396.1I (20.2) 8 - Ž!o2olnotonc Csosstreetl.ncof 2o•I.al.. 3,3 323) 93.) 13.613.4 25.328.5 (6.3)(.3) 435.4 -33oo02ogVohootos Coot,. 3 2oa1sootso~rn)44.81' 3'3" C9.4 3~9. 3 11.6 341. 2 (33.6) 68 - tusarol Adoto!oln-os3on 242' ~~~~~ ~~~~1.3 ~~~~13.3 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~74.7(3.4) 80

Subtota1l,2 l35' 22,~ 1 _ 2'0 (0 3 9172.3 095.1 3,469.7 (300.6) 13.0 34

1II. 08001'Aotos SoalO'3 S-"go.s --vot-os Costs - slo's00 oosvotIs0 2 3,1-73 42 9.1 73.5 163. 3 (25.8) 45 - ''o:lo.o 3 -040t 20, ' 3350 0'0 " '~' -2.3 71.7 125.9 300.0 (57.9) 61

op-taiog Costa oa'o o I~' 2 -. 2 00' 4(03 3' 2 - 1,393.3 (39.3) 0 - 0105'4000002'0.- 3nI1'7'o~t & C.. o00004400 2n,.97 6,~37 s', ?'' f5643) 44,50 33.9 -3.6 (12.5) 45 -Vliio(.obnto.g Coals & Reps o-0 * -3 -14 1393 .23 32.0 395.4 648.) (162.1) 61

lOnorot 3lso2~~~~~~~~~~~~ 33 3~~~24,730.724 373.1 499.3 832.6 (93.1) 60 G-0'or, AOdnSlo,-too22 363 375.8 1-5.3 51.1 (5.) I30

S,Ib-ot. 9o'jO '0 513,3735 2 1 (300,422) 2,030.3 1,147.3 3,177.5 (420.2) 26.0 36

IV. foods nd Wells Foods. Popstnybo ,522 13143o `3333 10.3 30.9 41.3 (0.6) 75 - CoostoostioaOoootootoioo no6nO 9,,sota'sotloo, 32,303 3~0_5.320 '53 5~o" (23 633) 230.0 456.5 330.0 (37.0) 88 - Poisslosesoo ll,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rcCob44,30 ,03 24.5 93.0 '123.9 (12,2) 89

titus - Feopoooo.ory',Ycov2.o 1,203 23,333 3373 15.1 42.342.7 93.557. (3.6)(3.) 34~~~~~~~~~~~i,17 -Coosor-tio, 'oa0.fnooo f 5020sl. 7 1o .. , 37 2, 1,393,9 2,621.0 (64A. 45_ 68

S,,btolal 23'3,2512~I I'C(.,3 ,093 391.0 3,421.3 3422 (257.6) 26.0 71

4 V. Hoot AhsIta4r.-104o tono7ooo4 I1v-toot Costa ILs Fo-p,,ontloo 33 LI. - .L(61 i-,COo013orl, 39-26 3.378d3 7.3 66.3 034.2 (74.2) 43 -Otiittiot 33'I,7 '3 22.7 23.4 43. 1 (7.5) 50 - Coo43,soot 2 ,1o32) ~~~~~ ~~~~2.4.2 ~ ~~~~63.8 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~13.6(9.1) 53

sO Cono2'ocllo.a .. ,/ (333) 3~~ ~ ~~~~71.3 ~ ~~~~26.3 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.4(09,) 80

u til--no ~ ~(747V_ -) 3.2 3.3 8.3 (3.1) 40 u i -ootoouo '' ' . La). 9.9 23.8 (3.4) 43 - 1o.l ieio 73732~) 5.0 5. 2 532.2 (2.8) 53 -O0he0r2 5I1.7 8.6 14.3 (0.3) 60 t Subtolt ' 7 " 4"! ' o2 `''.:'43 221.5 162.6 204.1 (53.1) 3.2 42

VI. l.vsotook M,,ktbol Iov-t-st -t. t- C-so "solo 2 9 '. . 10 ,s32) 4.3 03.0 1.33. (35.3) 49 0 Op-o.tf-g Coot, Sata--- .'n 3.'n40-- 23' 9.3.3 . 49.0 (2.5) 0 Iototovsoone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~30 ~~~~~~~~'~7.33 215 03,3 22.3 (3.4) 49 ot34,a.&3- . . 4.77 12 ( 40

S,,eotot 1 L''3 ,733 264.7 307.7 272,4 (30.4) 0.3 - 40

VI" vest-'ot Cooto. 3o63l,i,-'o-oanoC-ttnI 'i-n 57,003 0', ~-00 M,,'353 '93.3.3 221,6 0(3.2) 43 /.h',o o 33o20.~ 310.1 55.9 (14.3) 61 U- .t-ollk - 0.3- 79 . 0

op-orstn Costs Salorl- s-o :4,o ' 023'02 20 431 2 .02 44, 5 133.3 366.3 (8.4) 51 -z I , q0ooOoo3.1 7 231 3 73 3 21-.8 25.0 37.6 (5.6) 42 - intlotos(tootin'C-Coto 43so1, o,ot3 1. 5.00n,34* ' 2.3 2. 1. (53.6) 61 - I.I'on.2oo3 3.243 - - 47.9 - 07.9 ' 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~179

