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Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 1

AZwH´$_oUH$m/Index

01. AZwH´$_oUH$m /Index ...... 01

02. j{Ãr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b/gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b...... 06/07

03. oZUm©`H$ _ S>b ...... 08

04. ‡d∑Vm gmWr ...... 10/11

(Science / ndkmZ)

05. Ecophysiological study of medicinal plant Cyathocline purpurea (S.C Mehta, S.S Rawat) ...... 12 06. Luminescence Studies of Nanocrystalline Films of Cadmium Sulphide Nanocrystals ...... 15 (U.S.Patle) 07. BLASTing Flu Season 2105-2016 (N. Khurana)...... 17 08. Ethnobotanical some plants used for Dental disorders by Tribal's of Dhar district, (M.P.) India ...... 21 (Dr. K.S. Alawa, Dr. N.S. Dawar) 09. Nanocrystal (Dr. Neeraj Dubey) ...... 23 10. _‹` ‡X{e H$r o_o≈>`m|> _{ß H$m∞[a H$r _mÃm Edß C[b„Y H$m∞[a H$r ›`zZV_ dmb{ j{Ãm{ H$m gr_m oZYm©aU ...... 25 (S>m∞. gobb Hw$. CX`[wa{ ) 11. JwUdŒmm _{ß [maXoe©Vm (ode{f gßX^© - CÉ oejm _{ß MwZm°oV`m± Am°a gwYma H{$ C[m` ) (S>m∞. gwZrb Hw$_ma ogH$adma) ...... 28

(Home Science / J•h ndkmZ)

12. Effect Of E-Shopping Factors On Consumer's Attitude In Jabalpur City ...... 31

(Saumya Mishra, Dr. Abha Tiwari) 13. To Study The Impect Of Cartoons On The Daily Behaviour Of The Kids (Gorakhpur City) ...... 35 (Dr. Deepshikha Pandey) 14. Marital Adjustment (Sangeeta Rachiyat) ...... 37 15. oH$em{a ]mbH$-]mobH$mAm{ß H$r odo^ﬁ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar, g[Zm lrdmÒVd)...... 40 16. oH$em{am{ß H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ [a Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ H$m A‹``Z (S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar)...... 42

(Commerce & Management / dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY)

17. Buying Behavior of Retailers in Modern Wholesale Stores (With Special Reference to Best ...... 44

Price at Indore)(Prof. Rajesh Jain, Dr. Paritosh Awasthi, Dr. R.L. Dave, Dr. Deepika Chouhan)

18. Role of ICT & its impact on education (Dr. Manoj Mahajan, Dr. Sudhir Mahajan)...... 48 19. Problems And Challenges In Adopting IFRS In India : An Inquiry ...... 51 (Dr. Abhay Pathak, Neha Bhandari) Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 2

20. Financial Performance of General Insurance in Indian Insurance Industry ...... 54

(Dr. N. K. Patidar, Nidhi Saxena) 21. _.‡. gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H{$›– g{ ghm`Vm, AZwXmZ H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. Eb. EZ. e_m©)...... 56 22. gmd©OoZH$ Edß oZOr OrdZ ]r_m j{Ã H$r Ï`dgm` gßd’©Z ZroV`m{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z ...... 61 (O]b[wa oOb{ H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß )(S>m∞. naMm am` (_mbdr`), aoÌ_ Mm°aog`m) 23. [ﬁm oOb{ H$r hram IXmZm{ß Edß \$er© [ÀWa IXmZm{ß H{$ lo_H$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV H$m A‹``Z (‡Xr[ Hw$_ma amdV) ...... 65 24. odŒmr` g_md{eZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ]¢oHß$J OmJÍ$H$Vm (EH$ A‹``Z) (S>m∞. o‡`ßH$m lrdmÒVd) ...... 68 25. AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` [y±Or Am°a d°ÌdrH$aU (S>m∞. amOy a°Xmg) ...... 71 26. dÒVw Edß g{dm H$a (OrEgQ>r) - EH$ g°’mßoVH$ odd{MZ (S>m∞. _Zm{O _hmOZ, S>m∞. gwYra _hmOZ) ...... 74 27. ^maVr` Im⁄ oZJ_ d N>ŒmrgJ∂T> am¡` _{ß BgH$r oÒWoV (Zrob_m H$m°oeH$, S>m∞. amO{e Hw$_ma ew∑bm) ...... 77 28. ogdZr Edß oN>›Xdm∂S>m oOb{ _{ß bKw Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m `m{JXmZ (S>m∞. gw_Z `mXd) ...... 79 29. ^mdr Z{V•Àd H$r Ztd - N>mÃgßK MwZmd (S>m∞. ¡`m{oV gm{Zr) ...... 81 30. _›Xgm°a Òb{Q> [{ßogb C⁄m{J _{ß H$_©H$ma H$Î`mU _ßS>b H$m `m{JXmZ (S>m∞. AßoV_]mbm O°Z)...... 83 31. ^maV _{ß ÒdVßÃVm g{ [yd© g∂S>H$ `mÃr [nadhZ (S>m∞. X{d{›– ogßh amR>m°∂S> ) ...... 85

(Economics / AW©emÒÃ)

32. Agriculture policy of Jammu & Kashmir (Nisar Ahmad Wani, Dr. Pavan Kumar Shrivastav) ...... 87 33. Impact Of Climate Change On Economy (Dr. Archana Singhal) ...... 91 34. H$›`m ^´yU hÀ`m H$amZ{ dmbr _ohbmAm{ß H$m g_mO emÛr` A‹``Z (Yma oOb{ H$r Hw$jr Vhgrb H{$ g›X^© _{ß) ...... 94 (S>m∞. ‡H$meMßX amßH$m, odO` `mXd) 35. Jar]r a{Im H$r AdYmaUm, g_Ò`m Edß g_mYmZ (S>m∞. haX`mb Aohadma) ...... 97 36. AmoW©H$ ZroV H$m Jar]r C›_ybZ _{ß `m{JXmZ, [ﬁm oOb{ H{$ gßX^© _{ß (oZV{e o_lm)...... 100 37. [ßMm`Vr amO H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß H$Î`mUH$mar `m{OZm H$m `m{JXmZ (OJVogßh ]m_oZ`m, S>m∞. gmam AŒmmar) ...... 103 38. ^maV _{ß dZ gÂ[Xm g_Ò`mEß Edß g_mYmZ (S>m∞. gwZrVm ]mWa{) ...... 106

(Political Seience / amOZroV odkmZ)

39. Indian Constitution and Reservation Policy (Dr. Sulekha Mishra, Nisar Ahmad Nengroo) ...... 108 40. Digital India (Dr. Anil Kumar Jain) ...... 111 41. Agricultural Schemes Initiated By Government : Evolution (Dr. Anil Kumar Jain) ...... 114 42. ]ßXr CÀ[r∂S>Z ]Zm_ amÓQ≠>r` gwajm (S>m∞. gßO` Hw$_ma o_lm) ...... 116 43. ^maVr` ZdOmJaU H{$ AJ´XyV amOmam_ _m{hZam` -Ï`o∫$Àd Edß H•$oVÀd (S>m∞. AoZb Hw$_ma O°Z) ...... 119 44. `wdmAm{ß _{ß ]∂T>Vr Zem ‡d•oŒm H$m A‹``Z (oZÂZ dJr©` [nadmam{ß H{$ ode{f gßX^© _ß{) (S>m∞. ^mdZm R>mHw$a) ...... 121 Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 3

45. EH$ am¡` Xm{ gaH$ma{-ZmJmb° S> (S>m∞. amO{›– ogßh MßX{b)...... 123 46. ‡YmZ_ßÃr Za{›– _m{Xr H$r [hbr A_{naH$m `mÃm (S>m∞. gßO` o_l)...... 125 47. Xh{O ‡oVf{Y Edß ‡oH´$`m AoYoZ`_m{ß H$r odd{MZm (S>m∞. B›–{Ìda Hw$_ma Xm{ha{ ) ...... 127 48. AmVßH$dmX (EH$ A‹``Z) (‡m{. AßOZm g{oR>`m) ...... 129 49. [`m©daU gaßjU Am°a _hmÀ_m JmßYr (S>m∞. oH$eZ `mXd) ...... 130

(History / BoVhmg)

50. Tribes of Madhya Pradesh: Historical Background (Dr. Aditi Pitaniya) ...... 132 51. o]´oQ>e H$mbrZ ]wßX{bI S> H$r AmYwoZH$ E{oVhmogH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ 1761 g{ 1842 VH$ (S>m∞. oed‡gmX ]m_Z{) ...... 135 52. ‡mMrZ CŒma ^maV H$r _w–U H$bm (]Zdmar bmb `mXd) ...... 138 53. ]wßX{bI S> _{ß AßJ´{Om| H$m AmJ_Z d ZroV`m± (S>m∞. M{VZm R>mHw$a) ...... 141 54. P S>m gÀ`mJ´h _{ß ]mbmKmQ> oOb{ H$m AdXmZ (S>m∞. gßH{$V Hw$_ma Mm°H$g{) ...... 143 55. _‹`‡mßV _{ß godZ` Adkm AmßXm{bZ H$m A‹``Z (_ S>bm oOb{ H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß) (S>m∞. Í$∑_Ur [aV{) ...... 145 56. dV©_mZ amOZ°oVH$ [na—Ó` Am°a gm_moOH$ g_agVm _{ß JmßYrOr H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm (S>m∞. gßXr[ lrdmÒVd) ...... 147 57. ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV Am°a O°Z dmÒVwH$bm (oZoY O°Z (Vma-]m]y)) ...... 149

(Sociology / g_mOemÛ)

58. Sales And Discounts : Grabbing Person's Wallet (Girish Makwana,Dr. Shraddha Malviya ) ...... 151 59. dV©_mZ [na‡{˙` _{ß emgH$r` d oZOr ]¢H$m{ß H$r B©-]¢oHß$J ‡H´$_ H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. gmoXH$ _m{hÂ_X Im∞Z) .....153 60. AZwgyoMV OZOmVr` _{ß amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU am{OJma JmaßQ>r `m{OZm g{ gß]ßoYV ‡mdYmZm{ß Edß AmZ{ dmbr ]mYmAm{ß H$m ...... 156 A‹``Z : ]∂S>dmZr oOb{ H{$ gßX^© _{ß (S>m∞. oZem O°Z, naV{e _m∞Jam{ob`m) 61. ]mbH$m{ß H{$ _Zm{odH$mg _{ß gßkmZmÀ_H$ oejm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Edß _hÀd (S>m∞. Zrb_ _hmoS>H$) ...... 159 62. Ob gßajU AmO H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm (S>m∞. amO{›– Hw$_ma `mXd) ...... 162

(Geography / ^yJm{b)

63. Comparison between dietary habits of Tribal and non-Tribal peoplesof Chhindwara, ...... 164 Madhya Pradesh, India (Pradeep Kumar Shrivastava) 64. Social Settlement in Villages : Problems and Solution (Dr. Neeraj Kumar Soni) ...... 168 65. Water Harvesting : Special Referece to Nagar Panchayat Gautampura ...... 171 (Dharmendra Singh Chouhan) 66. aVbm_ oOb{ _| ^y-jaU H$maU ‡H$ma oÒWoV (S>m∞. ¡`m{oV O°Z) ...... 173 67. em{Y -‡odoY _{ß em{Y g_Ò`m H$m M`Z (S>m∞. ]r. Eb. [mQ>rXma, H°$bme S>mda ) ...... 177 Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 4

68. d{Xm| _| [`m©daU gßajU (_h{e M›– _rUm) ...... 180

(Psychology / _Zm{odkmZ)

69. Study Of Occupational Stress Among Married Working Women In Relation To Income ...... 183

(Dr. Mamta Barman) 70. [oV-[ÀZr H{$ ]rM ]XbV{ AßVd©°`o∫$H$ gß]ßYm{ß H$m _Zm{d°kmoZH$ A‹``Z (^m{[mb ZJa H{$ g›X^© _{ß) (__Vm Ï`mg) .....185

(English Literature / AßJ{´Or gmohÀ`)

71. Marriage As A Discord In Anita Desai's Novels (Dr. Vishal Sen) ...... 187 72. The Autobiographical Elements In Ravinder Singh's ' I Too Had A Love Story' (Tripti Lakra) ...... 189 73. The Hollowness of Patriarchal code in Dattani's "Where There's a Will' ...... 191 (Dr. Shweta Singh baghel) 74. Thematic study of Bharati Mukherjee's Major Novels (Saurabh Mehta)...... 193 75. Preeti Shenoy As A Modern Novelist (Dr . Manisha Dwivedi) ...... 195

(Hindi Literature / oh›Xr gmohÀ`)

76. ohßXr H{$ AmßMobH$ C[›`mgm{ß _{ß AmYwoZH$ g‰`Vm H$r MwZm°oV`m{ß H$r odd{MZm (Aem{H$ Hw$_ma)...... 197 77. bm{H$VmßoÃH$ ‡oVÓR>m _{ß AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr H$odVm-EH$ odÌb{fU (S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b, S>m∞. AoZVm R>mH$a{) ...... 200 78. BoVhmg,gmohÀ`{oVhmg Am°a BoVhmg b{IZ H$r g_Ò`mE± (S>m∞. aÀZ{e odÓd∑g{Z) ...... 203 79. Ambm{MZm H$m ÒdÍ$[ ( S>m∞. odO` Hw$_ma [m S{>`)...... 205 80. lrH•$ÓU ëgabí H{$ H$mÏ` Í$[m{ß _{ß amÓQ≠>r`Vm H{$ Òda (S>m∞. Xr[H$ Hw$_ma Jw·m) ...... 207 81. dV©_mZ _| AmhV Z°oVH$ _yÎ` (S>m∞. o]›Xy [aÒV{) ...... 209 82. _ram H$r ^o∫$ _{ß ‡{_ H$r C[mgZm (S>m∞. _Zrfm ogßh _aH$m_)...... 211 83. o‡`ßdX H$r H$hmoZ`m{ß _{ß d••’ OrdZ (am_{Ìda Ywd})...... 213 84. Zmar OrdZ _{ß gßÒH•$oV (^maVr` gßX^© _{ß) (S>m∞. odÂ_r ]hb) ...... 215

(Drawing / oMÕmH$bm)

85. Y_© d H$bm H$m gm°›X`m©À_H$ gm_ßOÒ` ‡ÒVwV H$aVr S>m∞. OJ_m{hZ H$r H$bmH•$oV`m± (‡m{. oH$aZ gaZm, o‡`m ]m[bmdV) .....217 86. ‡H•$nV H{$ _mZdrH$aU _{ß ahÒ` H$m ]m{Y H$amVr bmbM›X _mam{nR>`m H$r H$bmH•$nV`m± (‡m{. oH$aZ gaZm, [mÍ$b ]m[bmdV) ....220 87. Q°>Jm{a H{$ oMÃOJV _{ß Í$[mH$mam{ß H$r AX≤^wV ododYVm (emobZr amZr) ...... 223 88. A_•Vm e{aoJb H$r [m°dm©À` Edß [mÌMmÀ` H•$oV`m{ß H$m _Zm{d°kmoZH$ H$bmÀ_H$ Í$[ (H$Í$Um)...... 227 Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 5

(Music / gßJrV)

89. _‹`H$mb _{ß Ado›VH$m H$r gmßJroVH$ [aÂ[am _{ß H$mobXmg H$m `m{JXmZ (S>m∞. H$_b{e amR>m°a) ...... 230

( Education / $ oejm)

90. Jar] Edß dßoMV dJ© H{$ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ oZOr od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß ‡d{e gß]ßYr (Ama.Q>r.B©- RTE) AoYoZ`_ H{$ ...... 232 oH´$`m›d`Z g{ gß]ßoYV g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m A‹``Z (Zrob_m [hma{) 91. ]mobH$m oejm H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ H{$ ob`{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ `m{OZmAm{ß H$r ^yo_H$m (]mb{›– lrdmÒVd, S>m∞. E_. H{$. oVdmar) ...... 235

(Physical Education / emarnaH$ oejm)

92. A Comparative Study Of Locus Of Control And Personality Characteristics Of ...... 237 Residential And Non Residential Schools Of Udaipur Region (Seema Gurjar, Gajender Sharma)

(Law/ odo‹m)

93. The Right to Life of Foetus (Dr. Narendra Sharma) ...... 240 94. [`m©daU gßajU H{$ odoYH$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H$m [na—Ó` Edß gdm}É ›`m`mb` H$r ^yo_H$m- ...... 243 ([m{fUr` odH$mg H$r AdYmaUm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß) (S>m∞. aoÌ_ e_m©) 95. _ohbm ([ro∂S>V) H$m{ oXE OmZ{ dmb{{ ‡oVH$a g{ gß]ßoYV odoYH$ ‡mdYmZ - _.‡. A[amY [ro∂S>V ‡oVH$a `m{OZm...... 246 2015 H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß (H•$ÓU dÎb^ odÌdH$_m©)

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 6

j{Ãr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b A›Vam©Ô≠>r` Edß amÔ≠>r` (Regional Editor Board- International & National) _mZX≤

(01) S>m∞. _Zrfm R>mHw$a ...... \w$ÎQ>Z H$m∞b{O, EoaOm{Zm ÒQ{>Q> `yoZdog©Q>r, A_{oaH$m (02) lr Aem{H$Hw$_ma ...... EÂflbm∞`p„bQ>r Am∞[a{e›g _°Z{Oa, E∑eZ Q≠>{qZJ g{›Q>a ob. b›XZ, `yZmB©Q>{S> qH$JS>_ (03) ‡m{. S>m∞. ogbÏ`y o]Ò`y ...... dmB©g S>rZ (dmoU¡` Edß ‡]›Y) H•$of Edß J´m_rU odH$mg _hmod⁄mb`, ]yMma{ÒQ>, am{_moZ`m (04) lr IJ{›–‡gmX gw]{Xr...... groZà gm∞`H$m{bm∞oOÒQ>, [p„bH$ god©g H$_reZ, g{›Q≠>b Am∞o\$g, AZm_ZJa, H$mR>_m±Sy>, Z{[mb (05) ‡m{. S>m∞. kmZMßX oI_{gam...... [zd© ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (06) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡_m{X Hw$_ma amKd...... em{Y oZX{eH$, ¡`m{oV od⁄m[rR> _ohbm odÌd od⁄mb`, O`[wa (amO.) ^maV (07) ‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.Eg.amd...... gßMmbH$, OZmX©Zam` ZmJa amOÒWmZ od⁄m[rR> odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV (08) [´m{. S>m∞. AZy[ Ï`mg...... ([yd©) gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡`, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌd od⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (09) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.[r. [m S>{ ...... gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ), AdY{e ‡Vm[ogßh odÌdod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) ^maV (10) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` ^`mZr...... A‹`j, Ï`dgm` ‡]ßY od^mJ, gm°amÔ≠> odÌd od⁄mb`, amOH$m{Q> (JwOamV) ^maV (11) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Vm[ amd H$X_...... A‹`j, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, I S>dm (_.[´.) ^maV (12) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.Eg. Pa{ ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ dmoU¡` od^mJ, lr oedmOr _hmod⁄mb`, AmH$m{bm (_hmamÔ≠>) ^maV (13) ‡m{. S>m∞. amH{$e e_m©...... A‹`j, AW©emÒÃ od^mJ, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Jw∂S>Jmßd (hna`mUm) ^maV (14) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` Ia{...... ‡m‹`m[H$, g_mOemÒÃ od^mJ, emg. Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmV. CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hm., gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV (15) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.[r. C[m‹`m` ...... [arjm oZ`ßÃH$, emgH$s` H$_bmamO{ H$›`m Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hm., Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV (16) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ Hw$_ma e_m© ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` od^mJ, emgH$s` h_roX`m H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hm., ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV (17) ‡m{. AoIb{e OmYd...... [´m‹`m[H$, ^m°oVH$s, emgH$r` O{. `m{JmZ›X_≤ N>ÀVrgJ∂T> _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ÀVrgJ∂T>) ^maV (18) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$_b O°Z ...... [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) ^maV (19) [´m{. S>m∞.S>r.EZ. I∂S>g{ ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, YZdV{ Z{eZb H$m∞b{O, ZmJ[wa (_hmamÓQ≠>) ^maV (20) ‡m{.S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV (21) ‡m{. S>m∞. haX`mb Aohadma ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, AW©emÛ, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ehS>m{b (_.‡.) ^maV (22) ‡m{. S>m∞. emaXm oÃd{Xr...... g{dmoZd•ÀV [´m‹`m[H$, J•hodkmZ, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (23) [´m{. S>m∞. Cfm lrdmÒVd ...... A‹`j, oh›Xr od^mJ, AmMm`© BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ J{´¿`yQ> ÒQ>S>r. gm{bX{dmZbr, ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©.$) ^maV (24) ‡m{. S>m∞. JU{e‡gmX Xmda{ ...... [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.[´.) ^maV (25) ‡m{. S>m∞. EM.H{$. Mm°aog`m ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dZÒ[oV, Q>r.EZ.dr. _hmod⁄mb`, ^mJb[wa (o]hma) ^maV (26) ‡m{. S>m∞. odd{H$ [Q>{b...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{V_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (27) ‡m{. S>m∞. oXZ{eHw$_ma Mm°Yar ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, amO_mVm ogo›Y`m emgH$s` H$›`m _hmnd⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV (28) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.H{$. Jm°V_ ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ ,dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _mZHwß$da ]mB© H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (29) ‡m{. S>m∞. oOV{›– H{$. e_m© ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY, _hof© X`mZ›X odÌdod⁄mb` H{$›–, [mbdmb (hna`mUm) ^maV (30) ‡m{. S>m∞. Jm`Õmr dmO[{`r ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (31) ‡m{. S>m∞. AodZme e{›–{ ...... od^mJm‹`j, AW©emÛ, ‡JoV H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, S>m{Â]rdbr, _wÂ]B© (_hmamÔ>≠) ^maV (32) ‡m{. S>m∞. Or.gr. _{hVm ...... [zd© A‹`j, A‹``Z _ S>b dmoU¡`, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (33) ‡m{.S>m∞. ]r.Eg. _∏$∂S> ...... A‹`j, A‹``Z _ S>b dmoU¡`, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV (34) ‡m{.S>m∞. [r.[r. o_lm ...... od^mJm‹`j, JoUV, N>Õmgmb emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, [fim, (_.‡.) ^maV (35) ‡m{.S>m∞. gwZrb Hw$_ma ogH$adma.... ‡m‹`m[H$, agm`Z, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ^maV (36) ‡m{.S>m∞. H{$.Eb. gmhy...... ‡m‹`m[H$, BoVhmg, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (37) ‡m{.S>m∞. _mobZr Om∞ZgZ ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dZÒ[oV, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _hy (_.‡.) ^maV (38) ‡m{.S>m∞. odemb [wam{ohV...... E_.Eb.]r. emgH$r` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oH$bm _°XmZ, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 7

gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b (Editorial Advisory Board, INDIA) _mZX≤

(01) ‡m{. S>m∞. Za{›– lrdmÒVd ...... ‡og’ d°kmoZH$ "Bgam{' ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©Q>H$) ^maV (02) ‡m{. S>m∞. AmoXÀ` byZmdV ...... oZX{eH$, Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m{> C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV (03) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` O°Z ...... [zd© ghm`H$ oZ`ßÃH$, _.‡. Ï`mdgmo`H$ [arjm _ßS>b, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV (04) ‡m{. S>m∞.Eg.H{$. Om{er ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) ^maV (05) ‡m{. S>m∞. O{.[r.EZ. [m S>{` ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV (06) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwo_Ãm dmÒH{$b ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) ^maV (07) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.Ama. M›X{bH$a ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV (08) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßJb o_l ...... ‡mMm`©, lr ∑bm∞W _mH}$Q>, H$›`m dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (09) ‡m{. S>m∞.Ama.H{$. ^≈> ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _ohbm _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (10) ‡m{. S>m∞. Aem{H$ d_m© ...... [zd© gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ) X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (11) ‡m{. S>m∞. Q>r.E_. ImZ ...... [´mMm`©, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Ym_Zm{X, oObm-Yma (_.‡.) ^maV (12) ‡m{. S>m∞. amH{$e T> S> ...... gßH$m`m‹`j, od⁄mWu H$Î`mU od^mJ odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV (13) ‡m{. S>m∞. AoZb oedmZr ...... A‹`j, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY od^mJ lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[{`r qhXr odÌdod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV (14) ‡m{. S>m∞. [X≤_qgh [Q>{b ...... A‹`j, dmoU¡` od^mJ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (15) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOw Xw]{...... gßH$m`m‹`j (S>rZ), J•h odkmZ gßH$m`, OrdmOr odÌdod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.[´.) ^maV (16) ‡m{. S>m∞.E.H{$. Mm°Yar ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, _Zm{odkmZ, amOH$s` _ram H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV (17) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ ogßh amd> ...... [´mMm`©, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm-aVbm_ (_.‡.) ^maV (18) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.H{$. o_lm ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ ,[´mUr emÒÃ, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]°Vyb (_.‡.) ^maV (19) ‡m{. S>m∞. H{$. H{$. lrdmÒVd ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ ,AW©emÒÃ, odO`m amO{ emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV (20) ‡m{.S>m∞. H$m›Vm Abmdm ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, amOZroV odkmZ, ehrX ^r_m Zm`H$ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ^maV (21) ‡m{. S>m∞. Eg. H{$. O°Z ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ ,dmoU¡`, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ^maV (22) ‡m{. S>m∞. oH$eZ `mXd ...... Egm{ogEQ> ‡m{\{$ga (amOZroV odkmZ) em{Y H{$›–, ]w›X{bI S> H$m∞b{O, Pmßgr (C.‡.) ‰mmaV (23) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.Ama.Zbdm`m...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (24) ‡m{. S>m∞. ZQdabmb Jw·m ...... A‹`j, A‹``Z _ S>b dmoU¡`, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (25) ‡m{.S>m∞. [wÈfm{Œm_ Jm°V_...... gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ) X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`,B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV (26) ‡m{. S>m∞. Eg. gr. _{hVm ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`j, emgH$s` ^JV ogßh ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Omdam (_.‡.) ^maV

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 8

oZUm©`H$ _ S>b (Referee Board) _mZX≤ *** odkmZ gßH$m` *** JoUV:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞.dr.H{$. JwflVm, gßMmbH$ d°oXH$ JnUV Edß em{Y gßÒWmZ, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^m°oVH$s:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.gr. XrojV, emgH$s` hm{ÎH$a odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. ZraO Xw]{, emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) H$Âfl`yQ>a odkmZ:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. C_{e Hw$_ma qgh A‹`j H$Âfl`yQ>a A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) agm`Z:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Z_rV H$m°a _∏$∂S>, emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡.) dZÒ[oV:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwoMVm O°Z, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) ...... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. AoIb{e Am`mMr, emgH$s` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) ‡moUH$s:- ...... (1) ‡m{.S>m∞. _ßOwbVm e_m©, E_.Eg.O{., amOH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, âV[wa (amO.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. A_•Vm IÃr, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) gmßpª`H$s:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. a_{e [ S≤>`m, emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) g°›` odkmZ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. H°$bme À`mJr, emgH$s` _m{Vrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) Ord agm`Z:- ...... (1) S>m∞. Hß$MZ S>tJam, emgH$s` E_.EM. J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) ^yJ^© emÒÃ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.Eg. aKwdßer, emgH$s` _m{Vrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwè Hw$_ma, emgH$s` AmXe© _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) oMoH$Àgm odkmZ:- ...... (1) S>m∞. EM.Or. dÍ$YH$a, Ama.S>r. Jma∂S>r _{oS>H$b _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) gy˙_ Ord odkmZ:- ...... (1) AZwamJ P±d{ar, ]m`m{ H{$à oagM© (AmB©) ‡m.ob., Ah_Xm]mX (JwOamV) *** dmoU¡` gßH$m` *** dmoU¡` :- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.H{$. O°Z, emgH$s` h_roX`m _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. e°b{›– ^mab>, emgH$s` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. b˙_U [admb, emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) *** ‡]ßY Edß Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ gßH$m` *** ‡]ßY :- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. am_{Ìda gm{Zr>, A‹`j A‹``Z embm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. AmZ›X oVdmar>, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma H$›`m CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) _mZd gßgmYZ:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. haod›Xa gm{Zr>, [°g{o\$H$ o]OZ{g ÒHy$b, CX`[wa (amO.) Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$o[bX{d e_m©>, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) *** odoY gßH$m` *** odoY:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Eg.EZ. e_m©, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` _mYd odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. Za{›– Hw$_ma O°Z, ‡mMm`© lr Odmhabmb Z{hÍ$ ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa odoY _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.[´.) *** H$bm gßH$m` *** AW©emÒÃ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.gr. amßH$m, lr grVmam_ OmOy emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. O{.[r. o_lm, emgH$s` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. AßOZm O°Z, E_.Eb.]r. emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oH$bm _°XmZ, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) amOZroV:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. adrß– gm{hm{Zr, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. AoZb O°Z, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwb{Im o_lm, _mZHwß$da ]mB© emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) Xe©ZemÒÃ:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. h{_›V Zm_X{d, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 9 g_mOemÒÃ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. EM.Eb. \w$bda{, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. Bo›Xam ]_©Z>, emgH$r` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hm{eßJm]mX (_.‡.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. C_m bdmoZ`m>, emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm-gmJa (_.‡.) oh›Xr:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. M›Xm Vb{am O°Z, A‹`j A‹``Z _ S>b, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. O`m o‡`Xe©Zr ew∑bm, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$bm Om{er, lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[{`r emgH$r` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) AßJ´{Or:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. AO` ^mJ©d, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>ZJa (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOar Aoæhm{Õmr, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhm{a (_.‡.) gßÒH•$V:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ^mdZm lrdmÒVd, emgH$s` Òdemgr _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]mbH$•Ó m [Óm[oV, ÌmmgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgm°Xm oObm odoXÌmm (_.‡.) BoVhmg:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ZdrZ oJoS>`Z, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^yJm{b:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. amO{›– lrdmÒVd emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ S>r, oObm _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. AM©Zm ^mJ©d, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) _Zm{odkmZ:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$m_Zm d_m©, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` amO_mVm qgoY`m H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. gam{O H$m{R>mar, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) oMÃH$bm:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. AÎ[Zm C[m‹`m`, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. a{Im lrdmÒVd, _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) gßJrV:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ^mdZm J´m{da (H$WH$), Òdm_r ndd{H$mZ›X gw^maVr ndÌdnd⁄mb`, _{aR> (C.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. lr[mX Aam{UH$a, amO_mVm ogo›Y`m emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›XdmS>m (_.‡.) *** J•h odkmZ gßH$m` *** Amhma Edß [m{fU odkmZ:- .... (1) ‡m{.S>m∞. ‡JoV X{gmB©, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Yw Jm{`b, Òdm_r H{$edmZ›X J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ]rH$mZ{a (amO.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. gß‹`m d_m©, emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>.J.) _mZd odH$mg:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _rZmjr _mWwa, A‹`j, O`ZmamÙ Ï`mg odÌdod⁄mb`, Om{Y[wa (amO.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar, A‹`j A‹``Z _ S>b amZr XwJm©dVr odÌdod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) [mnadmnaH$ gßgmYZ ‡]ßY:-... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOw e_m©, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. Z_´Vm Aam{am, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.) *** oejm gßH$m` *** oejm ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{a_m _mWwa, _hrß–m H$m∞b{O Am∞\$ EOwH{$eZ, ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©Q>H$) (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.E_.Or. _mWwa, ‡mMm`© Edß S>rZ [{g{o\$H$ oejm _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. ZrZm AZ{Om, ‡mMm`©, E.Eg. H$m∞b{O Am∞\$ EOwH{$eZ,Ifim ([ßOm]) (4) ‡m{. S>m∞. gVre oJb, oed H$m∞b{O Am∞\$ EOwH{$eZ, oVJm±d, \$arXm]mX (hoa`mUm) *** AmoH©$Q{>∑Ma gßH$m` *** emarnaH$ oejm ...... (1) ‡m{. oH$aU [r. oeßX{ , ‡mMm`©, ÒHy$b Am∞\$ AmoH©$Q{>∑Ma, AmB©.[r.Eg. EH$S{>_r, BßXm°a (_.‡.) *** emarnaH$ oejm gßH$m` *** emarnaH$ oejm ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Aj`Hw$_ma ew∑bm, A‹`j emarnaH$ oejm [{g{o\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) *** J´›Wmb` odkmZ gßH$m` *** J´›Wmb` odkmZ ...... (1) S>m∞. AoZb ogam°oR>`m, emgH$s` _hmamOm _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 10

‡d∑Vm gmWr (_mZX≤) (01) ‡m{. S>m∞. X{d{›– ogßh amR>m°∂S> ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (02) ‡m{. lr_Vr odO`m dYdm ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (03) S>m∞. gwa|– e∑VmdV ...... kmZm{X` BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ _{Z{O_|Q> EßS> Q>{∑Zm{bm∞Or, Zr_M (_.‡.) (04) ‡m{. S>m∞. X{drbmb Ahra ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, OmdX, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.) (05) lr Amerf o¤d{Xr ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _Zmgm, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.) (06) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{O _hmOZ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gm{ZH$¿N>, oObm X{dmg (_.‡.) (07) lr C_{e e_m© ...... H•$ÓUm oejm _hmod⁄mb`, Omdr, oObm- Zr_M (_.‡.) (08) ‡m{. S>m∞. Eg.[r. [ßdma ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (09) [´m{. S>m∞. [yambmb [mQ>rXma ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (10) ‡m{. S>m∞. ojoVO [wam{ohV ...... O°Z H$bm-dmoU¡`-odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (11) [´m{. S>m∞.EZ.H{$. [mQ>rXma ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ßS>r, oObm _›Xgm°a (_.‡.) (12) ‡m{. S>m∞. dm`.H{$. o_lm ...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (13) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwa{e H$Q>mna`m ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (14) ‡m{. S>m∞. A^` [mR>H$ ...... emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (15) ‡m{. S>m∞. _mbqgh Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm aVbm_ (_.‡.) (16) ‡m{. S>m∞. J|Xmbmb Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` odH´$_ _hmod⁄mb`, ImMam°X, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (17) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡^mH$a o_l ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (18) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡H$me Hw$_ma O°Z ...... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡` odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (19) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$_bm Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (20) ‡m{. S>m∞.Am^m XrojV ...... emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (21) ‡m{. S>m∞. [ßH$O _mh{Ìdar ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, VamZm, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (22) ‡m{. S>m∞. S>r.gr. amR>r ...... Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m{>, C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a (23) ‡m{. S>m∞. AoZVm JJam∂S{> ...... emgH$s` hm{bH$a odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (24) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` [ßoS>V ...... emgH$s` E_.O{.]r. H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (25) ‡m{. S>m∞. am_]m]y Jw·m ...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (26) ‡m{. S>m∞. AßOZm g∑g°Zm ...... emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) (27) ‡m{. S>m∞. gm{Zmbr ZaJw›X{ ...... [ÃH$mnaVm Edß OZgßMma A‹``Zembm X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.[´.) (28) ‡m{. S>m∞. ^maVr Om{er ...... AmOrdZ oejU od^mJ X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (29) ‡m{. S>m∞. E_.S>r. gm{_mZr ...... emgH$s` E_.O{.]r. H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (30) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡roV ^Q≤Q> ...... emgH$s` EZ.Eg.[r. odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (31) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` ‡gmX ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gmßd{a, oObm B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (32) ‡m{. S>m∞. _rZm _Q>H$a ...... gwJZrX{dr H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (33) ‡m{. _m{hZ dmÒH{$b ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm, oObm - Pm]wAm (_.‡.) (34) [´m{. S>m∞. oZoVZ ghmoa`m ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{V_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.) (35) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOw amOm{na`m ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, X{dmg (_.‡.) (36) ‡m{. S>m∞. ehOmX Hw$a°er ...... emgH$s` ZdrZ H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _yßXr, oObm I S>dm (_.‡.) (37) ‡m{. S>m∞. e°b ]mbm gmßYr ...... _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) (38) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡drU Am{Pm ...... lr ^JdV ghm` emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) (39) ‡m{. S>m∞.Am{_‡H$me e_m© ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ì`m{[wa (_.‡.) (40) ‡m{. S>m∞. Eg.H{$. lrdmÒVd ...... emgH$s` odO`m amO{ H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) (41) ‡m{. S>m∞. AZy[ _m{K{ ...... emgH$s` H$_bmamO{ H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) (42) ‡m{. S>m∞. h{_bVm Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>ZJa (_.‡.) (43) ‡m{. S>m∞. _h{eM›– JwflVm ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) (44) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßJbm R>mHw$a ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh, oObm IaJm{Z (_.‡.) (45) [´m{. S>m∞. H{$.Ama. Hw$Âh{H$a ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gZmdX, oObm IaJm{Z (_.‡.) (46) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.H{$. `mXd ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) (47) ‡m{. S>m∞. Amem gmIr Jw·m ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 11 (48) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r. Eg. oggm{oX`m ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) (49) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡^m [m S>{` ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _°ha, oObm- gVZm (_.‡.) (50) S>m∞. amO{e Hw$_ma ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` A_a[mQ>Z, oObm-gVZm (_.‡.) (51) ‡m{. S>m∞. amd{›–qgh [Q>{b ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.) (52) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{habmb JwflVm ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, amOJ∂T> „`mdam (_.‡.) (53) ‡m{. S>m∞. _YwgwXZ ‡H$me ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgm{Xm, oObm-odoXem (_.‡.) (54) ‡m{. `wdamO lrdmÒVd ...... gr.dr. a_Z odÌdod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m-o]bmg[wa (N>.J.) (55) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwZrb dmO[{`r ...... emgH$s` oVbH$ ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$Q>Zr (_.‡.) (56) ‡m{. S>m∞. E.H{$. [m S{> ...... emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.) (57) ‡m{. S>m∞. `Vr›– _hm{]{ ...... emgH$s` _ohbm _hmod⁄mb`, Zaqgh[wa (_.‡.) (58) [´m{. S>m∞. eoe ‡^m O°Z ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, AmJa-_mbdm (_.‡.) (59) ‡m{. S>m∞. oZ`mO Aßgmar ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`,qghmdb, oObm grYr (_.‡.) (60) ‡m{. S>m∞. AOw©Zqgh ]K{b ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, haXm (_.‡.) (61) S>m∞. gwa{e Hw$_ma od_b ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ^°ßgmX{hr, oObm ]°Vyb (_.‡.) (62) ‡m{. S>m∞. A_aM›– O°Z ...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.[´.) (63) ‡m{. S>m∞. aoÌ_ Xw]{ ...... emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) (64) ‡m{. S>m∞. E.H{$. O°Z ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmnd⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.) (65) ‡m{. S>m∞. gß‹`m oQ>H{$H$a ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.) (66) ‡m{. S>m∞. amOrd e_m© ...... emgH$s` Z_©Xm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, hm{eßJm]mX (_.‡.) (67) ‡m{. S>m∞. apÌ_ lrdmÒVd ...... emgH$s` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hm{eßJm]mX (_.‡.) (68) ‡m{. S>m∞. b˙_rH$mßV MßX{bm ...... emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, qN>Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) (69) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]bam_ qgJm{oV`m ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` gm¢ga, oObm-oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) (70) ‡m{.S>m∞. odÂ_r ]hb ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mbm [r[b, oObm - emOm[wa (_.‡.) (71) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b ...... emgH$s` R>mHw$a aU_Vqgh _hmod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) (72) ‡m{. S>m∞. _rZy JOmbm ImZ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _∑gr, oObm-emOm[wa (_.‡.) (73) ‡m{. S>m∞. [Îbdr o_lm ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ZB© J∂T>r, oObm- ardm (_.‡.) (74) ‡m{. S>m∞. E_.[r. e_m© ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, XoV`m (_.‡.) (75) ‡m{. S>m∞. O`m e_m© ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhm{a (_.‡.) (76) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwerb gm{_dßer ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Z{[mZJa, oObm ]wahmZ[wa (_.‡.) (77) ‡m{. S>m∞. BeaV ImZ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, am`g{Z (_.‡.) (78) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$_b{eqgh Z{Jr ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, grhm{a (_.‡.) (79) ‡m{. S>m∞. ^mdZm R>mHw$a ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` a{hQ>r, oObm grhm{a (_.‡.) (80) ‡m{. S>m∞. H{$ed_oU e_m© ...... [ßoS>V ]mbH•$ÓU e_m© ZdrZ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, emOm[wa (_.‡.) (81) ‡m{. S>m∞. a{Uw amO{e ...... emgH$r` Z{hÈ AJÚr _hmod⁄mb`, Aem{H$ ZJa (_.‡.) (82) ‡m{. S>m∞. AodZme Xw]{ ...... emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, I S>dm (_.‡.) (83) ‡m{. S>m∞. dr.H{$. XrojV ...... N>Õmgmb emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, [fim (_.‡.) (84) ‡m{. S>m∞. am_ Ad{Ye e_m© ...... E_.O{.Eg. emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, o^ S> (_.‡.) (85) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{O Hw$_ma Aoæhm{Õmr ...... gam{oOZr Zm`Sy> emgH$r` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) (86) ‡m{. S>m∞. g_ra Hw$_ma ew∑bm ...... emgH$r` M›– odO` _hmod⁄mb`, oS> S>m{ar (_.‡.) (87) ‡m{. A[amOrVm ^mJ©d ...... A‹`m[H$ ,Ama. S r. [o„bH$ ÒHz$b, ]°Vyb (_.‡.) ^maV (88) [´m{. S>m∞. AZy[ [agmB© ...... emgH$s` O{. `m{JmZ›XZ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ŒmrgJ∂T>) (89) ‡m{. S>m∞. AoZbHw$_ma O°Z ...... dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm odÌdod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) (90) ‡m{. S>m∞. AM©Zm doeÓR> ...... amOH$s` amOF$of _hmod⁄mb` Abda (amO.) (91) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$Î[Zm [marI ...... Eg.Eg.Or. [marI ÒZmVH$m{Œma H$m∞b{O, O`[wa (amO.) (92) ‡m{. S>m∞. JO{›– ogam{hm ...... [{ogo\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) (93) ‡m{. S>m∞. H•$ÓUm [°p›g`m ...... hnae AmßOZm _hmod⁄mb`, N>m{Q>rgmX∂S>r, oObm- ‡Vm[J∂T> (amO.) (94) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ qgh ...... H|$–r` odÌd od⁄mb` hna`mUm, _h|–J∂T> (hna`mUm) (95) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ò_•oV AJ´dmb ...... em{Y gbmhH$ma, ZB© oXÎbr (96) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$odVm ^Xm°oa`m ...... emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ^maV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 12

Ecophysiological study of medicinal plant Cyathocline purpurea

* ** S.C Mehta S.S Rawat

Abstract - Cyathocline purpurea is an erect, strongly aromatic, glandular hairy annual or biennial short day plant. It is belongs to family Asteraceae. This plant gets Physiological maturities approximately in 6 month time period. Plants seed germinate in between august to September. Germinated seed after seedling attain 1.50 to 2.00 feet height during the growth period. Approximate growth and time schedule can be measured as vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages. The mean of the reading is considered for analysis. The maximum biomass of the plants is 20.4 g/ m2 were observed in the flowering stage. The average density of these plants is 02 plants/m2. Key words - Short day plant, seed germination, growth, biomass, density, Asteraceae.

