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The Role of Heritage Conservation Districts in Achieving Community Improvement

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The Role of Heritage Conservation Districts in Achieving Community Improvement The Role of Heritage Conservation Districts in Achieving Community Improvement by Marcie R. Snyder A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Planning Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2008 © Marcie Snyder 2008 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Heritage assets and the values associated with their protection deserve recognition as they represent a reference point from which cities can look to their past, understand the present, and plan for the future. To strengthen our understanding, this research explores the relationship between Heritage Conservation District (HCD) designation and its effect on community improvement efforts. In doing so, it seeks to explore the reasons for and values associated with the desire for communities to conserve their architectural heritage. The concept of the HCD is also investigated as a mechanism for promoting heritage, and the role of the HCD in achieving revitalization goals is described. Multiple sources of evidence were analyzed to provide insight into these research objectives. Planning and policy documents and mapped census data were examined, and open-ended interviews, community surveys, and field observation were undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of policy implementation and its impact on communities. Markham Village and Unionville, two HCDs located in the Town of Markham, Ontario, serve as case studies and provide a focus on current experiences within a real-life setting. Community improvement indicators were devised to determine progress toward community improvement and to measure the success of these HCDs. This study attempts to provide a means by which to monitor and evaluate conservation and revitalization goals. iii Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of the individuals who provided me with words of encouragement, knowledge, and support during the undertaking of this thesis. Without your assistance, this accomplishment would not have been possible. I would like to express my gratitude to the municipal employees, the community members, and the heritage enthusiasts of the Town of Markham who took the time to share their experiences and wisdom with me. In particular, I would like to thank Regan Hutcheson at the Town of Markham, who gladly offered his time and who provided an abundance of heritage-related materials at the start of this research. I would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC). I would also like to thank the members of my thesis defence committee. Special thanks to my advisor, Robert Shipley and to Pierre Filion who have provided great enthusiasm, inspiration, and guidance during my time at the University of Waterloo. I would also like to express my thanks to Karen Hammond and Leon Bensason who kindly offered their valuable time to act as readers in my thesis defence. Finally, I would like to thank my wonderful family and friends who have supported me during this experience. This is dedicated to those that I have laughed with, cried with, and perhaps drank a beer or two with over the course of my time at Waterloo. Many thanks and much love. iv Table of Contents Author’s Declaration ..............................................................................................................................ii Abstract .................................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................................iv Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................v List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................ix List of Tables..........................................................................................................................................x Chapter 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................1 1.2 The Research Problem..................................................................................................................2 1.3 The Research Question.................................................................................................................2 1.4 Research Objectives .....................................................................................................................2 1.5 Structure of the Thesis..................................................................................................................3 Chapter 2 Literature Review ..................................................................................................................4 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................4 2.2 Heritage Conservation..................................................................................................................5 2.2.1 Defining Heritage ..................................................................................................................5 2.2.2 Preservation versus Conservation..........................................................................................8 2.2.3 Why Communities Seek to Conserve..................................................................................12 2.2.4 The Evolution of Heritage Conservation.............................................................................16 2.2.5 The Relationship between Heritage Conservation and Urban Planning..............................20 2.2.6 Planning Legislation in Ontario and the Role of Heritage ..................................................23 2.3 The Heritage Conservation District............................................................................................25 2.3.1 Defining the Heritage Conservation District .......................................................................26 2.3.2 The Evolution of Heritage Conservation Districts ..............................................................28 2.3.3 Heritage Conservation at the District Level ........................................................................30 2.3.4 The Role of Community......................................................................................................32 2.4 Development and Revitalization in Heritage Areas ...................................................................34 2.4.1 The Need for Physical, Economic, and Social Revitalization.............................................34 2.4.2 Heritage Conservation and its Contribution to Revitalization Efforts.................................40 2.4.3 Urban Growth and Development and the Role of Heritage ................................................45 2.5 Summary ....................................................................................................................................48 Chapter 3 Methods ...............................................................................................................................49 v 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................49 3.2 Case Study..................................................................................................................................50 3.2.1 The Case Study Approach...................................................................................................50 3.2.2 Strengths and Weaknesses...................................................................................................51 3.2.3 The Value of the Case Study Approach for this Research ..................................................51 3.3 Selected Cases ............................................................................................................................52 3.3.1 Criteria for Case Study Selection ........................................................................................52 3.3.2 The Town of Markham, Ontario .........................................................................................52 3.3.3 Markham Village.................................................................................................................53 3.3.4 Unionville............................................................................................................................55 3.4 Data Sources...............................................................................................................................57 3.4.1 The Need for Triangulation.................................................................................................58 3.4.2 Key Informant Interviews....................................................................................................58
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