Sohtoto2 317?_,47703527j 5 ,33 49 523. 7 3,003,3 (330.3) 8 .2 33

0001. Crs6o,4ne 72 422 1- .00i 2'2 7~~~ ~ ~~~~333 ~ ~~~~~2,79~5.44.3 .053

Thysiasi Cosllogonolas 4/ 94,373 239,? 7 '000 ,00'7 ,273) 473,0 426.3 693.065.4 (115.5)(15.3)5.0 0.10 7846.17 Frito Cootboooia 2'.C/1410 20 4O2('-,73 0§2 2,200 3 4.082.7 (614.2)3.03

Sobcotal OcInOson ,0.9 ,.o2I ,... , . 2231 2317 5,014.4L (329.4) 40.0 53

2 2 00s1232OTAL 3133344f2_10~'S .nIfl- ,..~. 9.;39,.,04,1 3I7,700.0 (2.3t8:2) 52

T-CxsaeIooddS c: et 2/S-ee-so 6. ltlo I n 2 ;Acao 7, toblo 2obono3,t_o7 otAos 3,.010 3/nO43 Pint 0003.000080o..oyoot,agaois Coo sot; OoCt,1oonv,60-to 70.2'.'.o'-,'o.o' o 'voooo r32.oo o,too.oned Osr497o4S 151,,197, (3 1975975ad 123. 1o936 -0 toh a2oo.- oooao4'3teroo.s ... oosi Wn ;,tn Vso-21. .o-74 0.t4,71-oo495hod7.7 hosice. ho13.SoroseI14150co 4934 has-o toot, snlobs o' sIfn.n -aoll .osga,,lrooIto, o--'.. "i ts t, ' 1

Jaoosy 13, 1975 ANNEX 16

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Project Cost Phasing

(MF '000)

------Project Year ------1 2 3 4 5 Total

I. ODEM - Headquarters Investe-t t Costs - Buildings and Coostraction 252,100 - - - - 252,100 - Vehicles and Equipment 58,850 12,450 - - - 71,300

Operating Costs - Salaries sod Wages 94,460 99,060 99,060 99,060 63,060 454,700 - Consultant's Services 12,000 18,000 12,000 12,000 - 54,000 - Maintenance of Buildings & Construction - 10,500 10,500 10,500 10,500 42,000 - Vehicles (Runoin Costs & Replacements) 24,985 26,485 26,485 26,485 26,485 130,925 - Credit Trials - 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 12,000 - Others 20.600 11.600 11.600 11.600 10,600 66,000

Subtotal 462,995 181,095 162,645 162,645 113,645 1,083,025

11. 00KM - pastor1 Service Investment Costs - Buildings and Cnstruction 47,200 83,880 28,800 - - 159,880 - Vehicles and Equipment 28,850 900 26,650 - - 56,400

Operating Costs - Salaries sod Wages 30,940 43,700 58,120 61,000 61,000 254,760 - Maintentaco of Buildings - 1760 2,720 4,160 4,160 12,800 - Vehicles (Running Costs & Replacesents) 17,595 18,195 34,755 34,755 34,755 140,055 - General Administration 5.370 7.130 8.330 8.330 8.330 37,49

Subtotal 129,955 155,565 159,375 108,245 108,245 561,385

111. ODEM - Aninal Health Services Inve-st-et Costs - Buildings and Constroctism 12,000 61,500 - - - 73,500 - Vehicles sod Equipment 90,480 2,000 - - - 92,480

Operating Costs - Salaries sod Wages 101,520 101,520 111,300 111,300 111,300 536,940 - Msinteanre of Buildings & Construction 6,000 6,300 8,440 8,440 8,440 37,620 - Vehicles (Running Costs & Replacement) 58,020 58,420 58,420 58,420 58,420 291,700 - Vaccines, Drugs, Medicaneors & Mineral Blocks 79,850 97,550 67,630 62,550 67,060 374,640 - General Adcinist-ati.o 3,000 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 23,000

Subtotal 350,870 332,290 250,790 245,710 250,220 1,0.29,880

IV. Poods sod Wells Ponds - Preparatory WorkS 13,880 4,640 - - - 18,520 - Construction sod Supervlsiooi of Construction 190,550 65,950 - - - 256,500 - Maintenance - - 55,000 55,000 - Physical Contingencies 19,055 6,595 - - 5,500 31,150

Wells - Preparatory Works 26,000 - - - - 26,000 - Construction sod Supervision of Construction 428,815 385,470 365,160 - - 1,179,445 - Maintenance - Yhysical Cuntingencien 83.750 74.640 72.550 - - 210,940

subtotal 762,050 537,295 437,710 - 60,500 ,717,555

V. Mopti Abhttoir - Ride Drving FacilitZ Investment Costs - Site Preparation 500 - - - - 500 - Civil Works 69,400 - - - - 19,400 - Utilities 20,300 - - - - 0,300 - Equipment 19,700 - - - - 19,700 - Engineering Servloes & Supervision of Csnstruction 12,000 - -- - - 12,000 - PhysicaL Cantingencins 6,100 - - - - 6,100