Introduction - Cyathocline purpurea is a strong aromatic, different villages of the district. These primitive people more rare Indian medicinal plant. As the plant has a rare existence or less use many common and uncommon local plants for so it is not popular among the local inhabitants (Guoyi M et the treatment of their routine ailments and various diseases. al., 2009). Its vernacular name is Phultar and Mukki, regional The study sites of the district Ratlam were visited for the name Jangli Dhaniya. The roots of Cyathocline purpurea are collection of plants in each season of the year. Field study reported used to relieve stomach pains (Joshi R 2013). Some in the tribal areas gives first hand information for these tribal’s of Ratlam District, give the plant extract of twice per purpose extensive field trips were organized for collecting day with water to their cattle for removing the intestinal worms the plant species and data using an integrated approach of for two weeks. Dried leaves of powder are given 10gm with botanical collections group discussions, interviews and 250ml milk twice a day for 3weeks in the cases of questionnaires. In Bhil tribe or in a village, normally there is anthelmintic activity against tapeworms. Extract of root and a one elder person familiar with the surrounding plant he is a leaves is given in intermittent fever and jaundice, leaf juice local physician and a very resourceful person who is called and goat milk with mixed and applied externally in case of as Badwa, Babjees or Bhopa are the traditional rural skin disease. Cyathocline purpurea are found in Ratlam medicine men or herbal practitioner of the tribe. This person district of Madhya Pradesh. It is a rare species which is was contacted for collecting information about ethnomedicinal found with Blumea, Xanthium, and Sphaeranthus species. plant. With an intension to give them the credit of their These species shows some characteristics feature, they knowledge, Shankar Ba shahab patidar from Rupakheda, share common season, and climate. By the changing Nathu Lal and prakash nagdiya from Sejawta, Bal want Singh environment particular this species pushes near extinction chouhan from Bajna, Mukesh khanguda from Sailna, the state. It has the only two species Cyathocline purpurea and Bhopa and knowledgeable people were taken to the collect Cyathocline lyrata are found in Madhya Pradesh. For its data and were recorded in the field book. Voucher specimens conservation purpose necessary to preserve its natural were collected for authentication of information and future resources and more over its medicinal value should be reference. The collection of information on these plants was highlighted among the people so they can also involve is also including in the proposed work. Herbarium specimens there conservation. prepared following the standard method (Jain & Rao 1978), Material and Method - In this head, a study in selected and have been deposited in the herbarium cabinet of Botany area were carried out from December 2015 to august 2016 Department Govt. arts & science college Ratlam (M.P) in different tribal inhabited of Ratlam district. Ratlam was accordance with the guidelines supplied by (Martin 2008). the part of central India in 1946. After the independence of Herbarium specimens were identified with the help of India, Ratlam district which is created in 1 November 1956 standard floras (Duthie 1903-29, Hookar 1872-1894, under it has been incorporate in Madhya Pradesh. The city Maheshwari 1963), (Mudgal et al., 1997), (Oommachan of Ratlam lies 480 meters (1,575 feet) above sea level. There 1977), (Singh et al., 2001), (Verma et al., 1993). The research are Bhils, Bhilalas and Patidar are the main inhabitants of work done on some medicinal plants with there are some * .Professor (Botany) Govt. Bhagat Singh P.G. College, Jaora, District Ratlam (M.P.) INDIA ** Research Scholar, Govt. P.G. College, Sailana, District Ratlam (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 13 basic information such as botanical name, name of family m2. Density of this plant was calculated in study area. The vernacular and regional name, seed germination and growth, maximum density 02plants/m2 was recorded in Sailana flowering & fruiting period, plant parts used, habitat ecology, region. The control over the growth, reproduction, survival, regeneration and distribution in the study area also given. abundance and geographical distribution of this plant are Cyathocline purpurea is an erect, glandular hairy annual affected by interactions between plants with their physical, short day plant. Physiological maturities of these plants chemical and biotic environment. It is used for medicinal approximately 6 months are taken. Plant seed germinate in purpose there for it need complete attention for its between august to September. The seed germination was conservation. People should aware of its medicinal values observed daily and the data on daily seed germination was (Ghimire SK et al., 2001). If the present environmental collected until the completion of germination (maximum up scenario going on continuous. This species would be soon to 30 days). The seed with 0.5mm or more radical growth extinct in this particular habitat. occur were counted as germinated seeds. The final References :- germination percentage was calculated from the total seeds 1. Aainsworth Eliza; Stephen long February verafer that germinated on the day of completion. We counted 2005,What have We Learned from 15 years of free-air germinated seeds and its percentage was determined by Co2 Enrichment (FACE)?” (http://www.j. 1469- 8137. Maguire equation (1962) 2004. GP = Ni / N × 100, where Ni number of germinated 2. Aldhous JR (1972) nursery practices, forestry, seed in each day, N= total number of seeds. Results of data commission bulletin number-43, page Bro Lted, London statistical analysis had been shown in table 3.3. Germinated 184 pp. seed after seedling 1.50 to 2.00 feet height again during 3. Baskin JM Baskin CC (1998) seeds ecology, the growth period. Approximate growth can be measure biogeography and evaluation of dormancy and vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages time schedule. The germination, academic press, New York USA. total dry matter production was recorded at three different 4. Duthie, J. F. Flora of the upper Gangetic plain and of stages from seedling up to harvest by selected plants each the adjacent siwalik and sub Himalayan tracts, vols. 1- time and average dry matter production plant-1 was worked 3. Calcutta, 1903-29. out. This was multiplied by the average number of plants per 5. Ghimire SK, Lama YC, Tripathi GR, Schmitt S & m2 to obtain the dry matter production per m2. Aumeeruddy-Thomas Y (2001) Conservation of plant Seeds of these herbaceous plant are very small, resources, community development and training in these seeds germinates in post rainy season specially applied ethnobotany at Shey-Phoksudo National park it is grow after rainy season in between august - Septe- and its buffer zone, Dolpa. WWF Nepal Program, Report mber month inoculation period of this seeds 2-6, weeks. Series No. 41, Kathmandu, Nepal. It is depend upon the nature of seeds, it is viable up to 6. Hidayati SN Walck JL, Merritt DJ, Turner SR, Turner one year. Many seeds exhibit dormancy and fail to germinate DW, Dixon KW (2012) Sympatric species of Hibbertia ever in favorable conditions. Seed germination is influenced (Dilleniaceae) varies in dormancy break and germination by internal factors controlling dormancy including phytoho- requirements: Implications for classifying rmones inducing dormancy, and seed coat factors (Baskin morphophysiological dormancy in Mediterranean and Baskin 1998; Holds worth et al 2008; Linkies and leubner- biomes. Annals of Botany 109, 1111-1123. Metzger 2012). Depending on the plants species and type 7. Holds worth MJ, Bent sink L, Soppe WJJ (2008) of dormancy, various method likes scarification, stratification, molecular networks regnlating Arabidopsis seed removal of inhibitors and treatment with growth regulators maturation, after ripening, dormancy and germination, are used to break dormancy (Baskin and Baskin 1998; New phytologist 179, 33-54. Hidayati et al 2012). 8. Joshi R. Chemical Constituents and antibacterial Observation: property of the essential oil of the roots of Cyathocline Table 3.1,3.2 & 3.3 (See in next page) purpurea. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 145: 621-625. Result and discussion - Cyathocline purpurea is a strongly 9. Maguire ID. 1962. Speed of germination – Aid in aromatic, rare Indian medicinal plant. It is belongs to family selection and evolution for seedling emergence and vigor. Asteraceae, commonly found in moist habitats such as along Crop Sci., 2, 176-177. watercourses and in rice fields. In Ratlam district, it is found 10. Maheshwari, J.K. A contribution to the flora of kanha to grown in Sailina and Bajna where bare land or uncultivated National Park, M.P. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5: 117-140. land rich is focus. Seed germination of this plant was 1963. observed in post rainy season, plant growth were measure 11. Martin, G.J (2008) In ‘Ethnobotany’ a methods manual, in vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages. The maximum Publi. Earth Scan, UK. Biomass was recorded of this plant is flowering stage 19.9g/ 12. Oommachan M.The flora of Bhopal. Bhopal, 1977. Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 14

Table 3.1 : Plant growth (g/m2)

S. Name of plants Biomass (g/m2) of Biomass g/m2) of Biomass (g/m2) of Vegetative stage Flowering stage Fruiting stage 1. Cyathocline purpurea 12.9 19.9 19.1

Table 3.2 : Plants height (cm) of the different species taken at 30 days intervals from seedling to harvesting stages

Plants Name 30 Days. 60 Days. 90 Days. 120 Days. 150 Days. 180 Days. C. purpurea, 05.3 15.4 40.9 51.2 55.7 58.7 Where C= Cyathocline,

Table 3.3 : % of seed germination of each selected plants species

S. Name of species Germination period % of Germination 1. Cyathocline purpurea 2-6 week 70

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 15

Luminescence Studies of Nanocrystalline Films of Cadmium Sulphide Nanocrystals

Dr. U.S.Patle *

Abstract - CdS Nanocrystals films have been prepared on glass substrate by chemical bath deposition method. Their absorption spectra and photoluminescence have been studied. Absorption indicates increased forbidden band gap due to quantum confinement. Two PL peaks have been observed at energies lower than effective band gap. Peak A near 680 nm and peak B near 920 nm. Both the peaks shift towards blue by decreasing the crystal size. The results are explained by considering that the energy levels are produced within the band gap by surface states and due to excess Cd, and only the density of surface states increases by reducing the particle size.

Introduction - The change in the properties of nanoparticles deposition time of 20 minutes. The absorption edge is are driven mainly by two factors, namely the increase in the obtained at 382 nm revealing that band gap is 3.25 eV. It is surface to volume ratio and drastic changes in the electronic greater than band gap of bulk CdS (2.4eV) by 0.85 eV structure of the materials due to quantum confinement effects indicating quantum confinement effect. with decreasing particle size. Very often it is an interplay of The PL studies of the CdS films show two emission- these two effects that is responsible for the change in the peaks at energies lower than band gap (Fig.3). Result shown properties [1]. Recent reports suggest that nanoparticles in Table I. It is observed that the intensity of band A increases can be used to produce light of various colors by band gap as the particle size is decreased, whereas that of band B tuning using particle size effects [2]. Experimental evidence remains practically the same. Slight blue shift is seen in for QSE was obtained by Ekimov and Onushchenko [3] for both the bands with decreasing crystallite size. The variation microcrystalline CuCl and CdS dispersed in a silicate glass. of particle size and shifting of PL peaks with the deposition A blue shift in the absorption threshold and exitonic time are shown in Fig.4. It can be seen that the blue shift in confinement effect resulted in theoretical development in both the PL peaks A and B is nearly same. Narrow peaks these areas by Efros and Efros [4]. In the present work, clearly indicate narrow size distribution of nanocrystals. The films of CdS nanocrystals of different sizes have been blue shift by about 0.06 eV in both the peaks by decreasing prepared by chemical method and their optical absorption particle size can be understood by considering downward and PL have been investigated. shift of valence band edge due to QSE. Experimental - Films of CdS nanocrystals were deposited on glass substrate using chemical precipitation technique References :- as described by Nanda et.al. [6]. The absorption spectra of 1. S.A. Majetich and A.C. Karter, J. Phys. Chem. 97, the samples in UV-VIS region were recorded with the help of (1993) 8727, Perkin Elimer Lemda-12 spectrometer in the wavelength 2. S.N. Sahu, and K.K. Nanda, PINSA, 67, A, 1 (2001) range from 300 to 700 nm. The PL of the samples was 103 investigated using grating monochromator HM 104 and 3. A. L. Ekimov and A. A.Omshchenko JEPT Lett., 40 photomultiplier tube RCA-931 and PL intensity was measured (1984) 1136. in the range 400 to 1000 nm. 4. A. L. Efross and A.L. Efros Sov. Phys. semiconductor Results And Discussion - The particle sizes of the samples 16,722, (1982). obtained by various dipping times were estimated by SEM 5. Yhan Chih Chu, Chen Chien Wang, Yao Hui Haung and results in Table I. It is observed that the particle size Chuh Yung Chen; Nanotechnology 16, (2005). 376. increases with the dipping time. Fig.2 shows a typical 6. K,K,Nanda, S.N.Sarangi, S.Mohanty and S.N.Sahu; absorption spectrum of CdS nanocrystalline film for Thin Solid Films; 322, (1998) 21-27.

* Department of Physics, Govt. Narmada P.G. College, Hoshangabad (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 16 Table –I: PL of CdS Nanocrystalline Films S. Sample Deposition Time (min) Crystal Size (nm) PL Peak A PL Peak B Intensity ( nm) Intensity ( nm) (a.u.) (a.u.) 1 I 20 21 120 670 100 903 2 II 30 26 80 680 100 911 3 III 40 31 50 685 97 923 4 IV 60 88 75 695 100 940

Fig.1 SEM of CdS Fig.2 Absorption Spectrum of Fig. 3 Photoluminescence Spectra of Films of CdS Nanocrystals of Various sizes

Fig. 4 Variation of particle size and shifting Nanocrystalline Film CdS Nanocrystalline Film of PL peaks with deposition time Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 17

BLASTing Flu Season 2105-2016

N. Khurana *

Abstract - As the monsoon advances further into the Indian mainland, the bulk of the country, barring the far north, is staring at the onset of influenza season. Influenza is a viral infection that affects mainly the nose, throat, bronchi and, occasionally, lungs. Infection usually lasts for about a week, and is characterized by sudden onset of high fever, aching muscles, headache and severe malaise. An annual seasonal flu vaccine (either the flu shot or the nasal spray flu vaccine) is the best way to reduce the chances that you will get seasonal flu and spread it to others. Flu vaccines cause antibodies to develop in the body about two weeks after vaccination. These antibodies provide protection against infection with the viruses that are in the vaccine. The seasonal flu vaccine protects against the influenza viruses that research indicates will be most common during the upcoming season. Traditional flu vaccines (called “trivalent” vaccines) are made to protect against three flu viruses; an influenza A (H1N1) virus, an influenza A (H3N2) virus, and an influenza B virus. There are also flu vaccines made to protect against four flu viruses (called “quadrivalent” vaccines). These vaccines protect against the same viruses as the trivalent vaccine and an additional B virus. To make the influenza vaccine, gene fragments that encode the H and N viral surface proteins are used from each strain. For the vaccine to give a person good protection against the virus, the protein sequences for the H and N proteins that are used in the vaccine should closely match the sequences in the strains the person may be exposed to. Every February, the World Health Organization (WHO), based on the analysis of various laboratories across the globe, will decide what influenza virus strains to include in the vaccine for the new year. A powerful Internet-based bioinformatics tool for aligning sequences is BLAST, which stands for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. It aligns your query sequence of interest to a collection of sequences stored in the database, or to a specific second sequence you are interested in. It compares the results, telling you which sequences or segments are similar to your query sequence. This research aims to use blast tool along with flu databases to find out whether this year vaccine is effective or not. Keywords - BLAST, influenza, vaccine, flu database.

Introduction - Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is particularly against the viral surface proteins in the viral strains caused by a virus that attacks the upper respiratory tract used to make the specific vaccine. The influenza vaccine (i.e., the nose, the throat and the lungs). Cold and dry weather typically contains three virus strains, two are subtypes of allows the virus to survive longer outside the body than in type A and one is of type B. Type C is not included in the warm weather. There are three types of influenza virus: A, vaccine because it only causes a mild illness and does not B and C. Type A can infect humans, other mammals and lead to epidemics. To make the influenza vaccine, gene birds and can spread fast and affect many people. Types B fragments that encode the H and N viral surface proteins are and C affect only humans and type C causes only a mild used from each strain. For the vaccine to give a person good infection. Influenza type A viruses are sub-typed into two protection against the virus, the protein sequences for the categories based on proteins, specifically the proteins H and N proteins that are used in the vaccine should closely hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, on the surface of the virus. match the sequences in the strains the person may be The virus uses the hemagglutinin protein (often abbreviated exposed to. Every February, the World Health Organization “H” or “HA”) to latch on to the host’s cell and uses the (WHO), based on the analysis of various laboratories across neuramidase protein (often abbreviated “N” or “NA”) to spread the globe, will decide what influenza virus strains to include the infection. Types A and B viruses continually evolve in the vaccine for the new year. A powerful Internet-based genetically, with changes being made to the amino acid bioinformatics tool for aligning sequences is BLAST, which sequence of the H and N proteins. Since hosts recognize stands for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. It aligns your the H and N surface proteins to identify and attack the query sequence of interest to a collection of sequences virus, by changing these proteins a little bit the virus prevents stored in the database, or to a specific second sequence the hosts from enjoying any prolonged protection against you are interested in. It compares the results, telling you the virus. which sequences or segments are similar to your query When a person is vaccinated with the influenza sequence. vaccine, it should stimulate a protective immune response, * Dept. Of Biotechnology, Holkar Science College, Indore (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 18

All else being equal, we would expect that a strong match 11. Chain A, The Crystal Structure Of Hemagglutinin From between the protein sequences for the H and/or N proteins 1968 H3n2 Influenza Virus used in the vaccine virus and the corresponding sequences 12. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of A Neutralizing Human in the “wild” virus to result in good protection against that Monoclonal Antibody With 1968 H3 Ha virus. On the other hand, a poor match would result in weak 13. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of Broadly Neutralizing protection against the virus. Antibody Cr8020 Bound To The Influenza A H3 All of the 2015-2016 influenza vaccine is made to protect Hemagglutinin against the following three viruses: 14. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of The A/hong Kong/1/1968 1. an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus (h3n2) Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Ha1 Cys30, Ha2 2. an A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2)-like virus Cys47 Mutant 3. a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus. (This is a B/Yamagata 15. Chain A, Bha Of Ukr63 lineage virus) 16. Chain A, The Crystal Structure Of Hemagglutinin From Some of the 2015-2016 flu vaccine is quadrivalent A/port Chalmers/1/1973 Influenza Virus vaccine and also protects against an additional B virus (B/ 17. Chain A, The Crystal Structure Of Hemagglutinin From Brisbane/60/2008-like virus). This is a B/Victoria lineage virus. A H3n8 Influenza Virus Isolated From New England Method - Gone to the Flu Activity & Surveillance webpage Harbor Seals at The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 18. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of Heterosubtypic Fab S1391 Selected the influenza season 2015-16,found information IN COMPLEX WITH Influenza A H3 Hemagglutinin about the 2015–2016 vaccine. For 2015–16, U.S.-licensed 19. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of Broadly Neutralizing trivalent influenza vaccines will contain hemagglutinin (HA) Antibody F045-092 In Complex With A/victoria/3/1975 derived from an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus, an A/ (h3n2) Influenza Hemagglutinin Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2)-like virus, and a B/Phuket/ 20. Chain A, Structure Of The A_equine_newmarket_2_93 3073/2013-like (Yamagata lineage) virus. This represents H3 Haemagglutinin In Complex With 6so4-3sln changes in the influenza A (H3N2) virus and the influenza B 21. Chain A, Structure Of The A_equine_newmarket_2_93 virus as compared with the 2014–15 season. Quadrivalent H3 Haemagglutinin influenza vaccines will contain these vaccine viruses, and a 22. Chain A, Structure Of The A_equine_richmond_07 H3 B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (Victoria lineage) virus, which is the Haemagglutinin Mutant Ser30thr same Victoria lineage virus recommended for quadrivalent 23. Chain A, Structure Of The A_equine_richmond_07 H3 formulations in 2013–14 and 2014–15 .Taken the strain A/ Haemagglutinin Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2) virus and blast it at NCBI 24. Chain C, Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin, (Escape) Mutant site. With Thr 131 Replaced By Ile, Complexed With A Result And Discussion - THE strain was found to show Neutralizing Antibody similarity with the following viral strains. 25. Chain A, Structure Of The A_canine_colorado_17864_06 1. Chain A, Structure Of Influenza A Neutralizing Antibody H3 Haemagglutinin Ser30thr Mutant Selected From Cultures Of Single Human Plasma Cells 26. Chain A, Structure Of The A_canine_colorado_17864_06 In Complex With Human H3 Influenza Haemagglutinin H3 Haemagglutinin Met29ile Mutant 2. Chain A, Refinement Of The Influenza Virus 27. Chain A, Structure Of The A_canine_colorado_17864_06 Hemagglutinin By Simulated Annealing H3 Haemagglutinin 3. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of A Influenza A Virus 28. Chain C, Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Complexed With (AAICHI21968 H3N2) Hemagglutinin In C2 Space Group A Neutralizing Antibody 4. Chain A, Refinement Of The Influenza Virus 29. Chain C, Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin, Mutant With Hemagglutinin By Simulated Annealing Thr 155 Replaced By Ile, Complexed With A Neutralizing 5. Chain A, Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Antibody 6. Chain A, Refinement Of The Influenza Virus 30. Chain A, Haemagglutinin Of 2004 Human H3n2 Virus Hemagglutinin By Simulated Annealing 31. Chain A, Haemagglutinin Of 2005 Human H3n2 Virus 7. Chain A, Binding Of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin To 32. Chain A, The Crystal Structure Of Hemagglutinin Of Analogs Of Its Cell- Surface Receptor, Sialic Acid: Influenza Virus A/victoria/361/2011 Analysis By Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 33. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of Broadly Neutralizing Spectroscopy And X-Ray Crystallography Antibody C05 Bound To H3 Influenza Hemagglutinin, 8. Chain A, Hemagglutinin Precursor Ha0 Ha1 Subunit 9. Chain A, A New Conserved Neutralizing Epitope At The 34. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of Fab 39.29 In Complex Globular Head Of Hemagglutinin In H3n2 Influenza With Influenza Hemagglutinin A/perth/16/2009 (h3n2) Viruses 35. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of Broadly Neutralizing 10. Chain A, Structure Of Influenza Haemagglutinin In Antibody F045-092 In Complex With A/victoria/361/2011 Complex With An Inhibitor Of Membrane Fusion (h3n2) Influenza Hemagglutinin Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 19

36. Chain A, The Crystal Structure Of Hemagglutinin Ha1 61. Chain H, 1930 Swine H1 Hemagglutinin Complexed With Domain From Influenza Virus A/perth/142/2007(h3n2) Lsta 37. Chain A, Structure And Receptor Binding Preferences 62. Chain H, 1930 H1 Hemagglutinin In Complex With Lstc Of Recombinant Human A(h3n2) Virus Hemagglutinins 63. Chain H, Structure Of H1 Duck Albert Hemagglutinin 38. Chain A, Structure Of Influenza Haemagglutinin In With Human Receptor Complex With An Inhibitor Of Membrane Fusion 64. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of Fab Cr6261 In Complex 39. Chain A, Structure Of The A_mallard_sweden_51_2002 With The 1918 H1n1 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin H10 Avian Haemmaglutinin In Complex With Avian 65. Chain A, Crystal Sructure Of The 1918 Human H1 Receptor Analog Lsta Hemagglutinin Precursor (Ha0) 40. Chain A, Structure Of The A_mallard_sweden_51_2002 66. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of 1918 Pandemic Influenza H10 Avian Haemmaglutinin Virus Hemagglutinin Mutant D225g 41. Chain A, Structure Of H10 From Human-infecting H10n8 67. Chain H, Structure Of H1 1918 Hemagglutinin With 42. Chain A, Human-infecting H10n8 Influenza Virus Retains Human Receptor Strong Preference For Avian-type Receptors 68. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of H5 Hemagglutinin Mutant 43. Chain A, Haemagglutinin Of H10n8 Influenza Virus (n224k, Q226l, N158d And L133a Deletion) From The Isolated From Humans In Complex With Human Influenza Virus A/chicken/vietnam/ncvd- 093/2008 (h5n1) Receptor Analogue 6’sln 69. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of A Complex Formed 44. Chain A, The Crystal Structure Of Hemagglutinin From Between Fld194 Fab And Transmissible Mutant H5 A/jiangxi-donghu/346/2013 Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin 45. Chain A, The Crystal Structure Of Hemagglutinin From 70. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of The Haemagglutinin From A/green-winged Teal/texas/y171/2006 Influenza Virus A Transmissible Mutant H5 Influenza Virus 46. Chain A, H7 Haemagglutinin 71. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of H5 Hemagglutinin Mutant 47. Chain A, Structure Of The Hemagglutinin From A Highly (n158d, N224k And Q226l) From The Influenza Virus A/ Pathogenic H7n7 Influenza Virus viet Nam/1203/2004 (h5n1) 48. Chain A, Structure Of Medi8852 Fab Fragment In 72. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of H5 (vn1194) Asn186lys/ Complex With H7 Ha gly143arg Mutant Haemagglutinin 49. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of An H7n3 Avian Influenza 73. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of H5 (vn1194) Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin Haemagglutinin 50. Chain A, The Structure Of Hemagglutinin From Avian- 74. Chain A, H5 (vn1194) Asn186lys Mutant Haemagglutinin origin H7n9 Influenza Virus In Complex With Avian Receptor Analogue 3’sln 51. Chain A, Human H7n9 Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin 75. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of H5 (vn1194) Gln196arg In Complex With Human Receptor Analogue Lstc Mutant Haemagglutinin 52. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of Fab H7.167 In Complex 76. Chain H, 1918 H1 Hemagglutinin With Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin From A/shanghai/ 77. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of Fab H5m9 In Complex 02/2013 (h7n9) With Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin From A/goose/ 53. Chain A, The Crystal Structure Of Hemagglutinin From guangdong/1/96 (h5n1) A H7n9 Influenza Virus (a/shanghai/2/2013) In Complex 78. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of H5 Hemagglutinin Q226l With Lstb Mutant From The Influenza Virus A/duck/egypt/10185ss/ 54. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of Broadly Neutralizing 2010 (h5n1) Antibody Cr9114 Bound To H7 Influenza Hemagglutinin 79. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of Aerosol Transmissible 55. Chain A, The Structure Of Hemagglutinin L226q Mutant Influenza H5 Hemagglutinin Mutant (n158d, N224k, From A Avian-origin H7n9 Influenza Virus (a/anhui/1/ Q226l And T318i) From The Influenza Virus A/viet Nam/ 2013) 1203/2004 (h5n1) 56. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of A H7 Influenza Virus 80. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of H5 (vn1194) Ser227asn/ Hemagglutinin gln196arg Gln196arg Mutant Haemagglutinin 57. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of The Haemagglutinin (with 81. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of The Hemagglutinin From Asn-133 Glycosylation) From An H7n9 Influenza Virus A H1n1pdm A/washington/5/2011 Virus Isolated From Humans 82. Chain E, Influenza Virus (vn1194) H5 Ha With Lstc 58. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of The “avianized” 1918 83. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of H5 (tyty) Del133/ile155thr Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Mutant Haemagglutinin 59. Chain A, The Structure Of Hemagglutinin From Avian- 84. Chain H, 1930 Swine H1 Hemagglutinin origin H7n9 Influenza Virus (a/shanghai/1/2013) 85. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of A H5n1 Influenza Virus 60. Chain A, The Crystal Structure Of Hemagglutinin Form Hemagglutinin A H7n9 Influenza Virus (a/shanghai/1/2013) In Complex 86. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of Influenza Hemagglutinin With Lstb (H5) In Complex With A Broadly Neutralizing Antibody F10 Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 20

87. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of H5n1 Influenza Virus Ferret-transmissible H5n1 Virus Hemagglutinin, Strain 437-10 96. Chain A, Structure Of A/egypt/n03072/2010 H5 Ha 88. Chain A, Influenza Hemagglutinin In Complex With A 97. Chain A, Structure Of Avian H5 Haemagglutinin Neutralizing Antibody Complexed With Lsta Receptro Analog 89. Chain A, Structures Of Monomeric Hemagglutinin And 98. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of H5n1 Influenza Virus Its Complex With An Fab Fragment Of A Neutralizing Hemagglutinin, Strain Yu562 . Antibody That Binds To H1 Subtype Influenza Viruses: 99. Chain A, The Hemagglutinin Structure Molecular Basis Of Infectivity Of 2009 Pandemic H1n1 Therefore the flu vaccine was found to be highly effective. Influenza A Viruses 90. Chain A, Structures Of Monomeric Hemagglutinin And References :- Its Complex With An Fab Fragment Of A Neutralizing 1. National Center for Biotechnology Information http:// Antibody That Binds To H1 Subtype Influenza Viruses: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank Molecular Basis Of Infectivity Of 2009 Pandemic H1n1 2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Influenza A Viruses Selecting the Viruses in the Influenza (Flu) Vaccine. 91. Chain E, Influenza Virus (vn1194) H5 Ha A138v Mutant http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccination/ With Lsta virusqa.htm 92. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of H1n1pdm Hemagglutinin 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 93. Chain A, Influenza Virus (Vn1194) H5 Ha 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/growth.html 94. Chain E, Influenza Virus (vn1194) H5 Ha With Lsta 5. Flu Activity & Surveillance. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/ 95. Chain A, Crystal Structure Of The Hemagglutinin Of weekly/fluactivitysurv.htm

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Ethnobotanical some plants used for Dental disorders by Tribal's of Dhar district, (M.P.) India

Dr. K.S. Alawa * Dr. N.S. Dawar **

Abstract - The present study was carried out of documents on Ethnobotanical knowledge of plants ofdistrict Dhar, Madhya Pradesh used for dental care as the area has diverse flora and high Ethnobotanical potential. The paper deals with communicates first-hand information on 19 plant species belonging to 19 genera and 15 families are used for dental disorder. The information is based on an Ethnobotanical field study of the district during 2014 to 2016. Key Words - Dhar district, Dental disorder, Ethnobotanical plants, Tribal’s, Madhya Pradesh.

Introduction - Dhar district is situated in the south-western Herbarium following standard method (Jain and Rao, part of Madhya Pradesh. The district lies between the latitude 1977).And available literature. Field observation and Field of 22º 00 to23º 10North and longitude of 74º 28 to 75º 42 data were noted down in field diary. East. Dhar is known as tribal district due to dense population Results And Discussion - The present study out of 19 plants of tribal. About 83.93 percent of total population of the district (Table-1) used for dental problem belonging to 19 genera belongs to tribal respectively. The tribal communities like and 15 families were discussed above are used as dental Bhil, Bhilala, Barela and Pateliya are inhabitating in the study problem. The plants names are arranged in alphabetical order area.All these tribal communities used plants for curing dental with families, local name and uses. The predominant families disorder. are Solanaceae with 3 plant spp., Verbinaceae and The mouth is a mirror that can reflect the health of the Euphorbiaceae with 2 plant spp each, Amaranthaceae, rest of your body in there is a connection between oral health Meliaceae, Bambusaceae, Rutaceae, Zingiberaceae, and general health. The tribal people depend much upon Moraceae, Malvaceae, Anacardiaceae, Plambaginaceae, forest for various daily needs plants used for many diseases Caesalpiniaceae, Mimosaceae and Myrtaceae with 1 plant and for dental disorder. According to the survey over 90 spp each. Out of 18 plant spp twig of 10, root, fruit and gum percent were unconcerned about curing dental problem. Due of 2 spp each, leaf, seed rhizome and latex of 1 plant each to the increasing demand for herbal remedies as these have are used for dental disorder. no side effects and sure eco-friendly, the present study has Acknowledgement - The authors are grateful to Dr. G.D. been undertaken in relation to dental disorder. Literature Gupta, principal and prof. S. Pathak, Head of Botany survey of Ethnobotanical work was done (Rawat et al., 2010, Department Govt. P.G. College, Dhar for providing research Jain, 1991, Rao. et al, 1996, Jain 2004, Khan et al. 2008, facilities. We are also thankful to Divisional forest Officer, Jadhav2011, Srivastava, 1985, Wagh et al.2010 ). The present Dhar for help during the tribal village’s and forest areas. We communication given results of Ethnobotanical survey done are thankful to acknowledgeable for the important information in south western part of Madhya Pradesh. giving regarding dental problem. Materials And Methods - During the present work I had References :- visited various villages and forests area. Field study was 1. Jain S.P.2004. Ethno-Medico-Botanical Survey of Dhar carried out during 2014 to 2016. Ethnobotanical explorations district Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Non-Timber Forest were carried out in the study area several times to ensure products.,11(2) 152-157. correct information about plants used in dental problems. 2. Jain S.K.andR.R.Rao1977.A handbook of field and For some local beliefs, habits and uses of plant, different Herberium methods.Today and Tomorrow Publishers, categories of people like family heads, healers, old New Delhi. experienced and knowledgeable informants were repeatedly 3. Jain S.K.1991. Dictionary of Indian folk medicine and interviewed. These are different season the frequency was Ethnobotany.Deep Publication, New Delhi,India. more than more available plants collection and plant 4. Jadhav D.2011.Wild plants used as a source of food specimens were identified with the help of flora of Madhya by the Bhil tribe of Ratlam District, Madhya Pradesh. Pradesh (Vermaet al. 1994; Mudgal, 1997; Singh et al.2001). Indian forester,136(6) 843-846. * Department of Botany, Govt. P.G. College, Dhar (M.P.) INDIA ** Department of Botany, Govt. P.G. College, Dhar (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 22

5. Jain S.K. and Rao R.R. 1977. A handbook of field and plants of Tirumala Hills for dental disorders. Ethnobotany herbarium method, today and tomorrows. Printers and 8:88-91. publisher New Delhi, India. 10. Srivastava R.K. 1985. Herbal remedies used by the 6. Khan A.A., Jain S.K. and Shrivastav A. 2008. Bhilof Madhya Pradesh.Oriental med Kyoto. Japan, pp. Prevalence of dental caries among the population of 389-392. Gwalior (India) in relation of different associated factors. 11. Singh N.P.;Khanna K.K.; Mudgal V. and Dixit R.D. European journal of dentistry. 2:81-85. 2001. Flora of Madhaya Pradesh.BSI 7. Mudgal V.,Khanna K.K. and Hajara P.K. 1997. Flora Publication,Calcutta,India. of Madhaya Pradesh.BSI Publication,Calcutta,India. 12. Verma DM, Balakrishnan NP and Dixit RD 1993. 8. Rawat D.S., Anjana D.K., and Rawat S. 2010. Flora of Madhya Pradesh.BSI, Calcutta, India. Ethnobotanical studies on Dental Hygiene in district 13. Wagh, V.V. and A.K.Jain2010.Ethnomedicinal Hamirpur (H.P.) India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 14: 584- observations among the Bheel and Bhilala tribe of 92. Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh, India. Ethnobotanical 9. Rao, N.S. Balaji, Rajasekhar D. Raju D. Chengal Leaflets.,14:715-720. &Nagaraju J. 1996. Ethnobotanical notes on some

Table 1- Ethnobotanical plants used for Dental disorders by Tribal’s of Dhar district. Plant name (Family) Local name Uses Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae) Andhijhara Root used as a toothbrush for dental caries. Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd.( Mimosaceae) Babul Twig used to clean teeth for dental caries and gum infection. Azadirachta indica A.Juss.( Meliaceae) Neem Twig used to clean teeth for dental caries and gum infection. Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. Bans Twig used to clean teeth for dental caries. ( Bambusaceae) Capsicum annum L. (Solanaceae) Mirch Fruits with oil of sarson boiled as used for toothache. Citrus limon (L.) Burm.( Rutaceae) Nimbu Fruits juice as used for toothache. Clerodendrum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Arni Twig used to clean teeth for dental caries. O.Ktze.( Verbinaceae) Curcuma longa L. ( Zingiberaceae) Haldi Rhizome powder with mustered oil as applied on gums for pyorrhea. Ficus racemosa L.(Moraceae) Gular Latex used for toothache. Gossypium hirsutum L.(Malvaceae) Kapas Twig used to clean teeth for dental caries. Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) Ratanjot, Twig used as a toothbrush for dental caries. Agarandi Mangifera indica L.( Anacardiaceae) Mango, Aam Gum used for toothache. Nicotiana tabacum L.( Solanaceae) Tambaku Leaf with loam mixed used for toothache. Phyllanthu sreticulatus L. Datni Twig used as a toothbrush for dental caries. (Euphorbiaceae) Plambago zeylanica L. Chitrak Root paste used as a toothache. ( Plambaginaceae) Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Karanj Twig used as a toothbrush for dental caries. (Caesalpiniaceae) Solanum virginianum L.( Solanaceae) Kateli, Seed powder recommended for toothache. Bhuiringni Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. Jamun Twig used as a toothbrush for dental caries. (Myrtaceae) Vitex negundo L.( Verbenaceae) Nirgudi Twig recommended to clean teeth and dental caries and toothache.

* Dr. Neeraj Dubey

Introduction - A nanocrystal is a crystalline particle with at reduction potential differences between the template metal least one dimension measuring less than 1000 nanometers and solvated metal ions. This galvanic replacement method (nm), where 1 nm is defined as 1 thousand-millionth of a involves a redox reaction. Placing a nanocrystal in a solution meter (10-9 m). containing metal ions with a higher reduction potential Nanocrystals have a wide variety of proven and potential oxidizes the templates’ surface, dissolving its metal ions. applications. They have been used in the manufacture of The released electrons reduce the ions from the solution, filters that refine crude oil into diesel fuel. Nanocrystals can which deposit at the template’s surface. also be layered and applied to flexible substrates to produce Galvanic replacement also applies to ionic compounds. solar panels. Research at the University of Queensland In oxide nanocrystals, a redox-couple reaction can occur (Australia) has yielded promising results in this field. Titania between multivalent metallic ions. E.g., higher–oxidation nanocrystals can be suspended in liquid form and applied state ions in manganese oxide nanocrystals have been to surfaces, making it possible to literally paint a solar panel replaced with solvated lower–oxidation state iron ions. Atomic onto an exterior wall or roof. The size of nanocrystals disting- diffusion is a key parameter in such reactions. Chemical uishes them from larger crystals. For example, silicon transformation tools provide complete composition control nanocrystals can provide efficient light emission while bulk only within the atomic diffusion length. High nanocrystal silicon does not and may be used for memory components. surface-to-volume ratios expose the entire lattice to diffusion. When embedded in solids, nanocrystals may exhibit The effective particle size range for these tools depends on much more complex melting behavior than conventional the material, but can reach hundreds of nanometers. solids and may form the basis of a special class of solids. Nanotechnology will affect our lives tremendously over They can behave as single-domain systems that can help the next decade in very different fields, including medicine explain the behavior of macroscopic samples of a similar and pharmacy. Transfer of materials into the nanodimension material without the complicating presence of grain bound- changes their physical properties which were used in aries and other defects. pharmaceutics to develop a new innovative formulation Semiconductor nanocrystals having dimensions smaller than principle for poorly soluble drugs: the drug nanocrystals. 10 nm are also described as quantum dots. The drug nanocrystals do not belong to the future; the first Possible future uses of nanocrystals include: products are already on the market. The industrially relevant 1. Production of hydrogen production technologies, pearl milling and high pressure 2. Removal of pollutants and toxins 3. Medical imaging homogenization, are reviewed. The physics behind the drug 4. Bio-tags for gene identification nanocrystals & changes of their physical properties are discu 5. Drug manufacture 6. Protein analysis ssed. The marketed products are presented and the special 7. Flat-panel displays 8. Illumination physical effects of nanocrystals explained which are utilized 9. Optical and infrared lasers in each market product. Examples of products in the develop 10. Optoisolators 11.Magneto-optical memory chips -ment pipelines are presented and the benefits for in vivo 12. Self-organized smart materials. administration of drug nanocrystals are summarized in an The traditional method to prepare nanocrystals of a new overview. Drug nanocrystals are crystals with a size in the material requires choosing molecular precursors, surfactants, nanometer range, which means they are nanoparticles with and solvents using optimized reaction conditions causing the a crystalline character. There are discussions about the atoms to self-assemble into monodisperse nanocrystals. A definition of a nanoparticle, which means the size of a particle newer, simpler strategy uses preformed nanocrystals as templ to be classified as a nanoparticle, depending on the ates & chemical transformation to change the composition. discipline, eg, in colloid chemistry particles are only Solution-based mechanisms can chemically transform considered as nanoparticles when they are in size below nano materials, allowing atoms to be easily and precisely 100 nm or even below 20 nm. Based on the size unit, in the incorporated,removed, or replaced from preformed templates. pharmaceutical area nanoparticles should be defined as The approach uses oxidation, reduction, alloying, or atomic having a size between a few nanometers and 1000 nm (=1 exchange reactions. In ionic nano crystals, cation exchange ìm); microparticles therefore possess a size of 1–1000 ìm. can be driven by solvation energy differences between A further characteristic is that drug nanocrystals are template and solvated ions. Ion solubilities can be controlled composed of 100% drug; there is no carrier material as in by adding selective coordinating species to the solution. In polymeric nanoparticles. Dispersion of drug nanocrystals in metal nanocrystals, atomic exchange reactions reflect liquid media leads to so called “nanosuspensions’’.In general * Professor & Head (Physics) Govt. Arts & Commerce P.G. College, Sagar (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 24 the dispersed particles need to be stabilized, such as by summarize, the optimal drug nanocrystal size and surfactants or polymeric stabilizers. Dispersion media can crystalline/amorphous state will depend on: be water, aqueous solutions or non aqueous media. 1. Required blood profile. Depending on the production technology, processing of drug 2. Administration route. microcrystals to drug nanoparticles can lead to an either 3. Stability of the amorphous state during shelf life of the crystalline or to an amorphous product, especially when product. applying precipitation. In the strictest sense, such an amorph In the case of IV-injected nanocrystals, the size should be -ous drug nanoparticle should not be called nanocrystal. as small as possible in case the pharmacokinetics of a However, often one refers to “nanocrystals in the amorphous solution are mimicked. In case targeting is the aim, the state”. drug nanocrystals should possess a certain size to delay Properties of nanocrystals - The main reasons for the incre- dissolution and give them the chance to reach the blood – ased dissolution velocity & thus increased bioavailability are: brain barrier (BBB) for internalization by the endothelial cells The size reduction leads to an increased surface area of the BBB targets in the body or other target. and thus according to the Noyes-Whitney equation to an There are various possibilities to produce nanocrystals increased dissolution velocity. Therefore micronization is a in the desired shape and size. Basically three principles suitable way to successfully enhance the bioavailability of can be used: milling, precipitation methods and homogenization drugs where the dissolution velocity is the rate limiting step. methods, as well as a combination thereof. The industrially By moving from micronization further down to nanonization, relevant methods are the top down technologies, ie, starting the particle surface is further increased and thus the from a large-size drug powder to be reduced in size. The bottom dissolution velocity increases too. In most cases, a low up technologies is currently – to our knowledge – not used in dissolution velocity is correlated with low saturation solubility. the production of commercial products. Reasons may include According to the Kelvin equation, the vapor pressure of lipid the need for solvent removal, the difficulty in controlling the droplets in a gas phase increases with increasing curvature process, and the fact that many poorly soluble drugs are of the surface, which means decreasing particle size. Each poorly soluble not only in aqueous, but also organic media. liquid has its compound specific vapor pressure, thus the The classical NanoCrystals technology uses a bead or increase in vapor pressure will be influenced by the available a pearl mill to achieve particle size diminution. Ball mills compound-specific vapor pressure. The situation of a transfer are already known from the first half of the 20th century for of molecules from a liquid phase to a gas phase is in the production of ultra fine suspensions. Milling media, principal identical to the transfer of molecules from a solid dispersion medium, stabilizer and the drug are charged into phase (nanocrystal) to a liquid phase (dispersion medium). the milling chamber. Shear forces of impact, generated by The vapor pressure is equivalent to the dissolution pressure. the movement of the milling media, lead to particle size In the state of saturation solubility, there is equilibrium of reduction. In contrast to high pressure homogenization, it is molecules dissolving and molecules recrystallizing. a low energy milling technique. Smaller or larger milling It is well known that amorphous drugs possess a higher pearls are used as milling media. The pearls or balls consist saturation solubility compared to crystalline drug material. of ceramics, stainless steel, and glass or highly cross linked A classical example from the literature is chloramphenicol polystyrene resin-coated beads. Erosion from the milling palmitate. The polymorphic modification I has a solubility of material during the milling process is a common problem of 0.13, the high energy modification II a solubility of 0.43 and this technology. To reduce the amount of impurities caused the amorphous material of 1.6 mg/ml. The same is valid for by erosion of the milling media, the milling beads are coated. drug nanoparticles. Amorphous drug nanoparticles possess Another problem is the adherence of product to the inner a higher saturation solubility compared to equally sized drug surface area of the mill. The main advantages of the nano- nanocrystals in the crystalline state. Therefore, to reach crystal technology in this product are the user friendliness the highest saturation solubility increase, a combination of and the higher bioavailability in comparison to the oral solution. nanometer size and amorphous state is ideal. However, a As discussed previously, a smaller particle size leads to prerequisite for utilization in pharmaceutical products is that greater solubility and larger surface area, consequently the amorphous state can be maintained for the shelf life of increased dissolution velocity and thus greater bioavailability. the product.Transferring all these facts to drug nanocrystals References :- means that optimal drug nanoparticles with the highest 1. J. L. Burt (2005). “Beyond Archimedean solids: Star increase in saturation solubility should have a size of eg, 50 polyhedral gold nanocrystals”. J. Cryst. Growth. 285: nm or 20–30 nm, and be amorphous. It can be concluded 681. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.09.060. that the size matters regarding the increase in saturation 2. J. Pakarinen (2009). “Partial melting mechanisms of solubility and consequently the increase in dissolution embedded nanocrystals”. Phys. Rev. B. 79: 085426. velocity caused by a higher cs. Of course, it needs to be doi:10.1103/physrevb.79.085426. kept in mind which blood profile is anticipated with a certain 3. Ibanez, M.; Cabot, A. (2013). “All Change for drug. In many cases a too-fast dissolution is not desired. Nanocrystals”. Science. 340 (6135): 935–936. For many applications there is the need to combine drug doi:10.1126/science.1239221. PMID 23704562. nanocrystals with traditio -nal controlled release technology 4. P. Dutta and S. Gupta (eds.) (2006). Understanding of to avoid fast dissolution, excessively high plasma peaks Nano Science and Technology (1 ed.). Global Vision and premature tmax, and to reach prolonged blood levels. To Publishing House. p. 72. ISBN 81-8220-188-8. Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 25

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C[b„Y H$m∞[a H$r H$_r o_o≈`m{ß _{ß H$B© H$maU g{ hm{ gH$Vr h°& ^yo_ 4 M{ßJ, H{$0Eb0Edß ]´{, Ama0O{0&AZm0H{$o_0, 1953, 25, 251- C[b„Y H$m∞[a H$r _mÃm ‡m`: ^yo_ H{$ [r-EM0,, H$m]©oZH$ [XmW© H$r 256.

_mÃm, _•oŒmH$m ‡oVeV, Io∂S>`m (CaCo3) H$r _mÃm AmoX [a oZ^©a 5 ZrbH$mßVZ, Edß _{hVm ]r0Ïhr0&gm∞`b gmB©0, 1961, 91, 251- H$aVr h°& 256. gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- 6 [mB[a, gr0Eg0&OZ©0 EoJ´0gmB©0,1942, 32, 143-178. 1 h{Zna∑gZ, E0&Z{Ma, 1957 178, 499-500. 7 _wÎS>a, B©0 Or0&h{Zna∑gZ VWm O°›gZ ¤mam C’•V, 1958. 2 \´{$ßH$, Q>r0 o]ßK_ Edß O{Âg [r0 _moQ©>Z&gm∞`b gmB©0 ‡m{gr A_{0, 1956, 20, 382-384 3 hm{Âg, Ama0Eg0&gm∞`b gmB©0,1945, 59, 77-84.