Opersting Costs - Salaries sod Wages 1,680 5,120 5,520 6,180 6,700 25,200 - Utilities 156 725 870 1,015 1,160 3,926 - Maintenance - 2,200 2,560 2,700 2,880 13,340 - Vehicles 250 900 1,100 1,300 1,500 5,050 - Others 50 1.320 1.500 1.690 1.890 _,450

Subtotal 130,136 10,265 11,550 12,885 14,130 173,966

VI. Livestock Markets Investeset Costs - Construction & Supervision of Construction 84,750 - - - - 8. ,750 - Physical Contingencies 4,250 - - - - , 250

Operating Coots - Salaries sod Wages - 5,600 5,600 5,600 5,600 2. 400 - Maintensoce - 2,200 2,640 2,640 2,640 1( ,120 - Others - 1.160 1.390 1.390 1.390 _,330

Subtotal 89,000 8,960 9,630 9,630 9,630 121,850

VII. Mopti Trial Station Investment Costs - Buildings sod Const-ructio 99,700 - - - - 99,700 - Vehicles sod Equipsa-ot 18,100 7,500 - - - 25,600 - Livestsck 2,000 1,500 - - - 3,500

Operating Costs - Salaries sod Wages 34,770 34,770 34,770 34,770 16,770 55,850 - Maintenance - 4,230 4,230 4,230 4,230 16,920 - Vehicles (Ruoning Costs and Replacements) 15,320 20,270 20,270 20,270 20,270 96,400 - Livestock - 1,800 2,260 2,260 1,720 8,040 - Others 8.540 9.0tC 9.135 9.260 9.605 45 550

Subtota1 178,430 79,080 70,665 70,790 52,595 51 560

VIII. Tr.ii4 5.420 8,910 6.270 2,460 2,460 25 520

TOTAL PROJECT COSTS EXCLUDINGPRICE OOITIHOGENCTES 2,108,856 1,313,460 1,108,635 612,365 611,425 5, 54.741

Price Contingencies 1/ 471.884 449.914 494.681 257.445 334,977 2.,28 9OI

G1011 TOTAL PROJEIT COSTS 2.600,740 1.763.374 1.603.316 869.810 946.402 7.;_,642

_t See Aone 15, iootoote 3.

J.anuary 10, 1975 ANSNX 17

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Financing Plai

(US$ '000)

Livestock Gassrs Goversaent ODEHM IA Total

1. 0DEHHesadquarters iSvctessct Costs - Beildings and Coo.tructios 84.0 476.2 586.2 - Vehicles and Equipenet 44.6 113.8 158.4 Operating Costs - Salaries and Wages 18.9 991.6 1,010.5 - Consultants Services - 120.0 120.0 - Maintenance of Bnildings & Construction 14.0 79.3 93.3 - Vehicles 72.7 218.2 290.9 - Credit Trials - 26.7 26.7 - Others 22.0 124.7 146.7

Subtotal 256.2 2,150.5 2,406.7

Il. ODEM Pastoral Service Investtent Costs - Buildings and Constructions 53.3 302.0 355.3 - Vehicles and Eqoipsent 34.7 90.6 125.3 Operating Costs - Salaries and Wages 28.3 537.8 566.1 M-aintenance of Buildings & Constrtctios 4.3 24.2 28.5 - Vehicles 77.8 233.4 311.2 - General Adeinistratios 2.4 80.9 83.3

Subtotal 200.8 1,268.9 1,469.7

III. 0D7H Animal Health Services Investment Costs - Buildings and Construction 25.8 137.5 163.3 - Vehicles and Equip=ent 57.9 147.6 205.5 Operating Costs - Salaries and Wages 928.0 265.2 1,193.2 - Haintesance of Buildings & Construction 12.5 71.1 83.6 - Vehicles 162.1 486.1 648.2 - Vaccines, DSugs, Medicasents & Minerals Blocks 139.6 77.0 616.0 832.6 - General Administration 5.1 46.0 51.1

Subtotal 139.6 1,268.4 1,769.5 3,177.S IV. Ponds and Wells Ponds - Preparatory Works 0.6 40.6 41.2 - Construction & Supervision of Construction 57.0 513.0 570.0 - Maintenance 12.3 110.0 122.3

Wells - Preparatory Works 3.6 54.2 57.8 - Construotion & Supervision of Construction 484.4 2,136.6 2,621.0

Subtotal 557.9 2,854.4 3,412.3

V. Mopti Abattair -Wide DrvinR Facilities Investment Coots - Site Preparation 0.1 1.0 1.1 - Civil Works 24.2 130.0 154.2 - Utilities 7.5 37.6 45.1 - Eq,ipscnt 9.1 34.7 43.8 Engineering Services 09 25.8 26.7 Operating Costs - Salaries and Wages - 52.3 3.7 56.0 - Utilities 0.2 8.3 0.2 8.7 - Maintenance of Buildings & Construction - 23.0 - 23.0 - Vehicles 0.1 10.7 0.4 11.2 Others 0.1 14.2 - 14.3 Subtotal 42.2 108.5 233.4 384.1 VS. Livestock Morktcs Investeont Costs - Construction and Supervision of Construction 31.3 - 157.0 180.3 Operating Costs - Salaries and Wages - 49.8 - 49.8 - Maintenance - 22.5 22.5 - Others - 11.8 _ 11.8 Subtotal 31.3 84.1 157.0 272.4 VII. Mopti Trial Station_ Ivestment Costs - Buildings and Constructions 33.3 188.3 221.6 - Vehicles and Equip-ent 14.2 42.7 56.9 - Livestock 7.8 7.8

Operating Costs - Salaries and Wages 8.4 337 9 346.3 - Maintenance - 5.7 31.9 37.6 - Vehicles - 53.5 160.7 214.2 - Livestock - - 17.9 17.9 - Others 5.o 10.2 86.0 101.2

Subtotal 60.9 69.4 873.2 1,003.5 VIII. Tr.i_ iu 2.9 - 53.8 56.7 TOTAL COSTS BEFORE CONTIBGENCIES 139.6 2,420.6 262.0 9,360.7 12,182.9 Contingeacies Physical Contingencies 115.3 - 490.1 605.4 Price Contingencies 45.2 901.7 90.2 3.471.6 4.508.7

Subtotal 45.2 1,017.0 90.2 3,961.7 5,114.1 GRBAX TOTALPROJECT COSTS 184.8 3,437.2 352.2 ,4-,,, 17.297.,D

! Encludes MF 50 oillios (US$ 100,000) for land d-velopsent financed n-der IDA's drought Relief Progran (Annes 9 Table 1)

January 10, 1975 A40010 1I

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Annual Disbur.ment of IDA Credit

(US$' 000)

PY I PY 2 PY 3 PY 4 PY 5 Total

I. ODEM Hoadqsartern I-nvsttent - 3oilding and Constroction 476.2 - 476.2 - Vehicles and Eqoiprent 93.8 20.0 - - 113.8

Operating Coats - Salaries and Wages 206.0 216.0 216.0 216.0 137.6 991.6 - Cacsoltants Servic-a 26.7 39.9 26.7 26.7 - 120.0 - Maintenance of Buildings - 19.8 19.8 19.8 19.9 79.3 - and Constroct ion - Vehicles 41.8 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 218.2 - Credit Triala - 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.7 26.7 - Others 38.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 20.1 124.7

Subtotal 883.4 368.3 335.7 335.2 228.4 2,150.5

II. ODM Service Pastoral Investment Casts - Boildiaga and Conotruetio-a 89.3 158.4 54.3 - - 302.0 Vehicles and Equilqent 46.4 1.3 42.9 - - 90.6

Operating Costs - Salaries and Wages 65.3 92.3 122.7 128.7 128.8 537.8 - maintenance of 3ouidings - 3.3 5.1 7.9 7.9 24.2 - sod Construction - Vehiclcs 29.3 30.4 57.9 57.9 57.9 233.4 - ... cral Adninitrcation 11.6 15.4 17.9 18.0 18.0 80.9

Sobtotal 241.9 301.1 300.8 212.5 212.6 1,268.9

III.ODEM Animal Health Services Icvetmnot Cnsts - Buildings and Construction 22.5 115.0 - - - 137.5 - Vehicles and Eqoipenots 144.3 3.3 - - - 147.6

Operating Cots - Slaries and Wages 40.0 40.1 61.7 61.7 61.7 265.2 - Mainteno.ce of Buildings 11.3 11.9 16.0 15.9 16.0 71.1 and Contructi.on - Vehicles 96.7 97.3 97.4 97.4 97.3 486.1 - Vaccine,rD-rgs, Medictnents and Miceral Blocko 156.7 190.5 102.4 83.2 83.2 616.0 - Genrol Administration

Sobtotal 477.5 468.1 287.5 268.2 265.2 1,769.5

IV. Founds and Wells Fonds - Preparatory Works 30.4 10.2 - - - 40.6 -- Coostroction and Sopervisian 381.2 131.8 - - - 513.0 .f Construction - Mainteance. - - - - 110.0 110.0 Wells - Foeparat-ny 'dsrks 54.2 - - _ - 54.2 - Co-struction and Supervision 776.8 698.3 661.5 - - 2.136.6 of Construction Subtotal 1.242.6 840.3 661.5 - 110.0 2,854.4

V. Mopti Abattoir/Hide Driving-Facilities

Inve-stent Cots - Site Preparation 1.0 - - - 1.0 - Civil Works 130.0 - - - - 130.0 - Utilitise 37.6 - - - - 37.6 - Equiprnot 34.7 - - - - 34.7 - 8ngineering Services 25.8 - - - - 25.8

Operating Costs - Salary and Wager 3.7 - - - - 3.7 - Utilities 0.2 - - - - 0.2 - Haintenance - ..-- - Maitenan 0.4 0.4 - Others - - -

Subtotal 233.4 - - - - 233.4

VI. Livestoock Marhets Investment Costa - Construetion aod Su-resviaiee 157.0 - - - - 157.0 of Conatruction

Operating Costs - Salaries and Wages - - - lsintsnaoce --. -Others - -

Subtotal 157.0 - * - - 157.0

Investnent Coats - Boildingo and C-nstruction 188.3 - - - - 188.3 - Vehicles and Equip-eouts 30.1 12.6 - - - 42.7 - .ivestolck 4.5 3.3 - - - 7.8