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H$m{ _‹` g{ X{e _{ß odX{er oejm gßÒWmAm{ß (E\$B©AmB©) H$r JoVodoY`m{ß _{ß ^r _mZd odH$mg Am°a AmXe© ‡{naV ]ZmZm h° Vm{ B›ht _mS>bm{ß H{$ AmYma [a V{Or AmB© h°& BZ_{ß g{ Hw$N> Vm{ ‡oVoÓR>V gßÒWmEß h°, Vm{ E{gr ^r AZ{H$ CÉ oejm H$r È[a{Im V°`ma H$aZm hm{Jm& CÀH•$ÓQ>Vm, [maXoe©Vm VWm gßÒWmEß h° Om{ N>mÃm{ß H$m{ ode{f È[ g{ N>m{Q{> eham{ß Am°a H$Ò]m{ß g{ AmH$of©V ‡oV]’Vm H{$ YamVb [a CÉ oejm g{ H$r Om ahr _mßJ hr dmÒVd _{ß g_mO H$aZ{ H{$ obE JbV VarH{$ A[ZmVr h°& BZ_{ß g{ AZ{H$ gßÒWmEß{ BgobE Iwbr H$r _mßJ H{$ AZwÈ[ [yoV© H{$ gmYZ h°& ZdmMma VWm Zdm›d{f gX°d hr h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ X{e _{ß odX{er oejm gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ oZ`_Z H{$ obE H$m{B© oZ`m_H$ ‡JoV Edß odH$mg H{$ dmhH$ VWm H$maH$ ah{ h¢ VWm B›ht g{ H´$mßoV`m{ß Z{ Ï`dÒWm AWdm H{$›–rH•$V ZroV Zht h°& b{-X{H$a VH$ZrH$r oejm H{$ gßX^© C”m{f ^r oH$`m h°& AmO ^maV H$r bJ^J AmYr Am]mXr `wdmAm{ß H$r h°, _{ß AoIb ^maVr` VH$ZrH$r oejm [nafX ¤mam ]ZmE JE Hw$N> oZ`_ â b{oH$Z AmÌM`©OZH$ Vœ` `h h° oH$ CÉ oejm OJV _{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m hr h¢ Om{ odX{er gßÒWmAm{ß 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o_b gH{$& amOH$r` ghm`Vm Z{ CÉ am{OJma ‡mo· h{Vw AmO H$m [T>m obIm `wdm OmJÈH$ h°& OÈaV h° [mR>≤H´$_ H$m{ oejm gßÒWmAm{ß H$r Òdm`Œmm [a Jham AmKmV oH$`m h°& [naUm_ÒdÈ[ ZdrZVm X{Z{ H$r gwÏ`doÒWV ‡Umbr X{Z{ VWm [maXer© _yÎ`mßH$Z È[r grT>r CÉ oejm H{$ ÒVa [a Z Òdm`VVm ah JB© h° Am°a Z ÒdVßÃVm `{ gßÒWmE X{Z{ H$r VmoH$ kmZ g{ gam{]ma od⁄mWr© g_wXm` g_mOm{ÀWmZ H$m ]r∂S>>m CR>m gaH$mar X‚Va H$r Vah H$m`© H$a ahr h°& BgobE `h oZU©` H$aZ{ H$r gH{$ CZ_{ß Z{V•Àd H$r j_Vm H$m odH$mg hm{ Edß d{ ‡oV`m{oJVm H$m H$∂S>>m _wH$m]bm AmdÌ`H$Vm h° oH$ Òdm`Œmm Am°a ÒdVßÃVm H$m{ ]ZmE aIZ{ H{$ obE BZ H$a gH{$& 21dt gXr _{ß kmZmYmnaV g_mO H$r CÉ oejm h_ma{ AoÒVÀd H$r gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ ÒdÈ[ _{ß ∑`m [nadV©Z A[{ojV h°& CÉ oejm gßÒWmAm{ß H$m eV© ]Z J`r h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ CgH{$ ¤mam ‡doV©V ZdmMma Am°a AZwgßYmZ * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (agm`ZemÛ) ehrX Mß–e{Ia AmOmX, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 29 gmd©OoZH$ OrdZ H$m{ ‡^modV H$a ZB©-ZB© oXem X{Z{ _{ß H$maJa og’ hwE MbmE OmZ{ MmohE& N>mÃm{ß H$m{ Cgr g{ gß]ßoYV ]mV{ß ogImB© OmZr MmohE& h°& CÉ oejm H{$ A‹`m[Z AZwgßYmZ Am°a odÒVma g{dm Am`m_m{ß _{ß g{ oOVZ{ ^r odf` hm{ß g] Cgr g{ gß]ßoYV hm{ß& gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß [mR>ÁH´$_ ]ZmZ{ Vrgar Am`m_ AWm©V≤ odÒVma g{dm H$m g_mO g{ grYm gß]ßY aIVm h°, Bg H$m Xmo`Àd ode{fkm{ß H$m{ oX`m OmZm MmohE, Om{ oH$gr CÀH•$ÓQ> Am`m_ H{$ OnaE Ohm±> g_mO H{$ J´m_ g_wXm` Am°a e°joUH$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ odÌdod⁄mb` g{ OwS>m hm{ `{ _m°Q{> Vm°a [a Ï`mdhmnaH$ kmZ X{Z{ dmb{ [mR>ÁH´$_ —oÓQ> g{ dßoMV dJ© H$r gm_moOH$ gm_wXmo`H$ H$m`m} _{ß ^mJrXmar ]∂T>>mZ{ H{$ hm{Z{ MmohE& AmO ]¢oHß$J ]r_m [`©Q>Z, \°$eZ odÌd Ï`m[ma gßodob`Z obE C›h{ß gM{V Am°a OJÈH$ ]Zm`m OmVm h° dhr BZ g_wXm`m{ß H{$ [maß[naH$ Am°a AoYJ´hU [`m©daU CZH{$ j{Ã h°, oOZ_{ß [mR>ÁH´$_ ‡maÂ^ oH$E OmZ{ kmZ Am°a H$m°eb g{ CZH{$ gmW H$m`© H$aZ{ dmb{ N>mÃ Am°a oejH$ ^r MmohE& BgH{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ oejH$ ^r A[Z{ kmZ H$m{ ]T>m`{ß& bm^mo›dV hm{V{ h°, CÉ oejm odMmam{ß Am°a AmXem} H$m H{$›– h¢& `hm∞ H{$ CÉ oejm H{$ e°joUH$ ÒVa [a gwYma bmZ{ Edß oejm H$m{ ‡À`{H$ gXÒ` g{ AmMaU H{$ CÉ ‡oV_mZm{ß Am°a B©_mZXmar H$r A[{jm ahVr am{OJma_ybH$ Am°a g_mOm{[`m{Jr ]ZmZ{ h{Vw oZÂZmoH$V gwPmdm{ß [a odMma h°& `h gÀ` CÀH•$ÓQ>Vm Am°a g•OZerbVm H$m AZwgaU Am°a Ao^Ïò∫$ [ya{ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& gmhg Edß oZ^r©H$Vm H{$ gmW oH$`m OmZm MmohE& 21dt gXr H{$ dV©_mZ 1. CÉ oejm _yÎ` AmYmnaV hm{& g_` _{ß CÉ oejm H$r Om{ MwZm°oV`m∞ h¢, CZH$r gß^mdZmAm{ß H$r Vbme H$aV{ 2. AmZ{ dmb{ g_` H$m A‹``Z H$a am{OJmam{ß H$r _m∞J H{$ AmYma [a g_` Hw$N> ‡ÌZm{ß H$r Am{a Jß^raVm g{ odMma oH$`m OmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°, O°g{ oejm oXbmE OmZ{ H$r Ï`dÒWm hm{& oH$ ∑`m dV©_mZ oejm _mZd H$m{ [yU© _mZd ]ZmZ{ H{$ A[Z{ CŒmaXmo`Àd 3. oejm Ï`dÒWm bMrbr Am°a JoVerb hm{& H$m oZd©hZ H$a ahr h°& ∑`m dV©_mZ oejm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ od⁄mWr© H$m emarnaH$ 4. dßoMV dJ© H{$ N>mÃm{ß h{Vw oZ:ewÎH$ CÉ oejm H$r Ï`dÒWm hm{& _mZogH$ ^mdZmÀ_H$ Am°a AmoÀ_H$ odH$mg hm{ ahm h°, CÉ oejm H{$ Om{ 5. oejU _{ß amÓQ≠> Edß g_mO ohV H$m{ g_ohV oH$`m OmE& KQ>H$ h¢ & ∑`m d{ Òd‡{aUm g{ A[Z{ AoYH$mam{ß VWm H$V©Ï`m{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÈH$ 6. oejm Ï`dÒWm Ïò∫$ H$m{ Z°oVH$Vm H{$ CÉ ÒVa VH$ [hw∞MmZ{ _{ß gj_ h°, ∑`m oejm H$r ‡mMrZ AdYmaUm Am°a AmYwoZH$ AdYmaUm _{ß oH$gr hm{& ‡H$ma H{$ amÓQ≠>r` ]hg H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, ∑`m CÉ oejm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ 7. CÉ oejm JwUdVmdbr oejm Ï`dÒWm hm{& YaVr H$m{ ÒdJ© ]ZmZ{ H$r [naH$Î[Zm g_mO H$m{ A_mZdrH$aU H$r Am{a Vm{ 8. e°joUH$ gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ C[^m{∫$mdmX, ]mOmadmX Edß ^´ÓQ>mMma g{ AJ´ga Zht> H$a ahr h°& C[`w©∫$ ‡ÌZm{ß H{$ gH$mamÀ_H$ CŒma hr CÉ oejm H$r _w∫$ aIm OmE& 21dt gXr H$r dV©_mZ MwZm°oV`m{ß H{$ ]rM gßJ´hrV h°& 9. CÉ oeojV ‡oV^mAm{ß H$m [bm`Z am{H$m OmE Am°a CgH$m C[`m{J dV©_mZ g_` _{ß Om{ g]g{ ]S>>r g_Ò`m h°, dh `h oH$ _hmod⁄mb` Edß A[Z{ hr amÓQ≠> _{ß oH$`m OmE& odÌdod⁄mb` _{ß ‡d{e gßª`m ]hwV AoYH$ hm{Z{ H{$ ]mdOyX N>mÃm{ß H$r 10. CÉ ÒVar` em{Y gm_J´r g•oOV H$r OmE& C[oÒWoV AÀ`ßV H$_ h¢& dht oejH$ ¤mam [∂T>mZ{ _{ß ÈoM Z b{Z{ g{ Am°a 11. dV©_mZ oejm-‡Umbr Edß [mR>ÁH´$_ H{$ AZwÈ[ oejH$m{ß H$m{ g_`- oejm _{ß [nadV©Z H{$ ‡oV CXmgrZVm H{$ H$maU oejH$ N>mÃ _{ß Vmb_{b Zht g_` [a ‡oejU oX`m OmE& ]°R>m [m ah{ VWm [arjm gß]ßYr AoZò_VVmEß AmoX H$maU hm{ gH$V{ h°& [a 12. H°$naà H$mCßogobßJ H{$ [mR>ÁH´$_ H$r H$jmE∞ EH$ odf` H{$ È[ _{ß E{gm ^r Zhr h° oH$ g^r oejH$ CXmgrZ h° Hw$N> A[Z{ H$m`© H{$ ‡oV gOJ ‡oVoXZ gßMmobV H$r OmE| oOg_{ß N>mÃ d Ao^^mdH$ Xm{Zm{ß H$r h°, [a C›h{ß â[ya gh`m{J Zht o_b [m ahm h°& C›h{ß H$m{B© ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZ{ ohÒg{Xmar hm{& dmbm Zht& AV: ‡emgoZH$ H$m`© Ï`dhma _{ß [nadV©Z bmH$a Bg{ Xya oH$`m 13. [mR>ÁH´$_ _{ß [nadV©Z oH$`m OmE CZ_{ß E{g{ odf` bm`{ Om`{ oOZH$m Om gH$Vm h°& gmW hr AmdÌ`H$Vm Bg ]mV H$r h° oH$ [T>mB© Am°a [mR>ÁH´$_ N>mÃ H{$ ^mdr OrdZ _{ß dmÒVodH$ C[`m{J hm{& ‡oV^m [bm`Z H$m{ Xm{Zm{ß _{ß Am_ybMyb [nadV©Z bm`m OmE& gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß _wª` È[ g{ Xm{ Vah H{$ am{H$Z{ H{$ obE oejH$m{ß H$m{ CZH{$ [mbH$m{ß g{ gß[H©$ ÒWmo[V H$a CZH$r [mR>ÁH´$_ hm{Z{ MmohE [mßa[naH$ [’oV H{$ AmYma [a Om∞ g°’mo›VH$ gm{M ]XbZm hm{Jm& odd{MZm Ï`m[H$ Am°a odeX È[ _{ß [∂T>mB© OmE Am°a Cg_{ß H{$db C›ht 14. oejH$m{ß ¤mam N>mÃm{ß H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z oH$`m OmVm h° & Vm{ od⁄mWr©`m{ß H$m{ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ ‡d{e oX`m OmE Om{ oejH$ ]ZZm MmhV{ h° `m em{Y H$m`m} ^r oejH$m{ß H{$ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$r Ï`dÒWm hm{Zr MmohE& _{ß OmZm MmhV{ h°& Bg ‡H$ma H$r gßª`m AÀ`ßV gro_V hm{Zr MmohE Am°a Ohm∞ 15. _yÎ`mßH$Z [’oV Bg ‡H$ma H$r hm{ oOgg{ _{Ymdr Edß [nal_r oejH$m{ß oejH$m{ß H$r ^Vr© oZ`wo∫$ ]hwV ]S>r H$gm°oQ>`m{ß g{ JwOaZ{ H{$ ]mX H$r OmZr H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV oH$`m OmE& em{Y H$m`m} [a ^r ]b oX`m OmE& MmohE& Bg_{ß VXW© `m R{>H{$ dmbr Ï`dÒWm Zhr Mb gH$Vr& `{ gß]ßoYV 16. dV©_mZ oejm Edß oejU H$m`© H$m{ _yÎ` ‡YmZ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE BgH{$ odf`m{ß _{ß AYm{gßaMZm g{ b{H$a C[a H{$ T>m∞M{ H$m{ ]ZmZ{ _{ß gh`m{J H$aZ{ dmbr g^r Ad`dm{ß _{ß _ybV: kmZ, H$m°eb ]m{Y Edß oeÓQ>Vm H$m AdÌ` hr gßÒWmEß hm{Zr MmohE dht Xyga{ Vah H$m [mR>ÁH´$_ [yU©V: Ï`mdhmnaH$ hm{ g_md{e oH$`m OmZm MmohE& gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ oKg{ o[Q{> [mR>ÁH´$_m{ß H$m{ ]ßX H$a X{Zm MmohE oOZ_{ß Wm{∂S>>m- 17. oejH$m{ß H$m{ g_`-g_` [a ‡oejU oX`m OmE& Wm{∂S>m g^r og’m›Vm{ß H$r MMm© hm{Vr h° Am°a oO›h{ß dV©_mZ _{ß ÈQ>rZ VarH{$ g{ 18. VH$ZrH$r Edß Ï`mdgmo`H$ oejm ‡XmZ H$r OmE Edß oejU gßÒWmAm{ß [∂T>m`m Om ahm h°& BZ_{ß g{ H$B© MrO{ß od⁄mWr© H{$ obE AZw[`m{Jr hm{Vr h° Am°a _{ß JwUmÀ_H$ Edß gm°hm–©[yU© dmVmdaU ]Zm`m OmE& CZH$r ÈMr Cg_{ß Zht hm{Vr [a Cg{ _O]yaZ [∂T>>Zm [∂S>>Vm h°& BgH{$ ÒWmZ 19. oejU gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß ]∂T>V{ amOZ°oVH$ hÒVj{[ H$m{ am{H$m OmE{& [a E{g{ [mR>ÁH´$_ hm{Z{ MmohE, oOZH$r ]mOma _{ß _mßJ hm{ O°g{ oH$ AmOH$b 20. oejU gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ odŒmr` ghm`Vm o_bZr MmohE od[UZ Edß naQ{>b od[UZ ‡]ßYZ AmoX H$m\$r ‡MobV j{Ã h¢, dhm∞ AbJ- VWm N>mÃ gßª`m H{$ AZw[mV _{ß oejH$m{ß H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r OmZr MmohE& AbJ ‡H$ma H$r dÒVw H{$ od[UZ H{$ obE AbJ-AbJ ‡H$ma H{$ [mR>H´$_ 21. oejH$m{ß H$m od⁄moW©`m{ß g{ AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ odŒmr` ghm`Vm o_bZr Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 30

MmohE VWm N>mÃ gßª`m H{$ AZw[mV _{ß oejH$m{ß H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r OmZr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ MmohE& 1. _.‡. emgZ H$m —oÓQ> [Ã JwUdŒmm df© 2011-12 Edß JwUdŒmm 22. [wÒVH$mb`m{ß _{ß gm_moOH$ kmZ g{ [na[yU© [oÃH$m`{ß OZ©b, [wÒVH{$ß, odÒVma df© 2012-13 dmof©H$ na[m{Q©> BÀ`moX H$r Ï`dÒWm hm{& 2. aMZm o¤_mogH$r AßH$ 97 AJÒV 2012 ohßXr J´W AH$mX_r ^m{[mb 23. oejU H$r E{gr odoY`m{ß [a Om{a X{Zm MmohE, oOg_{ß N>mÃm{ß H$m _m°obH$ [•ÓR> 112,114 odH$mg hm{& 3. aMZm o¤_mogH$r AßH$ 98 A∑Qy>]a 2012 ohßXr J´ßW AH$mX_r ^m{[mb 24. odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß VWm AZwgßYmZ gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß CÀH$f© h{Vw JwU Am°a [•ÓR> 36,40,48,60 CÀH•$ÓQ>Vm H$m{ ÒWmZ X{Zm MmohE& 4. aMZm o¤_mogH$r AßH$ 67 AJÒV 2007 ohßXr J´ßW AH$mX_r ^m{[mb [•ÓR> 112,114 5. X°oZH$ OmJaU g_mMma [Ã B›Xm°a 3 OyZ 2007 [•0 10

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 31

Effect Of E-Shopping Factors On Consumer's Attitude In Jabalpur City

Saumya Mishra * Dr. Abha Tiwari **

Abstract - In this study to investigate consumers of Jabalpur city perception of E-shopping, as well as the factors influencing on their attitude toward E-shopping and their effect on their intention toward E-shopping. The current research was undertaken to understand the consumers intention to purchase through E-shopping. Sample of this study included E-shopping consumers of Jabalpur city. The study used survey to collect data with 100 respondents with valid data. The analysis was used to the relationship between variables. The results indicate that the consumers intention to purchase online is influenced by utilitarian value ( like time saving), attitude toward E-shopping, availability of information. This study found that consumer innovativeness, perceived benefits and perceived risk are important determining factors influencing E-shopping. Also the findings shown that consumer innovativeness, perceived benefits had positive impact on consumer shopping attitude, and perceived risk had a negative impact on consumer E-shopping attitude. Moreover, consumer innovativeness, perceived benefits, perceived risk had an indirect effect on the intention of E-shopping. The results of this study nearly supported all hypotheses. Key words- E-Shopping ,Consumers, Attitude. Introduction - The usage of the Internet for purchasing and Services, spends money to obtain them primarily to satisfy selling activity has changed the path to the buyer-sellers his or it’s own wants” relationship. Prior studies that conducted study was focused Attitude- “Attitude is a feeling and behaviour ,which is a on developed countries of their consumer’s E-shopping consequence of the assessing process. This is the process behaviour and influencing factors. The E-shopping behaviour involved when an individual or groups select purchase use and intention of developing countries consumers would be or dispose of products, services, ideas, or expanses to satisfy the interested issue to reveal. The consumer’s E-shopping needs and desires.” behaviour can contribute to existing literatures of E-shopping Objectives of the Study- behaviour. Electronic commerce has experienced rapid 1. To know the percentage of consumers which are used growth in the last few decades . The internet has changed to E-shopping in Jabalpur city. the why consumers buy goods and services throughout the 2. To know which product is mostly buy from E-shopping world and it is based on Business to consumer (B2C) and 3. To study why moves towards E-shopping. business to business (B2B) . 4. To identify which website is mostly used by consumers This Paper is based on E-shopping of consumers in of Jabalpur city. Jabalpur city .The reason of this research to know the attitude 5. To study positive influencing factors responsible for and intention of E-shopping in consumers and we should online shopping and negative factors which stop know their awareness about E-shopping, like website, Jabalpur users to buy online in Jabalpur. transaction method , products ,factors affecting their E- Hypothesis of the Study : shopping and so on. 1. Positive factor which influencing consumers for E- E-Shopping - “E-shopping or E-shopping is a form of shopping is time saving . electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly 2. Negative factor which stop consumers for E-shopping buy Goods and Services from a seller over the internet using are delivery time and debase the product quality. a web browser . Alternative names are – e-web store, e- 3. Consumers mostly buy from E-shopping Designer shop, e-store, Internet shop, web –shop , web store, online clothes and Tickets. store, and online storefront etc.” Limitations of the Study - The study has following limitations Consumer - “ A consumer may be Defined as any person, 1. The sample was selected from few consumers of business firm or governmental unit that choose Goods and Jabalpur city. * Research Scholar (Resource Management) Govt. M .H. College of Home science and science for women (Autonomous), jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA ** Professor (Human Development) Govt. M .H. College of Home science and science for women (Autonomous), jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 32

2. The sample was limited to 100 respondents. factor are the four important factors influencing the online 3. The range limited only consumers , age group- 15 to 65 purchase of products in Kolkata. years. Scope of the Study - This study helps firms, organizations 4. Randomly selected respondents had been used for filling and websites improve their marketing strategies . Helpful for the questionnaire. problem recognition and awareness of need through E- Review of Literature - Gurleen (2012) has reported that shopping of consumers. For social marketing getting idea India has more than 100 million internet users out of which across to consumers rather than selling something. one half opt for online purchases and the number is rising Electronic commerce has become more important because sharply every year. Internet users were becoming comfortable marketer has some basis to market their product and to shop online. The capability of purchasing without leaving services to the internet channel . It is more effectively and your place is of great interest to many consumers. Not only profitability marketer can serve their customer if they concern does E-shopping offer really good deals, but also brings and understand their customer needs and wants. optimum convenience to the consumers. Moreover, the use Plan, Methodology/ Research Design : of Internet tools for price searching and comparison provides i) Selection of method of Inquiry- The universe being an additional advantage in consumer’s final decision, as they too large and time & other resources being limited, could purchase their desired products in the lowest available Convenience Sampling method were selected for the price. According to this study Consumers are price sensitive present study. and aware about the price of goods and services. This paper ii) Selection of Samples- The sample selected on focuses on the understanding of demographic profiles of purposive random basis adopters and non-adopters of E-shopping. For this purpose iii) Selection of method for collection of Data- the data from 400 respondents was collected in the form of Questionnaire method used for collection of data .A questionnaires. The study has been conducted in 3 cities of trival survey was done to get an idea of the various Punjab, a sample of urban respondents were selected from problems. In the trival survey the same procedure was the Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Amritsar The paper also followed as was to be adopted in actual survey. The no. analyses the various reasons for adoption and non-adoption of cases in it was five on the basis of this pilot study of E-shopping . necessary amendments are done in the schedule. Peng (2010) has reported that with new wireless technology iv) Sources of Information : constantly being developed , E-shopping is increasingly a) Primary Sources- Respondents from age group 15 to common now days .People can search for and buy products 65 years were selected as the primary sources. It was online much more conveniently and efficiently then shopping collected from 100 respondents (consumers) in different in retail online stores. In fact, the number of people who places of Jabalpur city through questionnaire. choose E-shopping is continuously increasing . This study b) Secondary Sources- It may be termed as is concerned with factors that affect student “decision “Documentary Sources”. The information was gathered making” as to whether to buy products online .this research from different books, magazines, journals, news scripts used mix methodology , which includes quantitative and and websites etc. qualitative methods , and the information had been selected Analysis of Data - After the data was collected it was by survey and interview. A total of 92 students responded to tabulated and analyzed statistically, wherever needed the survey & 9 students were interviewed. The information statistical tests were applied to get the final results .The gathered in the research is analysed in comparison with information gathered was from the 100 respondents relevant literature. These factors (price , convenience, (consumer) surveyed from Jabalpur city. The age running 15 efficiency, safety , product range and services.) provide a to 65 years. structure to this research. Table No. 01 : No.of Respondents according to Sen(2014) has reported that The internet has become a adoption of E-shopping new platform for electronic transaction and consumers in Sr. Adoption of No. of Res- Percentage% India are increasingly using the internet for E-shopping E-shopping pondents purposes. Online marketing has thus emerged to be the 1. Yes 88 88 % key to success for many companies and the online presence 2. No 12 12 % of organizations has become inevitable in nature. This paper identifies the key factors that influence the online purchase of products in Kolkata. In this study take sample of 150 respondents was selected in Kolkata and a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect primary data. The data was recorded by using a number of open ended questions, close ended questions, from the Likert Scale and interpreting the data. The findings of the study showed that the cost factor, convenience factor, product factor and seller related Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 33

Here 88 % consumers of Jabalpur city accept the adoption of E-shopping. They use E-shopping like a trend or Fashion and 12% consumer do not accept the adoption of E-shopping because of some reasons (like- not knowledge about internet, limited resources, don’t want to take any Risk etc.) Bajaj(2008) also reported that females were good adopters of E-shopping compared to male. Table No.02 : No. of Respondents according to buying different products and services from E-shopping Sr. Buying Products / No. of Res- Percent services from pondents -age% E-shopping Here explain the reason & causes moves towards E-shopping 1. Clothes(Designer) 60 60 % by respondents for Time saving(54%), Discounts/Sale & 2. Foot wears 08 08 % offers(26%), low cost(16%), and Quality Product(4%) 3. Jewellery 06 06 % respectively. Gurleen (2012) reported that the consumer being 4. Electronic Items 20 20 % Price Sensitive , Most of the consumers prefer to buy online 5. Home appliance 02 02 % because they will get heavy Discounts. 6. Gift Items 24 24 % Table No.04 : No. of Respondents according to 7. Reading Materials 14 14 % preference of different E-shopping websites 8. Ticket 26 26 % Sr. E-shopping websites No. of Resp Percent 9. stationary 16 16 % towards E-shopping -ondents -age% 10. Cosmetics 06 06 % 1. Flipkart 32 32 % 11. Other 04 04 % 2. Snapdeal 28 28 % 3. HomeShop18 28 28 % 4. Amazon 36 36 % 5. other 10 10 %

According this table, respondents prefer mostly Amazon.com(36%) to purchasing online but respondents Here 60% consumers mostly buy designer clothes and 26% not only choose the only website ,they are surfing different- book online ticket. They also buy Gift items (24%), electronic different websites and choose their favourite deal in right items(20%), Stationary(16%),Reading materials(14%), websites. So they also prefer Flipkart(32%), Snapdeal(28%), Footwears (8%), Jewellary(6%), cosmetics(6%) and Homeshop18 (28%), and other websites(10%). other(4%) respectively. AcNielson(2007)stated that the most Table No.05 : No. of Respondents according to the popular items purchased on the internet airline tickets/ influencing factor of E-shopping and their intentions reservations(21%) and clothing/accessories/shoes (20%). Sr. Influencing Factor No. of Resp Percent Table No.03 : No.of Respondents according to Causes -ondents -age% moves towards E-shopping Positive Factors Yes No Yes No Sr. Causes moves No. of Resp Percent 1. Time saving 89 11 89% 11% towards E-shopping -ondents -age% 2. Discount and sell 56 44 56% 44% 1. Time Saving 54 54 % 3. Quality product 18 82 18% 82% 2. Quality Products 04 04 % 4. Convenience 72 28 72% 28% 3. Low Cost 16 16 % 5. Promotion 45 55 45% 55% 4. Discount /Sale 26 26 % 6. Security 46 54 46% 54% & Offers 7. Others 35 65 35% 65% Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 34

Negative Factors Yes No Yes No Generally, they use E-shopping because it is a Time Saving 1. Delivery time 82 18 82% 18% & convenient method and every day a new Discounts and Offers 2. Shipping charges 72 28 72% 28% comes on shopping websites. Some Negative influencing 3. Return policy is not 54 46 54% 46% factors like delivery time and shipping charges are responsible very clear to give unassertive attitude of consumers.Amzon.com (E-shop- 4. High transaction 42 58 42% 58% ping website) is most preferable shopping website for consu- charges mers in Jabalpur city, they use also flipkart, snapdeal, home- 5. High price 35 65 35% 65% shop18 websites to buy products & services.Overall, consumers 6. Security 49 51 49% 51% of Jabalpur city are crazy about E-shopping because of saving 7. Others 53 47 53% 47% time ,convenience & Discounts. Some consumers gave their Here explain, the Influencing factor of E-shopping of suggestion about better Return Policy & quality product. So, respondents to know their attitude & intention about E-shop- E-shopping trend is increasing because of internet medium ping. Respondents positive factors which make their decision found very easily and in our today’s life, our smart mobile phones very definitive that is time saving(89%) and convenient method helps to easier our hectic life and day-by-day risks. (72%) rather than other methods are also influenced the References :- consumer buying on E-shopping, whereas negative factors 1. Gurleen, Kanwal. 2012. Consumer’s perception towards like delivery time (82%) & high shipping charges(72%) and E-shopping- the case of Punjab. International Journal others change the attitude of consumers of E-shopping. Sen of Management & Information Technology. 1(1): 1- 6. (2014) also stated that Respondent’s reason for not buying 2. Jones, Christie and soyuong kim. 2010. Influences of from E-shopping in future that was touch and feel the product online retail brand trust-clothing involvement and website (25%), complex process & don’t have internet facility(23%) quality on online apparel shopping intention . International and this process is not safe (security) (14%) in Kolkata. Journal of Consumer Studies. 36(6): 627-637. Conclusion- The growth is the number of online shoppers 3. Peng ,li. 2010. Factors that affect student’s decision is greater than the growth in internet users and in online making on buying online shops. Journal of product and purchasing we have larger option to choose products & brand management. 24(3): 15-21. services. It was seen from the study that most of consumers 4. Reid ,Margaret G. “Consumers and the Market” Jabalpur city , age group- 15 to 65 years were found to be N.Y.appleton century crafts inc.1938. most adopters of E-shopping. They buy mostly designer 5. Sen argaha, Rahul. 2014. E-shopping: A Study of the clothes and booked online tickets easily by online medium. Factors Influencing Online Purchase of Products in They also purchase Gift items, Electronic items, Reading Kolkata. international Journal of Management and materials and Stationary etc. Commerce Innovations. 2(1): 44-52. Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 35

To Study The Impect Of Cartoons On The Daily Behaviour Of The Kids (Gorakhpur City)

Dr. Deepshikha Pandey *

Abstract - Children have become much more interested in cartoons over many years & it has become a primary action to some lives. So the main objective of this study to trace the impact of cartoon on the daily behaviors of the kids in Gorakhpur city in this research 100 children selected by random sampling methods from two convent school in Gorakhpur city. Data collection by survey methods, questionnaire method is used for data collection & percentage methods are used for statistical analysis. Study concluded that the impact of violence presented in cartoons on children behaviors their accessories & daily used material are also affected by cartoon characters. Their role models, eating patterns, social life & language development are more effected by cartoon characters. Keywords - Aggressive, Angriness, Cartoon, Behavior Violence, Accessories.

Introduction - T.V. cartoons & movies are the most 2. Favorite cartoon characters entertaining activities for the kids for many years. Cartoon Table-1.2 has changed drastically over the years but have their lasting Shin-chain Doremon Chhota Novita Ninja All effects on children. Children begin watching cartoons on T.V. Bhem Hatori at an early age of six month and by the age of 2-3 children 20% 32% 12% 7% 20% 09% become enthusiastic viewers. As kinds most of us grew up. Watching cartoons like He-man, Spiderman , Jungle book 3. Interest of watching cartoons & I recollect how thrilled & excited we got at the idea of Table-1.3 watching these cartoons we would not want to miss a single Yes No Some-time episode. 82% 10% 8% Unlike the kids of today who have so many options to choose from. We were contend watching cartoon on 4. Time spend on watching cartoons Doordarshan But present day many cartoon channels that Table-1.4 are available at the touch of bottom shin chain & Doremon ½-1 hours 1-2 hours 2-4 hours 4-6 more than are the most favorite cartoons of the schools going children’s hours 6 hours it has been watched in more than 80 million homes in the 10% 12% 18% 35% 25% America & in 145 countries through the world (Hassan & Denial, 2013) today many activities of children inspired by 5. Cartoon is a material of shin chain & Doremon (survey report of a news channel 2016). Table-1.5 So this study many effected children behaviors in small city Educati- Interse- Learning Destructive West of Gorakhpur. onal gment time Objective - To check the impact of cartoons on the daily 21% 44% 25% 8% 2% behavior of the kids (2-10 year) in Gorakhpur city. Methodology - To selected the Gorakhpur city for this 6. Effect on behavior patterns research. Survey method is used for study. Data collections are used by Questionnaire & Schedule method. 100 children Table 1.6 selected by random sampling from two convent school & 1. Behavior Just like cartoon characters 43% present age method is used by data analysis. 2. Aggressive behavior 13% 1. Frequency of cartoon N=100 3. Angriness 8% Table-1.1 4. Effect on food Habits 20% S. Shin-chain Doremon Animated All of them 5. Effect on Language 16% Films 1 30% 40% 25% 5 % * Head & Assistant Professor (Home Science) Chandrakanti Ramawati Devi Arya Mahila P.G. College, Gorakhpur (U.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 36

7. Effect on Physical Problems than the physical games & outdoor activities. Table 1.7 8. Table 1.8 shows that 81% children have. Religious 1. Effect on eyes 67% concept like Ramayan & Mahabhart getting by watching 2. Headed problems 20% cartoon they accept Krishna, Ram, Bheem are not a 3. Muscles pain 13% cartoon characters. 8. Effect on Religious concept formation 9. Table 1.9 shows that 68% children have no. positive Table-1.8 behavior after watching cartoon channels. Creativity, 1. Yes No Effect moral, thinking, imagination behaviors are more affected 81% 15% 4% by cartoon charters. 9. Effect on Positive behavior 10. Table 1.10 shows that 59% children more prefer to use Table 1.9 of dresses reflected by cartoon character like doremon 1. Yes No Effect benten, Spiderman, angry buds etc. They also shows 29% 68% 3% that the frequency of children. Accessories are more Analysis : affected of cartoon characters. 1. Table 1.1 Shows that 40% children prefer to watch Conclusion - The result of this study indicates that children’s Doremon cartoons over rest them behaviors are more affected by cartoon character. In the 2. Table 1.2 shows that children favorite cartoon is Doremon current era of powerful media & the children also affected by (32%) their most favorite programme on television. To conclude 3. Table 1.3 shows that 82% children accept that interest the study we can say that there is a strong impact of cartoon in cartoon channels. channels on children their life style, dressing aggressive, 4. Table 1.4 shows that 35% children watching T.V. 4-6 violent behaviors their languages & concept formation. It can hours on daily bases while other watches less. be said in view of above mentioned facts that cartoon 5. Table 1.5 shows that 44% children consider cartoon as watching is the most favorite hoby of the children. only source of entertainment material. References :- 6. Table 1.6 shows that 43% children have behavior just 1. Das Asha, Internet publishing, Tuesday, march 24, 2015, like cartoon characters 20% children intake their food www.boldysky.com/’Negative impact of cartoon on kids. after watching cartoon channels. 16% children have bad 2. Daniyal muhammad, cartoon network & its impact on language which is affected by favorite cartoon characters behavior of school. going children : A case study of Baha- like shin chain or Novita. 13% children shows that walpur, Pakistan, International Journal of management Aggressive behavior like benten or Hennery. Children economics & social Science, 2013, Vol 2 (1), PP. 6-11. pay more attention cartoon. Whole story or specific 3. Diana, Pinto, Effects of cartoon violence on kids, August character & craze affect their behavior to change them. 27, 2014, www.parentous com. While 8% children behavior gets changed after watching 4. Tardy, Amna, ‘effect of cartoons on the daily life of cartoon. They shows the anger behavior & use same children,Monday April. 8,2013 www.amaatraing.blogs techniques which they observed in cartoon during the pot.in fighting with each others. 5. Yousaf, Zahid, Shehzad, Munham, Hussam, Ali. “Effects 7. Table 1.7 shows that 67% children have eyes site of cartoon Network on the behaviour of school going problems 20% Headec problems. children prefer cartoons children (A case study of Gujrat city) ; International over picnic & outdoor games insted rest of them. They Research Journal of interdisciplinary & multidisciplinary more gain entertainment from cartoon different serious studies (IRJIMS), Vol (1), Feb; 2015 pp. 173-179.

SAMPLE

Two convent school in Gorakhpur city

Modern heritage by G.N. national Public school 50 children Random sampling method 50 children

Data collections

Questionnaire & schedule methods

Result analysis

Percentage Method Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 37

Marital Adjustment

Sangeeta Rachiyata *

Abstract - From the earliest months of our lives, we are indoctrinated into a variety of roles based on identification and reciprocal relation. Our basic role images are acquired in childhood from the examples of husband and wife that we observe at close range like parents, uncles, aunts and parents of friends etc. Inevitably this means that particular class, ethnic and religious, up-cultures in which we are brought up from the broad outline of the role image we carry into marriage. So far the meaning of roles ad their various dimensions examined suggest that prior performance of roles is very important for marital adjustment. Many Indian researchers agree that advancement in the process of industrialization, urbanization and education have brought about socio-cultural changes in the attitudes and values of the people of our country, especially among the urban population. A noted definite and vital with the general social change and change in the roles and functions of the family. Manifold expectations are made by husbands and wife on each other affecting the husband wife relationship and demanding more happiness & secretly from each other. The present paper louses on family roles and aspects of roles as related factors in marital adjustment. Introduction - Young persons sometimes think that marriage this situation is prevalent in the urban educated nuclear are made in heaven in the sense all they have to do is marry families. the person they are destined to marry and that they will Since role performance is the key to the foundation of automatically live happy ever after. But in the practical life healthy and successful family living it becomes necessary this may not work the way the young imagine of feel. When to expand the meaning of roles and the various dimensions two individuals enter into marriage they have some perception of roles involved in the fulfillment of roles such as role of their own role as to what to do and role expectation of the perception and awareness, role expectations, role spouse as to how one should behave. The bridegroom when performance and role conflict. enters into marriage cherishes a conception of himself as a Meaning of Roles - These aspects of roles major issue in husband and of his bride as a wife. Similarly the later over role definition. The way a person behaves in his role in a years enshrines an image in his heart of her role as wife and social situation depends in a large measure on his of the part to be played by the husband. Burgers and Locke understanding of behaviors that direct or orient his thinking (1945) opine that of these conception of the husband and about the situation (William G. Dyer, 1962). According to wife are congruous the union may be harmonious whether pollution (197 Role may be defined as patter of beaviour tat the agreement is upon control by the husband or by the wife members of a group except from another group member. He as by consensus. Further they feel that an element of discord opines that some roles are formal duties and prerequisites may be introduced if the expectations of relatives of friends that go with a given position or status in group and are are in conflict with those of the couple. formally defined into its charter are by law. Role or social Much of the ability of two individuals to meet the role is defined as “a part of social position consisting of a challenge of marital living depends on their capacity for more or less integrated or related sub set of social norms, adjustment. This adjustability is a product of a lifetime of which is distinguishable from other sub set of norms forming behaviour and experience and their acquired reaction the same position” (Frederick L winch, 1956). tendencies. Adjustment is a highly intricate process. Yet From the earliest months of our lives. We are indoctrinated the initial adjustments are immensely critical. They into a variety of roles based or identification and reciprocal necessitate the acquisition of new roles, habit systems, relation our basic role images are acquired in childhood from techniques of communication, household skils, careful the example of husband and wife that we observe at close financial planning and among other expectations to the arrival range like parents, uncles, aunts and parent of friends etc. of an infant (Williamson, 1972). Inevitable this means that particular class, ethnic and Kapur (1970) assets that happiness or unhappiness in religions sub cultures in which we are brought up form the marriage today centres primarily round the husband wife broad outline of the role image we carry into marriage. relationship and spouses depend, to a very large extent, on Pullerton (1972) believes that the way our parents play their each other for emotional security. She further states that roles fill in much of the detail. He states that learning to play * Lecturer (Home Science) CH. B.R.G. Govt. Girls P.G. College, Sri Ganganagar (Raj.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 38 role and gradually identifying with the role leads to a sense keep to money she craned for her own use while expecting of belonging to the group where the role is played. her husband to share her housekeeper role. He in turn, Role Perception - Stemming from the norms held by the wanted to share her earnings while expecting her to continue persons involved each of the marriage partners comes into to perform all the tasks she had done prior to her employment the new relationship with certain idea as to how he or she (as quoted by Nye & Baroda. 1973.) should behave as husband or wife. These perceptions of Role Conflicts - Discrepancies between one’s role owns role in the new family are often not explicitly stated or conceptions and enactment might be called a kind of “role understood by the persons. The husband may perceive his conflict” – intrapersonal conflict But since marriage is a social role on the patriarchal pattern while he wife may look forward system, we are primarily interested in conflicts when one to equalitarian one. The basic question is the degree of partner’s enactment’s violets the other’s expectations, that similarity with which the two partners perceive roles in is in interpersonal conflict. Most couples realign their marriage. Many studies concepts the expectations of roles expectations and enactment’s concept or later It not the was more accurate than his perceptions of her role concepts stare on the marital bond is serve (Blood, 1969). and expectations (Williamson, 1967). Perception of roles In the life of each sensitive women today, there is likely may also be discussed in the area of decision making. Studies to be a great deal of confusion in her concepts of her role in the Indian situation revealed that neither of the mate was due to her exposure to conflicting value system Part of her extra ordinarily perceptive or conscious of what role he or concept of what “her role ought to be is parent indoctrinated she performed in making the major decisions. (Landis, 1965). One of the most certain aspects of the Role Expectation - Role expectations brought into marriage relationship of men and women today both before and after not only predict what the husband or wife will do but are marriage is that of role conflict. Such conflict is inevitable evaluative standards concerning the performance associated because of the different perspective on roles which men and with a role i.e. without regard to individual who may be women hold for them selves and for each other The values of occupying the role at any given time. Role expectations then the female subculture today are very much in conflict. The are the ways one person feels the other should behave men may expect of his wife the same role behaviour as his (Parson, 1951). They are belief about what the spouse ought mother practiced. In fact, this will probably be the strongest to do Each partner wants to be a good husband or wife and conditioning concept in his upbringing, as far as attitudes begins acting out his own preconceptions. Few of these toward the roles of his wife and concerned. Yet, nether conceptions are conscious. They are largely the residue of husband nor wife may be able in marriage to follow out their childhood observations of he parent’s example. own concept of with their role should be (Landis, 1965). Most couples realize their expectations sooner or later. According to Dyer (1962) conflicts in the marriage Since women tend to be more feminist than men, it is rear situation may arise at the following places first. If the norms to find woman whose husband is more equalitarian than she. and personal preferences of the husbands are in conflict When this combination occurs, it causes little conflict it the with those of the wife, second if the role performance of the husband prefers to give the wife more equality than she wants husband does not agree with the role expectations of the to assume he may be disappointed (Blood, 1969). wife, third if the role performance of the wife does not agree Each partner usually has not only expectations of what with the role expectations of the husband. should be done by the other but particular function should Marital Adjustment - Marital adjustments separable from be carried out. A.R. Mangus (1951) Points out that the perception they have of each other’s role. In view of a expectations may also be of the marriage partner as a total number of studies on roles conclude that marriage involve personality. Each partner usually has not only expectations multiple roles, even through there is at times a fumbling of what and how the other person should behave in his role, consciousness of or an in adequate enactment or but perception does not agree with the perception of the performance of roles among married partners. Disenactment marriage partner. may set in, and the marriage may become vulnerable to a Role performance - Role performance is the key to the crisis situation with the possibilities of role readjustment or foundation of healthy and successful family living. Role a breakup of the marriage as a result (William Son, 1967). performance is defined as the behaviour that an actor Dyer (1962). Stated that conflicts in the marriage manifests while acting out a role, whether or not this behavior situation may arise at the following places first. If the norms conforms to the norm. Although there are few cultural and personal preference of the husbands are in conflict with prescriptions specifying precisely how roles should be those of the wife, second if the role performance of the performed there are within a society, so me of the key roles husband does not agree with the role expectations of the of husbands and wives are thought to explain part o marital wife, third if the role performance of the wife does not agree stability and the attitudes of spouse towards their marriage with the role expectations of the husband. (Nye and Berardo, 1973). Stuckert as quoted by Williamson (1972) generalizes Doing the transitional period in the family life cycle there that ‘Marital happiness’ is the function of mutual interaction, are changes in the familial roles. –Patrick (1963) found that which refers to role perception surrounding marriage. This in a change in familial roles, each person wanted to — to mean roles depend on communication. In Williamsons’ Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 39

(1972) opinion the way in which we perceive our roles References :- determines how we verbalize them and conversely the 1. Akhani, P. and Sharma, N. (1999). Indian wives-their language process determines perceptive, words and syntax roles, marital adjustment and counseling, Prachi Journal selected, the tone of voice, depth of discussion and variation of Phychology-cultural Dimension, April (99) vol., 15 No.1 in mood. If harmony between two individual decline in the 2. Blood, O. Robert (1969) : Marriage, The free press, new succeeding years of marriage, communication can suffer. York. In the Indian set-up there are some traditions and 3. Burgers, E.W. and Locke, H.J. (1945) : The family from customs which impede or hinder communication regarding institution to companionship, New York, American Book the performance of roles. In joint family which were prevalent Co. sometime ago and are now declining, the mother-in-law used 4. dyer W.G. (1962) : analyzing marital adjustment using to assign roles to each daughter-in-law relating to various Role theory, Journal of Marriage and the family, 1962, activities of the household. With the break-up of joint family 24. system and emergence of nuclear family set-up, the husband 5. Fonseca, M. (1966) : Counseling for marital happiness, & wife, when not clear of their roles, wonder at to what and Manuktalas, Bombay. how one should perform Thus, any lage in communication 6. Fullerton, G.P. (1972) : Survival in marriage (2nd edi) between husband and wife can create complications or Hindsdale. Llionis the Dryden Press. confusion in the understanding of role and hamper success 7. Herber and Jarvis : A modern approach to marriage in marriage. counseling. Willian (1967) stated that Marital happiness is 8. Kapur, P. (1970) : The changing status of working women inseparable from the perception they have to each other’s in India, Vikas Pub. House. roles. In view of a number of studies on roles conclude that 9. Kuppuswamy, S. (1960) : Social change in India, Vikas marriage involves multiple roles, even though there is at times Publishings. a fumbling consciousness of or an inadequate enactment or 10. Landis, Paul, H, (1965) : Making the most marriage- performance of roles among married partners. Disenactment IIIrd edi. Mefridith publishing Company, New York. may set in and the marriage may become vulnerable to a 11. Nye. F. J. & Berarodo, F. M. (1973 : The family its stru- cists situation with the possibilities of role-readjustment or cture & interaction.The Macmillan company, New York. a breakup of the marliage as a result. 12. Parsons (1951) : Cited by Talcolt and Bale, R.F. Family Consequent to rapid industrialization and modernization, Sociolozation and Interaction, Process, Collier there is seen to be marked changes in the Indian women’s Macmillan Canada Ltd. Taranto. role According to the census of India (1991) out of a population 13. Sharma, N. and Saxena (1999) : Role perception, of 40 crore, two lakh women, eight crore fourteen lakh are expectation and performance as related factors in working women. During last few years the increasing marital adjustment and marital counseling’s, paper opportunities for women to have education and exposure to presented in national seminar on Mental health and the various fields have brought a significant change in the Psychological counseling. Department of psychology, position and status of women in our societies. There is great D.A.V. College, Kanpur, 22-23 Jan. 99. uncertainty regarding the specific roles of husbands and 14. Williamson, C.B. (1966) : Marriage and Family wives and rising trend in matrimonial disputes in Indian Relations, IIIrd edi. John Wiley and sons, Inc. New York. women due to change in there economic position. In 15. Winch, F.B. (1956) : The modern family Holt, Rinehart developing country like ours, problem like conflicting situation and wiston, New York. and adjustment are prevalent to a great extend as both 16. Winch, R.F. and Goodman, C.B. (1968) : Selected husbands and wife expect more and more each other (Akhani studies in Marriage and he family (3rd edi) New York, & Sharma, 1999). Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc.