Operating Coats - Salaries and Wages 75.6 75.6 75.7 75.6 35.4 337.9 - Maint-nance - 8.0 7.9 8.0 8.0 31.9 - Vehicles 25.6 3A.8 33.8 33.7 33.8 160.7 - Livestenck - 4.0 5.0 5.1 3.8 17.9 - Others 16.1 17.1 17.2 17.5 18.1 86.0

Snbtotal 340.2 154.4 139.9 139.9 99.1 873.2

V-III. Training

TOTAL C01TS BEFORE CONTINGENCIES 3.587.5 2.151.4 1.737.9 960.7 923.2 9.360.7

Cntingencie hyaical 308.6 144.8 25.7 - 11.0 490.1 'rice 841.7 769.8 546.4 440.5 573.2 3,471.6

subtDtal 1150.3 914.6 872.5 440.5 584.2 3.961.7

TOTAL TA, CP0DIT 4.737.8 3,066.8 2.610.0 1.401.2 1,507.4 13.322.4

January 10, 1975 ANNEX19

MAI4I

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Estimated Quarterly Disbdrsementof IDA-Credit

(USs 000)

Project Year Quarter CumulativeDisbursement at End of Quarter

I 1 300 2 -2,000 3 3,200 5-,700

,, l~~ 5,700 2 6,500 3 7,200 h 7,8300

3 1 8,500 2 9,200 3 - 9),300 U ~~~~~0,4OO

1 10,300 2 11,200 3 11,500 11,800

5 1 12,200 2 12,600 3 13,000 1b 13,300

January 10, 1975 MALI

ODEMC0.h Flov

(ML '000)

------V---. t Y - r ------_ _ - -_------_ ------_ _ ------__------18 19 20 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Co8hn flof 1 2 3 4 5 6 ------Co4-t ft-O G-ov-r,oet-y 2,312,010 1,379,700 1,174,500 630,540 67a.330

GovenuOoft Contribution to: - Project Co-t Net of 457,395 457,395 517,895 427,395 427,395 517,895 457,395 457,395 457,395 457,395 517,895 4$7,395 457.395 Co,,tfn6o,.or0. 1! 380,00.0 243,000 232,000 156,0w0 165,000 427,395 427,395 _------_- p-hysikal c00tig-f- i'/ 20,652 15,879 14,794 - 560 - - _ _ _ _ 1 1 - - - _ _ _ - Orira 00t 78,ci 1! 98.377 89.983 98.936 51.489 66.995 517,895 457,395 457,395 457,395 457,395 517,695 457,395 457,395 457,395 457,395 517,895 S.btot.1 2,811,039 1,721,562 1,520,250 838.029 910,615 427,395 427,395 427,395 427,395

R-ce9ptt fr- b.rdnu for V1ci..., 25,460 25,460 23,460 25,460 25,46025,440 25,460 25,460 25,460 25,460 25,460 t. .. 2/ - - 16,430 20,950 5,460 254 25,460 5,460 46,944 46,944 28,584 25,584 28,534 28,584 35,208 35.208 35.208 35,208 35,208 46,944 46,944 C..h 7 -o fro= Mopti Ab.ttjo.r - 17,604 19,800 21,996 24,192 26,511 28,594 35750 5750 4, 28.250 28.250 28.250 28.230 28.250 35.750 35.750 35.750 35.750 35.750 35 750 Cooh TIoo-, fIro= Lis-to-k MatketU _ 18.825 22,575 22 5T5 22.575 22.575 22.378 626,049 509,68 - 600.168 539,669 546,313 553,813 553,13 614513 553,913 565,449 565,849 565,549 T2t.1 C4.h Iflor 2,811,039 1,764,991 1,579,035 903,350 9B3.112 501,,18 504,014 509,69

Cesh lotfIon,

project C08t N.t of PrOc. 582,015 1,1 -75 570,675 510,175 514,325 515,925 515,925 576,425 515,925 521,515 521,515 521,515 Contltg.oenl. 5/ 2,108,856 1,264,060 1,078,56.5 82,295 580,155 507,640 508,875 010,175 ------frcn 1ontlngc.. 471884 449 914 494,695 257.445 334.977 - 521,515 582,015 610,175 170,675 510,175 534,325 515,953 515,92$ 76,425 515,925 521,515 521,515 To0al C0.h Ontflo- 2,580,740 1,7'S.974 1,573,246 839,740 915,132 57,6M 506,875 510,175 31,966 57,88 37,888 37,888 37,088 44,034 44,034 44,034 44,034 7D;29 31,017 5,789 a,oto6 67,9m (S.652 (4,861)/ .(41 (4S6 29,514 29,514 Annt. C..h Sor 9 lo, (0.fielt)

1/ Ann0 21. 3/ A.n 5, tabl. 2: A.4nn 7, t0l. 3. 4/ An. 8, t0bl. 3. 51 Ann 16 nd 3 to 11. For Moptl Tri.1 Stjtio, .Ot op.r-ti0 0..t, 0t,y. 6' A00a 16.

J7n06ry 19, 1975 LIVE5TOCKPROJriCT

GoeestCah Plug (5fF 0I0)

Ceehleflue 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10 11 12 13 14 i5 16 17 IS 19 20

IDA Credit - F oject Coat net of Cottingeoaee 1/ I/ 1.614.375 968.130 782,055 432,315 415,440 - - Physital Cootiog.e&ei- 136,870 65,160 11,565 - 4 950 _ _ - price Cootiseoie 1/ _8765337 46,410 380.880 198.22s 257,940

ToSOl IDA Credit 2,132,010 1,379,700 1,174,500 630.540 678,30 ------

Reveu-e Cro. Tlati-on 2/ of Project Op.rtloeed 302,441 180,011 150,046 63,651 70,415 64,610 64,771 64,889 64,089 75,433 69,363 69,793 69,984 69,914 76,034 69,984 70,356 70,356 70.356 76,406 of PoJect Ontt 3/ _, 8018l0 81468 94 436 127.779 166277 261.455 307. 333 305809383 305351969e 7 300.088694 - 76315 9293 2878711 285J626 283 403

lotsRl Revee frue Taatieo 322.441 268,391 236,514 158,087 198,192 250,887 326,228 372,225 415,697 484,560 400,242 075,112 370,072 365,292 369,789 361,906 368,275 355,167 355,982 359,009

Total Cobb lWISo, 2,454,451 1,648,091 1,4100014 780,627 8t6,522 250,887 326,226 372,225 405,697 434,560 401,242 375,112 370,072 365,292 369,789 361,906 360,275 358,167 355,982 359,809

Cash Oitflo,

Gr-nt to ODEN 2,132,010 1,379,700 1,174,500 630,500 616,330 ------Gover-,ent Conttbhortlo to P- oject Coat eeC of Contingeeteei 41 , 380,000 243,000 232,000 156,000 165,01Q 427,395 427,395 427,395 427,395 517,895 457,395 457,395 457,395 457,395 517,895 457,395 457,395 457,395 457,395 517,895 - Phystiel Cootiogeo.ier 20,652 150879 14,794 560 ------_ - - - Prnie Cootiogrania. _/ 98.377 89.903 98.936 51.489 66.9i5 - - . - - _ - . - - - - - S.btotal 2,631,039 1,728,562 1,520,230 838,029 91o,e85 427,395 427,395 427,395 427,395 517,895 457,395 457,395 457,395 457,395 517,895 457,395 457,395 457,395 457,395 517,895

Debt Setvice Pc-looiptl - - - - 3,9319-- 59,951 39,951 28,930 58,950 59,951 59,9351 58.953 39,950 59,950 Srlinp Chlrge 15;990 26.338 9A 39.876 I4.960 963944 44..6344.963 44.963 44.963 44.503 40564 43.614 43.164 42.715 42.265 41 816 41 366 40 916 400 872

Tot* lebt Sev44e 15,990 26,338 35,146 39,876 44,963 44,963 44,963 44,963 44,963 44,963 104,464 104,015 103,565 103,115 102,666 102,216 101,797 101,137 100,867 100,823

PetaL Cleh otelo 2,647,029 1,754.990 1,35,8976 877,5h7 945 a8 47W,3i8 472,358 472,350 472,328 542,858 5_3879 561,410 560,960 560,510 620,581 539,80l 559,192 558,712 558,262 618,718

Annoal Surplo. (Defteit) (192,578) (106,809) (145,362) (89,278) (ft629 $ (221,471) (146,132) (100,133) (66,661) (120,298) (160,617) (186,298) (190,888) (195,218) (250,772) (197,705) (198,917) (200,545) (202,280) (258,909)

Adju-ted Annual S.tplO* (Defiect (Deficit) 71 (132,578) ( 46,809) ( 8l,362) (29,278) 9,3269 (161,471) ( 86,132) ( 40.13) ( 6.661) (68,298) (100,617) (126,298) (130,000) (135,218) (190,772) (137.705) (138,917) (140,545) (142,200) (198,909)

1/ An-ex 18: disrepaneles d.e to ro.-dieg. 2/ Ann 3 thtougb 11. / Cattle tRe: MP 400 Per head of c ttle d 1I9 70 Per head of sheep ed goat. on 00 perect of leoremootal prod-etion; fEport ta 9F 6,000 per bead of eattl on 60 psreeet of i-erensental production of bulls, sale. 2-3 td 4-5 years and tecrs over 5 year. 4/ Am"ex 3 throtgh 11. Figure io.olode physinal ntenee oweajinternee.- of peed. and selh for FYO Dtd thereafter. 5i Annex 6, table I ad 2; Anne 7, teble 2: Dd Ae- 8, tabhi 2. 6/ Ann-e 17. 7/ Anual Serples (Deficit) le.. l9 60 eilOos, the e tiatd Goowt 0 l noetribution to nests of misting livestook aervin. and fecilitiee taSenk oar by ODDIM

Jaoory 19, 1975 ANNEX 22 Page 1

MALI

LIVESTOCK PROJECT

Economic Rate of Return Calculation

Poject L-ife

1. The economic rate of return has been calculated for a project life of 20 years.

Costs

2. Additional costs have been calculated including both investmenitand operating costs, but excluding price contingencies, taxes, and duties. The current foreign exchange rate of MF 450 = US$ 1.00 has been used. Additional cost adjustments have been made to specific categories:

(a) For ODEM Headquarters, it is estimated that 10% of staff time would be needed for the preparation of a second phase project. Therefore, 20% of headlquarters and all consultant costs related to project preparation have been excluded from project costs.