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]mobH$mAm{ß H$r A[{jm AoYH$ h¢& g_ÒV j{Ãm{ß H$r Hw$b g_Ò`m gß]ßYr C[am{∫$ [naUm_ H{$ [na‡{˙` _{ß [yd© _{ß Xr JB© [naH$Î[Zm e°ojH$ Edß [naUm_ ^r `h Ò[ÓQ> H$a ah{ h¢ oH$ ]mbH$m{ß H$r g_Ò`mE± ]mobH$mAmß{ H$r Ïò∫$JV j{Ã H{$ ÒdrH•$V hm{Vr h°°& O]oH$ [mnadmnaH$ Edß Hw$b g_Ò`mE± _{ß A[{jm AoYH$ h¢ AWm©V≤ BZ_{ß obßJ o^fiVm h°& [naH$Î[Zm ÒdrH•$V Zht hm{Vr h°& [naUm_ `h Ò[ÓQ> H$a ah{ h¢ oH$ Ohm± EH$ Am{a e°ojH$ Edß Ïò∫$JV oZÓH$f© : j{Ãm{ß _{ß obßJ o^fiVmE± Zht h¢& dht Xygar Am{a [mnadmnaH$ Edß Hw$b g_Ò`mAm{ß 1. ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r e°ojH$ Edß Ïò∫$JV j{Ã H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß _{ß ]mbH$m{ß H$r g_Ò`m AoYH$ h°& `h Òdm^modH$ h°, ∑`mß{oH$ od⁄mb`rZ _{ß gmW©H$ AßVa Zht h°& oH$em{a ]mbH$-]mobH$mE± Z H{$db A[Zr [∂T>mB© H$r Am{a ‹`mZ X{V{ h¢& daZ≤ 2. ]mbH$m{ß H$r [mnadmnaH$ g_Ò`mE± ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r A[{jm AoYH$ h¢& d{ Òd`ß ^r A[Z{ H$m{ e°joUH$ dmVmdaU _{ß g_m`m{oOV H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg 3. ]mbH$m{ß H$r Hw$b g_Ò`mE± ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß H$r A[{jm AoYH$ H$aV{ h¢& oOgg{ CZH$r CZ j{Ãm{ß _{ß g_Ò`mAm{ß _{ß AßVa Zht hm{Vm& BgH{$ h¢& od[arV ]mbH$m{ß H$r A[{jm ]mobH$mE± A[Z{ [nadma H$m{ AoYH$ g_` X{Vr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- h¢ Edß CZ_{ß ha Vah g{ g_o[©V, g_m`m{oOV hm{Z{ H$m ‡`mg H$aVr h¢ VWm 1. H$o[b, S>m∞. EM. H{$. (2011), "AZwgßYmZ odoY`m±' amIr ‡H$meZ, A[Z{ _mVm-o[Vm Edß A›` [nadma OZm{ß H{$ _‹` gm_ßOÒ` ]ZmZ{ H$m 12E, MVwW© bmb à_Z Q>mda gßO` [{°b{g Ï`dgmo`H$ H$mÂ[b{∑g, ‡`mg H$aVr h¢& Bg_ß{ CZH$r [mnadmnaH$ j{Ãm{ß _{ß g_Ò`mE± ]mbH$m{ß H$r A[{jm AmJam, [•. gß. 280& H$_ ahVr h¢& 2. [mR>H$, [r.S>r. (2007-2008), "oejm _Zm{odkmZ' g°Vrgdmß Ohm± VH$ Hw$b g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m gß]ßY h°& ]mbH$m{ß H$r g_Ò`mE± ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r gßÒH$aU, AJ´dmb [o„bH{$eZ, AmJam-7, [•. gß. 122-123& A[{jm AoYH$ h¢& `h ‡H•$oV H{$ Òd^md H{$ AZwÍ$[ h° ∑`m{ßoH$ ]mobH$mE±-]mbH$m{ 3. d°⁄, Q>r.[r. (1998), "oZX}e [woÒVH$m' N>mÃ g_Ò`m _m[Zr Amam{hr H$r A[{jm AoYH$ gß`_r, AZwemogV, gh`m{J ^mdZm dmbr AmoX JwUmß{ g{ _Zm{odkmZ H{$›– gmCW ogodb bmBZ, O]b[wa& [na[yU© hm{Vr h° BgobE ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r g_Ò`m H$_ hm{Zm Òdm^modH$ h°& VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ -2 : ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r g_Ò`m Edß CgH{$ odo^fi j{Ãm{ß H{$ VwbZmÀ_H$ [naUm_ g_m`m{OZ H{$ j{Ã obßJ Òmßª`m _‹`_mZ _mZH$ odMbZ H´$mßoVH$ AZw[mV "[r' _mZ e°ojH$ g_Ò`m ]mbH$ 30 29.30 3.10 1.62 >>>>>0.05 ]mobH$mE± 30 26.60 3.70 Ïò∫$JV g_Ò`m ]mbH$ 30 28.30 3.40 1.55 > 0.05 ]mobH$mE± 30 27.80 3.60 [mnadmnaH$ g_Ò`m ]mbH$ 30 27.90 3.20 2.50 <0.05 ]mobH$mE± 30 26.10 2.40 Hw$b ]mbH$ 30 85.90 7.44 3.18 <0.05 ]mobH$mE± 30 79.60 7.95 ÒdVßÃVm H{$ Aße - 58 0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ -2.00 0-01 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ- 2.66 J´m\$ H´$_mßH$ 01 : oH$em{a ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r odo^fi g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ [naUm_m{ß H$m J´m\$r` oZÍ$[U Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 42

oH$em{am{ß H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ [a Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ H$m A‹``Z

S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar *

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C[H$aU : odH$mg H{$ obE oOg ÒZ{hr gohÓUwVm[yU© Am°a h_{em CÀgmohV H$aZ{ dmbm 1. Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ : S>m∞. Ama.Ama. e_m© (1988) dmVmdaU ‡XmZ H$aV{ h¢ dh CZH{$ [mÎ`m{ß H{$ Ïò∫$Àd H{$ gH$mamÀ_H$ 2. gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ : S>m∞. Aem{H$ e_m© (2009) S>m∞. AoZVm gm{Zr odH$mg _{ß ghm`H$ hm{Vm h¢ S{>oZ`b Jm{b_°Z Z{ Bgr g_‡À` H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß odoY - em{Y H$m`© h{Vw ›`mXe© _{ß 9dt H$jm H{$ 600 od⁄moW©`m{ß [a aIV{ hwE gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H{$ odH$mg _{ß _hÀd[yU© H$m`© oH$`m& CZH{$ AZwgma Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ _m[Zr H$m ‡emgZ H$a BgH{$ ‡m·mßH$m{ H{$ AmYma ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ H{$ OrdZ _{ß g\$bVm H{$ obE Ïò∫$ H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$m [a CÉ Edß oZÂZ Ao^^mdH$ ‡m{ÀgmhZ g_yhm{ß _{ß od⁄moœm©`m{ß H$m od^mOZ C¿M ÒVa hm{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h°& oH$`m J`m& VÀ[ÌMmV≤ gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ _m[Zr ¤mam oH$em{am{ß H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ Bg gß]ßY _{ß C_m X{dr (2010) H{$ A‹``Z H{$ [naUm_m{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> ]wo’ H$m{ kmV oH$`m J`m& Am∞H$∂S>m{ß H{$ odõ{fU H{$ ob`{ _‹`_mZ, _mZH$ hm{Vm h° oH$ Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ CZH{$ [mÎ`m{ß H{$ gmW A¿N{> A›Vd°©ò∫$H$ gÂ]›Y odMbZ Edß H´$mßoVH$ AZw[mV H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m& oH$em{am{ß H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H{$ odH$mg H$m{ gH$mamÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ ‡^modV odd{MZm - Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ H$m oH$em{am{ß H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$m H$aV{ h¢& Bg ‡H$ma C[am{∫$ [naUm_m{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ oH$em{a/oH$emna`m{ß A‹``Z H$aZ{ h{Vw ›`mXe© g{ ‡m· [naUm_m{ß H$m odÌb{fU oZÂZmZwgma h°& H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H{$ odH$mg _{ß Ao^^mdH$ H{$ ‡m{ÀgmhZ H$r Ah_ ^yo_H$m J´m\$ VmobH$m - oH$emam{ß H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ [a Ao^^mdH$r` hm{Vr h°& oOgg{ d{ od[arV [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß Òd`ß H$m{ g_m`m{oOV H$a gH{$ß& ‡m{ÀgmhZ H{$ ‡^md gß]ßYr VwbZmÀ_H$ [naUm_m{ß H$m J´m\$r` oZÍ$[U EH$ gH$mamÀ_H$ odH$ogV gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ hr `h oZo¸V H$aVr h° oH$ oH$em{a Òd`ß H{$ C‘{Ì` Edß b˙` VWm g_mO, o_Ã Edß odo^fi H$m`©j{Ãm{ß _{ß g\$bVm [yd©H$ odH$mg H$a gH{$& oZÓH$f© - oH$em{am{ß H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ [a Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ H$m gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h¢& CÉ Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ H{$ oH$em{a, oH$em{na`m{ß Edß oH$em{a VWm oH$em{na`m{ß H{$ goÂ_obV g_yh H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ oZÂZ Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ g_yh H$r A[{jm AoYH$ h°& VrZm{ß g_yhm{ß H{$ obE CÉ Edß oZÂZ Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ g_yhm{ß H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ _{ß AßVa H{$ obE oZH$mb{ J`{ H´$mßoVH$ AZw[mV H{$ _mZ H´$_e: 5.90, 2.67 Edß 5.93 h¢ , Om{ 0.01 ÒVa [a gmW©H$ h°& gßX^© J´›W gyMr :- 1. S>m∞. lr_Vr gßVm{f o_ÀV (2002) "]mb odH$mg VWm [mnadmnaH$ gß]ßY' ‡H$meH$ _{`g© `yoZdog©Q>r ]wH$ hmCg (‡m. ob.) 79 Mm°∂S>m amÒVm, O`[wa 302003 gßÒH$aU [{. Z. 183-186 2. S>m∞. ]r. H{$ ]∑er (1997) "]mb odH$mg H$m AW© Edß j{Ã' ‡H$meH$ gmohÀ` ‡H$meZ Am[H$m ]mOma hm∞oÒ[Q>b am{S>, AmJam-3 gßÒH$aU [{.Z.ß 255 3. am_ZmamÙ AJ´dmb Edß odo[Z AÒWmZm (1993) "_Zm{odkmZ ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z _{ß oH$em{am{ß H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ [a Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ Am°a oejm _{ß _m[Z' gßÒH$aU o¤Vr` [{.Zß. 190-193 H{$ [naUm_m{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ C¿M Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ H{$ oH$em{a, 4. Hw$fl[wÒdm_r, ]r (1982) "]mb Ï`dhma Am°a odH$mg' odH$mg oH$em{na`m{ß Edß CZH{$ goÂ_obV g_yhm{ß H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ oZÂZ [o„boeßJ hmCg, ^maVr o‡ßQ>g©, AmJam, [{O Zß. 51.84 Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ g_yhm{ß H$r A[{jm AoYH$ h¢& Bg ‡H$ma C[am{∫$ 5. Hw$∂T{>og`m, C_{eM›– (1998) "oejm _Zm{odkmZ' ‡H$meZ H{$›– [naUm_ Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ H{$ _hÀd H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> H$a ah{ß h° oH$ ›`w o]oÎSß>J, A_rZm]mX, bIZD$, & Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ H{$ A›VJ©V Ao^^mdH$ A[Z{ oH$em{am{ß H{$ gdm}Œm_ 6. hhttp://www.google.com.in VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-2 : oH$em{am{ß H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ [a Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ H{$ ‡^md gß]ßYr VwbZmÀ_H$ [naUm_ g_yh Ao^^mdH$r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ gßª`m _‹`_mZ _mZH$ odMbZ H´$mßoVH$ AZw[mV [r _mZ oH$em{a CÉ 112 92.68 9.69 5.90 <0.01 oZÂZ 153 84.23 13.61 oH$em{na`m∞ C¿M 100 91.82 10.34 2.67 <0.01 oZÂZ 150 87.39 15.85 oH$em{a Edß oH$em{na`m∞ CÉ 212 92.27 9.98 5.93 <0.01 oZÂZ 303 85.80 14.82 ÒdVßÃVm H{$ Aße 263,248,513 0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ 1.96 0.01 ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm h{Vw _mZ 2.59 Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 44

Buying Behavior of Retailers in Modern Wholesale Stores (With Special Reference to Best Price at Indore)

Prof. Rajesh Jain* Dr. Paritosh Awasthi** Dr. R.L. Dave*** Dr. Deepika Chouhan****

Abstract - Best Price Modern Wholesale distinguishes itself from the competitors with the help of largest collection of brands, Events and Activations. Customers are more attracted towards best price store because its offers best product with good quality, regionable price and also because it also provide Kotak Mahindra credit facility. The main object of study to factors affecting the buying behavior of retailers in modern wholesale store in Indore. 40% customers came to know about BPMW by the visit of the best price associates then next by the advertisement which regularly comes in newspaper and outdoor hoardings also helped them a lot while identifying the store. Through analysis we came to know that customers are happy with the store visit. And they are ready to visit the store again and again.

Introduction - Best Price is a modern wholesale store for a kind of promotion which reach to the individual. Today in business member only and work in the format of SAM club the fast growing competitive world of corporate the customers or Walmart. Best Price is a cash and carry store and offers are considered as important assets and there is a need for free membership to their members and hence allow them to every organization to take care of its customers to sustain purchase in their store. A easy process of membership in the market and retain the customer base of their making is followed in which a person who is reseller, have organization. office and institution or belong to hotel or restaurant or Objective of Study - The whole study concentrates on the catering have to summit their business license along with following objectives : the invoice copy and a identity proof then the membership 1. To study the factors affecting the buying behavior of card is allocated to them with the name of their firm, person retailers in modern wholesale store in Indore name and a photo of person to whom card is allotted. 2. To measure the satisfaction level of local retailers Review of Literature - Rajagopal (2012) in his “ Study on towards Best Price. point of sales promotions and buying stimulation in retail Hypothesis : stores” analyses buying behavior in reference to the point of H0 – There is no impact of Best Price on buying behavior of sales promotion offered by retailing firm and the determinates retailers in Indore of sensitivity towards stimulating shopping arousal and H1 – There is an impact of Best Price on buying behavior of satisfaction customer in order to build store loyalty have retailers in Indore been discussed in this paper. It is found that loyal customers Research Methodology - To research in a market is an are attracted to the store brands. inquiry designed and carried out to problem information to Adethya & Anand (2014) Research paper by Mr. Ghosh solve the problem. suggested about the information age which is data (a) Research Design - The research design will be warehouses, web services, XML, wireless, the internet and descriptive research. portals are a few technologies dominating the business page (b) Sample Design - Here we are taking Judgment of the daily newspaper. Distorted information from one end Sampling technique because we decide to draw the entire of a supply chain to the other can lead to tremendous sample from one small area of Indore even though, Indore inefficiencies. have an very vast area of retail market but it is not possible Rational of Study - Customers are the basic pillars on which to cover the whole city in this limited time periods. any organization may be small or large stands. They are (c) Sample Unit - Retailers of Indore and nearby Indore. the one that frame the path of success for the organization. (d) Sample Size - Questionnaires will give to And this post communication help lot to sustain customer approximately 200 customers who take their products from for long period of time, but this is only possible when one do Best Price as well as from Local Wholesalers. * Asst. Professor (Commerce) IPS Academy, Indore (M.P.) INDIA ** Principal, Shree Vaishnav Vanijaya Mahavidhayalaya, Indore (M.P.) INDIA *** Professor, Shree Vaishnav Vanijaya Mahavidhayalaya, Indore (M.P.) INDIA **** Professor, Shree Vaishnav Vanijaya Mahavidhayalaya, Indore (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 45

(e) Tools for Data Collection : Interpretation : Most of our customers are from Kirana 1. Primary data through questionnaire and observation shops and hotels. Fruits and vegetables & stationery shops 2. Secondary data through magazines, journals, articles provide more customers to our store. And rests of our and information through the organization customers are from caterers, school / college and office. (f) Tools for data analysis - Appropriate mathematical 3. How did you come to know about the store ? and statistical tools will be applied for analysis of the data SMS 2% namely Cable TV 0% 1. Percentage Analysis Radio 0% Analysis and Interpretation of Results Outdoor Hoardings 16% 1. Name of the Business Flyer 4% Reseller Organization Industry Others On ground activity in market 0% 70% 10% 20% 0% Visit by Best Associates 40% Invitations 12% Newspaper AD 20% Other People 6%

Interpretation : The above graph shows that 70% of business members are resellers, 20% are industry, 10% are organization. So the major portion of the business is catered by resellers. 2. What is the type of business that you are dealing with ? Kirana Shop 42% Fruits & Vegetables 10% Stationery Shop 12% Hotels 24% Interpretation : The above graph shows that 40% Restaurant 4% customers came to know about BPMW by the visit of the Caterer 4% best price associates then next by the advertisement which Office 2% regularly comes in newspaper and outdoor hoardings also School / College 2% helped them a lot while identifying the store. Others 0% 4. How will you take the stocks with you ? 3PL Own Vehicle 76% 24%

Interpretation : From the above pie it is clear that mostly members prefer 3PL rather than own vehicle. Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 46

5. Do you think that Best price modern wholesale store Interpretation : Through analysis we came to know that provide you with the required items of your need. customers are happy with the store visit. And they are ready All the Almost all All the nece- Some Very to visit the store again and again. Items the Items ssary Items Items Few 8. Will you recommend this store to other business 18% 30% 40% 8% 4% member ? Yes No 100% 0%

Interpretation : On the basis of availability the customers need for the entire necessary item is 40% which is the Interpretation : The affirmation of the customers for highest. For almost all items it is 30%. For all the items it is recommending the store to other business men was 100%. 18%. For some items it is 8% and the percentage of 9. How will you rank Best Price against other modern dissatisfactory customers is very few which 4% is. wholesale store in Indore ? 6. Customer Service Survey : V. good Good Equal Poor V. Poor Details Excellent Good Average Fair Poor 40 30 20 5 5 Staff was avail 44 34 12 6 4 able in a timely manner Staff greeted 22 36 14 22 6 you and offered to help you Staff was friendly 34 38 18 8 2 and cheerful throughout Staff showed 4 20 38 34 4 knowledge of the products/ services Staff answered 38 34 14 6 8 your questions Interpretation : The satisfaction level of the customers Interpretation : It is to be interpreted through this analysis was high as compared in the survey conducted by our team. that, Peoples here in Indore prefer more to have shopping The overall performance of the staff towards the customers their business goods through Best Price. was good. Findings : 7. Will you visit the Best Price store again ? 1. Most of the members are resellers as compare to Yes No organization and Industry 100% 0% 2. Kirana shops are highly engaged in this B2B marketing. 3. Membership drive plays the most important role in making the people aware about the BPMW. 4. Customers are more attracted towards best price store because its offers best product with good quality, regionable price and also because it also provide Kotak Mahindra credit facility. 5. Billing time taken at best price store is one the main drawback of the store. Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 47

6. As per the survey done it is found that people prefer Conclusion : more of the 3PL than own vechile. 1. Best Price Modern Wholesale distinguishes itself from 7. It is found that almost all the necessary items are the competitors with the help of largest collection of available in the store brands, Events and Activations. 8. As per the opinion of the customers staff of the BPMW 2. Best Price Modern Wholesale has a huge market store is almost up to the market. potential. 9. Keeping the facilities offered by ‘ Best Price’ store in 3. Customers are delighted by the variety and price of the mind people are more attracted and satisfied with product available in the store. services and products of the store and hence would 4. Unique market strategy adopted by best price modern recommend this store to others. wholesale store for providing wholesale products at 10. It is to be found that peoples here in Indore prefer Best cheaper rates compared to other wholesalers and Price to purchase their business products. distributors. Suggestions : 5. The concept of providing all materials under one roof for 1. BPMW Store should also concertrate and more link wholesale products is new of its kind and has the ups with organizations and industries so as to expand potential of attracting more customers. their business. References :- 2. As per customers it is found that BPMW store should 1. Rajagopal (2012) “ Study on point of sales promotions increase the Credit periods as per the customers need. and buying stimulation in retail stores”. 3. BPMW Store should increase the number of billing 2. Eldon M. Kenneth E. Miller ( 2009) “ The Post purchase counter during peak time/day so as to avoid the wastage communication” of time at counter or they have to enable auto billing 3. Robert A.Westbrook, (2013) “ Consumer satisfaction system in there entire store area and start educating for a large conventional department store” their customers/ members regarding this auto billing 4. http://www.bharti-walmart.in?AboutUs.aspx system. 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/retailing-in-india 4. BPMW store should give proper training session to their 6. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cash-and -carry- staff members according to their appointed sections. trade.htm

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Role of ICT & its impact on education

Dr. Manoj Mahajan * Dr. Sudhir Mahajan **

Abstract - A paradigm shift in the economy and society has been observed, for which transformation in the skills, capabilities and attitude of the masses is very much needed. The transformation requires a change in the delivery and method of education. In fact education is the backbone of a nation. Education system plays a major role in the required transformation. ICT plays a vital role in imparting education in modern scenario. ICT increases the flexibility of delivery of education so that learners can access knowledge anytime and from anywhere. It can influence the way students are taught and how they learn as now the processes are learner driven and not by teachers. This in turn would better prepare the learners for lifelong learning as well as to contribute to the industry. It can improve the quality of learning and thus contribute to the economy. The paper delineates in brief the impact of ICT on education. Key words - ICT, Society, Education, Impact. Introduction - Information communication and technology for efficient management of information. ICT refers to the (ICT) is one of the most important driving forces promoting form of technology which is used to transit, store, create, economic growth. The most discussed word today is share or exchange particular task. “Technology” which is continuously affecting our way of living Defining ICT is an umbrella term that includes any every day. In 20th century the rapid growth of technology led communication device or application – including radio, in rising the standard of living, literacy and health. And now television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware as we it moved on in 21st century Information and and software, and satellite systems, as well as the various Communication Technology (ICTs) brings to us both services and application associated with them, such as video opportunities and challenges. The impact inspired by the conferencing and distance learning. use of ICT can be both positive and negative. However what It has become a part and parcel of life. The discoveries it brings to an individual is totally dependent on how he/she and inventions in science have improved the speed of uses it (ICTs). communication and information share. By making use of Many countries across the globe are putting in place available tools, it is helping common man to fulfill his needs. policies and plans designed to transform their economies It has become an integral part of new era. into information and knowledge economy. Some of these Scope of ICT in education - With the internet and the countries implemented ICTs for socio-economic development worldwide web a wealth of learning materials in almost every as on area where they can establish global dominance to subject and in a variety of media can now be accessed from generate high quality employments to strengthen their lively anywhere at any time of the day and by an unlimited number hood. of people. One could ask whether these technologies will have an Improving the quality of education and training is a critical impact on education output and outcomes. As we see that issue, particularly at a time of educational expansion. ICT ICTs are being increasingly used in the sector of education, can enhance the quality of education in several ways: by indicators are required to measure the technology used and increasing learner motivation and engagement, by facilitating its impact on educational performance. There is also a need the acquisition of basic skills and by enhancing teacher to show that education should be seen as using technology training. not only as an end in itself, but as a means to promote ICT such as videos, television and multimedia computer creativity, empowerment and equality and produce efficient software that combine text, sound and colorful moving images learners and problem solvers. can be used to provide challenging & authentic content that Accordingly, the paper’s purpose is to study and review will engage the students in the learning process. few of the previous researches on impact of ICTs on education. Different mediums used to communicate information are Definition of ICT - ICT i.e. Information and Communication - Internet, Website, Digital books, Magazine and Library, Technology can be defined as use of hardware and software Electronic Libraries , Blog, Social networking websites, * Assistant Professor (Commerce) A.S.R.M. Govt. College, Sonkatch, Distt. Dewas (M.P.) INDIA ** Assistant Professor (Commerce) A.S.R.M. Govt. College, Sonkatch, Distt. Dewas (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 49

Virtual Classes, Search engine, Electronic encyclopedia, and very expensive E-Mail, Cloud based computing, Online Exams, Smart 3. It has provided facility of distance learning programs classes, Mobile learning etc. which are being continued in many universities, where Impact of ICT on education - There are considerable students can access teaching materials from all over benefits that ICT can bring to education. The Impact of ICT the world. in education has been assessed in various studies, mixed 4. In many countries where still education standard and result. It is difficult and may be even impossible to imagine literacy is way below than international standards future learning environment that are not supported by technologies helped to cross the geographical Information and Communication System. ICT promises of boundaries and has entered in remote areas though providing better to more people more efficiently rather than teleconferencing. doing it without the use of technology. Countries around the 5. ICT also has changed the experience of learning where world are immensely investing in ICT in education over the by more interactive learning software’s is being past few years. developed to teach subjects in an easier and Education is considered as one of the key pillars for understandable mode. the growth of an economy in a country. Education system 6. The cost earlier incurred on education material has is changing rapidly due to the new innovation in ICT which reduced due to ICTs use. Students now access the has led to the “Knowledge society also called ‘The knowledge information that they require in digital format. and information society.” 7. It helps to prepare individuals for the workspace in ICT acts as a stimulant and foster analytical thinking representing competitive edge in an increasingly and interdisciplinary studies. It networks the learner with globalizing job market. the peers and experts and develops collaborative atmosphere. 8. ICT has provided the ability to perform ‘impossible It plays the role of a guide and mentor by providing tailor experiments’ by using stimulations and performing it made instructions to meet individual needs. Multimedia helps several numbers of times. in enhancing the effectiveness of teaching-learning and hence 9. It has made possible for every individual student through proves crucial for learners. Modern ICT tools not only deliver learning programs within a topic, instead of several the content but also replicate formal learning experience via people doing the same thing at same time at same virtual learning. It makes education accessible to all type of speed. learners it caters to every single one of them, irrespective of 10. Technology today has improved the level of education the geographical barriers or resource constraints. Many by creative learning and also it assists in enhancing studies done in recent times have concluded that mobile teacher capabilities. learning can make a positive and significant difference in 11. New modes of teaching formats have developed leading the outcome performance than traditional methods of in higher quality education system. Example: - classroom lectures, notes and review. Electronic boards replacing traditional blackboards. In 21st century, every bit of information of the world is Negative Impact - Technology acts both positively and also available on the mobile and also people use these medium creates a negative effect on the society. Every new to be informed and stay connected to the world around them. technology we use today comes with both its pro’s and con’s. Where as, Mobile learning offers independent space and Technology makes people its addict, as person suffers from flexibility that comes from working away from the learning drug addiction there is also addiction technology. institute or tutor. It makes education accessible to all, 1. Students today are spending more time today online irrespective of geographical barriers or resource constraints. and getting less fresh air and exercise which have Not only this, in the recent few years many of the educational increased the possibilities of various kinds of diseases. institutes like schools and colleges have adopted ICT for 2. There are inadequate instructors trained to use the new training & teaching. Smart classes in schools and Virtual ICT gadgets due to obstacles they face in using the lectures and conferencing in colleges are been used. This technology. means that people understand the need of ICT where 3. There is a lack of proper infrastructural facilities in many everyone wants to become an edge better than the other. institutes which obstructs the flow of communication of Positive Impact - ICT has enabled more information to be information. readily available and shared through the use of the internet. 4. It has led to loss and shutdown of many publishing units The information now is readily accessible and cheap. This which resulted in unemployment. has led reduced load of books that students have to carry 5. Poor students still are unable to access this innovative with them previously. way of studying, which is ultimately acting as a factor 1. The amount of information available to students is vast, in creating ‘Digital Divide’. which has led to opportunities to explore the information 6. ICT is nothing until the manner of teaching with the use across the globe. of ICT is proper and effective. 2. ICT has helped to share and easier accessibility of book 7. A huge setup cost is incurred at the time of installation and scientific journal which was a few year back scare of such technique which is deferred revenue expenditure. Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 50

8. Students and sometimes teachers also gets hooked there exist some risks and drawbacks with introducing ICT up in technology aspect rather than subject content. in education which have to be mitigated and for this proper 9. ICT creates an impact and increases motivation to learn controls and licensing should be ensured. but soon it becomes the new normal. 10. Infringement of intellectual property due to illegal References :- download and sharing of unlicensed learning software’s. 1. wikispaces.com Conclusion - Wider availability of better practices and better 2. www.pressoffice.telefonica.com course material in education can be shared by means of 3. www.academia.edu ICT, which as a result can foster better and improved teaching. 4. www.edu.gov.mb.ca ICT can allow education institution to reach rural areas and 5. ICT: Changing education, 2001, Chris Abbott also allows them access to international educational forums. 6. Report of United Nations conference on trade and Improvement in delivery, method and efficiency of education development 2011 can thus influence students and would affect their lifelong 7. IQSR Journal of computer engineering vol.3 Issue 2 learning as well as their contribution to the society. However [July-Aug 2012]

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Problems And Challenges In Adopting IFRS In India : An Inquiry

* ** Dr. Abhay Pathak Neha Bhandari

Abstract - IFRS are the globally accepted accounting standards and interpretations adopted by the IASB.An upcoming economy on world economic map, India, too, decided to converge to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). In India, ICAI has decided to adopt the IFRS by April 2011.The paper attempts to show the impact of convergence to IFRS on financial position of the company. The secondary data is studied to know the impact of convergence to IFRS on financial position with the help of case study of WIPRO limited. It also discusses the challenges faced by firms in the process of adoption of IFRS in India. The paper concludes the ways through which these challenges can be addressed. Introduction - International Financial Accounting Standards his study of 1084 European Union firms during the period of (IFRS), formerly known as International Accounting (1995-2006), Cai & Wong (2010) in their study of global capital Standards (IAS) are the Standards, Interpretations and markets summarized that the capital markets of the countries Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial that have adopted IFRS have higher degree of integration statements adopted by the International Accounting among them after their IFRS adoption as compared to the Standards Board (IASB). IAS was issued in 1973 and 2001 period before the adoption. Paananen & Lin (2009) gave a by the board of the Internal Accounting Standards Committee contrary view to prior research that IFRS adoption ensures (IASC). On April 1 2001 the new IASB took over the better quality of accounting information. Their analysis of responsibility of setting International Accounting Standards German companies reporting showed that accounting from IASC. It has since then continued to develop standards information quality has worsened with the adoption of IFRS called as the new standards IFRS. IFRS is a set of over time. They also suggested that this development is international accounting and reporting standards that will less likely to be driven by new adopters of IFRS but is driven help to harmonize company financial information, improve by the changes of standards. Lantto & Sahlstrom (2009) in the transparency of accounting, and ensure that investors their study of key financial ratios of companies of Finland receive more accurate and consistent reports. The use of found that the adoption of IFRS changes the magnitude of common set of accounting standards throughout the world the key accounting ratios. The study also showed that the provides an easy way of comparability and transparency of adoption of Fair Value Accounting rules and stricter financial information. It also reduces the cost of preparing requirements on certain Accounting issues are the reasons financial statements. A constant use of accounting standards for the changes observed in Accounting Figures and financial provide higher quality information which enables the investors ratios. Chand & White (2007) in their paper on convergence to make a better decision, indirectly fund will allocate in of Domestic Accounting Standards and IFRS, demonstrated more efficient manner in the market and the company can that the influence of Multinational Enterprises and large reduce its overall cost of capital. international accounting firms can lead to transfer of Objectivies : economic resources in their favor, wherein the public interests 1. To study the benefits of convergence to IFRS. are usually ignored. Elena et al (2009) in their article dealing 2. To study the Problems and Challenges faced in the with the issues of convergence between US Generally process of Convergence to IFRS. Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and IFRS were of 3. To focus on the Measures taken to address the the opinion that the adoption of IFRS in the USA undoubtedly Challenges. would mark a significant change for many US companies. It Literature Review - Armstrong et al (2010) found out a would require a shift to a more principles-based approach, positive reaction to IFRS adoption events for firms with high place for greater reliance on management (and auditor) quality pre adoption information, consistent with investors judgment, and spur major changes in company processes expecting net convergence benefits from IFRS adoption. In and systems. 5 Ali & Ustundag (2009) in their paper on * Professor (Commerce) Govt. Commerce College, Ratlam (M.P.) INDIA ** Research Scholar, Govt. Commerce College, Ratlam (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 52 development process of Financial Reporting Standards benefiting the industrial and capital markets in the country around the World and its practical results in a developing which lead to better economy across the country country, Turkey. They observe that Turkey has encountered Major Challenges In The Process Of Adoption Of Ifrs In several complications in adaption of IFRS such as complex India - IFRS is a set of international accounting and reporting structure of the International standards, potential knowledge standards which will help to harmonize company financial shortfalls and other difficulties in application and enforcement information, improve the transparency of accounting, and issues. Epstein (2009) in his article on Economic Effects of ensure that investors receive more accurate and consistent IFRS adoption emphasized on the fact that universal financial reports. Despite several benefits as may be looked out by reporting standards will increase market liquidity, decrease the different people, there will be several challenges that will transaction costs for investors, lower cost of capital and be faced on the way of IFRS convergence. facilitate international capital formation and flows. 1. Difference in GAAP and IFRS - Adoption of IFRS Beneficiaries Of Convergence With IFRS - The means that the entire set of financial statements will be researchers have pointed out several beneficiaries to the required to go through a severe change. There are ample of convergence of Indian Generally Accepted Accounting differences. It is the challenge to generate awareness of Principles (GAAP) with IFRS. Some of them are discussed IFRS and to identify its impact among the users of financial here below. statements. 1. The Investors - Convergence of Indian Accounting 2. Training:- Lack of training amenities and academic Standards with IFRS makes accounting information more courses on IFRS will also pose challenge in India. There is reliable, relevant, timely and comparable across different legal a need to be educated on IFRS and its application.IFRS and economic frameworks and requirements since it would has been implemented with effect from 2011;but it is observed then be prepared by using a common set of accounting that there is acute shortage of trained IFRS staff.The Institute standards which will facilitate the investors who willing to of Charted Accountants of India (ICAI) has started IFRS invest in the countries apart from India. It will also develop Training programmes for its members and other interested better understanding of financial statements worldwide which parties. increase the confidence among the people as investors. 3. Legal and Regulatory considerations - Presently 2. The Industry - The other important set of beneficiary the the reporting requirements are governed by various regulators researchers came across is the industry which in the event in India and their provisions override other laws. IFRS does of convergence with IFRS will be benefited because of some not recognize such overriding laws. The regulatory and legal basic reasons. Firstly it will enhance confidence in the minds requirements in India will act as a challenge unless the same of the foreign investors, secondly, it decreases the burden laws have addressed by respective regulatory. of financial reporting, thirdly, it would make the process of 4. Taxation - Currently,Indian Tax Laws do not recognize preparing the individual and group financial statements easier the Accounting Standards.Therefore,a complete overhaul of and simplest, and the last and important one is that this will Tax Laws is the major challenge faced by the Indian Law reduce cost of preparing the financial statements using Makers immediately.In july 2009,a committee was formed different sets of accounting standards. by Ministry of Corporate Affairs of Government of India,with 3. Accounting Professionals - However, there would be a view to identify the various legal and regulatory changes initially many problems but convergence with IFRS would required for convergence and to prepare a roadmap for surely benefit the accounting professionals and it will be achieving the same. helpful them to sell their talent and expertise across the 5. Management compensation plan - This is because globe. the financial results under IFRS are likely to be very different 4. The corporate world - Convergence with IFRS would from those under the Indian GAAP.The contracts would have build the reputation and long lasting relationship of the Indian to be re-negotiated by changing terms and conditions corporate world with the international financial entities. relating to management compensation plans. Moreover, the corporate entities back in India would be 6. Measurement using fair value - Fair value approach benefited because of several reasons. The higher level of is used by IFRS as a measurement base for valuing the consistency will be maintained between external and internal majority of the items of financial statements. The application reporting, two, because of better access to global financial of fair value accounting can bring a lot of volatility and markets, three, it will improve the risk rating and makes the subjectivity to the financial statements. It also involves a lot corporate world more and more competitive globally as their of hard work in finding the fair value and experts valuation comparability with the global competitors will increase. have to be used. 5. The Economy - All the discussions made above explains 7. Reporting systems - Companies would have to make how convergence with IFRS would help industry grow and is sure that the existing business reporting model is amended beneficial to the corporate entities in the country as this to go well with the reporting requirements of IFRS. The would make the internal and external highly consisted, and information systems should be planned to capture new it will report improvement in the risk rating among the foreign requirements related to fixed assets, segment disclosures, investors. Moreover, the international comparability is also related party transactions, etc. Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 53

Measures That Should Be Taken To Address The convergence to IFRS are creditable and give the positive Challenges : idea that the country is ready for convergence. Keeping in 1. The companies should follow the recommendations mind the fact that IFRS is more a principle based approach given by Accounting Standard board for changes required with limited implementation and application guidance all in rules and regulations of various regulatory bodies. accountants whether practicing or non practicing have to 2. The companies should use the interpretations of participate and contribute effectively to the convergence accounting standards issued by ICAI, with a view to process so the need is to have a systematic approach to resolve various complicated interpretational issues make the organization and the investors ready for the change arising in the implementation of new accounting and the standards ready for renovation. standards. References :- 3. Companies should take benefit of the guidance notes, 1. Poria, Saxena, Vandana, 2009, IFRS Implementation background materials on newly issued accounting and Challenges in India, MEDC Monthly Economic standards issued by ICAI. Digest. 4. For the purpose of supporting its members, the ICAI 2. Prof. Jyoti H. Pohane, International Indexed & Referred council has created an expert advisory committee to Research Journal, ISSN- 2250-2556; VoL. I *ISSUE-1, answer queries from its members. Companies can ask April, 2012. to the experts for resolving the critical issues. 3. Prof. Dr. Ravi Sharma, IFRS THE WAYAHEAD, Conclusion - The switching over to IFRS is a major challenge, International Referred Research Journal ISSN- 0975- but it is also an opportunity for investors,company,and 3486 VOL,I *ISSUE-9 RNI: RAJBIL /2009/30097 professionals to review their programs,practice and procedure 4. Link: http://www.icai.org/resources more effective and efficient. convergence with IFRS is strongly 5. Mukherjee, Kanchan, 2010, IFRS Adoption: Cut-Over recommended because the measures taken by ICAI and Challenges, The Chartered Accountant, 59 (6) pp 68- the other regulatory bodies to facilitate the smooth 75.

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Financial Performance of General Insurance in Indian Insurance Industry

* ** Dr. N. K. Patidar Nidhi Saxena

Abstract - The performance of the company plays a leading role towards the growth of the industry which ultimately leads to the overall success of the economy. The present study attempts to examine the financial performance of Indian general insurance on the basis of various parameters. For measuring it, various financial ratios have been calculated taking into consideration liquidity, solvency, profitability and leverage of the insurance players. Generally, performance can be estimated by measuring the profitability of firm and insurers. In order to accomplish the aim, the study determines the impact of liquidity, solvency, leverage, size and equity capital on the profitability of general insurance in India. The sample for this study includes 18 Indian general insurance (including 1 public and 17 private) and it analyses the data of 5 years from 2007-08 to 2011-12. The study uses multiple linear regression model to measure the extent to which these determinants exert impact on life insurers profitability. The results of the study reveal that profitability of life insurers is positively influenced by liquidity and size and negatively related with capital. Profitability does not show any relationship with solvency and insurance leverage.

Introduction - Insurance is the backbone in managing the one life insurance company operating in India i.e. Life risk of the country. The insurance providers offer diversity of Insurance Corporation (LIC) in the public sector. Indian products to business, providing protection from risk thereby government allowed privatization in insurance industry in ensuring financial security. It helps individual and organization 1999 setting up Insurance Regulatory Development Authority to minimize the consequences of risk which impart significant (IRDA) to regulate and develop insurance industry. IRDA cause on the growth and development of insurance industry. issued licenses and has opened life insurance market to Indian insurance industry is facing major challenges in private companies. As a result, insurance sector in India reaching out willing customers, providing them services, has grown at a rapid rate after liberalization in 1999 and acquiring and retaining players, product and distribution private players have been allowed to enter in life insurance innovation etc. Apart from addressing the challenges of market in India. The Indian Life insurance industry expanded customers, improving the performance to achieve profitable tremendously from 2000 onwards in terms of premium growth is another big challenge faced by Indian life insurers. income, new business policies, number of offices, agents, To sustain the profitable growth, private companies are products, riders etc. Insurance industry in India is moving struggling in spreading awareness about need of insurance, through a phase of high growth which is led by players who developing brand strength, meeting regulatory demands, tries to change the dynamics of market through modernization establishing wide network of distribution channels and setting and improvement. Presently in 2012-13 there are 23 private infrastructure. Life insurance sector anticipate different life insurers and 1 public life insurers operating in India. segments of customers with different needs thereby raising According to McKinsey study 2007, it was estimated that the importance of new and competitive dynamics. To emerge India is likely to emerge as the fifth largest market in the as winners they reconsider strategies which help them to world by 2025. have a sustainable and profitable business. According to Objectives of the Study - The present study made an Mckinsey and Company (2012), consumer rank life attempt to examine the financial performance of general insurance higher than any other investment options because insurance in Indian insurance industry. of its ease and convenience in investing, tax benefits, and 1. To measure the financial performance of selected life tax protection. Among all investments options in India, life insurers during time period taken under the study. insurance products enjoy high popularity and demand. 2. To determine the impact of liquidity, solvency, leverage, Growth of general insurance Industry - At the time of size and equity capital on the profitability of life insurers. opening of the insurance sector in India there was no cut Research Methodology - The study has taken 18 general throat competition in the market. Till 2000, there was only insurance depending upon the availability of data. The study * Professor (Commerce) Govt. College, Pipliya Mandi, Dist.t Mandsaur (M.P.) INDIA ** Research Scholar, Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 55 is based upon secondary data which has been collected performance. For measuring financial performance, financial from annual reports of IRDA. Besides, a few websites have ratios such as current ratio, solvency ratio, return on assets been consulted. The study covers the time period of 5 financial ratio and insurance leverage ratio have been calculated. The years i.e. 2007-08 to 2011-12. For determining the financial study evaluated that public sector player LIC has sound performance, financial ratios like current ratio, solvency ratio, liquidity position among all life insurers. As far as private return on asset ratio and leverage ratio is calculated for each players are concerned Companies like Future Generali, IDBI, life insurers taking into consideration liquidity, solvency, Sahara, Shri Ram and SBI life have sound liquidity position. profitability and leverage of the company. The study uses In case of solvency position, life insurers like Aviva, Bajaj multiple linear regression model to measure the extent to Allianz, IDBI, Max Life, Sahara and SBI life insurance have which these determinants exert impact on life insurers higher solvency ratio as compared to others. Public life insurer profitability. For this purpose, the firm characteristics such is showing stability in its solvency position in five years. as liquidity ratio, solvency ratio, leverage ratio, size and Return on asset measure of Bajaj Allianz and ICICI prudential equity share capital are regressed against Return on Assets. sounds good. The ratio is stable and presents a healthy The assumptions of regression analysis like normality, picture of public insurer. As far as leverage analysis is stationarity and auto correlation have been checked. The concerned the performance of LIC is far better than that of growth rate of life insurers is calculated by taking natural log private players. Regression analysis of the study shows that of variable year wise and thereby examining beta value. profitability has significant positive relationship with liquidity Software E-Views 6 has been used for obtaining regression and size. On the other hand there is significantly negatively results. relationship between profitability and capital. The result also Profitability Analysis - Return on assets is a profitability illustrates that profitability has no significant relationship with ratio which measures how far a company is profitable in solvency and insurance leverage. It is therefore imperative relation to its total assets. ROA tells the investor how well a to identify factors which can help insurance companies and company uses its assets to generate income. It is a key investors to increase their profitability. indicator of the overall productivity of the company, and shows References :- the percentage of profit, company earns in relative to its 1. Chaudhary, S.,Kiran, P. (2011) “Life Insurance Industry total resources. A negative ROA suggests that a company in India - Current Scenario” International Journal of is not properly utilizing its capital, and may have disputed Management & Business Studies, Vol 1, Issue 3, pp management. A company with negative ROA, means it is 146-150. investing a high amount of capital into its production and 2. Darzi, T.A. “Financial Performance of Insurance Industry simultaneously receiving little income. The company can In Post Liberalization Era In India” Thesis, University of have a high return on assets even if it is bearing low profit Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar. margin. 3. Gour1. B, Gupta. M.C (2012), “A Review on Solvency Conclusion of the Study - The study has aimed to examine Margin in Indian Insurance Companies” International the financial performance of Indian life insurance companies Journal of Recent Research and Review, Vol. II, pp 43- through analyzing the determinants of their profitability. 47. Measuring the performance of insurance companies has 4. Gulati, N.C., Jain, C. M. (2011) “Comparative Analysis gained the relevance because they are not only providing of the Performance of All the Players of the Indian Life the mechanism of saving money and transferring risk but Insurance Industry” VSRD-IJBMR, Vol. 1, No 8, pp 561- also helps to channel funds in an appropriate way from 569 ISSN: 2223-9553 surplus economic units to deficit economic units so as to 5. Malik, H. (2011) “Determinants Of Insurance Companies support the investment activities in the economy. Profitability: An Analysis of Insurance Sector Of Performance of companies can affect economy as a whole Pakistan” Academic Research International Vol. 1, Issue and therefore it requires empirical analysis to judge the 3, pp 315-- 321.