(b) For ODEM's Animal Health Services, the value of assets taken over from the Regional Aniual Health Service (MF 140 million) has been added to PY 1 costs.

(c) For the Mopti Trial Station, costs have been excluded since it.s activities would benefit a future pmject, and possibly developnents outside the 5th Region.

(d) For training, 50% of costs are excluded to allow for its bene-it to future projects.

(e) For additional herdsmen (one for 50 cattle) MF 25,000 per year are assumed.

(f) For cattle trans&ort MF 7,000 per head for all additional expo :t cattle (MF 2,000 from producer to Mopti - Sevare market and MF 5,000 irDm Mopti-Sevare market to border), and MB 2,000 per head for all inarement:ed domestically consumed cattle (from producer to Mopti-Sevare ma:kat) are. assumed. ANNEX 22 Page Z

Prices 3. All prices are based on early 1974 market conditions. The economic price of export beef, equal to the estimatedborder value, has been calculated at MF 340 per kg of carcass. Domesticallyconsumed cattle are priced at MF 200 per kg of carcass, while feeder steers for fattening in Mali's higher rainfall areas are priced at MF 250/kg. The price of mutton and goat meat has been estimated at MF 250 per kg of carcass and milk at NF 20 per liter.

Benefits 4. Benefits have been calculated on the incrementalcattle, sheep and goat production,including milk.

5. The salvage value for buildings and constructionsof ODEM's Headquarters, Animal Health Service and Pastoral Service has been estimated at 25% of constructioncosts, ,nd has been added to benefits in PY 20. Watering facilities are assumed to have no salvagevalue.

Rate of Return and Sensitivity Analysis 6, The project's economic rate of return is 51%. The effect on the rate of return of increasing and reducing project costs and benefits is:

Economic Rate of Return (%)

Costs plus 25% 40

Costs plus 50% 32

Costs plus 67% 27

Benefits minus 25% 37

Benefits minus 50% 22

Benefits minus 67% 10

Costs plus 25% and benefits minus 25% 28

Costs plus 50% and benefits minus 50% 10 L,VE70CK PROJEGT

_GONOM1CRATE OF RErTU2N

(ISF'000)

_ _------_-__------__ - _- _------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 00ST8

Tov.at-oet Coat. 229,761 9,199 - Oper.-tin Coat. 127,112 141,305 135,905 135,905 91,760 8 0277 68,270 60 67068,270 68,270 68,270 68,270 6B,270 68,270 68,270 60,270 68,270 Iavato-It Coat. 62,367 69,158 45.163 - - - -- Opa.-tiS coats 44,716 59,126 87,017 90,977 90,977 90,977 90,977 90,977 90.977 90.977 90,977 90,977 90,977 90,977 90,977 99,977 90,977 90,977 00977 90,977 009001 Soalth Servioca AM-vH.ltOao oS--.. 70.0 900------. 89 Opo-ating Costa 165,538 183G180 9 1784 5,9 168,391 163,699 157,894 157;894 157,894 157,894 157.894 157,894 107,894 157;896 157,804 1D7894 137,894 157,894 137,894 157,894 157.994 157,894 Po.d Ioveat,oaotCoSta 202,129 69,808 - ?Saiat-tao 54;718 Coats - - 54,718 - 54,719 4,1 Walla

.vctoto Coat. 438,571 374,683 356,4420000at,tOot Coat. - 438.571 374.883-- 356,042-70- - - - 27,090- 27.900 27,000- 27,000- 27,000 27,090-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~27000 27,000 27,000 2700

AbAtt.ilt Io_t ..a t Coata 128,000 - - - op-ttlo Coata 1,948 9,261 10,388 - 458 1845 1848 1,5 3662-7 366 2,7 11,575 12,679 13,609 14,718 14,718 14,718 14,718 14,718 18.458 18,438 18,438 18,458 18,438 03,676 23,676 23,676 23,676 Cattla Ma rkata OoetotCsa74,220 - - - -47 -37 peating Coats 1134 1154 1-4 -72 8;254 0,785 9,785 98785 8,785 8,785 9,938 9,938 9,938 9,938 9,938 11,347 11,347 11,347 11.347 11,347 11,347 0 1,347 10,347 Tr,.800 Coata 5,163 8,644 5,983 2,214 2,214 - - - -

Clttlo T-p-tt Coats - 150,994 114,425 96,075 155,118 185,406 261,481 285,572 343,656 303,528 247,607 206,662 198,889 191,661 190,780 189,374 187,690 185,846 183,876 181,837 3erdamon _ 3.616 2_8047 69.767 102,707 1SO730O 131,226 165.151 158.585 151.764 146,885_143,426 140.395 137,712 134.904 1.24, 91 126.650 123,174 120,178 TOTA0 TESTS 1,698,752 1,136,308 960,546 578,997 676,852 655,691 753,351 792,520 844,038 878,807 763,289 722,625 713,230 703,319 754,348 695,344 695,958 691,161 686,214 735,897