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_.‡. gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H{$›– g{ ghm`Vm, AZwXmZ H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

S>m∞. Eb. EZ. e_m© *

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VmobH$m 2 - (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß 40 ‡oVeV d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{e, N>ŒmrgJ∂T> VmobH$m H´$ß. 2 H{$ oZÓH$f© Bg ‡H$ma h¢ :- g{ 24 ‡oVeV d•o’ Xa _{ß [rN{> h°& df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß 1. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ _{ß _‹`‡X{e _{ß -100 ‡oVeV O]oH$ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß 333 ‡oVeV H$r am¡` Am`m{OZmJV `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ df© 2012-13, g{ 2015- d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{e, N>ŒmrgJ∂T> g{ 433 ‡oVeV d•o’ Xa 16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß _{ß [rN{> h° & df© 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß _‹`‡X{e _{ß 00 ‡oVeV 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 06 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© O]oH$ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß 10 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB™& Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{e Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h°, [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß ,N>ŒmrgJ∂T> g{ d•o’ Xa _{ß 10 ‡oVeV [rN{> h°& 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 76 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> 3. H{$›–r` Am`m{OZmJV `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ oMßVm H$m odf` h°& 2013-14 _{ß _‹`‡X{e _{ß 28 ‡oVeV O]oH$ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß 8 2. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ _{ß ‡oVeV d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{e N>ŒmrgJ∂T> g{ 20 ‡oVeV H{$›– ‡m`m{oOV Am`m{OZmJV `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ 2012-13, d•o’ Xa _{ß AmJ{ h°& df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß _‹`‡X{e _{ß 38 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©&O]oH$ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß 162 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& 293 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© h°, Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h°& [aßVw 2013-14 g{ Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{e N>ŒmrgJ∂T> g{ 124 ‡oVeV d•o’ Xa _{ß [rN{> h°& 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß df© 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß _‹`‡X{e _{ß -9 ‡oVeV O]oH$ 323 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB© h° Om{ oMßVm H$m H$maU h°& N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß 11 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{e 2014- 3. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ _{ß 15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß N>ŒmrgJ∂T> g{ d•o’ Xa _{ß 20 ‡oVeV AmJ{ h°& H{$›–r` Am`m{OZmJV `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ 2012-13, 2013-14 4. Am`m{OZm o^fi AZwXmZ _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 _{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 154 ‡oVeV _‹`‡X{e _{ß 11 ‡oVeV O]oH$ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß 25 ‡oVeV d•o’ hwB©& H$r d•o’ hwB©, Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{e df© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 _{ß N>ŒmrgJ∂T> g{ VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 151 ‡oVeV H$r 14 ‡oVeV d•o’ Xa _{ß [rN{> h°& df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m odf` h°& _‹`‡X{e _{ß 47 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& O]oH$ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß 6 ‡oVeV 4. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ _{ß H$r d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{e N>ŒmrgJ∂T> g{ 41 ‡oVeV d•o’ Am`m{OZm o^fi AZwXmZ H{$ ob`{ _{ß df© 2012-13, g{ 2015-16 Xa _{ß AmJ{ h°& df© 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß _‹`‡X{e _{ß -36 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß ‡oVeV O]oH$ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß 01 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 19 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB©, _‹`‡X{e N>ŒmrgJ∂T> g{ d•o’ Xa _{ß 37 ‡oVeV [rN{> h°& Om{ oM›Vm H$m odf` h° VWm 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 5. Hw$b H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 05 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> ^r _‹`‡X{e _{ß 18 ‡oVeV O]oH$ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß 18 ‡oVeV d•o’ hwB©& oMßVm H$m odf` h°& Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{e N>ŒmrgJ∂T> g{ 00 ‡oVeV d•o’ Xa _{ß AmJ{ h°& 5. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ _{ß df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß _‹`‡X{e _{ß 101 ‡oVeV O]oH$ df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012- N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß 96 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{e N>ŒmrgJ∂T> 13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa g{ 05 ‡oVeV d•o’ Xa _{ß AmJ{ h°& df© 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß _{ß 78 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ _‹`‡X{e _{ß 01 ‡oVeV O]oH$ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß -11 ‡oVeV H$r 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{e N>ŒmrgJ∂T> g{ d•o’ Xa _{ß 12 ‡oVeV 107 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> ode{f oMßVm H$m odf` h°& AmJ{ h°& VmobH$m 3 - (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) gwPmd - VmobH$m H´$ß. 3 H{$ oZÓH$f© Bg ‡H$ma h¢ :- 1. My±oH$ _.‡. Edß H{$›– _{ß EH$ hr [mQ>r© H$r gaH$ma{{ß hm{Z{ g{ am¡` 1. am¡` Am`m{OZmJV `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ df© 2012-13 g{ 2013- Am`m{OZmJV `m{OZmAmß{{ h{Vw ¡`mXm g{ ¡`mXm amoe H{$›– g{ b{Z{ H$m 14 _{ß _‹`‡X{e _{ß 21 ‡oVeV O]oH$ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß 07 ‡oVeV âgH$ ‡`mg H$aZm MmohE& BgH{$ obE am¡` H{$ AoYH$mna`m{ß H$m{ Bg d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{e, N>ŒmrgJ∂T> g{ 14 ‡oVeV d•o’ Xa _{ß ]mV H$m A‹``Z H$aZm hm{Jm oH$ H{$›– Bg erf©H$ H{$ A›VJ©V oH$Z- AmJ{ h°& df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß _‹`‡X{e _{ß 274 ‡oVeV oH$Z `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß ghm`Vm, AZwXmZ X{Vr h°& CZH{$ AoYH$V_ ‡ÒVmd O]oH$ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß 13 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{e H{$›– H$m{ ‡{ofV H$a CZ [a amoe ÒdrH•$V H$adm H$a ‡X{e V{Or odH$mg N>ŒmrgJ∂T> g{ 261 ‡oVeV d•o’ Xa _{ß AmJ{ h°°& df© 2014-15 g{ _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m AXm H$aZm MmohE& Bg erf©H$ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma 2015-16 _{ß _‹`‡X{e _{ß 10 ‡oVeV O]oH$ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß -63 H$r VwbZm _{ß _.‡. oÒWoV g›Vm{fOZH$ h°& ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{e 2014-15 g{ 2015- 2. H{$›– ‡m`m{oOV Am`m{OZmJV `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß ^r am¡` H{$ AoYH$mna`m{ß 16 _{ß N>ŒmrgJ∂T> g{ d•o’ Xa _{ß 73 ‡oVeV AmJ{ h°& H$m{ `h ‡`mg H$aZm MmohE oH$ H{$›– H$r ‹`mZ Bg Am°a IrM{ß oH$ 2. H{$ß– ‡m`m{oOV Am`m{OZmJV `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ df© 2012-13 g{ VmoH$ H{$›– AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ H{$›– ‡m`m{oOV `m{OZmE{ß ‡X{e H$m{ 2013-14 _{ß _‹`‡X{e _{ß 16 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ o_b{ VmoH$ ‡X{e _{ß V{Or g{ odH$mg hm{& Bg erf©H$ _{ß N>ŒmrgJT> Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 58

gaH$ma H$r VwbZm _{ß _.‡. H$r oÒWoV oM›Vm OZH$ h°& hmD$g, ZB© oXÑr & 3. H{$›– Am`m{OZmJV `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß ^r am¡` H$m{ `h ‡`mg H$aZm MmohE 5. [dZ Hw$_ma, bm{H$ AW©emÛ, 2015, `yoZdog©Q>r [o„bH{ e›g, ZB© oH$ BgH$m bm^ ‡X{e H$m{ AoYH$V_ o_b{ BVZm gwZham Adga EH$ oXÑr & XeH$ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ‡m· hwAm oH$ ‡X{e d H{$›– _{ß g_mZ odMmaYmam H$r 6. S>r.EZ. JwQy©> , bm{H$ odŒm og’mßV Edß Ï`dhma, 2014, H$m∞b{O ]wH$ [mQ>r© gŒmm _{ß h°& AV: ‡X{e H{$ odH$mg H$m `h ÒdoU©_ `wJ h°& AV: oS>[m{, O`[wa & AoYH$V_ ‡`mg H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& Bg erf©H$ _{ß N>ŒmrgJT> gaH$ma 7. [r.S>r. _mh{Ìdar, erbMßX Jw·m, CÉ AmoW©H$ odÌb{fU, 2015, H$r VwbZm _{ß _.‡. gaH$ma H$m\$r [rN{> h°& AV: l{ÓR>V_ ‡`mg H$r H°$bme [wÒVH$ gXZ, ^m{[mb & AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& 8. S.N.Chand , Public Finance 2012 Part II Atlantic, 4. Am`m{OZm o^ﬁ AZwXmZ ^r am¡` H{$ odH$mg _{ß Ah_ ^yo_H$m AXm Publishers , Distributors (P)Ltd. New Delhi 9. Arjun Y. Pangannavar , Public Finance, Principles H$aVm h°& AV: erf©H$ _{ß oH$Z-oH$Z _Xm{ _{ß H{$›– g{ AZwXmZ ‡mﬂV hm{ ,Policies and Practices 2014, Atlantic Publishers gH$Vm h°& A‹``Z [ÌMmV≤ V{Or g{ ‡`mg H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& Bg Distributors (P) Ltd. New Delhi erf©H$ _{ß N>ŒmrgJT> gaH$ma H$r VwbZm _{ß _.‡. gaH$ma H$r oÒWoV 10. S.N.Chand , Public Finance 2012 Part I Atlantic, R>rH$ R>rH$ h° [a›Vw Am°a A¿N{> ‡`mg H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& Publishers , Distributors (P)Ltd. New Delhi 5. Hw$b H{$›– g{ ghm`Vm ,AZwXmZ _{ß H{$›– _{ß ^m.O.[m. H$r gaH$ma AmZ{ 11. Sudhanshu Bhushan , Public Financing and Deregulated Fees in Indian Higher Education 2012 Book H{$ [ÌMmV≤ _.‡. _{ß Bg erf©H$ _{ß H$m\$r V{Or g{ `m{JXmZ _{ß d•o’ hwB© h°& Well New Delhi [a›Vw 2014-15 H$r VwbZm 2015-16 _{ß `h d•o’ Xa ]hwV 12. R.L.Sehgal ,R.Asthana , Financing , Pricing and Cost g›Vm{fOZH$ Zht h°& ]oÎH$ Xm{Zm{ß dfm} _{ß H{$›– ghm`Vm ,AZwXmZ Recovery of Urban Infrastructure 2012 Book WellNew bJ^J g_mZ h°& [a›Vw N>ŒmrgJT> gaH$ma H$r VwbZm _{ß _.‡. gaH$ma Delhi H$r oÒWoV ]hwV A¿N>r h° o\$a ^r g_` H$r AZwHw$bVm H$m bm^ CR>mH$a 13. Deepak Chawla , Neena Sondhi , Research , Methodology Concepts and cases 2014 l{ÓR>H$a ‡`mg H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& 14. Naveen Shodh Sansar ISSN 2320-8767(International) gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- Impact Factor 1.9411(2015) 1. E_.S>r. AJ´dmb, Jm{[mb ogßh, AmoW©H$ odÌb{fU 2015, Ama.]r.S>r. 15. Divya Shodh Samiksha ISSN 2394-3807 (International) [o„boeßJ hmD$g, ZB© oXÑr & Impact Factor 1.7591 (2015) 2. ]r.E_.O°Z, nagM© _°œS>m{bm∞Or 2015, nagM© [o„bH{$e›g, O`[wa& 16. Budget, Govt.of Madhya Pradesh, Year 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015, 2015-2016 3. __Vm O°Z, oXZ{e oÃ[mR>r, _m°o–H$ AW©emÛ, 2014, nagM© 17. Budget, Govt. of Chattisgarh, Year 2012-2013, 2013- [o„bH{$e›g, O`[wa & 2014, 2014-2015, 2015-2016 4. am_‡H$me ogßhb, odŒmr` j{Ã H{$ gwYma, 2012, oh_mb`m [o„boeßJ

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_‹`‡X{e Edß N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$mam{ß H{$ H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ H{$ AßVJ©V _‹`‡X{e Edß N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$mam{ß H{$ H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ H{$ AßVJ©V H{$ß– ‡m`m{oOV Am`m{OZmJV `m{OZmAm{ß H$r d•o’ Xa (‡oVeV _{ß) Am`m{OZm o^ﬁ AZwXmZ H$r d•o’ Xa (‡oVeV _{ß)

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************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 61

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I 62 obßJ dJ© Hw$b ‡oVeV d°dmohH$ Hw$b ‡oVeV C[am{∫$ VmobH$m Edß J´m\$ H{$ AmYma [a `h kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ Hw$b 200 oddaU ]r_mYmaH$m{ß _{ bmB\$ H{$ OrdZ ]r_m Hß$[oZ`m{ß _{ß gdm©oYH$ 99 ‡oVeV [wÍ$f 140 70 oddmohV 130 65 EbAmBgr ^maVr` OrdZ ]r_m oZJ_ Edß oZOr Hß$[oZ`m{ß _{ß 77 ‡oVeV _ohbm 60 30 AoddmohV 70 35 Eg]rAmB bmB\$ g{ gdm©oYH$ [naoMV h°& oZOr _{ß gdm©oYH$ Hw$b 200 100 Hw$b 200 100 Eg]rAmBbmB\$ H$m{ gdm©oYH$ OmZV{ h¢ß & Ï`dgm` Hw$b ‡oVeV e°joUH$ Hw$b ‡oVeV OrdZ ]r_m _{ß oZd{e H$m H$maU - OrdZ ]r_m _{ß oZd{e H{$ H$maUm{ß H{$ (occupation) oddaU obE Am`H$a g{ Ny>Q>, ]MV H{$ Í$[ _{ß , Om{oI_ g{ gwajm, CoMV naQ>Z© H$m{ H$_©Mmar 76 38 ÒZmVH$ g{ 26 13 AmYma _mZm J`m h°& H$_ VmobH$m H´$. 3 - OrdZ ]r_m _{ß oZd{e H$m H$maU Ï`dgm`r 60 30 ÒZmVH$ 68 34 oddaU CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H$r gßª`m [{e{da 34 17 ÒZmVH$m{Œma 70 35 gmd© ‡oVeV H´$_ oZOr ‡oVeV H´$_ H•$fH$ 18 09 Ï`dgmo`H$/ 36 18 Am`H$a g{ Ny>Q> h{Vw 34 34 1 18 18 3 BßOroZ`naßJ odoZ`m{J H{$ Í$[ _{ß 23 23 3 15 15 4 oS>J´r gwajm H{$ —oÓQ>H$m{ßU g{ 28 28 2 25 25 2 A›` 12 06 Hw$b 200 100 CoMV naQ>Z© H$m{ 15 15 4 42 42 1 Hw$b 200 100 ‹`mZ _{ aIH$a C[am{∫$ VmobH$mAm{ß H{$ AmYma [a `h kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ OrdZ ]r_m _{ß Am`w Hw$b 100 100 100 100 dJ© 30-40 df© ‡oVoZoYÀd gdm©oYH$ 35 ‡oVeV , [wÍ$fm{ß Edß _ohbmAm{ß MmQ©> gßª`m 2 H$m ‡oVeV H´$_e: 70 Edß 30 ‡oVeV h°& gdm©oYH$ Am` dJ© 30,000- 40,000 H$m gdm©oYH$ ‡oVeV 31 ahm h°& gdm©oYH$ 38 ‡oVeV H$_©Mmar dJ© H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd OrdZ ]r_m _{ß [m`m J`m& J´mhH$m{ß H$m{ OrdZ ]r_m oZJ_ Ed Hß$[oZ`m{ß H$r OmZH$mar - J´mhH$mß{ H$r OrdZ ]r_m Hß$[oZ`m{ß H{$ ‡oV OmZH$mar H$m{ Am∞H$∂S>m{ß H$m{ oZÂZ gmaUr ¤mam Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m J`m h° - VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 2- OrdZ ]r_m Hß$[Zr H$r OmZH$mar H{$ ‡oV —oÓQ>H$m{U ]r_mH$Vm© Hß$[Zr Hw$b gßª`m ‡m· gßª`m ‡oVeV Eg]rAmB bmB\$ 200 154 77 EMS>rE\$gr ÒQ°> S>S©> 200 141 70.5 AmBgrAmBgrAmB ‡m{S{>o›e`b 200 139 69.5 [rEZ]r _°Q>bmB\$ 200 130 65 EbAmBgr 200 198 99 _°∑g bmB\$ 200 124 62 C∫$ VmobH$m g{ gmd©OoZH$ oZJ_ H{$ ]r_mYmaH$m{ß H$r —oÓQ> g{ OrdZ ]r_m _{ß MmQ©> gßª`m 1 : Hß$[oZ`m{ß H{$ OmZH$mar oZd{e H$m gdm©oYH$ 34 ‡oVeV H$maU Am`H$a _{ß Ny>Q> ‡m· H$aZm h°,dht oZOr j{Ã H{$ ]r_mYmaH$ gdm©oYH$ 42 ‡oVeV CoMV naQ>Z© H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIV{ h¢ & ]r_mYmaH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma OrdZ ]r_m _{ oZd{e H{$ obE Hß$[Zr H{$ M`Z H$m H$maU - Hß$[Zr H{$ ‡^mdr VÀdm{ß _{ß Hß$[Zr H$r gmI Edß odŒmr` [maXoe©Vm ,erK´ Xmdm oZ[Q>mam, CÀ[mX H$m ‡^md, Hw$eb J´mhH$ g{dm H$m{ emo_b oH$`m J`m h°& VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 4 : Hß$[Zr M`Z H{$ H$maU Hß$[Zr H{$ M`Z CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H$r gßª`m H$m H$maU gmd© ‡oVeV H´$_ oZOr ‡oVeV H´$_ H$Â[Zr H$r gmI Edß 43 43 1 27 27 2 odŒmr` odÌdgZr`Vm erK´ Xmdm oZ[Q>mam 31 31 2 26 26 3 CÀ[mX H$m ‡^md 13 13 3 37 37 1 J´mhH$ g{dm 13 13 3 10 10 4 Hw$b 100 100 100 100 Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. 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MmQ©> gßª`m 3 C[am{∫$ VmobH$m Edß J´m\$ H{$ AmYma [a `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ oZJ_ H{$ gß]ßY _{ß ]r_mYmaH$ gdm©oYH$ 33 ‡oVeV oZJ_ H$r odÌdgZr` ]´m S> g{ ‡^modV hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU, dht oZOr Hß$[oZ`m{ß H{$ gß]ßY _{ß gdm©oYH$ 35 ‡oVeV CoMV naQ>Z© H{$ H$maU [m∞obgr H$m M`Z H$aV{ h¢ & odkm[Z H$m ‡^mdr _m‹`_ - odkm[Z H{$ ‡^mdr _m‹`_m{ß _{ß Q{>brodOZ Edß a{oS>`m{ß _{ß ‡gmaU, g_mMma [Ã-[oÃH$mAm{ß _{ß ‡H$meZ, B›Q>aZ{Q> ¤mam odo^ﬁ gmBQ>≤g Edß A›` _m‹`_m{ß H{$ AßVJ©V hm{oS©Ωg, ]´m{eg© AmoX H$m{ _mZm J`m h°- VmobH$m H´$.6 : odkm[Z H$m ‡^mdr _m‹`_ odkm[Z H$m _m‹`_ ]r_mYmaH$ gmd© ‡oVeV H´$_ oZOr ‡oVeV H´$_ Q{>brodOZ Edß a{oS>`m{ 32 32 2 35 35 1 g_mMma [Ã-[oÃH$mE± 35 35 1 27 27 3 B›Q>aZ{Q> 25 25 3 33 33 2 A›` 08 08 4 05 05 4 Hw$b 100 100 100 100 C∫$ VmobH$m _{ß ]r_mYmaH$ ^maVr` OrdZ ]r_m oZJ_ H$m{ gmI Edß odŒmr` MmQ©> gßª`m 5 : odkm[Z H$m ‡^mdr _m‹`_ odÌdgZr`Vm H{$ H$maU gdm©oYH$ 43 ‡oVeV, oZOr j{Ã H{$ gdm©oYH$ 37 ‡oVeV H$Â[Zr H{$ CÀ[mX g{ ‡^modV hm{H$a Hß$[Zr H$m M`Z H$aV{ h¢ & CÀ[mX/[m∞obgr H{$ M`Z H$m H$maU- OrdZ ]r_m CÀ[mX/[m∞obgr H{$ odo^ﬁ VÀdm{ß oOZ_{ß - odÌgdgZr` ]´m S>, AmgmZ ‡ro_`_ Xa, CoMV naQ>Z© , Am`H$a g{ Ny>Q> VWm Om{oI_ g{ gwajm H$m{ AmYma _mZm J`m h° - VmobH$m H´$_m±H$ 5 : [m∞obgr M`Z H$m ‡^mdr VÀd gmd© ‡oVeV H´$_ oZOr ‡oVeV H´$_ odÌdgZr` ]´m S> 33 33 1 29 29 2 AmgmZ ‡ro_`_ Xa 15 15 3 09 09 4 CoMV naQ>Z© 13 13 4 35 35 1 C[am{∫$ VmobH$m Edß J´m\$ g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ gmd©OoZH$ oZJ_ H{$ H$a g{ Ny>Q> 13 13 4 08 08 5 ]r_mYmaH$ gdm©oYH$ 35 ‡oVeV g_mMma [Ã-[oÃH$mAm{ß _{ß ‡H$moeV Om{oI_ g{ gwajm 26 26 2 19 19 3 odkm[Z g{ ‡^modV hm{V{ h¢, dht oZOr H$Â[Zr H{$ ]r_mYmaH$ gdm©oYH$ 100 100 100 100 35 ‡oVeV Q{>brodOZ Edß a{oS>`m{ [a ‡gmnaV odkm[Zm{ß g{ ‡^modV oXI{& MmQ©> gßª`m 4 ]r_mYmaH$m{ß H$r Hß$[Zr J´mhH$ g{dm ZroV`m{ß H{$ ‡oV —oÓQ>H$m{U - ]r_mYmaH$m{ß H{$ Hß$[Zr ¤mam ‡XmZ H$r OmZ{ dmbr g{dmAm{ß H{$ obE gßVwoÓQ> ÒVam{ß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m J`m - VmobH$m H´$.7 : J´mhH$ g{dm ZroV`m±ß Hß$[Zr J´mhH$ g{dm gmd©. ‡oV. oZOr ‡oV. AoVgßVwÓQ> 10 10 05 05 gßVwÓQ> 40 40 25 25 gm_m›` 35 35 30 30 AgßVwÓQ> 15 15 40 40 Hw$b 100 100 100 100 Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 64

MmQ©> gßª`m 6 C[am{∫$ AmYma [a oZJ_ H$m df© 2007-08 _ß{ß ]mOma Aße 74.39 ‡oVeV g{ df© 2013-14 _{ß 75.39 ‡oVeV hm{ J`m & oZOr Hß$[oZ`m{ß H$m ]mOma Aße df© 2007-08 _{ß 25.61 ‡oVeV g{ KQ>H$a 24.61 ‡oVeV hm{ J`m & Bg ‡H$ma oZJ_ H{$ ]mOma Aße _{ß A[{jmH•$V AoYH$ d•o’ hwB© h° & oZÓH$f© Edß gwPmd : 1. OrdZ ]r_m Hß$[oZ`m{ß H$r OmZH$mna`m{ß H{$ gß]ßY _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm h{Vw ^maVr` OrdZ ]r_m oZJ_ H{$ ]ma{ _{ß ‡oVeV gdm©oYH$ 99 ‡oVeV h°&AV: oZOr OrdZ ]r_m Hß$[oZ`m{ß H$m{ ^r Ï`dgm` H$r Ï`m[H$ OmJÍ$H$Vm h{Vw ‡`mg oH$`m OmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& 2. OrdZ ]r_m _{ß oZd{e H{$ obE J´mhH$m{ß H$r VÀ[aVm gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã _ß{ Am`H$a g{ Ny>Q> Edß CoMV naQ>Z© H{$ H$maU _mZr JB© h°&AV: Xm{Zm{ß hr j{Ãm{ß H$m{ OrdZ ]r_m H{$ _yb VÀd g{ AdJV H$amZm AoV AmdÌ`H$ h°& 3. oZJ_ H$r gmI H$m J´mhH$m{ß [a AoYH$moYH$ ‡^md [m`m OmVm h°&AV: C[am{∫$ VmobH$m Edß J´m\$ H{$ AmYma [a `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ g{dm ZroV`m{ß oZOr Hß$[oZ`m{ß H$m{ ^r OrdZ ]r_m j{Ã _{ß gmI ÒWmo[V H$aZ{ h{Vw H{$ ‡oV J´mhH$m{ß H$m —oÓQ>H$m{U gßVwoÓQ> H{$ ÒVa H{$ AmYma [a gmd©OoZH$ ‡`mg oH$`m OmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& oZJ_ h{Vw 40 ‡oVeV Edß oZOr OrdZ ]r_m j{Ã _{ß 25 ‡oVeV X{Im 4. J´mhH$m{ß H$m OrdZ ]r_m j{Ãm{ß H$r g{dmAm{ß _{ß oZJ_ H{$ ‡oV AoYH$ J`m& gßVwÓQ> h°&AV: oZOr OrdZ ]r_m j{Ãm{ß ¤mam J´mhH$ g{dm ZroV`m{ß [a ]r_m j{Ãm{ß H$m ]mOma Aße - ]r_m Ï`dgm` H$r ‡JoV ]r_m Ï`dgm` AoYH$ ‹`mZ oX`m OmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& _{ß ]mOma Aße H{$ AmYma [a Am∞H$obV H$r Om gH$Vr h°& oOg{ dfm©Zwgma 5. oZOr OrdZ ]r_m j{Ã H$m{ ^r ]mOma Aße _{ß A[Zr ^mJrXmar _{ß d•o’ oZÂZ VmobH$m _{ß ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m h° H$aZ{ h{Vw ‡`mg oH$`m OmZm AmdÌ`H$ h° & VmobH$m H´$. 8 : ]r_m j{Ãm{ß H$m ]mOma Aße 6. oZOr Hß$[oZ`m{ß ¤mam ]r_m[Ãm{ß _{ß Xr JB© OmZH$mna`m{ß H$m{ AÀ`ßV df© gmd©OoZH$ OrdZ ]r_m oZOr OrdZ ]r_m gßoj· Edß AÒ[ÓQ> Í$[ _{ß ‡ÒVwV oH$`m OmVm h°& AV: oZOr Hß$[oZ`m{ß 2007-08 74.39 25.61 H$m{ [maXoe©Vm aIZr MmohE& 2008-09 70.92 29.08 7. Ï`dgm` _{ß odkm[Z _m‹`_m{ß H{$ gmW-gmW ‡Xe©Zr d _{bm{ß H$m 2009-10 70.10 29.90 Am`m{OZ AmdÌ`H$ h°& 2010-11 69.77 30.23 8. OrdZ ]r_m H$m{ Ï`mdgmo`H$ [mR>ÁH´$_m{ß g{ Om{∂S>m OmZm Mmoh`{& 2011-12 70.68 29.32 gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- 2012-13 72..70 27.30 1. MVwd}Xr S>m∞. __Vm,(2014), AmYwoZH$ ]r_m odoY, O°Z ]wH$ EO{›gr, 2013-14 75.39 24.61 ZB© oXÑr. AmBAmaS>rE H$r dmof©H$ na[m{Q©> 2013-14 2. O°Z S>m∞. Eg.gr. (2011), ]r_m H{$ og’mßV, H°$bme [wÒVH$ MmQ©> gßª`m 7 : ]r_m j{Ãm{ß H$m ]mOma Aße gXZ,^m{[mb. 3. o_lm S>m∞. _hmZmam`U,(2008), ]r_m Ï`dhma Edß og’mßV, bm{H$^maVr ‡H$meZ, 4. d_m© S>m∞. ]mbH•$ÓU, (2007), ]r_m H{$ VÀd, gmohÀ` ^dZ [o„bH{$eZ,AmJam. 5. www.irda.com

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************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 68

odŒmr` g_md{eZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ]¢oHß$J OmJÍ$H$Vm (EH$ A‹``Z)

S>m∞. o‡`ßH$m lrdmÒVd *

em{Y gmamße - odŒmr` g_md{eZ H{$ obE ^maV gaH$ma; ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$ Edß Zm]mS©> oZaßVa AZwgßYmZ H$a ah{ h°& Bg H$m`© _{ß gaH$mar j{Ã H{$ ]¢H$ J´m_rU ]¢H$ Edß oObm ÒVar` ghH$mar ]¢H$ ^r A[Zm `m{JXmZ X{ ah{ h°& J´m_rU Am°a odŒmr` gwodYmodhrZ BbmH$m{ß _{ß odŒmr` gmjaVm Am°a h_mar goH´$` H$m`©‡Umbr H{$ _mø`_ g{ odŒmr` g_•o’ H{$ obE g\$bVm ‡m· H$r OmE{Jr& odŒmr` g_md{eZ Edß J´m_rU odH$mg H{$ [hbwAm{ß [a A‹``Z H$aZ{ g{ kmV hm{ ahm h°& oH$ AmJm_r oXZm{ß _{ß odŒmr` g_md{eZ H$r H$m`©‡Umbr AoYH$ JoV_mZ Edß g_Ò`m aohV hm{Jr& oOgg{ J´m_rU BbmH$m{ß _{ß odH$mg `m{OZmE goH´$` Í$[ g{ H$m`m©o›dV hm{Jr Am°a S>m∞.A„Xwb H$bm_ H$m Zd oZ_m©U H$m g[Zm dmÒVd _{ß ]Xb OmE{Jm& g^r ^maVr`m{ß H$m{ â[ya _mÃm _{ß AZmO H$r Am[yVr© hm{Jr;_OXyam{ß H$m{ am{OJma o_b{Jm Am°a odŒmr` g_md{eZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ]¢H$m{ß H{$ amÓQ≠>r`H$aU H$m CXX{Ì` [yam hm{ gH{$Jm& ‡ÒVmdZm -^maV H$r AmoW©H$ ZroV`m{ß _{ß VWm ]¢H$m{ß H$r Km{ofV —oÓQ>H$m{U EH$ _yb^yb Zm{ o\´$b ]¢H$ AH$mßCQ> (basic no frill account) ]ZmZ{ H$r [Ãm{ß _{ß h_ A∑ga odŒmr` g_md{eZ (financial inclusion) e„X H$m{ A[rb H$r& ^maV _{ß AoYH$mnaH$ Í$[ g{ odŒmr` g_md{eZ H$m{ EH$ ]¢oHß$J gwZV{ h°& ZroV H{$ Í$[ _{ß df© 2005 _{ß H{$.gr.MH´$dVr© go_oV H$r na[m{Q©> H{$ ]mX A_b odŒmr` g_md{eZ H$m AW©-odŒmr` g_md{eZ g_mO H{$ ha dJ© H{$ _{ß bmZm ewÍ$ oH$`m J`m& BgH{$ ]mX ]¢H$m{ß Z{ oZMb{ ÒVa [a ahZ{ dmb{ bm{Jm{ß Ïò∫$;ode{f Í$[ g{ AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ H$_Om{a bm{J;VH$ C[`w∫$ odŒmr` H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIH$a ]¢H$ ImVm Im{bZ{ H$r eVm~ H$m{ AmgmZ H$aZ{ H$r ‡oH´$`m CÀ[mX VWm g{dmE{ß C[b„Y H$amZ{ H{$ ob`{ ‡maß^ H$r JB© EH$ ZroV h°& Bg_{ß ewÍ$ H$r& odŒmr` g_md{eZ H$r ZroV ]ZmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm BgobE [∂S>>r odŒmr` CÀ[mX VWm g{dmAm{ß H$m{ _wª`Ymam H$r odŒmr` gßÒWmAm{ß ¤mam B›h| ∑`m{ßoH$ ^maV H$r OZgßª`m H$m AoYgßª` ohÒgm H•$of H$m`© _ß{ gßbæ h°& `Wm{oMV _yÎ` VWm [maXer© VarH{$ g{ C[b„` H$amZ{ [a Om{a oX`m OmVm Am°a H•$of dJ© H$m{ V_m_ g_Ò`mAm{ß g{ Xm{ Mma hm{Zm [∂S>>Vm h°& O°g{ D∞$ßMr h°& `moZ E{gm Zm hm{ oH$ Jar] dJ© H$m{ odŒmr` g{dmE{ß C[b„Y H$amZ{ H{$ Zm_ „`mO Xa;H•$of j{Ã _{ß ^mar AoZoÌMVm; Bg j{Ã _{ß ]r_m H$da H$m A^md; [a E{gr odŒmr` gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ _m°H$m X{ oX`m OmE{ Om{ BgH$m AZwoMV bm^ bJmmVma ]T>Vr bmJV ; _hmOZr gyX H$m bJmVma _O]yV hm{Vm oeHß$Om CR>mE{ß& AmoX& BZ g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ MbV{ `h dJ© ]¢oHß$ßJ j{Ã g{ ^r Cgr Vah H{$ odŒmr` g_md{eZ `m \$m`Z{ßoe`b B›∑byOZ e„X H$m AmgmZ ^mfm XwamJ´h [mbZ{ bJVm h°, O°g{ _hmOZm{ß VWm A›` gyXIm{a ‡d•oV H{$ bm{{Jm{ß _{ß AW© `h hm{Vm h°& oH$ g_mO H{$ oZMb{ g{ oZMb{ ÒVa [a ]°R{> Ïò∫$ H$m{ X{e H{$ ‡oV CgZ{ [mbm Wm& BgobE `h AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ odŒmr` j{Ã; ode{fH$a H$r odŒmr` _wª`Ymam H$m{ (financial mainstream) H$m ohÒgm ]Zm`m ]¢oHß$J H{$ ‡oV Bg dJ© H{$ XwamJ´hm{ß H$m{ Xya oH$`m OmE{& Bgob`{ odŒmr` OmE{& odŒmr` odõ{fH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma odŒmr` Ymam g{ Om{∂S>Z{ H$m g]g{ ghO g_md{eZ H$r ZroV H{$ VhV oZMb{ VWm A^r VH$ odŒmr` j{Ã. H{$ ‡oV VarH$m Am°a [hbm H$X_ hm{Vm h°, ]¢H$ _{ß ImVm Im{bZm& Bgob`{ H$hm Om C[{jm aIZ{ dmb{ dJ© H$m{ odŒmr` Ymam g{ Om{∂S>>Z{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m& gH$Vm h°& oH$ odŒmr` g_md{eZ H$m CXX{Ì` hr `h gwoZoÌMV H$aZm h°& o H$ odŒmr` g_md{eZ [a hmb o\$bhmb H{$ g_` _{ß H{$›– gaH$ma d ^maV g_mO _{ß ahZ{ dmb{ ha Ïò∫$ H$m ]¢H$ _{ß ImVm hm{& H$r V_m_ odŒmr` gßÒWmAm{ß ¤mam ‹`mZ oXE OmZ{ H$m EH$ ‡_wI H$maU `h b{oH$Z O] g_mO H{$ g]g{ oZMb{ ÒVa [a ]°R{> Ïò∫$ H$m{ ]¢H$ g{ h°& oH$ BZH$m _mZZm h° oH$ odŒmr` g_md{eZ hr g_md{oeV odH$mg H$m{ ‡m· Om{S>Z{ H$r ]mV H$r OmVr h°, Vm{ `h ]mV ^r _hÀd[yU© hm{ OmVr h° oH$ ]¢H$ g{ H$aZ{ H$m gd© ‡_wI _m‹`_ h°& bm{Jm{ß H$m{ Om{∂S>V{ g_` Bg ]mV H$m ‹`mZ aIm OmE{ oH$ dV©_mZ oÒWoV`m{ß _{ß odŒmr` g_md{eZ g{ OwS{> _wª` Vœ` - ]¢H$m{ß H{$ Vm_Pm_ E{g{ bm{Jm{ß H{$ _Z _{ß S>a Zm [°Xm H$a{ß & `moZ odŒmr` g_md{eZ 1. odŒmr` g_md{eZ H$m AW© h°, g_mO H{$ oZMb{ g{ oZMb{ ÒVa [a ]°R{> Zm{ o\´$b ]¢oHß$J (oXImdm VWm AmS>Â]a aohV ]¢oHß$J) ‡Umbr A[ZmZ{ [a dJ© VH$ odŒmr` CÀ[mXm{ß VWm g{dmAm{ß H$r C[b„YVm gwoZoÌMV Om{a oX`m OmVm h°& H$amZm& odŒmr` g_md{eZ H$m EH$ Am{a [hby h° `h gwoZoÌMV H$aZm H$r Am_ 2. odŒmr` g_md{eZ _{ß `h ‹`mZ aIm OmVm h¢ oH$ E{gm H$aV{ g_` bm{Jm{ß H$m{ g_` [a gÒVm H$O© o_b gH{$ VWm g_mO H{$ oZMb{ V]H{$ H{$ ‡oV _wª`V:_wª`Ymam H$r odŒmr` gßÒWmAm{ß H$r hr _XX br OmE& ^r g^r odŒmr` gßÒWmZ O]mdX{hr gwoZoÌMV H$a{ß & 3. odŒmr` g_md{eZ H$m g]g{ bm{H$o‡` d AmgmZ VarH$m ]¢H$ ImVm df© 2004 _{ß ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$ (Ama.]r.AmB©) Z{ ^maV _{ß odŒmr` Im{bZm _mZm OmVm h°& g_md{eZ H$r Om±M H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ ImZ Am`m{J H$m JR>Z oH$`m& Bg Am`m{J 4. odŒmr` g_md{eZ H$m{ g_md{oeV odH$mg H$m{ ‡m· H$aZ{ H$m gd©‡_wI H$r og\$mnaem{ß H{$ AmYma [a Ama.]r.AmB© Z{ X{e H{$ dmoUo¡`H$ ]¢H$m{ß H$m{ _m‹`_ _mZm OmVm h°& * AoVoW od¤mZ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, H$a°am, oed[war (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 69

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I 70

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************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 71

AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` [y±Or Am°a d°ÌdrH$aU

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H´$m{Ma.) d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ Xm°a H$r H{$ E{g{ bΩOar ‚b°Q> C[b„Y h¢ oOZ_{ Q>mB©b,_m]©b,XadmO{- oI∂S>H$r, ewÍ$AmV 1980 H{$ XeH$ _{ß hwB© Am°a AßVaamÓQ≠>r` odŒmr` [yßOr H{$ dM©Òd H{$ g^r ‡H$ma H$r o\$ßoQß>J AmoX Am`moVV h¢& BZ ‚b°Q>m{ß _{ß ahZ{ dmb{ H$r M_∂S>r MbV{ 2008 _{ß odÌd [yßOrdmXr Ï`dÒWm _{ß EH$ ^rfU AmoW©H$ gßH$Q> Am X{er hm{ gH$Vr h°, [a ]mH$r g] odX{er h°& gm{Z{ H{$ Am`mV H{$ [rN{> Xm{ _wª` J`m Om{ A[Zr Vrd´Vm _{ß 1930 H{$ XeH$ H{$ _hm_ßXr H{$ AmoW©H$ gßH$Q> H$maU h¢& bJmVma ]∂T>Vr hwB© _hßJmB© Am°a ]T>Vm hwAm H$mbm YZ& Í$[E H{$ O°gm hr Wm& A_{naH$m, `yam{[r` gßK d Om[mZ _{ß gH$b Ka{by CÀ[mX [mßM Ad_yÎ`Z g{ oZ[Q>Z{ H{$ obE gaH$ma odŒmr` CXmarH$aU H$r ZroV`m{ß H$m{ gmb ]mX ^r 2007 H{$ ÒVa g{ ZrM{ h°& ^maV ^r AmoW©H$ gßH$Q> H$m gm_Zm Am°a AoYH$ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ H$m{ VÀ[a h°& OÎXr hr AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ ]M{ IwM{ j{Ã H$a ahm h°& odX{er oZd{eH$, AßVaamÓQ≠>r` odŒmr` [yßOr VWm ^maV _{ß CZH{$ ^r odX{er [yßOr oZd{e H{$ obE Im{b{ OmEJ{ O°g{ gwajm C⁄m{J j{Ã,]r_m [°am{H$ma ^maVr` AmoW©H$ gßH$Q> H{$ ]OQ> _{ß KmQ{> H$m bJmVma D±$M{ ÒVa [a j{Ã, ›`yO _roS>`m j{Ã VWm Bb{∑Q≠>moZH$ d o‡ßQ> _roS>`m AmoX& Am`mV [a ]Z{ ahZm (4-5 ‡oVeV gH$b Ka{by CÀ[mX H$m), ^maV H{$ odX{er Ï`m[ma ‡oV]ßY bJmZ{ d oZ`m©V H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ X{Z{ H$r ]OmE AßVaamÓQ≠>r` odŒmr` _{ß ^r KmQ{> H$m bJmVma D±$M{ ÒVa [a ]Z{ ahZm (4-5 ‡oVeV gH$b Ka{by [yßOr H$m{ Am°a AoYH$ ]∂T>mdm X{H$a \$m°aZ hb Ty>∂T>m± Om ahm h°& g^r OmZV{ h¢ CÀ[mX H$m) Am°a hmb hr _{ß ^maVr` Í$[E H{$ odX{er odoZ_` _yÎ` _{ß Vrd´ oH$ Bg [yßOr H$m MnaÃ g≈{>]mOmamZm h° Am°a `h oH$gr H$r gJr Zht h°& oJamdQ> (EH$ S>mba 66 Í$[E H$m) g{ [a{emZ h¢& ^maVr` OZ _mZg H$m{ odÌd [yßOrdmXr AW©Ï`dÒWm Am°a ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm ^r g^r AmO AmoW©H$ gßH$Q> H{$ Xm{ Am°a Am`m_ ]hwV AoYH$ gVm ah{ h¢& C[^m{∫$m d°ÌdrH$aU H$r ZroV`m{ß H{$ gßH$Q> H$m gm_Zm H$a ah{ h¢& Bg gßX^© _{ß _yÎ`gyMH$ AßH$ _{ß gmb Xa gmb 10 ‡oVeV g{ ¡`mXm H$r ]∂T>m{Var, Im⁄ d°ÌdrH$aU, CgH$r ZroV`m{ß, g≈{>]mOmamZm odŒmr` [yßOr, Bg [yßOr oZd{e [XmWm~ _{ß Bgg{ ^r ¡`mXm VWm ]∂T>Vr hwB© ]{am{OJmar, Om{ oH$ am{OJma H{$ XwÓ[naUm_m{ß [a EH$ ]ma o\$a ZOa S>mbr Om gH$Vr h°& odhrZ odH$mg H$m [naUm_ h°& AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$r Xa _{ß ^r bJmVma b{oQ>Z A_{naH$r X{e oMbr _{ß BZ ZroV`m{ß H$m{ g]g{ [hb{ bmJy oH$`m oJamdQ> XO© H$r Om ahr h°& `h H$hZm JbV Zht hm{Jm oH$ d°ÌdrH$aU H$r J`m& oMbr H{$ H$Â`woZÒQ> amÓQ≠>[oV AbmßX{ H$r hÀ`m H{$ ]mX dhmß H$r A_{naH$m Xm°∂S> _{ß emo_b hm{Z{ g{ ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß odH$mg H$r Om{ ^r gß^mdZmEß g_oW©V g{Zm Z{ gŒmm hoW`m br Am°a BZ ZroV`m{ß H$m{ V{Or g{ bmJy oH$`m& CÀ[ﬁ hwB© Wt, d{ g] A] [yar hm{ MwH$r h¢& X{e _{ß Om{ ]hwAm`m_r AmoW©H$ [yßOr H$r ]{am{H$-Q>m{H$ [yar-[yar AmdmOmhr H$m{ gwoZoÌMV H$aZ{ H{$ obE `h gßH$Q> Ï`m· h°& OÍ$ar h° oH$ gaH$ma{ß AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ g^r j{Ãm{ß _{ß CXmarH$aU d oZOrH$aU * AoVoW od¤mZ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, C_na`m (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. 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H$r ZroV A[ZmEß& Ï`m[ma CXmarH$aU odX{er Ï`m[ma, ode{fH$a Am`mV ZdCXmadmXr AmoW©H$ ZroV`m{ß H{$ _m_b{ _{ß AßVaamÓQ≠>r` _w–mH$m{f g{ g^r ‡oV]ßY hQ>m X{, "CXmaVm' ]aV{& Am`mV _{ßß bmBg{ßg-H$m{Q>m Ï`dÒWm (BßQ>aZ{eZb _m{Z{Q>ar \ß$S> `m AmBE_E\$), odÌd ]¢H$ (dÎS©> ]¢H$) Am°a g_m· H$a{ß, Am`mV H$a ›`yZV_ H$a X{& Am°⁄m{oJH$ CXmarH$aU X{e _{ß odÌd Ï`m[ma gßJR>Z (dÎS©> S≠>{S> Am∞J}ZmBO{eZ `m S>„byQ>rAm{) H$r ode{f Am°⁄m{oJH$ bmBg{ßg ZroV, H$m{Q>m - [ao_Q> , EH$moYH$ma [a am{H$ , _yÎ` ^yo_H$m ahr h°& 1980 H{$ XeH$ _{ß AßVaamÓQ≠>r` _w–mH$m{f Z{ odH$mgerb oZ`ßÃU O°gr ZroV`mß g_m· H$a X{& odX{er [yßOr oZd{e H{$ obE A[Z{ X{e X{em{ß H$m{ F$U b{H$a oZ`m©V C⁄m{J ÒWmo[V H$aZ{ H$m gwPmd oX`m& EH$ H{$ XadmO{ [yar Vah Im{b X{& X{er d odX{er [yßOr H{$ gmW g_mZVm H$m oZ`m©Vm{›_wI odH$mg H$r aUZroV A[ZmZ{ H$m& AZ{H$ odH$mgerb X{em{ß Z{ Ï`dhma H$a{ß& amOÒd CXmarH$aU ]OQ> ZroV H{$ gßX^© _{ß gß[ßZ bm{Jm{ß d Bg gbmh H$m{ _mZH$a bmJy H$a oX`m& Bg ‡H$ma odŒmr` [yßOr H$m H$Â[oZ`m{ß [a Am` H$a _{ß ^mar H$Q>m°Vr H$a X{` oejm, oMoH$Àgm AmoX AßVaamÓQ≠>r`H$aU gm_Z{ Am`m& 1980 H{$ XeH$ _{ß odH$ogV [yßOrdmXr gm_moOH$ j{Ã [a gaH$mar Ï`` _{ß H$Q>m°Vr H$a{ ÒdOoZH$ j{Ã H{$ odÒVma [a X{em{ß _{ß odH$mg H$r Xa _{ß oJamdQ> Am ahr Wr& BgH$m grYm - grYm Aga am{H$ bJmEß ]OQ> H{$ KmQ{> H$m{ IÀ_ H$a X{ go„gS>r H$m{ H$_ g{ H$_ H$a X{& oZ`m©Vm{›_wI odH$mgerb AW©Ï`dÒWmAm{ß [a [∂S>m, CZH$m oZ`m©V H$_ hm{ odŒmr` CXmarH$a m ]¢{H$ d ]r_m O°g{ j{Ã X{er odX{er oZOr [yßOr H{$ ‡d{e J`m Am°a CZH$r odX{er odoZ_` AoO©V H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm H$_ hm{ JB©& H{$ obE Im{b X{ß& X{er _w–m H$r odX{er odoZ_` Xa H$m{ [yU© [nadV©Zr` ]Zm [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ d{ odX{er H$O} H$r oH$ÒV Am°a CgH$m „`mO Zht MwH$m [mE, X{ß& gaH$ma H{$ H$m`©^ma d Xmo`Àd ›`yZV_ H$a X{ß& b{oH$Z X{er-odX{er ]∂S>r odX{er odoZ_` H{$ gßH$Q> _{ß \ß$g JE& [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ CZH$m{ A›VaamÓQ≠>r` [yßOr H{$ bm^ H$m{ gwoZo¸V H$aZ{ d gwajm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE gaH$ma H$r _w–mH$m{f H$r eaU _{ß OmZm [∂S>m& o[N>b{ 25 dfm~ _{ß O] ^r H$m{B© odH$mgerb XIbßXmOr Z H{$db ]Zr ah{, ]oÎH$ ]∂T>Vr ah{& gmd©OoZH$ j{Ãm{ß H$m{ ]{M X{ß, X{e AmoW©H$ gßH$Q> _{ß \ß$gH$a AßVaamÓQ≠>r` _w–mH$m{f d odÌd ]¢H$ H{$ [mg oZOrH$aU H$r ZroV A[ZmEß& _XX H{$ obE J`m Vm{ C›hm{ßZ{ H$Om© Vm{ oX`m b{oH$Z gmW hr ZB© AmoW©H$ Xyga{ _hm`w‹X H{$ ]mX odH$ogV [yßOrdmXr X{em{ß Z{ Dß$Mr Xa g{ AmoW©H$ ZroV, AmoW©H$ gwYma, CXmarH$aU, oZOrH$maU AmoX ZroV`mß A[ZmZ{ H{$ d•o‹X XO© H$r& [yßOr H$r _mÃm _{ ]hwV V{Or g{ d•o‹X hwB©& 1973 H{$ ]mX obE ]m‹` ^r oH$`m& 1991 _{ß ^maV ^r F$U b{Z{ H{$ obE AßVaamÓQ≠>r` odH$ogV [yßOrdmXr X{em{ß _{ AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$r Xa _ß{ oJamdQ> Am JB©& _w–mH$m{f H{$ [mg J`m Wm Am°a CgZ{ ZB© AmoW©H$ ZroV Am°a H{$ obE oOgH{$ H$maU [yßOr oZd{e H$r _mßJ _ß{ H$_r hwB©, [yßOr oZd{e H{$ bm^‡X AßVaamÓQ≠>r` _w–mH$m{f H{$ [mg J`m Wm Am°a CgZ{ ZB© AmoW©H$ ZroV Am°a Adgam{ß _{ß oJamdQ> Am`r& BZ [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß gmb-Xa gmb oZaßVa ]∂T>Vr AmoW©H$ gwYma H$m{ bmJy H$aZ{ H$m X]md S>mbm Wm& hwB© [yßOr H{$ bm^‡X oZd{e H{$ obE ZE amÒV{ Im{OZ{ OÍ$ar hm{ JE& Bg odÌd Ï`m[ma gßJR>Z H{$ g_Pm°Vm{ß Z{ `h gwoZoÌMV H$a oX`m h° oH$ odembH$m` [yßOr H$m{, odŒmr` [yßOr Am°a Am°⁄m{oJH$ [yßOr Xm{Zm{ß H$m{ A[Z{ H$m{B© ^r X{e, X{er Am°a odX{er [yßOr H{$ ]rM ^{X^md Zht H$a gH$Vm& ‡gma Am°a \°$bmd H{$ obE gmar XwoZ`m hr EH$ _ßS>r H{$ [a MmohE& EH$ E{gr Am°⁄m{oJH$ ZroV, H$a ZroV, Ï`m[ma ZroV, _yÎ` ZroV VWm A›` AmoW©H$ _ßS>r Ohmß C›h{ß ]{am{H$ Q>m{H$ AmdmOmhr H$r [yar≠-[yar AmOmXr hm{& Bg Vah ZroV`mß, X{er-odX{er Hß$[oZ`m{ß H{$ obE EH$ O°gr MmohE& Ωbm{]b Hß$[oZ`m{ß d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ Xm°a H$r ewÍ$AmV hB©& odH$mgerb X{em{ß Z{ odH$ogV X{em{ß H{$ [{Q{>ßQ>-XdmB©`m{ß, amgm`oZH$ CÀ[mX, H•$of ]rOm{ß AmoX-H$m{ ^r [yar gwajm H$r odŒmr`-[yßOr Am°a Am°⁄m{oJH$ [yßOr H$r ]{am{H$,-Q>m{H$ AmdmOmhr H$m{ ‡XmZ H$r JB©& Ï`dhma _{ß Xm{ha{ _m[XßS> X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bV{ h¢& gm_´m¡`dmXr ∑`m{ß ÒdrH$ma oH$`m? 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Zht! d°ÌdrH$aU H$m Xm°a AmV{-AmV{ dh A[Z{ odH$mg H$r gß^mdZmAm{ß H$m{ ^wZmH$a MwH$ JB© Wr, H$m{B© AMmZH$ Zht{ Am`m h°& `h [yßOrdmX H{$ odH$mg H{$ A[Z{ oZ`_m{ß Am°a Im{Ibr hm{ JB© Wr& Xm{ AmoW©H$ oZ`m{OZ d odH$mg H{$ 40 dfm~ _{ß , 1951- A[Zr JoV H$m hr ZVrOm h°, oOZ oZ`_m{ß H$m{ _m∑g© Z{ A[Zr _hmZ [wÒVH$ 1990 ^maV H$m B¡OVXma [yßOr[oV ^r ]{Vhmem \y$bm \$bm Wm, CgH$r [yßOr _{ß COmJa oH$`m& [yßOrdmX _{ß ha [yßOr[oV H$m, ha Hß$[Zr H$m `h Y_© [nagß[oŒm`m{ß _{ß A[ma d•o’ hwB© Wr& AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$r VÀH$mbrZ aUZroV h° oH$ gßM` H$am{, gßM` H$am{, gßM` H$aV{ hr ahm{, Bgr ‡d•oŒm H{$ MbV{ H{$ MwH$ OmZ{ H{$ H$maU dh A[Z{ Am°a AmJ{ odH$mg H{$ obE gm_´m¡`r [yßOr d°ÌdrH$aU H$m Xm°a gm_Z{ Am`m& H$Â`woZÒQ> Km{fUm[Ã (1848) _{ß ^r g{ JR>Om{S> H{$ obE V°`ma hm{ J`m& CgZ{ ^r AmoW©H$ j{Ã _{ß gaH$ma H$m{ g^r obIm h° oH$ [yßOr g^r ]mYmAm{ß H$m{ Vm{∂S>Z{-bmßKV{ hwE [ya{ odÌd _{ß A[Zm oZ`ßÃUm{ß H$m{ g_m· H$aZ{ H$r Am°a gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã H$m{ ^r CgH{$ hdmb{ H$a ‡gma H$a{Jr& A[Z{ _mb H$m{ ]{MZ{ H{$ obE bJmVma ¡`mXm g{ ¡`mXm ]∂T>Vr X{Z{ H$r _mßJ H$r& hwB© _ßS>r H$r OÍ$aV H{$ MbV{ [yßOr[oV XwoZ`m H{$ ha H$m{Z{ VH$ Xm°∂S{>Jm& Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 73

d°ÌdrH$aU, d odŒmr` [yßOr H{$ dM©Òd H{$ MbV{ gm_´m¡`r X{em{ß H{$ ]rM 1980 H{$ ]mX H{$ d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ Xm°a _{ß o[N>b{ VrZ XeH$m{ß _{ß [yßOr AßVod©am{Y _ßX OÍ$a [∂S> JE h¢ [a d{ g_m· Zht hwE h¢ O°g{ _w–mZroV d gßM` Z{ odembH$m` Í$[ hmogb H$a ob`m h°& BgH{$ od[arV _OXyar Am°a odX{er Ï`m[ma ZroV [a _V^{X A[Z{ X{e _{ß H•$of j{Ã H$m{ ^mar go„gS>r d{VZ [mZ{ dmb{ lo_H$m{ß, _{hZVH$em{ß, H$_©Mmna`m{ß VWm Zm°H$ar[{em V]H$m{ß X{Z{ [a _V^{X& XwoZ`mâ _{ß ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß [a H$„Om H$aZ{ H$r hm{∂S> H$r Am` ›`yZV_ ÒVa [a hr ]Zr ahr h°& H$b amÓQ≠>r` CÀ[mXZ _{ß CZH$m Am°a A[Zr-A[Zr [°R> ]ZmZ{ H$r hm{∂S> AmoX& ôdÓ` _{ß BZ AßVod©am{Ym{ß H{$ ohÒgm oZaßVa H$_ hm{Vm ahm h°& BgH$m ZVrOm hm{Vm h°& "AoV CÀ[mXZ' H$r Vrd´ hm{Z{ H$r ^r gß^mdZm h°& g_Ò`m, AmoW©H$ gßH$Q>, AmoW©H$ R>hamd d _ßXr H$m Xm°a& O°g{-V°g{ [yßOrdmX d°ÌdrH$aU H$m Xm°a A[Z{ odZmeH$mar ‡oVHy$b ‡^mdm{ß H{$ MbV{ ¡`mXm gßH$Q> g{ ]mha Vm{ oZH$b AmVm h° b{oH$Z Bgr ‡`mg _{ß dh ôdÓ` H{$ obE oXZ oQ>H$ Zht gH$Vm& Hw$N> _wª` ‡^md h¢& am{OJma odhrZ odH$mg Om{ EH$ Am°a AoYH$ Vrd´ gßH$Q> H{$ ]rM ]m{ X{Vm h°& o[N>b{ XeH$m{ß _{ß g≈{>]mOr Ï`m[H$ d Vrd´ d°kmoZH$-‡m°⁄m{oJH$ ‡JoV H$m [naUm_ h°, oOgH{$ MbV{ ]mOma H$m{ ]hwV ¡`mXm ]∂T>m-M∂T>mH$a AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß Hw$N> OmZ \ß$yH$Z{ H$r Hß$[oZ`m{ß H{$ _wZm\{$ Vm{ ]∂T>V{ OmV{ h¢ b{oH$Z ZE am{OJma Zht [°Xm hm{V{ h¢& ]ma-]ma H$m{oee H$r JB©& b{oH$Z g≈{>]mOr ]mOmar H$mam{]ma H$m ]wb]wbm gM Vm{ `h h° oH$ ôdÓ` _{ß am{OJma H$r gß^mdZm ^r KQ> OmVr h°& XwoZ`m _ß{ AmoIa EH$ oXZ \$Q> hr OmVm h° Am°a o\$a X{e Cgr AmoW©H$ gßH$Q> H{$ gm_Z{ gßJoR>V Am°⁄m{oJH$ j{Ã _{ß am{OJma _{ß H$_r AmVr Om ahr h°& XwoZ`m H{$ A[Z{ H$m{ I∂S>m [mVm h°& dV©_mZ AmoW©H$ gßH$Q> g{ oZ[Q>Z{ H{$ obE odŒmr` odo^fi X{em{ß _{ß Am°a EH$ hr X{e H{$ odo^fi dJm~ _{ß Ag_mZVmEß ]∂T> ahr h° [yßOr g^r X{em{ß H$m{ "H$_a H$gZ{' d A[Z{ gmd©OoZH$ Ï`` _{ß ^mar H$Q>m°Vr oOgg{ _OXyam{ß H$m amÓQ≠>r` Am` _{ß ohÒgm KQ> ahm h°, _wZm\$m oXZ XwJZm- H$aZ{ H$m X]mmd ]ZmE hwE h° oOgH{$ MbV{ gßH$Q> Am°a bß]m oIßMVm Om ahm h°& amV Mm°JwZm ]∂T> ahm h°& d°ÌdrH$aU H$m gmam ogbogbm odH$ogV [yßOrdmXr o[N>b{ 30 dfm~ _{ß [yßOrdmXr Ï`dÒWm _{ß Om{ ^r ]Xbmd AmE h¢, CZg{ X{em{ß Z{ ewÍ$ oH$`m Am°a BgH{$ gma{ oZ`_ C›ht H{$ [j _{ß h¢ , oOgH{$ MbV{ BZ gm_´m¡`dmX Am°a [yßOrdmX H{$ MnaÃ _{ß H$m{B© _yb^yV V„Xrbr Zht hwB© h°& odH$ogV [yßOrdmXr X{em{ß Am°a Vrgar XwoZ`m H{$ X{em{ß H{$ ]rM _{ß Ag_mZVmEß [yßOrdmX H{$ odH$mg H{$ A[Z{ oZ`_ h¢ Am°a dh AmO H{$ d°ÌdrH$a m H{$ Xm°a ]∂T> ahr h¢& d°ÌdrH$aU Hß${ MbV{ odH$mgerb X{em{ß _{ß ]∂S>r [yßOr d CÉ _{ß ^r bmJy hm{V{ h¢& [yßOrdmX H{$ _wª` AßVod©am{Y H$m{ hb H$aZm _w_oH$Z Zhtß _‹`dJ© H$m{ ^r \$m`Xm [hwßMm h°, Ag_mZVmEß ]∂T>r h¢& XwoZ`m H$r Am]mXr h°& `h _wª` AßVod©am{Y h¢ CÀ[mXZ H$m ]∂T>Vm hwAm gm_mOrH$aU Am°a oZOr H{$ g]g{ Jar] 20 \$rgXr H{$ hmWm{ß _{ß Hw$b [nagß[oŒm`m{ß H$m ohÒgm KQ>V{- hmWm{ß _{ß CgH$m Òdmo_Àd hm{Zm& gm{od`V g_mOdmXr ‡`m{J H$r Ag\$bVm KQ>V{ EH$ ‡oVeV ah J`m h°& XwoZ`m H{$ X{em{ß _{ß ]∂T>Vm hwAm Xna–rH$aU Bg d°kmoZH$ gM H$m{ oH$gr Vah g{ ^r Zht PwR>bmVr& [yßOrdmX AmoW©H$ gm_Z{ Am`m h°& hmb hr H$r _mZd odH$mg na[m{Q©> oXImVr h° oH$ d°ÌdrH$aU em{fU d AmoW©H$ gßH$Q> Xm{Zm{ß H{$ ]J°a oOßXm Zht ah gH$Vm& BgobE H{$ MbV{ XwoZ`m H{$ 46 X{e, A[Zr oÒWoV H{$ _wH$m]b{ AmO H$ht ¡`mXm [yßOrdmX H$m{ [bQ>H$a hr BZg{ oZOmV [mB© Om gH$Vr h¢& Jar] hm{ JE h¢& Xna–rH$aU H$m EH$ AW© `h ^r h° oH$ Am_ bm{Jm{ß H$r g›X^© J›W gyMr :- C[^m{J H$r j_Vm ^r KQ> ahr h°& `h d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ [ya{ ogbogb{ H$m{ hr 1. am{OJma Am°a oZ_m©U [oÃH$m 2016 ]Xm©ÌV H{$ ]mha ]Zm X{Vm h°& AmoW©H$ [wZ: C[oZd{erH$aU H$r ‡oH´$`m H$r 2. Zd ^maV [oÃH$m 2016 ewÍ$AmV H{$ gmW-gmW hr ]∂T>Vm gm_´m¡`dmXr ‡^wÀd hwAm h°& 3. www.google.com/wikipedia.com

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10. _wª` È[ g{ AoYH$mße H$aXmVmAm{ß H$m{ Hw$b 08 ‡H$ma H{$ OrEgQ>rAma amÓQ≠>r` ]mOma H$m{ hm{Jm Am°a Am_ AmX_r Om{ A^r 25-30 ‡oVeV _{ß g{ 4 ‡H$ma H{$ \$m_© (gflbm` H{$ obE, H´$` H{$ obE, _mogH$ naQ©>Z Edß H$a dhZ H$aVm h° Cg_{ H$_r Am`{Jr & dmof©H$ naQ>Z©) Am∞Z bmB©Z hr âZm hm{ßJ{ Edß H$a H$m ^wJVmZ ^r Am∞Z OrEgQ>r gÂ]ßYr MwZm°oV`mß -`⁄o[ amÓQ≠>[oV H$r _wha bJZ{ H{$ ]mX bmB©Z oH$`m Om gH{$Jm & OrEgQ>rAma 1,2,3 H$m{ nadmBO H$aZ{ H$m OrEgQ>r bmJy H$aZ{ H$r gßd°YmoZH$ MwZm°oV`mß bJ^J Xya hm{ MwH$r h° oHß$Vw AoYH$ma H$mam{]mna`m{ß H$m{ Zht h°, b{oH$Z Bg{ V` g_`-gr_m _{ß gwYmam A›` MwZm°oV`m∞ A] ^r gaH$ma H{$ g_j h°, oOg{ Cg{ oZ[Q>Zm hm{Jm oOZ_{ Om gH{$Jm & ‡_wI h° - 11. E{g{ N>m{Q{> H$aXmVm Om{ H$Â[m{oOeZ H$m odH$Î[ X{V{ h° C›h{ß oV_mhr 1. H{$›–-am¡` H{$ a{d{›`y ]{g Am°a _wAmdO{ H$m AmH$bZ oH$`m OmZm & naQ>Z© \$mB©b H$aZm hm{ßJ{ & 2. OrEgQ>r H$r gd©_m›` Xa (›`yZV_, AoYH$V_ Am°a Am°gV) H$m 12. O] Xm{Zmß{ H$mam{]mar A[Z{-A[Z{ ÒVa [a OrEgQ>r H$m ^wJVmZ H$a oZYm©aU H$aZm & CgH$r agrX Am°a dÒVw H{$ o]b H$r H$m∞[r A[bm{S> H$a{J{ß Vm{ ogÒQ>_ 3. BgH{$ Xmà{ g{ ]mha aIr OmZ{ dmbr dÒVwAm{ß H$m oZYm©aU H$aZm & Cg{ d{ar\$mB© H$a X{Jm& AJa dh d{ar\$mB© Zht hm{Jm Vm{ Xm{Zm{ß _{ß g{ 4. _m∞S>b OrEgQ>r H$mZyZ [a Am_ am` ]ZmZm & oH$gr ^r H$mam{]mar H$m{ OrEgQ>r H$m H´${oS>Q> Zht o_b{Jm E{g{ _{ß C›h{ß 5. H$a X{`Vm h{Vw ›`yZV_ Ï`mdgmo`H$ Q>Z©Am{da H$m oZYm©aU oH$`m [wam Q{>∑g O_m H$aZm hm{Jm & OmZm & OrEgQ>r H{$ ‡À`moeV bm^ - H$am{ß H$m EH$rH$aU, X{e H{$ odH$mg _{ß 6. Hß$[mCoSß>J H$r gr_m V` H$aZm & d•o’, X{e _{ß EH$ ]mOma H$m g•OZ Edß BgH{$ AZw[mbZ _{ß AmgmZr O°g{ 7. Xm{ha{ oZ`ßÃU H$r [a{emZr Z hm{, E{gr gw—∂T> Ï`dÒWm ]ZmZm & o]›XwAm{ß H$m{ OrEgQ>r H$r ode{fVmAm{ß H{$ È[ _{ß a{ImßoH$V oH$`m Om gH$Vm 8. OrEgQ>r H$mCßogb H$m{ gd°YmoZH$ XOm© oX`m OmZm VmoH$ CgH$r h° & OrEgQ>r bmJy hm{Z{ g{ oZÂZmßoH$V bm^ A[{ojV h° - og\$mnae{ am¡`m{ß ¤mam _mZr OmE & X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m{ bm^ - 9. OrEgQ>r bmJy hm{Z{ g{ òX _hßJmB© ]∂T>Vr h°, Vm{ Cg{ oZ`ßoÃV H$aZ{ h{Vw 1. X{e _{ß EH$rH•$V Am_ ]mOma ]ZZ{ g{ odX{er oZd{e VWm "_{H$ BZ d°H$oÎ[H$ g_mYmZm{ß [a odMma H$aZm & BßoS>`m' Ao^`mZ H$m{ ]∂T>mdm o_b{Jm& 10. OrEgQ>r H$m oZYm©naV g_` gr_m _{ß bmJy oH$`m OmZm & 2. AmoW©H$ JoVodoY`m{ß _{ß JoVerbVm g{ am{OJma H{$ AoYH$ Adga OrEgQ>r Xa ]Zm_≤ gß^modV ‡^md - OrEgQ>r H$m doH©$J [{[a V°`ma [°Xm hm{ßJ{ & H$aZ{ dmb{ Q{>∑g ode{fk lr gÀ`m [m°⁄ma H{$ AZwgma S≠>m‚Q> o]b _{ß hr 3. H$a _{ß Nw>Q>/EH$_wÌV H$a ^wJVmZ (H$Â[mCßoS>J) `m{OZm H{$ H$maU OrEgQ>r H$r Mma Xa{ß gm_Z{ Am ahr h°& [hbr Xa gm{Z{ Mm∞Xr [a hm{Jr Om{ N>m{Q{> IwXam odH´${VmAm{ß H{$ EH$ ]S>∂{ dJ© H$m _mb C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H{$ obE bJ^J 3 g{ 4 ‡oVeV hm{Jr, Xygar 12 ‡oVeV hm{Jr& Om{ Im⁄ dÒVwAm{ß gÒVm hm{Jm & [a bJ{Jr, Vrgar 18 g{ 20 ‡oVeV hm{Z{ H$r ]mV Mb ahr h° d Mm°Wr Xa 4. Ï`m[mna`m{ß ¤mam [∏$m o]b Omar hm{Z{ [a hr OrEgQ>r H´${oS>Q> o_b 40 ‡oVeV H$r hm{Jr & ^maV O°g{ X{e _{ß òX 20 g{ Mmbrg ‡oVeV Q{>∑g gH{$Jm& E{gm hm{Z{ g{ Z og\©$ Q°>∑g H$r Mm{ar Í$H{$Jr ]oÎH$ H$mb{ YZ [a ‡ÒVmodV hm{Jm, Vm{ Bgg{ g{ OrEgQ>r H$m b˙` hr [yU© Zht hm{ gH{$Jm& AßHw$e ^r bJ{Jm& OrEgQ>r bmJy hm{Z{ H{$ ]mX O] dÒVwAm{ß H$r gaH$ma Z{ o\$bhmb Mma g{∑Q>g© o]Obr, [{Q≠>m{ob`_, na`b EÒQ{>Q> Am°a AmdmOmhr [ya{ X{e _{ß hm{Jr Vm{ H$ht Z H$ht Cg{ OrEgQ>r H{$ Z{Q>dH©$ _{ß EÎH$m{hb H$m{ OrEgQ>r g{ ]mha aIm h°& BZ g{∑Q>g© H$m ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm AmZm hr hm{Jm& _gbZ AJa H$m{B© dÒVw EH$ H$mam{]mar g{ Xyga{ H{$ [mg _{ß 40 ‡oVeV `m{JXmZ h°& E{g{ _ß{ OrEgQ>r H$m ]{g 60 ‡oVeV ah J`m h°, OmVr h°, Vm{ Xm{Zmß{ H$mam{]mna`m{ß H$m{ CgH$m o]b OrEgQ>r Z{Q>dH©$ [a BgH{$ MbV{ EH$ ]mOma H$r gßH$Î[Zm H$m{ ZwH$gmZ [hw±M{Jm gmW hr odo^fi A[bm{S> H$aZm hm{Jm & am¡`m{ß H$r BZ[wQ> bmJV _{ß Ag_mZVm ^r ]Zr ah{Jr& 5. AodH$ogV am¡`m{ß H$m{ AoYH$ amOÒd H$r ‡mo· hm{Jr & lr [m{⁄ma H{$ AZwgma OrS>r[r g{ Hw$N> \$m`Xm hm{Jm, oH$VZm CÀgmh Ï`m[ma H{$ obE AZwHy$b - AmEJm, AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß oH$VZr ]∂T>m{Var hm{Jr, `h g] Bg ]mV [a oZ^©a 1. A] AZ{H$ H$am{ß H{$ obE AbJ-AbJ naH$mS©> aIZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm H$aVm h° oH$ OrEgQ>r H$r Xa ∑`m hm{Jr? o\$bhmb oOZ dÒVwAm{ß Am°a Zht h°, oOgg{ AZw[mbZ IM© _{ß H$_r AmEJr & g{dmAm{ß [a OrEgQ>r bJmZ{ H$m ‡ÒVmd h°, CZ [a bJZ{ dmb{ g^r A‡À`j 2. gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H{$ ¡`mXm ‡`m{J g{ H$aXmVm Am°a H$a ‡emgZ _{ß H$am{ß H$m{ o_bmH$a H{$›– Am°a am¡` gaH$ma o\$bhmb OrS>r[r H$m 6 \$rgXr grY{ gß[H©$ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm H$_ hm{Jr & H{$ ]am]a Q°>∑g dgyb ahr h°& Q°>∑g H$m \$m_y©bm h° oH$ OrS>r[r H{$ EH$ ‡oVeV 3. 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Xm{ha{ H$amam{[U Am°a Cascading effect IÀ_ hm{Jm BgH$m \$m`Xm [a S>mb gH$Vr h°& Bgr ‡H$ma AmB©Q>r g{∑Q>a [a ^r A^r 15 ‡oVeV Q{>∑g Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 76 bJVm h°& oOg_ß{ 4 g{ 5 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hm{ gH$Vr h°, oOgg{ Bg g{∑Q>a C[gßhma - dV©_mZ _{ß H$ZmS>m, AmÒQ≠>{ob`m, ›`yOrb° S>, ogßJm[wa gohV H{$ ‡m{S>∑Q> Am°a god©g H$r bmJV ^r ]T>∂{Jr & XwoZ`m H{$ 150 g{ 160 X{em{ _{ß OrEgQ>r bmJy h°, oOZ_{ß g{ AoYH$mße X{em{ß ^maVr` C⁄m{J H$m EH$ ]∂S>m dJ© MmhVm h° oH$ OrEgQ>r Xa 20 ‡oVeV _{ß H{$db H{$›– gaH$ma OrEgQ>r dgybVr h°& `⁄o[ Amaß^ _{ß OrEgQ>r bmJy g{ H$_ aIr OmE A›`Wm _hßJmB© ]∂T{>Jr ode{f È[ g{ g{dmAm{ß [a Aga hm{Z{ g{ _hßJmB© ]∂T>r oH$›Vw H$mbm›Va _{ß gaH$ma H{$ amOÒd _{ß d•o’ hwB© & hm{Jm & BgH{$ Abmdm XyagßMma, ]¢oH$J ÒdmÒœ` g{dm Am°a a{Îd{ H$m{ gm_moOH$ ›`yOrb¢S> Z{ OrEgQ>r bmJy H$aV{ g_` 10 ‡oVeV H$m{ dh Xa _mZr Wr ^bmB© H$r —oÓQ> g{ _hÀd[yU© g{dmAm{ß H$r gyMr _{ß aIm OmZm ^r A[{ojV h° & oOg [a dh H$a gßJ´h _{ ›`wQ≠>b ahVm& EH$ gmb ]mX 10 ‡oVeV OrEgQ>r C⁄m{J _ S>b Egm{M{_ H{$ _hmgoMd S>r Eg amdV H{$ AZwgma H$m{B© ^r H$m [naUm_ gm_Z{ Am`m Vm{ ›`yOrb¢S> gaH$ma H{$ amOÒd _{ß 42 ‡oVeV H$r H$a gwYma V] VH$ g\$b Zht hm{ gH$Vm h°, O] VH$ oH$ H{$›– Am°a am¡`m{ß d•o’ hm{ J`r Wr& ^maV _{ß ^r Bg{ gH$mamÀ_H$ —oÓQ>H$m{U H{$ gmW bmJy oH$E Xm{Zm{ß H{$ obE [`m©· amOÒd gwoZoÌMV Z hm{ Bg Vah OrEgQ>r H{$ _m_b{ _{ß OmZ{ H$m ‡ÒVmd h° oH$›Vw BgH$r g\$bVm Bg ]mV [a oZ^©a H$a{Jr oH$ amOÒd oZa[{j Xa (AmaEZAma) H$m oZYm©aU H$a gßJ´hU H{$ ÒVa _{ß CN>mb OrEgQ>r H$r Xa ∑`m hm{Jr ? 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[m{hm Edß _wa_wam C⁄m{J - `h C⁄m{J YmZ C[O [a AmYnaV h°& 55 dfm~ _{ß h_Z{ Om{ ‡`mg oH$`{ h°, CZH$r Am{a g{ AmßI{ ]ßX H$aZ{ H$m gmhg oOb{ _{ß YmZ g{ [m{hm Edß _wa_wam oZ_m©U H$r BH$mB©`mß AoYH$meßV: Mmdb A] oH$gr _{ß Zht h°& odH$mg H$r JoV BZ dfm~ _{ß Mmh{ AZm[{ojV hr ∑`m{ß Z o_bm{ H{$ gmW ÒWmo[V h°& [m{hm oZ_m©U H$r BH$mB`mß ]aKmQ> _{ß 3, Imar _{ß 1, ahr hm{ [a›Vw Om{ oXem h_Z{ gÂ^mbr h°, dh A[{ojV b˙` H$r Am{a AJ´ga YmaZm _{ß 1, _m{h]am© _{ß 1, ogdZr _{ß 1 Bg ‡H$ma bJ^J 7 ]∂S>r BH$mB`mß hm{Z{ H{$ ob`{ A¿N>m H$X_ h°& Ma_amV{ AmoW©H$ VßÃ H$m{ [Q>ar _{ß bmZ{ _{ß g_` Bg_ß{ bJr h°& BgH{$ AoVna∫$ Jmßdm{ _{ß Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J H{$ Í$[ _{ß T>r_a OmoV H{$ Vm{ bJ{Jm hr VWm oH$gr H$naÌ_{ß H$r H$Î[Zm ^r ›`m` gßJV Zht hm{Jm& AZ{H$ [nadmamß{ ¤mam ^r _wa_wam, oMd∂S>m ]ZmZ{ H$m H$m`© oH$`m OmVm h°& _‹`‡X{e H{$ Am°⁄m{oJH$ _mZoMÃ _{ß Om{ Z`{ oMÃ Câ{ h¢, d{ EH$ ZB© 3.3.3. V{b o_b{ß- oVbhZ \$gbm{ß [a AmYmnaV V{b o_b{ ß^r oOb{ _{ß ÒWmo[V Amem H$r oH$aU oXImV{ h¢& _hmamÓQ≠>, JwOamV, [ßOm] O°g{ ‡X{e EH$ g_` h°& `⁄o[ `{ o_b{ N>m{Q>r h° oH$›Vw ÒWmZr` _mßJ Edß AmdÌ`H$Vm H{$ AZwgma Am°⁄m{oJH$ dmVmdaU H{$ ob`{ AmXe© j{Ã _mZ{ OmV{ ah{ W{& BZ am¡`m{ß _{ß C[`w∫$ h°& AoYH$mße V{b o_b{ß ogdZr ZJa _{ß ÒWmo[V h°& oOZ_{ß [mbrdmb C⁄m{Jm{ H$m Om{ odH$mg hwAm, dh AmÌM`© H$m odf` ahm h°& ‡mH•$oVH$ AmBb o_b, JwÍ$ZmZH$ AmBb o_b ‡og’ h°& H{$dbmar, ]aKmQ>, bIZmXm°Z gß[XmAm{ß g{ od[wb `h ‡X{e A›Vdm{JÀdm AmO C⁄o_`m{ß H{$ obE AmH$f©U _{ß ^r Hw$N> N>m{Q>r V{b o_b{ h°& BZ ‡_wI V{b o_bmß{ H{$ AoVna∫$ N>m{Q>r-N>m{Q>r H$m ‡_wI H{$›– hm{ J`m h°& AmH$f©U _hO emgH$r` Km{fUmAm{ß H$m Zht ahm V{b N>ofi`mß ^r h°, Om{ H$B© ÒWmZm{ß ^m{_m, ]m{ar, _bmam, CJbr, N>[mam, daZ≤ AmH$f©U h°, `hm± C[b„Y AmYma^yV gßaMZmAm{ß H$m VWm BZH$m AmX{Jmßd, Kßgm°a, Yy_m AmoX _{ß oÒWV h°& AmoW©H$ Edß CÀ[mXH$ Xm{hZ hr Bg ‡X{e H$m{ _mZoMÃ [a CâZ{ _{ß ghm`H$ 4.4.4. Xmb o_b{ß - `{ gro_V gßª`m _{ß h° Om{ ‡_wIV: ogdZr ZJa _{ß ahm h°& o]Ia{-o]Ia{ Am°⁄m{oJH$ gßÒWmZ OmZr AZOmZr YaVr [a oM_oZ`m{ß ÒWmo[V h° BZ o_bm{ß _{ß _wª` amO{Ìdar Xmb o_b, I{_wH$m Xmb o_b, _Zm{a_m H$m Yw∞Am AQ>[Q{> ÒWmZm{ß _{ß odZmem{ß H$m odH$mg EH$ bÂ]{ Ag} VH$ MbVm Xmb o_b AJ´dmb Xmb o_b AmoX h°, Om{ AoYH$mßeV: ÒWmZr` AmYma [a ahm VWm Bg odH$mg Z{ AW©hrZ oXem H$r Am{a _w∂S>Zm hr Mmhm Wm oH$ oObm H$mam{]ma H$aVr h°& C⁄m{J H{$›– H$m`_ H$aZ{ H$r _hÀdH$mßjr `m{OZm Z{ Z`{ Am`m_ oXE& g_yM{ 5.5.5. AmQ>m Edß _gmbm Mo∏$`mß -`{ AoYH$mßeV: Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jmß{ H{$ Í$[ _{ß amÓQ≠> _{ß Bg ZB© odMma Ymam H$m{ oH´$`mo›dV H$aZ{ H$m Ao^`mZ ‡maß^ oH$`m ÒWmo[V h° & N>m{Q>r AmQ>m Mo∏$`mß Om{ ÒWmZr` Vm°a [a ÒWmo[V h°& o_M© J`m Am°a Bgr H´$_ _{ß _‹`‡X{e _{ß ^r g^r oObm{ß _{ß oObm C⁄m{J H{$›–m{ß H$r _gmb{ [rgZ{ g{ gß]ßoYV Mo∏$`mß ÒWmo[V h°& ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& bKw Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J H{$ odH$mg _{ß oH$Z-oH$Z MwZm{°oV`m{ß 6.6.6. [ew[mbZ -oOb{ _{ß [ew[mbZ YßYm _ybV: H•$of [a AmYmnaV h°& H$m gm_Zm C⁄m{J H{$›–m{ß H{$ ¤mam H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& CZ H$oR>ZmB©`m{ß g{ oZ[Q>Z{ H•$of H$m`© _{ß _wª` Í$[ g{ [ewAm{ß H$m hr ‡`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°& \$bV: ‡À`{H$ H{$ obE ∑`m-∑`m ‡`mg oH$E OmV{ h{ß& oOb{ _{ß{ ‡_wI Am°⁄m{oJH$ BH$mB`mß H•$fH$ [nadma ¤mam [ew [mb{ OmV{ h°& gro_V gßª`m _{ß h°& oOb{ _ß{ bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r oÒWoV BZ ‡_wI BH$mB`m{ß H{$ H•$of g{ gß]ßoYV gß^modV H•$of C⁄m{Jmß{ H$r odd{MZm H{$ AmYma [a `h A‹``Z g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{ OmVr h° & (gmaUr X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) oZÓH$f© Í$[ _ß{ H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ 1980 H{$ ]mX oOb{ _{ß bKw C⁄m{Jm{ H$r oOb{ _{ß ‡_wI Am°⁄m{oJH$ BH$mB©`m± gro_V gßª`m _{ß h° & oOb{ _{ß bKw ÒWm[Zm _{ß d•o’ hwB© h°, VWm [yßOr odoZ`m{OZ am{OJma H{$ Adga Edß CÀ[mXZ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r oÒWoV BZ ‡_wI C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ A‹``Z g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{ OmVr h° & H{$ j{Ã _{ß d•o’ hwB© h°& oOZ dÒVwAm{ß H{$ CÀ[mXZ H$r [yd© _{ß H$Î[Zm ^r Zhr H•$of [a AmYmnaV ‡_wI C⁄m{J - ogdZr oOb{ _{ß AoYH$mße bKw Hw$Q>ra H$r Om gH$Vr Wr& CZ dÒVwAm{ß H$m CÀ[mXZ gß^d hwAm h°& C[am{∫$ AdoY C⁄m{J H•$of [a AmYmnaV h°, Om{ ÒdVßÃ Í$[ g{ VWm H•$of H{$ ghm`H$ YßYm{ H{$ _{ß oObm C⁄m{J H{$›– H{$ ¤mam bKw d Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ A›VJ©V CÀ[moXV Í$[ _{ß ÒWmo[V h° H•$of [a AmYmnaV _wª` C⁄m{J oZÂZ h°- dÒVw H{$ odH´$` h{Vw oObm C⁄m{J H{$›– ¤mam Hw$N> gr_m VH$ ghm`Vm ‡XmZ 1. Mmdb o_b{ß-oOb{ H$r _wª` C[O Mmdb h°& oOb{ _{ß A›` bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r J`r h°& oOb{ _{ß Am°⁄m{oJH$ ‡JoV H$m ‡^md oOb{ H{$ [nadhZ Edß gßMma H{$ A[{jm Mmdb o_b{ oOb{ H{$ ]aKmQ> Vhgrb _ß{ ÒWmo[V h°& ]aKmQ> _{ß 6 od⁄wV Am[yoV© ÒdmÒœ` d oejm VWm ]°oHß$J O°gr _hÀd[y m© gwodYmAm{ß [a ]∂S>r Mmdb o_b{ß h°, JßJ{Í$Am _{ß 3, Aar _ß{ 2, _m{h]am© _{ß 2, CJbr _{ß 1, ^m{_m Aga [∂S>m h°& Bg AdoY _{ß BZ gwodYmAm{ß H$m [`m©· odÒVma hwAm h°& oOgg{ *AoVoW od¤mZ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 80 oOb{ H{$ ehar d J´m_rU Ïò∫$ ‡^modV hwE h°& C⁄m{Jm| g{ Ohmß H•$fH$mß{ H$r 86) AmJam ‡H$meZ & Am` _{ß d•o’ hwB© h°, dhm± CZH{$ OrdZ ÒVa _{ß ^r gwYma hwAm h°& oOb{ _{ß bKw 3. S>m∞. ew∑bm - gmßoª`H$r H{$ og’mßV (1990) C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r Ï`m[H$ gß^mdZmEß od⁄_mZ h°& [a›Vw AmdÌ`H$Vm h° oZ`m{oOV 4. EM.H{$.e_m© - O]b[wa gß^mJ H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r Edß g_`]’ H$m`© oZÓ[moXV H$aZ{ H$r h°& oOgH{$ AmYma [a oObm C⁄m{J ^yo_H$m EH$ AmoW©H$ odd{MZm amZr XwJm©dVr odÌdod⁄mb` O]b[wa H{$›– A[Zm H$m`© H$a ah{ h°& & gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- 5. oObm gmßoª`H$r - oObm gmßoª`H$r H$m`m©b`, gßj{o[H$m oN>›Xdm∂S>m 1. Am{.Eg.lrdmÒVd - _‹`‡X{e H$m AmoW©H$ odH$mg (1997) d (1995-2009) ogdZr ¤mam ‡H$moeV & _‹`‡X{e oh›Xr AH$mX_r ^m{[mb ‡H$meZ & 6. bKw C⁄m{J - _mogH$ [oÃH$m, C⁄m{J g_mMma _ßÃmb` ZB© oXÑr & 2. S>m∞.Or.H{$.AJ´dmb - gm_moOH$ gd}jU Edß AZwgßYmZ (1985-

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df©df©df© oObm C⁄m{J H{$›– H{$ Hw$b ÒWmo[V C⁄m{J _m‹`_ g{ ÒWmo[V C⁄m{J oZ`m{OZ gßª`m oZ`m{OZ gßª`m oZ`m{OZ 1996-97 294 575 294 575 1997-98 317 551 317 551 1998-99 208 486 208 486 1999-2000 177 456 177 456 2000-01 109 378 109 378 2001-02 140 422 140 422 2002-03 173 475 173 475 2003-04 308 672 308 672 2004-05 302 641 302 641 2005-06 303 498 303 498 2006-07 300 429 300 429 2007-08 304 504 304 504 2008-09 389 443 389 443 Ûm{V: oObm gmßoª`H$r [woÒVH$m 2009

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 81

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S>m∞. ¡`m{oV gm{Zr *

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I 82 bmJy oH$`m J`m [a odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß A∑ga N>mÃgßK MwZmdm{ß H{$ Xm°amZ Z odÌdod⁄mb` ‡]ßYZ H$m{ [a{emZ H$aZm, g∂S>H$m{ß [a Zma{]mOr, ‡mMm`©/ Vm{ N>mÃ oZ`_m{ß H$m [mbZ H$aV{ h¢, Z hr ‡emgZ oZ`_m{ß H$m [mbZ Hw$b[oV [a Amj{[ H$VB© CoMV Zht& H$am [mVm h°& N>mÃ amOZroV h_ma{ ÒdVßÃVm AmßXm{bZ H$m ohÒgm ahr BgobE BgH$r dV©_mZ _{ß ^maV _{ß AoIb ^maVr` od⁄mWr© [nafX (ABVP), AmdÌ`H$Vm g{ BßH$ma Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm& N>mÃ amOZroV _{ß _wª` Ymam ^maVr` amÓQ>´≤r` N>mÃ gßK (NSUI), ^maVr` od⁄mWr© [nafX (STUDENT H$r amOZroV H$m ‡^md gH$mamÀ_H$ ah{ Bg h{Vw ‡`mg H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm FEDERATION OF INDIA), ALL INDIA STUDENT h°& obßJXm{h Om{ Hw$N> H$a gH$V{ W{ C›hm{ßZ{ oH$`m & oH$gr H$_{Q>r H$m H$m_ ASSOCIATION & ALL INDIA DEMOCRATIC STUDENT og\$mnae{ß X{Zm h° oH$›Vw C›h{ß bmJy gaH$ma H$m{ hr H$aZm hm{Jm& gaH$ma H$m{ ORGANISATION , AmoX ]∂S{> N>mÃ gßK h¢& N>mÃgßK H$m ‡_wI C’{Ì` BgH{$ Abmdm ^r A›` _m∞S>b ]ZmZ{ MmohE, oOZ_{ß emßoV[yU© Am°a oZ`_m{ß oOg{ AmYma _mZ H$a BZH$r [naH$Î[Zm H$r JB© Wr oZÂZ h¢- H{$ VhV MwZmd hm{ [mE& gmW hr od⁄mWr© A[Zr e°joUH$ AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß ò N>mÃm{ß, A‹`m[H$m{ß, H$m`m©b`rZ H$_©Mmna`m{ß, g_mO H$m{ AZwHy$b, gm\$ [a ^r [yam ‹`mZ bJmE& H{$db amOZroV _{ß oXbMÒ[r b{H$a A[Z{ A‹``Z gwWam dmVmdaU C[b„Y H$amZm oOgg{ oejU-gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß H$m{ ZOaAßXmO H$aZm ghr Zht h°& h_mar oejU gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ ^r d°oÌdH$ g_agVm H$m ^md CÀ[fi hm{& \$bH$ [a A[Zm [aM_ bhamZ{ H{$ obE em{Y l{ÓR>Vm gmo]V H$aZr hm{Jr, ò odÌdod⁄mb` ‡]ßYZ H$r `m{OZmAm{ß g{ N>mÃm{ß H$m{ AdJV H$amZm CÉ _mZH$ A[ZmZ{ hm{ßJ{ V^r h_ma{ N>mÃ amOZroV d oejm Xm{Zm{ß hr j{Ãm{ß Ed_≤ ‡]ßYZ d N>mÃm{ß H{$ _‹` g{Vw H$m H$m`© H$aZm& _{ß CÉ ÒWmZ ‡m· H$a gH{$ßJ{& ò J´mo_U [nad{e g{ odÌdod⁄mb`/_hmod⁄mb` _{ß ‡d{e b{Z{ dmb{ N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß H$r oejU gß]ßYr AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß- ‡d{e ,[arjm gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- \$m_©, bmB]´{ar, H°$ßoQ>Z AmoX H$r CoMV Ï`dÒWm, N>mÃmdmg Ed_≤ 1. "bm{H$VmßoÃH$ amOZroV H$r{ ‡mUdm`w h° N>mÃgßK'- ZB©XwoZ`m [naga _{ß AmdÌ`H$ gßgmYZm{ß H$r C[b„YVm [a gßÒWm H$m ‹`mZ (23.08.2016) AmH$of©V H$a Ï`dÒWm _{ß gh`m{J ‡XmZ H$aZm& 2. "O{EZ`y : Iwb{ odMmam{ß H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ H{$ Zm_ [a bJ{ ^maV odam{Yr ò ‡À`{H$ N>mÃ-N>mÃm H$m{ EZEgEg/EZgrgr b{Z{ h{Vw ‡{naV H$aZm Zma{'-[oÃH$m (13.02.16) oOgg{ ‡À`j-A‡À`j Í$[ g{ X{e g{dm _{ß ‡À`{H$ N>mÃ `m{JXmZ H$a 3. amOZroV g{ _w∫$ hm{ oejm [naga "-X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a (21.01.16) gH{$& BZH{$ AoVna∫$ N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß H$m{ gmßÒH•$oVH$ Ed_≤ I{bHw$X 4. "H$ma g{dm H{$ H{$›– ]Z{ odÌdo∂d∂∂⁄mb`'-H{$bm{ ‡dmh (18.01.16) gß]ßYr JoVodoY`m{ß _{ß ^mJ b{Z{ h{Vw ‡{naV H$aZm oOgg{ N>mÃm{ß H$m 5. "CÉ oejm :gßÒWmZm{ß _{ß{ odMmam{ß H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ [a og`mgV'-[oÃH$m gdm™JrU odH$mg hm{ gH{$& (13.01.16) N>mÃgßK A[Z{ C[am{∫$ C¤{Ì`m{ß H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIH$a N>mÃm{ß H{$ ohV _{ß{ 6. "N>mÃ gßK MwZmd: hw∂S>XßJ [a bJ{ bJm_, ]{hVa H$b H{$ obE ‡oejU H$m`© H$a{ß& amOZroVH$ AmXe© ‡ÒVwV H$a{ß Z oH$ JwQ>]mOr H$m ‡Xe©Z& hm{ b˙`'-[oÃH$m (03.12.14) AZmdÌ`H$ Í$[ g{ JwQ>]mOr AWdm A[Z{ Ah_≤ H$m{ _hÀd[yU© _mZV{ hwE 7. "CÉ oejm _{ß o\$g»r h_' - [oÃH$m (ß17.03.14)

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 83

_›Xgm°a Òb{Q> [{ßogb C⁄m{J _{ß H$_©H$ma H$Î`mU _ßS>b H$m `m{JXmZ

S>m∞. AßoV_]mbm O°Z *

‡ÒVmdZm - oH$gr ^r X{e H{$ AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß N>m{Q{>-N>m{Q{> C⁄m{J H$r ^yo_H$m _mÃ) ‡oV_mh ghm`Vm ‡XmZ H$r OmVr h°& _hÀd[yU© hm{Vr h°, ode{fH$a ^maV O°g{ X{e _{ß ∑`m{ßoH$ ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm 3. N>mÃd•oŒm - lo_H$m{ß H{$ [nadma H{$ ]Ém{ß H$m{ _ S>b ¤mam N>mÃd•oŒm H•$of [a AmYmnaV h° Edß `hmß H$r OZVm J´m_m{ß _{ß oZdmg H$aVr h°& AV: bKw ‡XmZ H$r OmVr h°& Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J J´m_rU OZVm H{$ am{OJma H{$ Adga ]∂T>mV{ h°& AV: BZH$m 4. oddmh ghm`Vm- _•V Edß ]r_ma lo_H$m{ß H$r [woÃ`m{ß H{$ oddmh h{Vw _hÀd OZVm d X{e H{$ ob`{ _hÀd[yU© h°& _ S>b ¤mam AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm$ ‡XmZ H$r OmVr h°& Xm{ [woÃ`m{ß H{$ _hmÀ_m JmßYr H{$ AZwgma -"^maV H$m H$Î`mU CgH{$ Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J _{ß oZohV oddmh h{Vw Í$[`{ 1751/- (Í$[`{ EH$ hOma gmV gm° B∏$mdZ _mÃ) h°&' H$m oddmh AZwXmZ oX`m OmVm h°& X{e H{$ ˆX` ÒWb _‹`‡X{e H{$ [oÌM_r CŒma ^mJ H{$ _Zm{hmar _mbdm 5. AmolVm{ß H{$ AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm ogobH$m{ogg g{ [ro∂S>V lo_H$ H$r _•À`y AßMb _{ß Jw·H$mbrZ ‡og’ AÓR>_wIr ^JdmZ [ew[oVZmW H{$ N>Ã-N>m`m [a CZH{$ AmolVm{ß H$m{ Í$. 7000/- (Í$[`{ gmV hOma _mÃ) H$r EH$ _{ß _›Xgm°a oObm oÒWV h°& Bg oOb{ _{ß e°b [ÀWam{ß H$r IXmZm{ß H{$ ]rM Òb{Q> _wÌV amoe Edß Xmh gßÒH$ma h{Vw Í$[`{ 2000/- (Í$[`{ Xm{ hOma [{ßogb C⁄m{J oÒWV h°& Òb{Q> [{ßogb H{$ CÀIZZ d Cg{ [{ßogb H$m Í$[ ‡XmZ _mÃ) H$r ghm`Vm amoe ‡XmZ H$r OmVr h°& H$aZ{ h{Vw Bg C⁄m{J H$r ‡W_ BH$mB© gZ≤ 1942 _{ß ÒWmo[V H$r JB© Wr Am°a 6. [nadma oZ`m{OZ- Òb{Q> [{ßogb lo_H$ H{$ [nadma oZ`m{OZ Am[a{eZ Cg g_` H$m`©aV Ï`o∫$`m{ß H$r _mÃ 89 Wr& dV©_mZ _{ß _ßXgm°a oOb{ _{ß 138 H$admZ{ h{Vw ‡m{ÀgmhZ ÒdÍ$[ ‡W_ gßVmZ hm{Z{ H{$ C[amßV Í$[`{ Òb{Q> lo_H$ H$m`©aV h°& 2000/- (Í$[`{ Xm{ hOma _mÃ), o¤Vr` gßVmZ hm{Z{ H{$ C[amßV dV©_mZ _{ß Bg C⁄m{J _{ß H$m`©aV lo_H$m{ß H$m{ odf` [naoÒWoV`m{ß _ß{ Í$[`{ 1500/-(Í$[`{ EH$ hOma [mßM gm° _mÃ) Edß V•Vr` gßVmZ H{$ H$m_ H$aZm [∂S>Vm h° Am°a C›h{ß ogobH$m{ogg o]_mar hm{Z{ H$r gß^mdZm ahVr hm{Z{ H{$ C[amßV Í$[`{ 1000/- (Í$[`{ EH$ hOma _mÃ) Í$[`{ ‡XmZ h¢ Òb{Q> [{ßogb lo_H$m{ß H{$ H$Î`mUmW© _‹`‡X{e Òb{Q> [{ßogb H$_©H$ma H$Î`mU oH$`{ OmV{ h°& oZoY AoYoZ`_ 1982 H{$ AßVJ©V _ßXgm°a oOb{ _{ß Òb{Q> [{ßogb C⁄m{J _{ß 7. _ohbm [wZdm©g - Òb{Q> C⁄m{J _{ß H$m_ H$aZ{ dmb{ lo_H$m{ß H$r H$m`©aV lo_H$m{ß H{$ ob`{ EH$ H$Î`mU oZoY H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB© h°& oOgH$m ogobH$m{ogg ]r_mar g{ [ro∂S>V hm{H$a CZH$r _•À`w hm{Z{ [a CZH$r JR>Z 24.12.1985 H$m{ ‡^mderb hwAm& BgH{$ gßMmbZ H{$ ob`{ EH$ _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ [wZ©dmg H{$ H$X_ CR>mE JE h°& ogbmB© ‡oejU, H$Â]b _ßS>b JoR>V h°, oOgH$m H$m`©H$mb VrZ df© H$m hm{Vm h°& _ßS>b H$r Am` H$m Edß H$VmB© ‡oejU, Ï`mdgmo`H$ ‡oejU, _ohbm oejm Ï`dÒWm, _wª` Ûm{V Òb{Q> [{ßogb oZ_m©U [a bJm`m J`m C[H$a h¢, `h Xa ogVÂ]a Am°[MmnaH$ oejm Ï`dÒWm AmoX& 1996 g{ VrZ Í$[`{ ‡oV 1000 odoZo_©V Òb{Q> [{ßogb oZYm©naV h°& 8. lo_H$m{ß H{$ oZamolV ]Ém{ß H$m{ ^aU [m{fU H{$ ob`{ Í$[`{ 75/- oZoY H$m C‘{Ì` : (Í$[`{ oN>Œma _mÃ) ‡oV_mh ghm`Vm& 1. Òb{Q> [{ßogb H$maImZm{ß _{ß H$m`© H$aZ{ dmb{ lo_H$m{ß H{$ H$Î`mU d•o’ h{Vw 9. ogobH$m{ogg g{ [ro∂S>V lo_H$m{ß H{$ C[Mma H{$ o`b{ 600/- (N>: gm° odV [m{fU H{$ ob`{ oZoY H$m JR>Z H$aZm& _mÃ) ‡oV_mh ‡oV lo_H$ H$r Xa g{ AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm Xr OmVr h°& 2. Òb{Q> [{ßogb H$_©H$mam{ß H$m{ Òd¿N> [`m©daU C[b„Y H$amZm& 10. ogobH$m{ogg g{ [ro∂S>V lo_H$m{ß H{$ C[Mma H{$ ob`{ oMoH$ÀgH$ H{$ 3. Òb{Q> [{ßogb H$_©H$mam{ß H$m{ AmdÌ`H$ oMoH$Àgm Edß e°joUH$ gwodYmEß [am_e© AZwgma XdmB©`mß H$m oZ:ewÎH$ ‡Xm`& C[b„Y H$amZm& 11. lo_H$m{ß H$m{ ÒdmÒœ` [arjU VrZ-VrZ _mh H{$ AßVamb _{ß H$am`m 4. Òb{Q> [{ßogb H$_©H$mam{ß H{$ OrdZ ÒVa H$m{ gwYmaZm& OmVm h°& C‘{Ì`m{ß H$r ‡mo· h{Vw _ßS>b ¤mam oH$E JE H$m`© : 12. [ro∂S>V lo_H$m{ß H{$ _Zm{aßOZ h{Vw AmgmZ oH$ÌVm{ß [a Q{>brodOZ Edß 1. g_yh ]r_m- lo_H$m{ß H{$ ohV bm^ H$m{ X{IV{ hwE ‡oV lo_H$ Í$[`{ [ßI{ odVaU, ogbmB© _erZ odVaU& 1,00,000/- (Í$[`{ EH$ bmI _mÃ) H$m gm_yohH$ ]r_m ^maVr` 13. lo_H$m{ß H$m{ H$Â]bm{ß H$m oZ:ewÎH$ odVaU& OrdZ ]r_m oZJ_ ¤mam H$adm`m J`m& 14. lo_H$m{ß H$r odYdmAm{ß H$m{ ogbmB© _erZ odVaU& 2. odYdm ghm`Vm- Òb{Q> [{ßogb lo_H$m{ß H$r _•À`y C[am›V CZH$r 15. lo_H$m{ß H{$ oMoH$Àgm C[Mma h{Vw Í$[`{ 2,05,000/- (Í$[`{ Xm{ odYdmAm{ß H$m{ _ S>b ¤mam Í$[`{ 350/- (Í$[`{ VrZ gm° [Mmg bmI [mßM hOma _mÃ) H$r bmJV g{ ogobH$m{ogg ]m{S©> H$m oZ_m©U Edß * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY) AQ>b o]hmar oh›Xr odÌdod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 84