BENEFITS 0032400318(0315003160031600304003020(721 A I-ore'tc.l ftod..ti.o fEoo Cattlo - 1,292,000 1,058,000 988,000 1,725,000 2,175,000 3,023,000 3,499,000 4,326,000 4,055,000 3,627,000 3,,305,00 3,254,080 3,168,000 3.133,000 3.136,000 3,116,000 3,094.000 3,072,000 7,291,00 onoauntal ProGaction fro= eP - 63,000 130,000 196,000 267,000 337,000 411,000 488,000 527,000 527,000 527,000 527,000 527,000 527,000 527,000 527,000 527,000 527,000 527.000 2,027,000 81aage V.lI. of Bildid . ad Coo, ttttiu _on- ______- 157.595

TOTAL BRENRFIT 1,355,000 1,188,000 1,184,000 1,992,000 2,512,000 3,434,000 3,987,000 4,853,000 4,582,000 4,154,000 3,832,000 3,781,000 3,695,000 3,682,000 3,663,000 3,643,000 3,621,000 3,599,000 9.475,595

Econo- il Rata of Retoto,

1/ 0.0000, ino,rdteol -rd 1o..

t-na.- 1. 8975 MALI LIVESTOCKPROJECT ProjectOrganization and Management

MINISTRYOF PRODUCTION

NATIONAL LIVESTOCKSERVICE

I .

Op6ration de D6veloppement~de'Elevage '- ______de la R6gion de Mopti (ODEM)

PLANNING-MANAGEIMENT UNIT IELD OPERATIONS MOPTITRIAL STATION COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT OFFICER |EERi FFICER IN CHARG LIVESTOCK ECONOMIST LIVESTOCK MARKETING AND PRQ§ES5UAQ ANIMAL HEALTH PASTURE AGRONOMIST RANGEIVIANAGLERINt OJFFICER I -. ANMA. EAT__SUPOT__rr WATER DFVELOPMENT7OFFICER 14EADOF OPERATIONS HEAD OF OPERATIONS & P STAFF 5 MA tKETSj1A8ATTOIR 2 VE7ERINARY OFFICERS & SUPPORT STAFF & SUPPORTSTAFF

PASTORALSERVICE HEAD OF OPERATIONS 4 EXTENSION OFFICERS & SUPPORTSTAFF June26, 1974

World Bank-9135(R)

MALI s N I P3. MAYI1j14 LIVESTOCK PROJECT(5th REGION) /j, eo ------1-6 Locationof ProjectActivities o3r.q .~~~T300QQ 7 2 r:~~~~~~~. ,v Project Headquarters (S.vm,6)' / Veterinaryposts .~ ' DO V . ontion yards / n Lnd- 4N Pastoralposts /y \o oadu 6th R e gi on 7 Ij Cattle markets J 400 I - Abattoir 'M MAn ------ME~ A Up to loponds n' 4a _,~~ po5pns O R M ll) Mopt, trial station 0 0 ~ 0 ~ ~ C * E.iating ponds financed by PED 5' f(oDeeheo Sc.helo- 7Areas tar pond development rKretz .Krao . - 4o,Shra Ko,arou Sa~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~horio NAreas for well deMOePMent and Intensivn 000 O extensien activitieS 4th Region . -0'

Roads ~~0?' Boni0~n ~ "

-I Rcs and lakes/ NCR5 ,N.- .,l.- Towns 7og-tN O on0T Sahiel 11 el na ~ {a)pns - - - Regional bounarie Qooib,/t - Internationalboundaries N~NN ~ioR ~ ~ ~ - ~~- -~-

LAND CATEGORIES'. po6 el ~..-Stl True bcurgcu(Eosch-la stagni,,a/ 3- we n '/ d'psaa upoI Sdn - Vossla c,,spidata) - Zrr coS / n.. . /OT '- Sudoma Ni GER Other inundated grasslnds and / N Py~rfPk~~j DELTA cu tivation I Up to 9 'pondst- Oeku 4 coundoledland Intersipersedl with e- I

IB ndillgli plateaurand outliers ja e~N7y5Eako Cr ' C Gandarnio forabd~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ro Sand ploins and consolidated dInes, recsIl yaddon- .. 1 14 _ -14-graslnd andwooded grassland 5 2 I Jnd:tferestiatedplains, mastip bushlanad OT ~ ~ i" ' and wooded grassland on h.a.,er, soils s N/E N 3000 :f o" c1

meat annoul rainfall Sudcm-______7n5 0 ----- Zone boundaries Indicating ~ I~~~~~~~~~' 3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Saeelian I o

Cattle migration routes: '-. N -'J 1 O ~ 1s~ h 50,000 Headof cattle ". -- AGRI Major colt e mouemCels at the onset of the dry seasoni - ' - ~~~~~~~'""'I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ARACITANdIA

0 20 40 h e 0 wibst

-13' 2 KILOMETERS do ¶alOo13- - ' NarGaR ~~~~~~~~~~0, 11,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'qVNi-' I,-,j~i~h O~'2PR OCA 0. n* ,..u~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~dl.21C 5AH0-