Cg_{ß [ßI{, J‘{, o]ÒVa, H$Â]b AmoX _ S>b ¤mam ‡XmZ oH$`{ J`{& ‡^mdr [mbZ H$adm`m Om ahm h°& dV©_mZ _{ß ÒQ{>b [{ßogb ]mhwÎ` Jmßd 16. lo_H$m{ß H{$ ob`{ Òd¿N> Ob h{Vw _wÎVmZ[wam, abm`Vm, ]m{VbJßO, _wÎVmZ[wam _{ß OJh-OJh KZr ]ÒVr _{ß Òb{Q> [{ßogb H$maImZ{ Mb ah{ h°& _›Xgm°a H$mÂ[b{∑g _{ß Qß>H$r oZ_m©U [{Òb Ï`dÒWm, Hw$ßAm oZ_m©U Òb{Q> [{ßogb H$mÂ[b{∑g H{$ oZ_m© m [ÌMmV J´m_ H{$ g^r H$maImZ{ Cg_{ß Edß fl`mD$ oZ_m©U H$m H$m`© ^r oH$`m J`m& ÒWmZmßVnaV hm{ Om`{ßJ{ oOgg{ Jmßd _{ß Òb{Q> [{ßogb H$r Yyb g{ [ro∂S>V hm{Z{ 17. _ S>b ¤mam lo_H$m{ß H{$ ÒdmÒœ` [arjU h{Vw oZ:ewÎH$ E∑g-a{ o\$Î_ dmb{ lo_H$m{ß Edß J´m_dmog`m{ß H$m{ Bg g_Ò`m g{ Nw>Q>H$mam o_b Om`{Jm& H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r JB© h°& Òb{Q> [{ßogb C⁄m{J _{ß H$m`© H$aZ{ dmb{ lo_H$m{ß H{$ ob`{ H$_©H$ma H$Î`mU 18. lo_H$m{ß H$m{ Òd¿N> [`m©daU h{Vw H$mÂ[b{∑g Edß oObm oMoH$Àgmb` oZoY ¤mam odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß H$m gÂ[mXZ oH$`m Om ahm h°& Bg Vah [naga _{ß ]JrMm oZ_m©U H$adm`m J`m& od^mJ H$r gOJVm g{ [yd© dfm~ H$r A[{jm dV©_mZ _{ß H$m`©aV lo_H$ 19. Òb{Q> [{ßogb lo_H$m{ß H$r _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ogbmB© ‡oejU h{Vw ogbmB© ogobH$m{ogV O°gr OmZb{dm ]r_mar g{ H$_ [ro∂S>V hm{ ah{ h°& H{$›–m{ß H$r ^r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB© h°& gßX^© J´›W H$r gyMr :- 20. _ S>b H{$ Ï`` g{ Òb{Q> [{ßogb C⁄m{J dmb{ j{Ã _{ß ÒQ≠>rQ> bmB©Q> bJdmH$a 1. _‹`‡X{e Òb{Q> [{ßogb H$_©H$ma H$Î`mU _ßS>b, _›Xgm°a& ‡H$me H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r JB©& 2. dmof©H$ ‡oVd{XZ oObm gmßoª`H$r od^mJ, B›Xm°a& 21. lo_H$m{ß H{$ ]Ém{ß H{$ [∂T>Z{ h{Vw _ S>b Ï`` g{ _wÎVmZ[wam, abm`Vm, 3. Òb{Q> [{ßogb C⁄m{J Òd¿N> [`m©daU H$r Am{a OZgß[H©$ H$m`m©b` oObm o[[ob`m_ S>r _{ß H$_am{ß H$m oZ_m©U ^r H$adm`m J`m& _ßXgm°a& 22. ogobH$m{ogg g{ [ro∂S>V lo_H$m{ß H{$ ]É{ H{$ ob`{ oZ:ewÎH$ [wÒVH{$ß Edß 4. ^maV H$r AmoW©H$ g_Ò`mEß S>m∞. ^m^m{na`m Edß O°Z, gmohÀ` ^dZ, [o≈`m{ß H$m odVaU oH$`m J`m& AmJam& 23. oZoY g{ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ obE AZm°[MmnaH$ oejm H{$›– ^r J´m_rU j{Ã 5. gm_moOH$ gwajm Edß l_ H$Î`mU S>m∞. aod›– ZmW _wIOr©, gaÒdVr _{ß ÒWmo[V oH$E& gXZ, O`[wa& C[bo„‹`m{ß H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z - H$_©H$ma _ S>b ¤mam lo_ AoYoZ`_m{ß H$m 6. _‹`‡X{e gÂ[yU© A‹``Z S>m∞. Eg.Eg. ogX≤H$r, gmohÀ` ^dZ, AmJam&

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 85

^maV _{ß ÒdVßÃVm g{ [yd© g∂S>H$ `mÃr [nadhZ

S>m∞. X{d{›– ogßh amR>m°∂S> *

‡ÒVmdZm - _ZwÓ` Òd^md g{ oOkmgw ‡H•$oV H$m ahm h°& dh oZa›Va ob`{ _m{Q>a ]g [a Km{∂S>m JmS>r H$m{ ‡mWo_H$Vm Xr Wr& o]´VmZr hwHw$_V Z{ A[Zr AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H{$ obE ‡`ÀZerb ahVm h° Am°a BgH{$ 1919 _{ß Z`{ gßodYmZ H{$ A›VJ©V g∂S>H$m{ß H$m{ ‡m›Vr` odf` ]Zm oX`m obE A[Z{ Mmam{ß Am{a H$r [naÒWoV`m{ß _{ß ZB© gß^mdZmAm{ß H$r Im{O H$aVm J`m& Bgg{ g∂S>H$mß{ H{$ odH$mg H$r g_Ò`m Am°a ^r Jß^ra hm{ JB©& o]´Q≠>{Z ahVm h°& Im{O H$r Bgr oOkmgm Z{ [JSß>oS>`m{ß H$m{ O›_ oX`m, Om{ H$mbmßVa gaH$ma A[Z{ CŒmaXmo`Àd g{ _w∫$ hm{ J`r Am°a BgZ{ A[Zm ‹`mZ a{bm{{ß H{$ _{ß bÂ]r - Mm°S>r g∂S>H$m{ _{ß [nadoV©V hm{Vr Mbr J`r& Om{ AmO X{e _{ß 16 odH$mg _{ß bJm oX`m& BgH{$ [naUm_ÒdÈ[ ‡m›Vr` gaH$mam{ß H{$ obE g∂S>H$mß{ b{Z H{$ gw[a E∑g‡{g hmB©d{ H{$ È[ _{ß h_ma{ gm_Z{ h°& EH$mH$r _mZd, g_yh _{ß H$m odH$mg H$aZm AÀ`›V H$oR>Z hm{ J`m& amOZ°oVH$ d AmoW©H$ H$maUm{ß g{ _mZd , Hw$N> Pm{[o∂S>`m ,Jmßd, H$Ò]m, ZJa, _hmZJa VWm A] Ò_mQ©> ogQ>r g∂S>H$m{ß H{$ odH$mg _{ß H$m{B© ‡JoV Zhr hm{ gH$r& EH$ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ Xyga{ ÒWmo[V hm{V{ Mb{ JE& A¿N>r g∂S>H{$ VWm gab [nadhZ oh›XwÒVmZ _{ß g∂S>H$ [nadhZ H{$ j{Ã _{ß ‡W_ odÌd`w’ H{$ ]mX H´$mo›V Ï`dÒWm , g‰`Vm Edß g‰` ‡emgZ H{$ gmW Ow∂S>r hwB© h°& h_ H$h gH$V{ h° AmB©& ‡W_ odÌd`w’ H{$ [ÌMmV \$m°O H{$ H$m`m} g{ AbJ hwE Q≠>H$, _m{Q>a oH$ - "B›ht [JS>o S>`m{ß Am°a g∂S>H$m{ß [a Mb H$a g‰`Vm Am°a g_mO odH$ogV dmhZ OZVm H{$ C[`m{J H{$ obE ]∂S>r gßª`m _{ß C[b„Y hm{ J`{ VWm hwE h°& Bgr VmaVÂ` _{ß g∂S>H{$ AmJ{-AmJ{ Mbr VWm g‰`Vm [rN{>-[rN{>& odÌdÏ`m[r _hm_›Xr (AmoW©H$ _›Xr) H{$ Xm°a _{ß _m{Q>a]g{ß-a{bm{ß H{$ gmW ^maVdmgr AoV ‡mMrZ H$mb g{ hr g∂S>H$ oZ_m©U H$bm _{ß AÀ`›V oZ[wU ah{ ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$aZ{ bJr Wr& O]oH$ Bg g_` VH$ H{$db `w’H$mb g{ oZd•V h° , gmW hr d{ Ï`m[ma d g‰`Vm H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE g∂S>H$mß{ H$m _hÀd g_PV{ hwE _m{Q>a-Q≠>H$ hr `mÃr [nadhZ H{$ H$m_ Am ah{ W{ , oO›h{ß oh›XwÒVmZr W{& odú H{$ ‡mMrZV_ J´›W F$Ωd{X _{ß "_hm[W' H$m dU©Z o_bVm h°& _m{hZ C⁄o_`m{ß Z{ IarX H$a `mÃr ]gm{ß _{ß [nadoV©V H$a ob`m Wm& 1918-20 H$r Om{X∂S>m{ß (og›Y) H$r IwXmB© g{ o_br g∂S>H{$ `h og’ H$aVr h° oH$ ‡mMrZ AdoY _{ß _m{Q>a [nadhZ H$m odH$mg Vrd´ JoV g{ hwAm& ∑`m{ßoH$ ‡W_ odÌd`w’ ^maVr` g‰`Vm _{ß g∂S>H{$ AÀ`moYH$ _hÀd[yU© hr Zht Wr , ]oÎH$ `hm∞ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ]hwV AoYH$ gßª`m _{ß _m{Q>a C⁄m{J _{ß [ßyOr odoZ`m{OZ hwAm& 8000 df© [yd© g∂S>H$ oZ_m©U H$r H$bm AoV CfiV AdÒWm _{ß Wr& [ßOm] _{ß 1930 H{$ [ÌMmV≤ g∂S>H$ VWm a{b [nadhZ _{ß ‡oVÒ[Ym© ]hwV ]∂T> JB© Wr h∂S>fl[m H$r IwXmB© _{ß Xm{ [oh`m{ß dmbr VmÂ]{{ß H{$ aW H$r H•$oV o_br Wr, VWm AmO `h OmZH$a AmÌM`© hm{Jm oH$ Bg AdoY _{ß g∂S>H$ [nadhZ H{$ oOg_{ß gm_Z{ aWdmZ ]°R>m h°& Bg H•$oV H$m{ [oh`m{ß dmbr Jm∂S>r H$m ‡mMrZV_ H$maU a{Îd{ H$m{ hmoZ H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Z{ bJm Wm& Í$[ H$hm Om gH$Vm h°& `h Bg Vœ` H$m ‡VrH$ h° oH$ h_ma{ X{e _{ß g∂S>H$ AmYwoZH$ ^maV _{ß `mÃr g∂S>H$ [nadhZ g{dmAm{ß H$m BoVhmg ^yVb [nadhZ AoV ‡mMrZ H$mb g{ ‡MbZ _{ß h° Am°a `hm± g∂S>H{$ß VWm dmhZ [nadhZ H{$ Xyga{ _m‹`_ a{bd{ (‡W_ a{b 16 A‡°b 1853 H$m{ _wÂ]B© _{ß XwoZ`m H{$ Xyga{ X{em{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß AoV ‡mMrZH$mb g{ h°& `h dh g_` Wm, ]m{ar]ßXa g{ R>mU{ H{$ ]rM Mbr Wr) g{ [wamZm Zhr h¢ Bg{ ]rgdt fVm„Xr H$r O] h_mam X{e "gm{Z{ H$r oMo∂S>`m' H$hbmVm Wm& _hÀd[yU© X{Z H$hm Om gH$Vm h°& o¤Vr` odÌd `w’ H{$ Xm°amZ o]´VmZr oh›XwÒVmZ _{ß amOH$r` ]g g{dm H$m BoVhmg - 1855 _{ß B©ÒQ> Bo S>`m emgZ H$r gÂ[yU© ‡mWo_H$VmE∞ a{bm{ß H$r Am{a H{$o›–V hm{ J`r Wr VWm ]g H$Â[Zr Z{ gmd©OoZH$ oZ_m©U od^mJ (PWD) ]Zm`m& oOgH$m H$m`© `mÃr [nadhZ [a oZOr Ï`dgmo``m{ß H$m hr [yU© oZ`ßÃU ÒWmo[V hm{ J`m gmd©OoZH$ oZ_m©U H$m`© H$aZm Wm& AßJ´{O emgZ H$mb _{ß C›ht _mJm} H$m Wm& oZOr ]g gßMmbH$m{ß Z{ A[Z{ ‡^mdembr oZ`ßÃU H{$ [naUm_ odH$mg oH$`m J`m, Om{ g°oZH$ VWm Ï`dgmo`H$ ohVm{ß g{ AßJ´{Om| H{$ AZwHy$b ÒdÍ$[ AoYH$V_ bm^ ‡mo· H$m{ hr A[Zm EH$_mÃ b˙` ]Zm oX`m Wm W{& Cfirgdt gXr H{$ CŒmam’© _{ß o]´Q{>Z _{ß a{b H$r g\$bVm g{ ‡{naV hm{H$a oOgH{$ H$maU `moÃ`m{ß H$m{ ^mar AgwodYmAm{ß H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm A[Z{ gm_naH$ d amOZroVH$ ohVm{ß H$m{ gmYZ{ H{$ obE oh›XwÒVmZ _{ß ^r B©ÒQ> Wm& ]gm{ß _{ß `moÃ`m{ß H$m{ j_Vm, g{ H$ht ¡`mXm ^{∂S> ]H$na`m{ß H{$ g_mZ Bo S>`m H$Â[Zr Z{ gma{ AmoW©H$ gßgmYZ a{bm{ß H{$ odH$mg _{ß hr bJm oX`{& âm OmVm Wm& \$bÒdÈ[ g∂S>H$ [nadhZ C[{ojV hr ahm& `h Vœ` Am¸`©OZH$ h° oH$ oh›XwÒVmZ _{ß amOH$r` ]g g{dmE± - X{e _{ß ‡W_ amOH$r` ]g g{dm AmO oOg _wÂ]B© H$r OrdZ a{Im BEST _{ß ]gVr h° Cgr _wÂ]B© ZJa oZJ_ Ωdmobà (ogßoY`m) ÒQ{>Q> Q≠>ÒQ> Z{ "Ωdmobà a{Îd{ ÒQ{>eZ g{ _wama' H{$ _‹` ¤mam 1869 _{ß eha _{ß OZ gm_m›` H{$ obE _m{Q>a ]g H$m{ IVaZmH$ _mZV{ ‡maÂ^ H$r Wr, 1916-17Ωdmobà (_‹`^maV), 1932 h°Xam]mX hwE [nadhZ H{$ obE AÒdrH$ma H$a oX`m Wm& (oZOm_), 1938 ÃmdUH$m{a (H$m{MrZ),1942 H$¿N> _{ß amOH$r` oZ`ßÃ m oh›XwÒVmZ _{ß 1898 _{ß [hbr ]g Am`mV H$r J`r Wr oH$›Vw 12 _{ß ]g{ß gßMmobV hm{Z{ bJr Wt& _Ja BZH$m gßMmbZ Ï`dgmo`H$ ZOna`{ g{ dfm} H{$ ]mX ^r 1910 _{ß H$bH$Œmm ZJa oZJ_ Z{ ZJa H$m H$Mam CR>mZ{ H{$ hr oH$`m Om ahm Wm& ÒdVßÃVm H{$ [ÌMmV≤ 1947 _{ß CŒma‡X{e d _–mg * ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`)emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. 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(Vo_bZmSw>) 1948 _{ß Ag_, o]hma, ]Â]B©, C∂S>rgm, [ßOm], [.]ßJmb, oZOr ]g gßMmbH$m{ß H{$ —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ `h g_` (1939-44) odŒmr` _°gya, oXÑr, gm°amÓQ≠> VWm 1949 _{ß oh_mMb ‡X{e _{ß g∂S>H$ [nadhZ H$m bm^ H$m ÒdU©`wJ Wm& oZ`ßÃU H{$ A^md _{ß oZOr ]g _mobH$m{ß H$m OZVm H{$ amÓQ≠>r`H$aU hm{ MwH$m Wm& BgobE `h Am{a ^r AmgmZ hm{ J`m Wm& ÒdVßÃVm gmW Ï`dhma Ag‰` VWm Za^jr [ewAm{ß H{$ g_mZ Wm& `h H$hZm H{$ [ÌMmV≤ MyßoH$ OZm{[`m{Jr g{dm hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU g∂S>H$ [nadhZ `mVm`mV AoVÌ`m{o∫$[yU© Z hm{Jm oH$ ]g (`mÃr) [nadhZ _{ß "OßJb H$m H$mZyZ' H$m _hÀd[yU© gmYZ Wm Am°a oZOr ]g gßMmbH$m{ß ¤mam A[Zm`r J`r& Mb ahm Wm& ]g _mobH$ Òd¿N>›XVm [yd©H$ ]gm{ß H$m gßMmbZ H$a ah{ W{& AÀ`oYH$ bm^mO©Z H$r ZroV, og\©$ bm^Xm`H$ _mJm} [a hr ]gm{ß H$m H$mZyZ H$m ^` Zht hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU `moÃ`m{ß H$m em{fU BZH$m AoYH$ma ]Z [naMmbZ, H$_©Mmna`m{ß d `moÃ`m{ß H$m em{fU, gmd©OoZH$ ohVm{ß H$r bJmVma J`m Wm& `mÃr ^m∂S>m ‡À`{H$ BH$mB© _{ß AbJ-AbJ ‡H$ma g{ oZYm©naV hm{Vm C[{jm AmoX H$ma mm{ß H{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ g∂S>H$ [nadhZ H{$ amÓQ≠>r`H$aU H$r Wm& AW©emÛ H$m _mßJ H$m oZ`_, `mÃm ^m∂S>m oZYm©naV H$aZ{ H$m ‡_wI ^yo_H$m V°`ma hm{Vr Om ahr Wr& og’mßV Wm& Bg H$mb _{ß ]g _mobH$ _ZMmh{ VarH{$ g{ bm^mO©Z H$a ah{ W{& gßj{[ _{ß Ï`dgm` _{ß EH$moYH$ma H{$ H$maU ]g g{dm H$m ÒVa OZVm H{$ [mg Xygam H$m{B© [nadhZ odH$Î[ Z hm{Z{ g{ dh BZ ]gm{ß _{ß `mÃm oZÂZV_ Wm, oOgH{$ H$maU BZ ]gm{ß g{ `mÃm H$aZm `moÃ`m{ß H{$ obE H$R>m{a H$aZ{ H$m{ odde Wr ∑`m{ßoH$ a{b gwodYm Hw$N> oZoÌMV eham{ß H{$ _‹` hr H$mamdmg H{$ g_mZ Wm, _Ja `h `mÃm H$aZm AoZdm`© ^r Wm& ]gm{ß _{ß ‡d{e C[b„Y Wr& oOVZm gab Wm& Cgg{ gHw$eb ]mha AmZm CVZm hr H$oR>Z Wm& ]g gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- _mobH$m{ß H$r —oÓQ> _{ß `moÃ`m{ß H$r oÒWoV oZOr©d gm_mZ g{ AoYH$ Zht Wr& 1. Ï`o∫$JV em{Y$ H{$ AmYma [a & H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m `moÃ`m{ß H{$ gmW Ï`dhma ^r AgÂ_mZOZH$ ahVm Wm, `hr 2. ^maV _{ß [nadhZ : S>m∞. Hw$bl{ÓR Zht ]g _mobH$m{ß ¤mam H$_©Mmna`m{ß H{$ gmW ^r A_mZdr` Ï`dhma oH$`m 3. g∂S>H$ Edß amO_mJ© _ßÃmb` [nadhZ , oXÑr Om ahm Wm& H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m em{fU _mobH$m{ß H$m AoYH$ma ]Z J`m Wm& g_` 4. Indian Transport System : P Jagdish Gandhi,G. Jon [a d{VZ Z X{Zm, am{OJma H$r gwajm Z hm{Zm VWm A›` em{fU gm_m›` ]mV Guaseelan 5. Management of State Transport in India : K. N Wr& ÒdVßÃVm [yd© H{$ Bg H$mb _{ß g^r Ï`dgm`m{ß _{ß lo_H$m{ß H$m em{fU Ramanujam gm_m›` ]mV Wr&

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 87

Agriculture policy of Jammu & Kashmir

* ** Nisar Ahmad Wani Dr. Pavan Kumar Shrivastava

Introduction - Livelihood of the majority of the population of generation of surpluses. the Jammu & Kashmir State revolves around the agriculture 2. Arable lands are about 18% of the total geographical and allied sectors. These sectors constitute the mainstay area, whereas the net sown area is only about 7%. of the State’s economy and contribute nearly 50 per cent to More than half of the cultivable area is un- irrigated. GSDP. Over 70 per cent of the population, of more than 1.25 3. Though area, production and productivity of different crores depends, directly or indirectly, on agriculture and its crops have increased over time, the rate of development allied sectors. The diversification in the physiographic has been very slow. features and agro-climatic variation at macro- and micro- 4. Capital inadequacy, lack of adequate infrastructural level, involving cold arid, temperate, intermediate and sub- support and agriculture being carried out as a tropical zones, within a small geographical area of 2.22 lakh subsistence option of livelihood have also influenced sq. km indicates the inherent agricultural potential of the the economic viability of the agriculture sector resulting State. The net sown area (NSA) of 7.35 lakh ha (2013-14) is in new generation of farm youth shying away from 35 per cent of the reported area as against the national agriculture and looking for urban centric vocations. average of 46 per cent. About 70 per cent of the net sown Present Scenario - The State is blessed with varied agro- area is under the food crops. The average size of holding is climatic zones, expressing in a wide variety of agricultural very small (0.545 ha/holding) as compared to 1.66 ha at the and horticultural produce, some of which are unique to the national level with more than 93% of owners of these farm State. While Jammu region is home to high quality ‘Basmati’, holdings subsisting on agriculture and allied activities. ‘Rajmash’, Black Caraway (‘zeera’) etc., Kashmir region is Over the years, agriculturists and farmers have adopted rich in high quality Saffron, ‘Zeera’, fresh and dry temperate several area- specific and time-specific cultivation practices fruits and commercial floriculture. Ladakh region is endowed to meet the requirement of their staple food crops. Rice, with high quality apricots and seabuck-thorn berry etc. maize, wheat, pulses, fodder, oilseeds, potato and barley Enormous potential exists for bio-diversification due to varied are the main crops of the State. There is currently a shift agro-climatic and soil conditions. towards cultivating low volume high-value cash crops, such Food-grain production in the State has more than trebled, as, flowers, vegetables, quality seeds, aromatic & medicinal since the year 1950-51, when the production was 4.53 lakh plants, mushrooms etc. round the year. Honey, Bee-keeping, MTs. Despite such significant strides, the state still imports fodder intensification, production of quality saffron, ‘Basmati’ about 40% and 20% of its requirements of food grains and rice, ‘Rajmash’, off-season vegetables, potatoes etc. are also vegetables,respectively. In the field of horticulture, the state being cultivated in specific areas, belts and clusters has made phenomenal progress in the post independence depending upon the agro-climatic suitability. period. In the year 1953-54, area under fruit cultivation was Agriculture in the State faces several challenges that, just 12.4 thousand hectares with a production of only about primarily, include the following:- 16 thousand MTs. At present, an area of 3.30 lakh hectares 1. Agriculture in the hills and mountains of the State suffers of land is under fruit cultivation and the fruit production has from inherent constraints of remoteness and touched an all time high of 24 lakhs MTs. The State has inaccessibility, marginality and fragility in terms of 60% share in the production of apples in the country. moisture stress and poor soil conditions and a short At present, a little over 1.05 lakh tones of vegetables is growing season. Added to this, are socioeconomic imported into the State annually. It is, however, gratifying to constraints that, primarily, includes small land holdings, note that imports of vegetables into the State have declined poor productivity, poor production management, labour over the years despite a spike in the demand.In order to shortages, poor post-harvest management, poor market improve income of the farmers and generate employment networks (lack of market development) and lack of opportunities as also to provide nutritious food to the entrepreneurship. All these factors have led to under consumers, offseason vegetable cultivation through protected utilization of available resource base leading to limited cultivation under low cost green house technology and hybrid * Research Scholar (Economics) Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M.P.) INDIA ** Asst. Professor (Economics) Govt. P.G. College, Shivpuri (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 88 vegetable production in the open have been given a special promulgated involving punitive action for any thrust. violation,particularly in respect of more productive lands The livestock count of the State as per the last census (Abi-awal etc.). has been estimated at 104.73 lakh as compared to 40.08 3. Promote sustainable use of natural resources and lakh in the year 1956. Livestock breeding is very important adoption of practices that conserve soil, water and to the State’s economy as this sector contributes roughly biodiversity. This will also involve transition of hilly regions 13% to the State’s GDP. The State has traditionally been to “Organic Farming”. Efforts will be made to combine deficit in the production of mutton, poultry and milk due to the tradition and innovation, so that future generations low productivity of local breeds. The situation has, however, will have a fertile soil and clean drinking water. started changing due to up gradation of local livestock through 4. Promote closer cooperation and interaction between crossbreeding with high quality exotic breeds and government agencies, research institutions and farmers implementation of various other schemes for provision of to attain growth in agricultural productivity and income health cover, vaccination, fodder production etc. Most of the based on local conditions. Foster an efficient mechanism antipoverty schemes mainly funded by the Government of of assessment, delivery and control for providing timely J&K are livestock based. and quality inputs to the farmers as per optimum It is important to note that 56% up gradation of local requirement. cattle into crossbred (jersey, Holstein, Friesian) has already 5. Promote diversification to crops and such other been achieved. This has substantially increased the milk agricultural activities that are commercially more viable Production, which is estimated at 20 lakh MTs (ending 2012- for increasing farmers’ income as per local agro-climatic 13). The per capita availability of milk in J&K is estimated at and market conditions. 330 ml, as against an average of 220 ml at national level and 6. The Government will devise measures to promote the level of 285 ml. recommended by the ICMR and the WHO. agriculture that enable it to fulfil its multifarious tasks. Besides, 58.5% up-gradation of the local sheep into 7. Adopt and implement plans for growth in productivity genetically improved cross-bred sheep has already been and income based on specific geographical, agro- achieved in the State. This has improved the availability of climatic and traditional practices within different agro- wool and mutton in the State. Nature has bestowed the State climatic zones. with rich floral resources required for production of quality 8. Promote dry land technologies and adopt specific water honey conforming to international standards. Apiculture, conservation initiatives like watershed development etc., which was on a high growth path until 1986 was, to raise farm production and income in rain fed unfortunately, hit by an epidemic of sac brood disease. ecosystems of the State. Policy Framework For Future Agriculture Development 9. Promote value addition, agri-business and market - Agriculture development in the state would be guided in initiatives to secure higher incomes for agricultural future not only by the objective of attaining food and nutritional produce. security, but also by the concerns of declining profitability, 10. Foster interface between farmers and the banks and environmental degradation and ecological unsustainability. insurance companies as also with other concerned Therefore, agriculture based development strategies should agencies to secure farm credit facilities and crop rely on increase in profitability, especially of the small and insurance for the farmers. marginal farmers, together with creation of employment 11. Promote growth that is technologically sound, opportunities for rural youth, both in farm and non-farm sector. economically profitable and environmentally sustainable, The share of high value agriculture in the agriculture is so that the agriculture in the state develops in a socially increasing steadily and this segment of agriculture is acceptable way. perishable in nature and, therefore, requires a very different Strategic Planning : approach than has been the case in food grains. The strategic policy objectives shall be realized/achieved The State Agriculture Policy is, therefore, aimed at through the following specific interventions:- developing a road map that will seek to actualize the vast i) Research/Farmers’ Interface: untapped growth potential of the agriculture, promote value ii) Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture: addition, accelerate the growth of agri-business, create iii) Strengthening Input Supply: employment in rural areas, secure fair standard of living for iv) Development of Homogeneous Groups/Clusters: the farmers and agricultural workers and their families, v) Post Harvest Technology and Marketing: discourage migration to urban areas and face the challenges vi) Increasing Profitability from Farm Enterprise: arising out of economic liberalization, globalization and The Government will promote contract farming as climate change. The policy framework will broadly aim to symbiotic contracts confer benefits to both producers and achieve the following. purchasers in terms of ensuring assured and remunerative 1. Growth rate of about 4% per annum. marketing opportunities. 2. Prevent conversion of agricultural land for non-agricultural Other Specific Thrust Areas : use. To achieve the objective, strict laws have been i) Vegetable Production Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 89 ii) Basmati Rice Production traditional and conventional technologies, cutting edge iii) Saffron Production. technologies, such as,biotechnology, ICT, space and GIs iv) Mushroom Development for land use planning, and weather forecasting etc.will need v) Apiculture Development to be channelized to meet the needs of farmers of the state.In vi) Good management Practices the state, the generation and dissemination of technology vii) Quality Control Management is hampered not only by lack of investible resources, but Policy Framework On Agricultural Research And also by its sub-optimal priorities across crops, regions and Education - Green revolution technologies are scale neutral institutions, and lack of support in most of the public research but not resource neutral. The inputs bear direct co-relation institutions. Broadly, the issues related to technology can with the outputs. Experience shows that the vast areas be put in two categories. One, where productivity levels are inhabited by resource poor farmers of the state have high and moved closer to the economic potential. Two, where remained outside the benefits of the universally acclaimed productivity levels are low and far below the economic green revolution technologies. The crops and cropping potential of available technology. The former require systems on the un-irrigated sloping farmlands were not breakthrough in technology and the latter require extension touched by the green revolution technological options. Even and favourable policy environment like remunerative prices, as there is an urgent need to scale up food grain production supply of inputs and infrastructure support, etc. The state to meet the annual shortfall of 5 MTs of food grains, the agriculture research and technology initiatives, therefore, downsides represented by the shrinking crop lands, declining should ensure that technological research is a prime mover water availability, technological fatigue, and the lack of timely of change and that wherever the technological frontiers need and adequate input services support are coming in the way to be transcended and new technologies created, they are of stemming the migration of farmers to other profitable done, and in a time bound manner. enterprises. The stagnation in the agriculture growth in recent Policy Framework On Investment In Agriculture - The years has brought into focus new sectors and regions. new technologies responsible for substantial increase in Livestock, fisheries, horticulture and specialty production are, by and large capital led, implying, thereby, enterprises (spices, medicinal aromatic, organic) represent that the growth in agricultural sector depends substantially low volume high value crop segment. The share of high value on investment to develop infrastructure, improve quality of agriculture in total agriculture has gradually increased over natural resources and create productive assets. In this the years and today it accounts for a little less than a third context, however, investments in the hilly state like Jammu of the total value of agriculture. This segment is highly & Kashmir will have to be prioritized differently due to several perishable in nature and needs a different approach than mountain specificities. that followed in the case of food grains. The agro- ecological 1. The stagnant productivity (02 tonnes/hectare) of major environment of the state has a distinct and widely recognised food crops grown in the State not only discourages niche for this high value agriculture. Paradigm shift to investment, but also makes the farming business a strengthen Technology led Revitalization of Agriculture in J&K. suboptimal proposition. Over 93% of holdings in the At a time when, dependence of farmers on agriculture, both State belong to either marginal or small farmer category. for food and economic security is declining and new The returns from small surpluses to this category do generation of youth is moving away from farming, the not suffice to cover even the input expenditure. Besides, challenge lies in giving new direction to technological research the undulating topography in various geographies hinders so as to help contain and reverse the trend. And this sets movement of tractors and, thereby, prevents the farm research agenda for the future in J&K. The state is mechanization of agriculture and, in turn, investment fortunate to have, both wet and dry, temperate agroclimatic on implements and machinery. Therefore, agricultural regions, plenty of water bodies, waste forest and pasture productivity, aimed at improving investible surpluses, lands, which offer it distinct comparative advantages of will have to be improved to enhance appetite for private diversity of farming cultures, such as, rice, horticulture and investments in agriculture. saffron farmers in the valley to maize and potato farmers in 2. The evolution of technology, to make agriculture a the Jammu region to the ‘bakkarwals’, yak herders and sustainable livelihood option for rural masses, should shepherds of Changthang. Such diversity needs to be not be a one-off phenomenon/event but a continued considered as an opportunity not a constraint. process together with its prompt dissemination. Opportunity lies in redirecting research to address Accordingly, the need for strategic allocation of adequate issues of their farming cultures to make these productive resources for research will be an overriding focus going and sustainable. Diverse technological solutions to diverse forward. problems leading to diversity of sustainable farming 3. Investments are required to harness the potential cultures—has to be the vision of farm research for the technological gains for improving the irrigation mountain state. Technology is the engine of growth and infrastructure to tap the potential of HYVs for high transformation and must, therefore, address the above issues production and productivity. Investments in soil, water for sustainable growth opportunities. In association with conservation and irrigation will not only help to improve Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 90 agricultural productivity but also generate employment on 3. Therefore, efforts shall be made to identify different long term basis. linkages and develop the comparative advantages that 4. More than half of the gross cropped area is rainfed. agriculture in these diversified areas has to offer. Developments in dry land farming are absolutely impera- 4. Strategies will be developed to bring about paradigm tive to sustain the production system. Since the State shift in thinking from mere productivity enhancement of agriculture is diversifying towards high value crops like crops and commodities to job led agricultural growth. fruits and vegetables, substantial investments would be Some of the areas that need special focus would required in horticulture sector for capacity building, post- include: harvest infrastructure & human resource development. 5. Promoting cultivation of ‘basmati’ rice and converting 5. Despite significant progress made in terms of spread, the Basmati growing areas in Jammu into a special network and outreach of credit delivery, the quantum of economic zone. flow of financial resources to the agriculture and allied 6. Doubling the production of saffron in Kashmir in next sectors continues to be inadequate. The flow of four years and harnessing the benefits of this important investment credit to various sectors of agriculture is cash crop in non-traditional areas. constrained by the host of factors such as, high 7. Harnessing local bio-diversity to increase income transactional costs, structural deficiencies in the rural opportunities and develop resilience against the credit delivery system, issues relating to credit emerging climate change challenges. worthiness and lack of collaterals in view of low asset 8. Promoting value addition in horticulture produce as well base of farmers. agriproduce (wherever surpluses are available) to add 6. The national level financial institutions, particularly value and generate considerable employment and ‘NABARD’ have not been able to infuse credit into the income generation opportunities. agriculture and allied sectors to the desired level so 9. Experience shows organic farming reduces health far,as they have not been able to achieve appropriate hazards and in time reduces dependence upon higher outreach to the farming community and in the process level of inputs. There are also reports that the organic upscale the limits of investment in these sectors. These produce commands premium prices in the market. financial institutions shall have to improve their footprints Accordingly, efforts shall be made to encourage farmers in all the regions/areas of the State. The State Govern- to adopt organic farming. ment shall proactively pursue with these institutions to 10. The switch over to high value agriculture has to be achieve this objective. demand led and very closely coordinated between input The Need For A Paradigm Shift For Sustainable Growth suppliers, farmers (especially small holders by - Agriculture has, after a very long time, occupied the centre clustering them into groups),logistics players (including stage in the economic and administrative discourse in the cold storage and warehouses), large scale modern State at a time when all seemed lost due to the dwindling processors and organized retails in an integrated value interest of the younger generation in the agriculture activities. chain of the modern agrisystem. The concerted efforts of the Agriculture Production References :- Department have triggered a new hope among the people, 1. Khan, A.R. and Bhat, A.S. Jammu, Kashmir and which promises profitability and dignity in the agriculture as Ladakh: A geographical study (sgr. Gulshan Publishers an occupation. 2001), P.12. 1. In the changed scenario, the survival of agriculture as a 2. Krishnaji N (1992), Agricultural Price Policy, in Ashok viable activity shall primarily depend upon the ability of Mitra (ed), Pauperizing Agriculture: Studies in Agrarian the department to adequately address the downsides Change and Demographic Structure, oxford Calcutta. of shrinking crop lands, water scarcity, technological 3. Approach paper to the tenth five year, planning fatigue, institutional support, opportunities for marketing commission, Gol, N. Delhi, 2002 etc. The nature and scale of resource endowments, 4. Balakrishnan Pulapre (2000), Agriculture and Economic diversity in environment and complex socio-economic Reforms: Growth and Welfare, Economic and Political setting of the people would be the important dots to Weekly, Vol. 35, No. 16, March 18. connect in drawing a holistic picture of sustainable and 5. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Economic inclusive agriculture growth in the sector. survey J & K 2013-14. 2. Diversification of agriculture in the State is the need of 6. District information Centre (DIC). hour. The natural endownments of the State may have 7. District statistical and evaluation office Anantnag. constrained growth in the conventional agriculture, but 8. Economic Survey 2012-13, op, cit, p.173. their effective leveraging can help the State to script a 9. Govt. of Jammu and Kashmir, Economic Review of spectacularly transformational story in the diversified Jammu and Kashmir, 1984-1985 department of planning agriculture. The State’s long standing weakness can and development PP.23-24. easily become its USP. The switch to low volume high 10. Hussain Majid,” Geography of Jammu and Kashmir”,( value segment of agriculture can deliver both improved New Delhi: Rawat publications 2003) P.137. incomes and better options for the stakeholders. Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 91

Impact Of Climate Change On Economy

Dr. Archana Singhal *

Abstract - Vulnerability to climate change will mainly depend on economic position and infrastructure capacity of nations. Climate change effects will impose significant additional stress on ecological and socioeconomic systems, but currently these systems are burdened by pollution, natural resource scarcities and other unsustainable practices. Technologically advanced countries are prepared well for responding to climate change, particularly by developing and establishing suitable policy, institutional and social capable for dealing with the consequences. But the poor and developing countries are mostly affected by climate change, because they are not having enough and sound technologies or scientific development to deal with this impact. In developing countries like India, climate change is an additional burden because ecological and socioeconomic systems are already facing pressures from rapid population, industrialization and economic development. India’s climate could become warmer under conditions of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. The average temperature change is predicted to be in the range of 2.33° C to 4.78° C with the doubling in CO2 concentrations.

Introduction - Climate change is defined as change in How Do We Predict Climate Change Impacts - Climate climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a models have been developed that consider social and result of human activity. Adaptive capacity is the ability of a economic factors (population and carbon emissions). By system to adjust to climate change (including climate combining these factors with an understanding of global and variability and extremes) to moderate potential damages, to regional climate science, experts have developed climate take advantage of opportunities, to cope with the consequ- scenarios that express the potential for different behaviors ences. Agriculture and climate change are inextricably to impact climate patterns. Climate scenarios have the ability linked—crop yield, biodiversity, and water use, as well as to inform our choices about the likely impacts of temperature, soil health are directly affected by a changing climate. precipitation, and seasonality on food production. They also Climate change, which is largely a result of burning allow us to guide agricultural sectors on the best methods fossil fuels, is already affecting the Earth’s temperature, to adapt to various climate consequences by evaluating precipitation, and hydrological cycles. Continued changes impacts and identifying tradeoffs. in the frequency and intensity of precipitation, heat waves, What are the Agricultural Impacts and Tradeoffs and other extreme events are likely, all which will impact 1. The net effect of climate change on world agriculture is agricultural production. Furthermore, compounded climate likely to be negative. Although some regions and crops factors can decrease plant productivity, resulting in price will benefit, most will not. increases for many important agricultural crops. 2. While increases in atmospheric CO2 are projected to Vulnerability is the degree to which a system is stimulate growth and improve water use efficiency in susceptible to and unable to cope with adverse effects of some crop species, climate impacts, particularly heat climate change including climate variability and extremes waves, droughts and flooding, will likely dampen yield new option for carbon sequestration in agriculture and forestry potential. and land -use change as deforestation contributes to 3. Indirect climate impacts include increased competition respectively ,13 and 17 percent of total anthropogenic from weeds, expansion of pathogens and insect pest greenhouse gas emissions while carbon dioxide emission ranges and seasons, and other alterations in crop agro from agriculture are small the sector account for about 60 ecosystems. percent of all nitrous oxide (N2O, mainly from fertilizer use) How Can Agriculture Adapt - Adaptation strategies are and about 50 percent of methane (CH4, emitted mainly from short and long-term changes to human activities that respond natural and cultivated wetlands and enteric fermentation ) to the effects of changes in climate. In agriculture, adaptation .The lpcc estimates that the global technical mitigation will require cost-effective investments in water infrastructure, potential for agriculture (excluding forestry) will be between emergency preparation for and response to extreme weather

5 500 and 6 600 mt co2 - equivalent per year by 2030, 89 events, development of resilient crop varieties that tolerate percent of which are assumed to be from carbon seque- temperature and precipitation stresses, and new or improved stration in soils. land use and management practices. * Lecturer (Economics) D.A.V. (P.G.) Collage, Muzaffarnagar (U.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 92

Tools for Adaptation pollination, and grain-filling Is harmful to most crops and 1. Crop breeding for development of new climate tolerant particularly so to corn, soybeans, and wheat. Increased crop varieties is a key tool for adapting agriculture to a evaporation from the soil and accelerated transpiration in changing climate. History and current breeding the plants themselves will cause moisture stress; as a result experience indicate that natural biodiversity within crops there will be a need to develop crop varieties with greater has allowed for plant adaptation to different conditions, drought tolerance. providing clear evidence that plant breeding has great Impact of Climate Change on Forests - Climate is an potential to aide in the adaptation of crops to climate important determinant of the geographical distribution, change. composition and productivity of forests. Forest area would 2. Cropping system development is another tool that can be affected by climate depends on various factors like help agriculture adapt. For example the use of crop species and age of trees, possibilities for forests to migrate, mixtures that have several crops growing at one time and quality of forest management. Climate change over can help systems exhibit greater durability during periods forestry turn to have profound implications for traditional of high water or heat stress. livelihood, industry, biodiversity, soil and water resources Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food - and these leads to changes in agricultural productivity. Most Agriculture production is direct dependence on climate of the estimates of the forestry sector have been carried out change and weather, is one of the widely studied sector in without considering the influence of land use changes in the the context of climate change. The possible changes in future. temperature, precipitation and CO2 concentration are Forests have a large capacity to stock the sequester expected to significant impact on crop growth. So that overall carbon. Increasing level of carbon loads to increase the Net impact of climate change on worldwide food production is Primary Productivity of forests. So that Net Primary considered to be low to moderate with successful adaptation Productivity and Carbon have a direct relationship. But some and adequate irrigation, global agricultural production could forests are also likely to disappear due to higher temperature be increased due to the doubling of CO2 fertilization effect. and an increase in the number of pests and pathogens. But There are two ways to climate change can affect the food the how is the net effect from these phenomena on the level production system. One is direct and another is indirect. In of carbon is not yet found clear from existing research. direct changes through temperature, water balance and Climate will have the greatest impact on boreal forests. But atmospheric composition as well as extreme weather events temperature first will be affected to a lesser extent and and indirectly changes through in the distribution, frequently tropical forests will be least affected under climate change and severity of pest and disease outbreaks, incidence of fire condition and in soil properties. These direct and indirect effects on Impact of Climate Change on Human Health - As the agricultural system will not only responding to climate change quality of life strongly depends on climate, climate change but through fluctuating yield have a negative impact on would affect human amenity.Though warm climate is generally production and distribution. The social-economic impacts preferred over cooler climate, if the warming were beyond associated with the above physical impact on crops will be optimal temperature, it would have adverse effects. The influenced by the interaction between producer and consumer vulnerability of human health is depends on function of behaviour as well as the possible adaptation that farmers causative factors. But the causative factors depend on could undertake in response to climate change. Agricultural nutrition status, population health, and health infrastructure. and allied activities constitute the single largest component These factors are relatively poor in the developing countries, of India’s economy. It is contributing 22% of the total Gross so that health impacts due to climate change in these Domestic Product (GDP). Indian’s agricultural activity countries are expected to be more adverse. continues with fully dependence of the weather. A few studies One of the major direct health impacts of climate change on the impact on agriculture have been reported for India in would be an increase in heart-related deaths and illness the IPCC Third Assessment Report . Saseendran et al., have (primarily from cardio respiratory failure). Studies have been reported decrease in rice yields by 3% to 10% under a shown that heart related deaths could increase because of scenario of 1.50C rise in temperature and a 2 mm day-1 climate change, at the same time deaths due to cold weather increase in precipitation. Most of the recent studies found conditions would decrease as a result of global warming. that possible adverse effect on developing countries The indirect effect of climate change would expansion of the agricultural sector, but all of them focus on physical impact area under the influence of the malaria mosquito, these leads alone. to increased global population exposed to malaria from Impact of Climate Change on Available Water - current 45% to 60% by the latter half of the next century. Agriculture of any kind is strongly influenced by the availability However actual increase in the number of people with of water. Climate change will modify rainfall, evaporation, malaria-estimated to be between 50 and 80 million. Matsuoka runoff, and soil moisture storage. Changes in total seasonal and Kai have concluded that population exposed to risk of precipitation or in its pattern of variability are both important. malaria would increase by about 30% in the Asia-Pacific The occurrence of moisture stress during flowering, region under a 2 x CO2 climate. Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 93

Increase the heart related diseases (asthma, allergic Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 148p. disorders, and cardio respiratory) would probably also occur 2. CRIDA (2009). Annual Report 2009. Central Research due to climate-induced changes. Based on studies have Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Indian Council of estimated that climate change would increase the mortality Agricultural Research, New Delhi. by about 27-40 persons per million populations. Regarding 3. Das, M. K. (2009). “Impact of recent changes in weather the human loss in monetary terms is controversial. on inland fisheries in India.” In: Global Climate Change Conclusion - The effects of global climate change could be and Indian Agriculture: Case Studies from the ICAR potentially serious over the next century include regional Network Project (ed. by Aggarwal, P. K.). ICAR increases in floods and droughts, inundation of coastal areas, Publication. pp.101 103. high-temperature events, fires, outbreaks of pests and 4. Singh, A. K., Aggarwal, P. K., Gogoi, A. K., Rao, G. G. diseases, significant damage to ecosystem, and threats to S. N., and Ramakrishna, Y. S. (2009). “Global Climate agricultural production. Climate change will also pose a major Change and Indian Agriculture: Future priorities.” In: risk to human health and safety, especially among poorer Global Climate Change and Indian Agriculture: Case communities with high population densities in areas like river studies from the ICAR Network Project. (ed. by basins and low-lying coastal plains, which are vulnerable to Aggarwal, P. K.). ICAR Publication. pp.146 148 estimate related natural hazards such as storms, floods, 5. Lobell, D. B., and Field, C. B. (2007). “Global scale and droughts. The world’s leading experts working under climate-crop yield relationships and the impacts of the aegis of the IPCC have recently concluded that increases recent past.” Environmental Research Letter, 2, 1–7. in global mean surface temperature during the past century 6. Kumar, K. (2009). “Impact of climate change on India’s are unlikely to have been caused entirely by natural effects, monsoon climate and development of high resolution and that changes in both average temperature and the climate change scenarios for India.” Presented at geographic, seasonal, and vertical patterns of temperature MoEF, New Delhi on October 14, 2009. (accessed Jan. 2012). References :- 1. Agarwal, P. K. (2009). Global Climate change and Indian agriculture: Case studies from ICAR network project.

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************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 97

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‡ÒVmdZm - ^maV _{ß oH$g hX VH$ Xna–Vm h°, Bg{ Xna–Vm a{Im H$r ^mfm H$m{ [yam H$a [mZ{ _| Ag_W©Vm g{ Ow∂S>r hwB© h°& `{ _yb^yV AmdÌ`H$VmEß- _{ß hb oH$`m Om ahm h°& FAO ‡W_ oZX{eH$ bmS©> ]m∞`S> Am{a (Lord Boyd [`m©· [m°oÓQ>H$ Amhma ‡m· H$aZm, [hZZ{ H{$ obE C[`w∫$ dÛ, ahZ{ H{$ Orr) [hbm Ïò∫$ Wm oOgZ{ ^wI_ar a{Im gßYmaU 1945 _{ß ‡ÒVwV H$r obE C[`w∫$ ÒWmZ, ]r_mna`m{ß g{ ]MZ{ H$r j_Vm Hw$N> ›`yZV_ ÒVa VH$ Wr& Om{ oH$ 2300 H°$bm{ar ‡oV Ïò∫$ ‡oVoXZ H{$ H$_ C[^m{J H$m{ oZoX©ÓQ> oeojV hm{Zm Edß AmoW©H$ JoVodoY`m{ß{ _{ß ohÒgm b{Z{ H{$ obE JÀ`mÀ_H$Vm' H$aVr h°& Bg odMma H$m{ "Xna–Vm a{Im' _{ß Í$[m›VnaV H$a oX`m J`m h°& Jar]r a{Im H$r AdYmaUm ]hw-Am`m_r h°& [a›Vw Bg ]hw-Am`m_r gßH$Î[Zm ^maVr` `m{OZm Am`m{J Z{ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß H{$ ob`{ 2400 H°$bm{ar Am°a ehar H$m{ AmYma ]ZmH$a Jar]r a{Im H$m{ ›`yZV_ Am` ÒVa [a [na^mofV H$aZm j{Ãmß{ H{$ ob`{ 2100 H°$bm{ar H{$ AmYma [a Jar]r a{Im H$m{ [na^mofV oH$`m gß^d Zht h¢, ∑`m{ßoH$ Bg gßH$Î[Zm _{ß Hw$N> E{gr ]mV{ h¢, oO›h{ß _m[m Zht Om J`m h°& gH$Vm& BgobE Jar]r a{Im H$m{ [na^mofV H$aV{ g_` H{$db ^m°oVH$ Am`m_m{ß ^maV _{ß EH$ A‹`[Z g_yh Z{ oOg_ß{ S>r. Ama JmS>oJb [r. Eg. H$m{ emo_b oH$`m OmVm h°& AV: Bg gÂ]›Y-_ß{ H{$db ›`yZV_ C[^m{J bm{H$ZmWZ, ]r EZ, JmßJwbr Am°a Aem{H$ _{hVm W{ amÓQ≠>r` Xna–Vm oZH$mbr AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß [a odMma oH$`m OmVm h¢ Bg{ `m{OZm Am`m{J Z{ J´m_rU Am°a dh "g_yh' Bg oZÓH$f© [a [hw±Mm oH$ (1960-61 H$r H$r_Vm{ß [a) 20 j{Ãm{ _ß{ 2400 H°$bm{ar ‡oV Ïò∫$ ‡oVoXZ VWm ehar j{Ãm{ß _{ß 2100 Í$[`{ ‡oV Ïò∫$ ‡oV_mg oZOr C[`m{J Ï`` ›`yZV_ oZdm©h ÒVa h°; H°$bm{ar ‡oV Ïò∫$ ‡oVoXZ ÒdrH$ma oH$`m OmVm h°& 2004-05 _{ß `h MVwW© `m{OZm _{ß Bgr H$m{ AmYma _mZm J`m& [ßM_ `m{OZm 1972-73 H$r Amhma ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ obE J´m_rU j{Ãmß{ _{ß 356.30 Í$[`{ ‡oV Ïò∫$ ‡oV_mg H$r_Vm{ß H{$ _wH$m]b{ `h amoe 40.6 Í$[`{ Wr& N>Q>r `m{OZm _{ß 79-80 H$r VWm ehar j{Ãm{ß _ß{ 538.60 Í$[`{ ‡oV Ïò∫$ ‡oV_mg _mZm J`m h°& df© H$r_Vm{ß H{$ AmYma [a J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß H{$ obE 51.3 Í$[`{ ehar j{Ãm{ß H{$ obE 2011-12 _{ß `m{OZm Am`m{J Z{ Jar]r a{Im H$m{ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß 27.20 59.7 Í$[`{ ]°R>Vr h°& 1979-80 _ß{ 33.9 H$am{∂S> bm{J Jar]r a{Im H{$ ZrM{ Í$[`{ ‡oV Ïò∫$ ‡oVoXZ VWm ehar j{Ãm{ß _{ß 33.33 Í$[`{ ‡oV Ïò∫$ ah ah{ W{& EH$ gaH$mar AZw_mZ H{$ AZwgma 1980 _{ß 51 ‡oVeV g{ oJaH$a ‡oVoXZ& BgH$m AW© Wm oH$ J´m_rU j{Ãmß{ H{$ obE 816 Í$[`{ ‡oV Ïò∫$ 198.4 _{ß 37 ‡oVeV hm{ J`m& ‡m{. amOH•$ÓU H{$ AZw_mZ H{$ AZwgma Jar]r ‡oV_mg VWm ehar j{Ãm{ß 1000 Í$[`{ ‡oV Ïò∫$ ‡oV_mg& ([•.187 a{Im H{$ Zr{M{ bm{Jm{ß H$r gßª`m 37 bmI ‡oVdf© ]∂T> ahr h°& (E_. Eb. oPJZ 188 o_l Edß [war) [•. 610) gÂ]o›YV AmH$∂S>m{ß H$m{ EH$oÃV H$aZ{ H$m H$m{B© ‡`mg Zht oH$`m J`m 1- Lester R. Brwn ward without borders 1972. h°& AV: oZY©ZVm H$r gr_m H$m ghr VWm odÌdgZr` AmYma [a AZw_mZ oZ: g›X{h XrK©H$mbrZ Ï`m[H$ Jar]r ^maV H{$ Am°[oZd{eH$ BoVhmg bJmZm H$oR>Z h°& [a›Vw amÓQ≠>r` ›`mXe© gd}jU NSS (National Sample _{ß ewÍ$ g{ hr Mbr Am ahr h°& A[Zr AmoW©H$ g_Ò`mE hb H$aZ{ Am°a Survery or NSS) H{$ C[^m{J Ï`` H{$ AmßH$∂S>m{ß g{ J´m_rU Am°a ehar gd©Vm{_wIr odH$mg h_mar [ßMdfr©` `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ gmW ewÍ$ hwE& Jar]r H$r oZY©ZVm H$r gr_m H$m Hw$N> AZw_mZ bJm`m Om gH$Vm h°& `h a{Im [hb{ 3500 Í$[`{ H{$ C[^m{J ÒVa [a Wr Am°a ]mX _{ß gßem{oYV ]r. E_. o_›hmg Z{ 1956-57 Am°a 1967-68 H{$ ]rM J´m_rU j{Ã Í$[ _{ß 6400 Í$[`{ H{$ C[^m{J ÒVa [hw±M JB©& AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`m{ßß _{ß H$r gr_m H$m AZw_mZ bJm`m& C›hm{ßZ{ 1960-61 H$r H$r_Vm{ß H{$ AmYma [a Jar]r H$m ÒVa em{MZr` h°& 1983-84 _{ß g_yh H{$ AZwgma 1991 _{ß 240 Í$[`{ ‡oV Ïò∫$ dmof©H$ C[^m{J H$m{ oZYm©naV a{Im _mZH$a ]Vm`m 99.24 bmI OZOmVr [nadma Jar]r a{Im H{$ ZrM{ W{ ([•.163,165 oH$ 1956-57 _{ß Ohm± 65 ‡oVeV Ïò∫$ oZY©ZVm a{Im g{ ZrM{ W{ dhr ZXr_) Q≠>oB©g{_ VWm AmB©.Ama.S>r.[r. odÒVma gd©Wm bm^-hrZm{ VH$ 1967-68 _{ß 50.6 ‡oVeV Ïò∫$ oZY©ZVm a{Im H{$ ZrM{ W{& `m{OZm [hw±MZ{ VWm ‡^md S>mbZ{ _ß{ Wm{∂S>m ]hwV g\$b hm{ gH$m& Am`m{J H{$ 79-80 H$r H$r_Vm{ß H{$ AmYma [a J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß 76 Í$[`{ VWm ^maV _{ß gm_m›`V: CZ bm{Jm{ ßH$m{ Jar] H$hm OmVm h°, Om{ EH$ oZoÌMV ehar j{Ãm{ß _{ß 88 Í$[`{ ‡oV Ïò∫$ ‡oV _mg Ï`` H$m{ oZY©ZVm (Jar]r) ›`yZV_ C[^m{J ÒVa g{ ZrM{ OrdZ `m[Z H$a ah{ß h°& [a›Vw dh oZoÌMV a{Im _mZm h°& dV©_mZ _ß{ 2004-05 H$r H$r_Vm{ß H{$ AmYma [a Am`m{J Z{ ehar ›`yZV_ ÒVa ∑`m hm{ Bg [a AW©emoÛ`mß{ _{ß _V^{X h°& O°gm oH$ V{›XwbH$a Edß J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß H{$ H´$_e: 965 Í$[`{ VWm 781 Í$[`{ ‡oV Ïò∫$ ‡oV_mh go_oV Z{ H$hm h° "Jar]r a{Im H$r AmdYmaUm _yb _mZdr` AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ Jar]r H$r a{Im _mZH$a oZY©ZVm Ï`m[H$Vm H{$ AZw_mZ oXE JE h°&

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VmobH$m 2.1 : oZY©ZVm a{Im H{$ ZrM{ OZgßª`m H$m ‡oVeV VWm ehar j{Ãm{ßß _{ß 28.60 Í$[`{ ‡oV Ïò∫$ ‡oVoXZ oH$`m J`m h°& Bg df© J´m_rU ehar Hw$b `m gß`w∫$ AmYma [a 2009-10 H{$ AmYma [a 29.8 ‡oVeV bm{J Jar]r a{Im H{$ 1973-74 56.4 49.0 54.9 ZrM{ W{& Bgg{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ 2004-05 g{ 2009-10 [m±M df© H$r 1977-78 3.1 45.2 51.3 AodoY _{ß Jar]r H{$ AZw[mV _{ß 7.4 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> hwB©& ([•. o_l Edß 1983-84 45.7 40.8 44.5 [war 192) 1987-88 39.1 38.2 38.9 Jar]r H$r g_Ò`m Edß g_mYmZ - amÓQ≠>r` Z_yZm gd}jU H{$ AmYma [a 1993-94 37.3 32.4 36.0 odo^fi AW©emoÛ`m{ß H{$ oZoY©ZVm H{$ gÂ]›Y _ß{ Om{ AZw_mZ bJm`{ CZH{$ 2004-05 41.8 25.7 37.2 AmYma [a H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ ^maV _{ß J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß Ï`m[mH$ oZY©ZVm 2011-12 25.7 13.7 21.9 h°& Om{ odo^fi dJm} _{ß ]±Q{> hwE h°& V{›XwbH$a [’oV g{ AZw_moZV (Source_Economic Survey 1. E{g{ H•$of lo_H$ oOZH{$ ^yo_ Ûm{V H$m A^md h°& 2015_16) 2. E{g{ H•$of lo_H$ oOZH{$ [mg N>m{Q>r Ûm{V h°& E{g{ lo_H$ Hw$b H•$of C[`w∫$ VmobH$m$ g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ 1973-74 Am°a 1977-78 lo_H$m{ß H$m 40 ‡oVeV h°& H{$ _‹` oZY©ZVm H$r Ï`m[H$Vm _ß{ gmYmaU H$_r AmB© [a›Vw BgH{$ [ÌMmV≤ 3. E{g{ J°a H•$of lo_H$ oOZH{$ [mg ^yo_ Ûm{V H$m A^md h°& 1977-78 g{ 1993-94 H{$ _‹` oZY©ZVm H{$ ‡oVeV _ß{ ^mar H$_r hwB©& 4. E{g{ oH$gmZ oOZH{$ [mg H•$of 5 EH$∂S> g{ H$_ h°, E{g{ d{ oH$gmZ ^r Am`m{J H{$ AZwgma g\$bVm H$m H$maU AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$r D±$Mr Xa, H•$of emo_b h°, oOZH{$ [mg H•$of ^yo_ 2.5 EH$∂S>& C[`w©∫$ oZY©ZVm H$r CÀ[mXZ _ß{ d•o’ VWm am{OJma ‡`ÀZ H$aZ{ dmb{ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$r g\$bVm h°& AmdYmaUm g{ Xm{ ]mV{ g_mZ{ AmVt h¢& N>m{Q{> oH$gmZ VWm ^yo_hrZ (S>m∞. AZw[_ Jm{`b [•. 132,133) _OXya& dmÒVd _{ß `{ Xm{Zm{ßß dJ© EH$ Xyga{ _{ß o_b{ hwE h°& Ohm± VH$ ehar amÓQ≠>r` g{ßo[b gd}jU H{$ Xm°a [a AmYmnaV Jar]r H{$ AZw_mZ oZY©ZVm H$m ‡ÌZ h°, Xm S{>H$a Edß aW H{$ AZwgma `{ bm{J J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß Poverty Estimates Based on 61St Round of the NSSO - g{ Am`{ h° Am°a BZH$r OS>∂{ß ^r Jm±dm{ß _ß{ h°& Cgr dJ© H$m ode{f ohÒgm h° amÓQ≠>r` gß{o[b gd}jU H{$ 61 d{ß Xm°a _{ß Jar]r H{$ gßX^© _{ß 2004-05 H{$ J´m_rU oZY©Z Ïò∫$ h°& obE `{ odoY`m± Wr (1) g_mZ `mXXmÌV odoY (Uniform Recall ^maV _{ß oZY©ZVm H{$ H$maU : Period) VWm Xygar (2) o_olV `mXXÌV odoY (Mixed Recall 1. ^yo_ H$m Ag_mZ odVaU period) g^r C[`m{J dÒVwAm{ß H{$ obE 30 oXZ H$r `mXXmÌV odoY H$m{ 2. CŒmamoYH$ma H{$ H$mZyZ oH$`m J`m h°& o_olV `mXXmÌV odoY H{$ A›VJ©V 5 _Xm{ß H{$ obE 365 oXZ 3. OZgßª`m d•o’ `mXXmÌV AdoY br JB© h°& A›` dÒVwAm{ß H{$ obE 30 oXZ `mXXmÌV 4. H$r_Vm{ß _| AÀòYH$ d•o’ AodY-br JB© h°& 5. ]{am{OJmar _{ß d•o’& S>m∞ Jm{`b -[•. (134) (‡oVeV _{ß)g›X^© H$mb Hw$b J´m_rU ehar ]hwAm`m_r oZY©ZVm (Multidimensional Poverty) -1997 H$r g_mZ `mXXmÌV AodY (URP) odoY 27.5 28.3 25.7 (Human Dvalopment Report) _ßß{ H$hm J`m oH$ H$m{B© Ïò∫$ E{gm hm{ o_olV `mXXmÌV AdoY (MRP) odoY 21.8 21.8 21.7 gH$Vm h° oH$ dh ÒdÒœ` OrdZ H$m oZdm©h H$a ahm hm{ b{oH$Z AoeojV hm{ Ûm{V- Govt. of India Economic Survey 2007-08 (o_l Edß [war, Am°a CgH$m kmZ g{ H$m{B© ZmVm Z hm{ A[Z{ odMmam{ß H{$ AmXmZ-‡XmZ _{ß [•. 191) Ag_W©-hm{ _hÀd[yU© oZU©` oZYm©aU g{ H$m{B© _Vb] Z{ hm{ _•À`w H$r gß^mdZm amÓQ≠>r` gß{o[b gd}jU H{$ AZwgma 61 d{ß Xm°a H{$ VhV≤ g_mZ `mXXmÌV OÎXr hm{& AV: Jar]r g_yh H{$ ob`{ ]hwV gmar ]mVm{ß [a Jm°a H$aZm [∂S{>Jm& odoY H{$ AmYma [a 2004-05 _{ß 27.5 ‡oVeV bm{J Jar]r a{Im H{$ ZrM{ Human devalopment Report na[m{Q©> 1997 _{ß _mZd Jar]r gyMH$mßH$ W{& O]oH$ o_ol_ `mXXmÌV odoY AZwgma 21.8 ‡oVeV bm{J J´m_rU [hbr ]ma Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m J`m& Bg na[m{Q©> _{ß VrZ A^mdm{ß [a ]b oX`m J`m& j{Ã _ß{ß W{& Bgg{ `h oZÓH$f© oZH$bVm h° oH$ (MRP) ZodoY H{$ AZwgma OrdZ H$r bÂ]r AdoY Z hm{Zm, kmZ H$m A^md, A¿N{> OrdZ ÒVa H$m Z J´m_rU Am°a ehar j{Ãm{ß _{ß `h bJ^J ]am]a hr Wm& V{›XwbH$a go_oV H{$ hm{Zm& HDI 2009 _{ßß 133 X{em{ß _{ß Am`{ _mZd Jar]r gyMH$mßH$ H$m AmH$bZ df© 2005-06 H{$ obE H$B© Jar]r a{Im H$m{ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß 446.68 Í$[`{ oH$`m J`m Wm& BgH{$ AZwgma _{ß (HDI) (Funan Poverty Report) H$m{ ‡oVÏò∫$ ‡oV _mg VWm ehar j{Ãm{ß _{ß 578.80 Í$[`{ ‡oVÏò∫$ ‡oV_mg _mZ 28.0 ‡oVeV Wm, Om{ Jar]r H$r Ï`m[∫$m H$m{ ‡H$Q> H$aVm h°& 135 [na^mofV oH$`m h°& Bg AmYma [a 41.8 ‡oVeV J´m_rU OZgßª`m X{em{ß _{ß ^maV 88 d{ß ÒWmZ [a h°& ([war 194,195) 25.74 ‡oVeV ehar OZgßª`m Jar]r a{Im H{$ ZrM{ Wr& gÂ[yU© X{e _{ß Jar]r oZdmaU H{$ H$m`©H´$_ (Poverty Alleviation 37.2 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m Jar]r a{Im H{$ ZrM{ Wr&61dß{ Xm°a _ß{ (URP) Programmes) - J´m_rU odH$mg d J´m_rU am{OJma H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ odoY H{$ AmYma [a 28.3 ‡oVeV J´m_rU bm{J (MRP) odoY H{$ AZwgma _m‹`_ g{ Jar]r [a grYm ‡hma oH$`m J`m& 1970 H{$ XeH$ g{ J´m_rU 21.8 ‡oVeV J´m_rU bm{J Jar] a{Im H{$ ZrM{ W{& Jar] OZVm H{$ obE ]hwV g{ H$m`©H´$_ V°`ma oH$E JE oOZ_{ß ‡_wI bKw amÓQ≠>r` g{ßo[b gd}jU H{$ 66 d{ß Xm°a [a Jar]r H$m AZw_mZ oH$gmZ odH$mg EO{›gr, gr_m›V oH$gmZ d I{oVha _OXya odH$mg EO{›gr Poverty estimates Based on 66St Round of the NSSO - gyIm gß^mÏ`Vm j{Ã H$m`©H´$_& BZ_{ß g{ Hw$N> H$m`©H´$_ E{g{ W{ Om{ Hw$N> am¡`m{ß 19 _mM© 2012 `m{OZm Am`m{J Z{ df© 2009-10 _{ß 66 d{ß Xm°a H$m gd}jU _{ß Mb ah{ W{& BgH{$ AoVna∫$ BZ H$m`©H´$_m{ß _{ß bÂ]{ g_` VH$ am{OJma ‡XmZ oH$`m oOg_{ß J´m_rUm{ß j{Ãm{ß _{ß Jar]r a{Im H$m 22.40 ‡oVÏò∫$ ‡oVoXZ H$aZ{ H$r gm_œ`© Zht W{& BgH{$ AoVna∫$ BZ H$m`©H´$_m{ßß H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. 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_hgyg H$r JB©, Om{ Z H{$db X{eÏ`m[r ]oÎH$ J´m_rU [a grYm ‡hma H$a am{OJma H{$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ ]rM CoMV g_›d` oH$`m OmE& gH{$ß& Bg C‘{Ì` H$m{ ‹`mZ _{{ß aIH$a g_o›dV J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_, AV: `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ VhV AbJ-AbJ ]mVm{ß [a ]b oX`m J`m - amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU I{oVha _OXya am{OJma Jma›Q>r H$m`©H´$_, Zm]mS©>, _hmÀ_m gmVdt `m{OZm _{ß - CÀ[mXH$ am{OJma ‡XmZ H$aZ{ [a Om{a oX`m J`m& Jm±Yr amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU am{OJma Jma›Q>r H$m`©H´$_ o\$a ^r BZ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ AmR>dt `m{OZm _{ß-am{OJma H{$ Adgam{ß _ß{ odÒVma, ]{am{OJma VWm AÎ[ ]mdOyX 40 ‡oVeV g{ ¡`mXm bm{J Jar] H$r a{Im H$m{ [ma Zht H$a [mE& am{OJma, Jar]m{ßß H$r Am` ]∂T>m{Œmar [a ‹`mZ oX`m OmE& AbJ-AbJ A‹``Zm{ß _{ß `h gßª`m 18 ‡oVeV g{ b{H$a 49.4 ‡oVeV Zm°dt [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm _{ß-CXmarH$aU H$r [•ÓR>^yo_ _{ß V°`mna`m± H$r JB© VH$ h°& (o_l Edß [war 198, 199) Wr& AmoW©H$ gßd•o’ H{$ nagmd ‡^md ¤mam `h _mZm J`m Wm oH$ Jar]r H$_ Jar]r oZdmaU H$r aUZroV (((Strategy of Poverty Allevia- hm{Jr& tion) - Jar]r oZdmaU H{$ H$m`©H´$_ g{ `h ]mV Ò[ÓQ> hm{ OmVr h° oH$ Xgdt `m{OZm _{ß- g_J´ d•o’ b˙` H{$ A›VJ©V odo^ﬁ am¡`m{ß H{$ obE Am`m{OH$m{ß Z{ `h _m›`Vm br Wr oH$ Jar]r EH$ O°g{ h¢& CXmhaU H{$ ob`{ AbJ-AbJ gßdo’ b˙` oZoÌMV oH$E JE& g_o›dV J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ _{ß CZ g] [nadmam{ß H$m{ Jar] _mZm J`m Ω`mahdt [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm _{ß- Jar]r oZdmaU H{$ obE AW©Ï`dÒWm Wm oOZH$r dmof©H$ Am` 3500 Í$[`{ dmof©H$ AWm©V ‡oV Ï`o∫$ Am` H$r Am°a Vrd´ gßd•o’ [a Om{a oX`m J`m& oOg_{ß ]{hVa g›VwbZ ‡m· H$aZ{ 700 Í$[`{ g{ H$_ Wr& Am`m{OH$m{ß Z{ B›h{ß AbJ ]m±Q>Z{ H$r OÍ$aV Zht H{$ obE Am°⁄m{oJH$ VWm g{dm j{Ãm{ß _{ß V{Or g{ am{OJma H{$ Adgam{ßß H$m g•OZ& g_Pr& Bo›Xam hrab{ H{$ AZwgma, Jar] Xm{ dJm~ _{ß ]m±Q>Zm MmohE-EH$ dJ© ]mahdt [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm- Bg_{ß H•$of H$m V{O AmoW©H$ odH$mg, odoZ`m{J dm{ h° oOgH{$ [mg H$m{B© H$m°eb h° (Am°a BgobE d{ Òdam{OJma H$m`©H´$_ H{$ j{Ã H$m V{O odH$mg& [yar `m{OZm AodoY _ß{ Jar]r _{ß 10 ‡oVeV od›Xw obE C[`w∫$ h¢) Xyga{ d{ Jar] hm{ßJ{ oOZ{ [mg H$m{B© H$m°eb `m ‡oejU Zht H$_r H$aZ{ H$m b˙` aIm J`m h°& `m{OZm 50 o_ob`Z ZB© am{OJma gß^mdZmAm{ß h° (BgobE _OXyar [a hr am{OJma H$m`©H´$_m{ß _{{ß H$m_ H$a gH$V{ h°& BZ_{ß g{ H$m J°a H•$of j{Ã _{ß g•OZ H$m b˙` aIm J`m h°& gmW hr bm{Jm{ß H$m{ C[`w∫$ ‡À`{H$ dJ© H$m{ AbJ-AbJ _mZH$a CZH{$ obE AbJ-AbJ ZroV ]ZmB© H$m°eb ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H$r ]mV H$r JB© h°& ([•. 199, 200Edß [war) OmZr MmohE) ZrbH$ R> aW H{$ AZwgma CÀ[mXH$ [nagÂ[oV`m± ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H$r g_o›dV J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ H$r ZroV C[`w∫$ Zhr h°& [a›Vw gß›X^© J´›W gyMr :- Bo›Xam hrad{ VWm E_. Eb. XßV{dmbm H{$ AZwgma Jar]r oZdmaU H{$ [na‡{˙` 1. AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß oZ`m{-E_. Eb. nPßJZ H$mS>mH©$ ‡H$meZ & _{ß Òdam{OJma H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ _hÀd H$m{ ZH$mam Zht Om gH$Vm h°& BZH$m H$maU 2. OZOmVr` ^maV-ZXr_ hgZ°Z (gßÒH$aU Am±R>dm±)& `h h° oH$ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß Òdam{OJma H{$ ¤mam ]hwV g{ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ am{OJma 3. S>m∞. AZw[_ Jm{`b-[ßM_ g{_{ÒQ>a, oedbmb AJ´dmb E S> H$Â[Zr, o_bm hwAm h°& BgH{$ Abmdm _OXyar [a am{OJma ‡XmZ H$aZ{ dmb{ H$m`©H´$_ B›Xm°a& [a Om{a X{Z{ g{ d{ [yar Vah gÂ^d h° oH$ Am` H$r Ag_mZVmE± Z ]∂T> Om`{ß& 4. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm dr.H{$.[war, Eg.H{$.o_l, oh_mb` [o„boeßJ BgobE ghr aUZroV dhr h°, oOg_{ß Òdam{OJma d _OXyar [a hmD$g oXÑr &

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1980 VH$ AWm©V≤ N>R>r `m{OZm H{$ [yd© VH$ J´m_rU odH$mg d am{OJma gwPmd : gÂ]Yr oZY©ZVm d ]{am{OJar C›_ybZ AZ{H$ H$m`©H´$_ odo^fi EO{ogß`m{ß 1. odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ AZwgma odH$mgI S> ÒVa [a ^m°oVH$ b˙` Edß ¤mam [••WH$-[••WH$ Í$[ _{ß H$am`m OmVm ahm h°& oOgH{$ H$maU BZH$m d odŒmr` b˙` oX`m OmVm h°& oOgg{ oH$ EH$ oZo¸V AdoY _{ß [yam CZH$r [naÒWoV`m{ß [a H$m{B© CÑ{IZr` ^md [nabojV Zht hm{ gH$m h°& H$aZm hm{Vm h°& AoYH$mar B›ht Xm{Zm{ß b˙`m{ß H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg ‡emgoZH$ —oÓQ> g{ [fim oOb{ß H$m{ gmV Vhgrbm{ß _{ß JwZm°a, A_mZJßO, H$aV{ h°& Bg ‡oH´$`m H{$ H$maU `m{OZm H{$ _wª` C‘{Ì` H$r [yoV© Zht hm{ AO`J∂T>, [dB©, emhZJa, a°\$am, og_oa`m Vhgrb _{ß od^moOV oH$`m [mVr Am°a ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _{ß dmßoN>V gwYma Zht hm{ J`m h°& em{Y [Ã H{$ ob`{ ‡mWo_H$ Edß o¤Vr`H$ Xm{Zm{ß hr ‡H$ma H{$ g_ßH$m{ß [mVm h°& H$m gHß$bZ oH$`m J`m h°& Bg Vœ`m{ß [a em{YmWr© H$m gwPmd h° oH$ Bg H$m`©H´$_ H$m{ b˙`m{›_wI em{Y C[H$aU - em{YH$m`© _{ß o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m{ß H{$ ‡`m{J g{ _m°obH$ gHß$bZ H{$ ]Om` ‡^mdm{ß›_wI ]Zm`m Om` AWm©V≤≤ ohVJ´mhr gßª`m H$r b˙` H$r g_Ò`m CÀ[fi Zht hm{Vr h°, BZ g_ßH$m{ß H$m{ ‡H$moeV Edß A‡H$moeV [yoV© [a AoYH$ Om{a Z oX`m Om`& ]oÎH$ CZH$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _{ß Ûm{Vm{ß g{ EH$oÃV oH$`m OmVm h¢, em{Y C[H$aU H{$ AßVJ©V odo^fi VH$ZrH$r dmßoN>V gwYma H$m b˙` ‡m· H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m OmE& gwodYmAm{ß H$m C[`m{J H$a, oOg_{ß H$Âfl`yQ>a, _m{]mBb, droS>`m{ J´mo\$∑g, 2. ohVJ´moh`m{ß H{$ M`Z _{ß H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m{ H$oR>ZmB`m{ß H$m gm_Zm H$aZm ‡m{O{∑Q>a, AmoX C[H$aUm{ß H$r ghm`Vm g{ Bg em{Y H$m`© H$m{ [yU© oH$`m [∂S>Vm h°& O°g{ Ïò∫$`m{ß ¤mam JbV OmZH$mar X{Zm, ga[ßM Edß ÒWmZr` J`m& ‡^mderb Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m Odm] VWm Z{VmAm{ß H$r og\$mnae& BgH{$ gmßoª`H$r` VH$ZrH$ - [fim oOb{ _{ß AmoW©H$ ZroV H$m Jar]r C›_ybZ _{ß gmW hr gd}jU h{Vw g_` ^r H$_ ahVm h°& BZ g^r H$maUm{ß g{ `m{JXmZ H{$ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ gd}jU odoY H$m ghmam ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$m MwZmd oZÓ[j Edß ghr ∂T>J g{ Zht hm{ [mVm h°& ob`m J`m h°& AmßH$∂S>m{ß H$m gßH$bZ Zht$AZwgßYmZ H$Vm© H{$ C[H$Î[ZmAm{ß Bg gß]ßY _{ß `h gwPmd h° oH$ ‡À`{H$ df© EH$ oZoÌMV AdoY _{ß H$r [woÓQ> H$aVm h°& AmßH$∂S>m{ß H$m gßH$bZ AZwgßYmZH$Vm© ‡mWo_H$ Edß _m°obH$ ‡À`{H$ J´m_ H{$ oejH$ Am°a [Q>dmar gd}jU H$a{ß VWm CZH$m Ao^b{I H$m`© hm{Vm h°& em{Y H$m`© V°`ma H$aZ{ h{Vw oZÂZ C[H$aU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm V°`ma od⁄mb` _{ß hr aIm OmE& Bg AmYma [a ga[ßM Am°a J´m_ g{dH$ hm{Vr h°& oOg_{ß g_ßH$, ‡ÌZmdbr, ‡mWo_H$ Edß o¤Vr`H$ gmamße, dmÒVodH$ ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$m M`Z H$a{ß VWm Bg gyMr H{$ AoVna∫$ A›` gmjmÀH$ma, ›`mXe©, oZX©eZ, AmoW©H$ odÌb{fU, Vœ` gmßoª`H$r` AmßH$S>∂{, oH$gr _m‹`_ g{ ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$m M`Z Z oH$`m Om`& g_`-g_` [a d°kmoZH$ [’oV, gÂ[mXZ, dJr©H$aU, gmaUr`Z, oZd©MZ, AZwgyMr gd}jU Ao^b{I H$r gÀ`Vm H$r Om∞M AoYH$mna`m{ß ¤mam H$r OmZr BÀ`moX H$m{ goÂ_obV oH$`m OmVm h°& MmohE& em{Y Ï`mª`m - [fim oOb{ß _{ß AmoW©H$ ZroV H$m Jar]r C›_ybZ _{ß ‡^md 3. Bg H$m`©H´$_ H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß bJ{ H$m`©H$VmAm{ß ¤mam `h g_Ò`m ^r ∑`m Am°a oH$VZm hwAm & Bg Vœ` H$m{ OmZZ{ H{$ obE{ bm^mo›dV ohVJ´moh`m{ß ]VbmB© J`r oH$ ohVJ´moh`m{ß ¤mam F$U Edß AZwXmZ H$m JbV C[`m{J g{ ‡À`j gÂ[H©$ H$a gd}jU oH$`m J`m& ∑`m{ßoH$ [fim oOb{ß _{ß 7 odH$mgI S> oH$`m OmVm h°& AWm©V≤≤ oOg H$m`© H{$ obE ohVJ´mhr H$m{ ghm`Vm h° oOg_{ß Am]mX Jmßd H$r gßª`m 2500 h°, oOg_{ß Jar]r C›_ybZ h{Vw Mb ‡XmZ H$r OmVr h°& dh CgH$m C[`m{J Cg H$m`© H{$ obE Z H$aH{$ aht `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$m Ï`m[H$ j{Ã hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU gd}jU H{$ A[Zr A›` AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© _{ß bJm X{V{ h°& BgH{$ obE obE gro_V j{Ã ob`m J`m h°& AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ oZaßVa oZarjU oH$`m Om`& em{YmWr© ¤mam em{Y [Ã _{ß [fim odH$mgI S> H$m oZdmgr hm{Z{ H{$ 4. Bg H$m`©H´$_ H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß gbßæ Ïò∫$`m{ß g{ Hw$N> bm{J H$maU gd}jU _{ß gdm©oYH$ ohVJ´mhr [fim odH$mgI S> g{ ob`{ J`{ h°& e{f gH$mamÀ_H$ —•oÓQ>H$m{U Zht aIV{ h°& oOgg{ d{ `m{OZm H{$ oZYm©naV odH$mgI S>m{ß _{ß g{ AZwgyoMV OmoV, AZwgyoMV OZOmoV , ]mhwÎ` j{Ãm{ß g{ oZ`_m{ß H{$ od[arV H$m`© H$aV{ h° gmW hr Hw$N> E{g{ ^r H$m`©H$Vm© h° Om{ bm^mo›dV ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m h°& odo^fi `m{OZmVßJ©V oH$ AoVna∑V Am` H$r bmbM _{ß Bg [na`m{OZm g{ Ow∂S>V{ h°& oOgg{ bm^mo›dV [nadmam{ß _{ß g{ 300 ohVJ´mhr, [nadmam{ß H$m M`Z gd}jU H{$ `m{OZm A[Z{ _yb bm^ H$m{ ‡m· Zht H$a [mVr h¢& obE oH$`m J`m h°& gd}jU H{$ Xm°amZ oZY©Z [nadmam{ß g{ CZH$r AmoW©H$ Xem 5. ‡mH$••oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß H{$ C[`m{J H$m{ AoYH$ _hÀd oX`m OmE VWm l_ OrdZ ÒVa Am°a odo^fi [jmßß{ [a [∂S{> hwE ‡^md H$m A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h°& eo∫$ H$m odÒV••V ]OQ> V°`ma H$a odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ Mbm`{ OmE±&V^r oZÓH$f© - oZY©Zm{ß H$r AmoW©H$ Xem _{ß gwYma bmZ{ H{$ obE gaH$ma Z{ H$B© ]∂T>Vr hwB© ]{am{OJmar H$m{ H$_ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° VWm Jar]r hQ>mZ{ H{$ A›` C[m` ^r oH$`{ h° CZH{$ obE Amdmg H$r `m{OZmEß{ ]Zm`r J`r h°& b˙` H$r ‡mo· _{ß AmJ{ ]∂T>m Om gH$Vm h°& ZrMr „`mO Xam{ß [a F$U C[b„Y H$am`m J`m h°& CZH{$ H$Î`mU g{ gßÂ]ßoYV 6. Jar]r g]g{ ]∂S>r MwZm°Vr h°, Bg{ g_m· H$aZ{ H{$ obE h_{ß hb Ty>±TZm AZ{H$ H$m`©H´$_ Mbm`{ J`{ h°& BgH{$ AoVna∫$ Hw$Q>ra Edß C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ odH$mg hm{Jm& Jar]r H$r g_Ò`m H{$ g_mYmZ H{$ obE `h AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ j{Ã H$r Am{a [`m©· ‹`mZ oX`m J`m h°& _{ß am{OJma Adgam{ß _{ß CŒmam{Va d••o’ H$r OmZr MmohE VmoH$ Jar]r H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ oZY©ZVm H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ obE gaH$ma Z{ AZ{H$ H$X_ H$_ oH$`m Om gH{$& CR>m`{ h°, CZH$r oXem Vm{ R>rH$ h°, [ßaVw d{ [`m©· Zht h°& AmdÌ`H$Vm Bg gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- ]mV H$r h° oH$ BZ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m V{Or g{ odÒVma oH$`m Om`{ VWm C›h{ß _wª` Ûm{V :- ‡^mdH$mar Tß>J g{ H$m`m©o›dV oH$`m OmE, gaH$ma Z{ oZY©ZVm H$r ]mV{ß Vm{ 1. ]r.gr og›hm :- ^maVr` AW©emÛ odH$mg gÂ]¤, bm{H$ ^maVr` g^r `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß H$r h°& O]oH$ B›h{ß ‡_wI b˙` _mZm Om`{ VWm Bg oXem ‡H$meZ Bbmhm]mX, 1986 _{ß ‡^mdH$mar H$X_ CR>m`{ß Om`{ß& Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 102

2. gwXe©Z Hw$_ma H$[ya:- ^maVr` H$•of AW©Ï`dÒWm, amOÒWmZ oh›Xr [Ã/[oÃH$mE{ß :- J´ßW AH$mX_r O`[wa 1974 1. _‹`‡X{e g›X{e :- ^m{[mb 3. e_m© Edß dmÓU}` :- odH$mg H$m AW©emÛ, gmohÀ` ^dZ, AmJam, 2. bm{H$ C⁄m{J :- ZB© oXÑr 1980-81 3. AmoW©H$ OJV :- H$bH$Œmm 4. Eg.H{$ o_lm :- ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm oZÓ[oŒm Edß g_Ò`mE∞, ‡JoV 4. Hw$Í$ j{Ã :- ZB© oXÑr [o„bH{$eZ, oXÑr 1979 5. ^maVr` AW©emÛ H$r PbH$ :- Bbmhm]mX 5. Ama.EZ.Xw]{ :- AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß oZ`m{OZ, Z{e4Zb [o„boeßJ X°oZH$ g_mMma [Ã :- H$Â[Zr oXÑr 1984 1. ZB© XwoZ`m :- BßXm°a 6. O{.H{$._{hVm:- ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm g_Ò`mEß Edß ‡oVodYmZ 2. X°oZH$ `wJY_© :- O]b[wa _{H$o_bZ, ZB© oXÑr 1978 3. Zd^maV :- ^m{[mb 4. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a:- ^m{[mb

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 103

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ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& Zm]mS©> H$m ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$ g{ grYm gÂ]›Y h°& Zm]mS©> Am`m{J Edß A›` gßÒWmZmß{ H$r oH´$`mAm{ß H$m CoMV g_›d` H$aZm& ‡mWo_H$ H$r ‡maoÂ^H$ MwH$Vm [y±Or 100 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ Wr oOg_{ß ^maV gaH$ma Am°a ghH$mar ]¢H$m{ß H$m{ N>m{∂S> H$a A›` ghH$mar ]¢H$m{ß VWm j{Ãr` J´m_rU ]¢H$m{ß H$m naOd© ]¢H$ H$m g_mZ `m{JXmZ ahVm h°& df© 1996-97 _{ß Bg{ ]∂T>mH$a oZarjU H$aZm& AZwgßYmZ Edß odH$mg oZoY ]ZmH$a H•$of Edß J´m_rU 1000 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ H$a oX`m J`m Wm& oOg_{ß RBI H$m `m{JXmZ 800 H$am{∂S> odH$mg _{ß em{Y H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZm& Í$[E VWm H{$›– gaH$ma H$m `m{JXmZ 200 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ Wm& 31 _mM© 2016 J´m_rU _yb^yV gwodYm odH$mg oZoY - 1 A‡°b 1995 g{ Zm]mS©> _{ß H$m{ Zm]mS©> df© 2000 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ H$r MwH$Vm [yßOr Wr, oOg_{ß 72.5 ‡oVeV J´m_rU _yb^yV gwodYm odH$mg oZoY ÒWmo[V H$r JB©& oOgH$m _wª` C‘{Ì` ohÒg{Xmar naOd© ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m H$r h°& naOd© ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m Z{ Zm]mS©> am¡` gaH$mam{ß H$m{ ogßMmB©, ]m∂T> g{ ]Mmd, J´m_rU g∂S>H$ Am°a [wb g{ gß]ßoYV H$r H{$db EH$ ‡oVeV ohÒg{Xmar A[Z{ [mg aIr h°& AV: A] Zm]mS©> H$r _yb^yV [na`m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ _{ß gj_ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE oZoY`m{ß H$m{ Boπ$Q>r _{ß H{$›– gaH$ma d naOd© ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m H$r ohÒg{Xmar H´$_e: 99 C[b„Y H$amZm h°& J´m_rU _yb^yV gwodYm odH$mg oZoY H$r Hw$b amoe _{ß ‡oVeV d 1 ‡oVeV ah JB© h°& ZE F$Um{ß H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ H{$ obE Zm]mS©> H$r ‡mWo_H$Vm ‡m· j{Ã H{$ b˙` H{$ AYrZ CZH{$ H•$of H$m{ CYma _{ß hm{Z{ dmbr MwH$Vm [yßOr _{ß MaU]’ VarH{$ g{ 3000 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ d•o’ H$r Km{fUm H$_r H$r _mÃm VH$ oZdb ]¢H$ F$U H{$ AoYH$V_ 1.5 ‡oVeV H$r eV© [a 2010-11 H{$ ]OQ> ‡ÒVmdm{ß H{$ A›VJ©V gaH$ma ¤mam H$r JB© h°& BgH{$ AZwgyoMV dmoUo¡`H$ ]¢H$m{ß ¤mam AßeXmZ oH$`m OmVm h°& \$bÒdÍ$[ Zm]mS©> H$r MwH$Vm [yßOr 5000 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ H$r Om{ Om`{Jr& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- Zm]mS©> H{$ H$m`© - H•$of gmI gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ EH$ N>mV{ H{$ ZrM{ bmH$a 1. ‡oV`m{oJVm gmohÀ`, `y.Or.gr. Z{Q> AW©emÛ o¤Vr` [{[a 2003 AÎ[H$mbrZ, XrK©H$mbrZ, _‹`H$mbrZ Am°a XrY©H$mbrZ F$Um{ß H$r Ï`dÒWm 2. AmewVm{f Hw$_ma ogßh, Hw$Èj{Ã, oXgÂ]a 2015 H$aZm& g_o›dV J´m_rU odH$mg H$m{ ‡m{⁄m{V H$aZ{ VWm g^r ‡H$ma H{$ 3. C[`m{oJVm gmohÀ` grnaO, AW©emÛ & CÀ[mXZ Am°a odoZ`m{J H{$ obE EH$ [wZod©Œm gßÒWmZ H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$m`© H$aZm& 4. C[`m{oJVm gmohÀ` ]OQ>, AW©emÛ Z{Q> ]wH$ & ghH$mar F$U go_oV`m{ß H$r ohÒgm [yßOr _{ß `m{JXmZ X{Z{ H{$ obE am¡` 5. _h{›– O°Z, ‡oV`m{oJVm X[©U (2016) g_ gmohÀ` dmof©H$r, gaH$mam{ß H$m{ 20 df© H$r bÂ]r AdoY VH$ H{$ obE XrY©H$mbrZ F$U X{Zm& ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm & odH{$o›–V j{Ãm{ß H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE H{$›– gaH$ma, am¡` gaH$ma, `m{OZm 6. _. ‡. [ßMm`Vr amO, ogVÂ]a (2015), [ßMm`Vm{ß H$r _mogH$ [oÃH$m&

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ò dZ _hm{Àgd H$m ‡Mma-‡gma& ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ OmJÍ$H$ hm{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h¢, V^r dZm{ß H$m odH$mg gß^d h°& ò \$m_© d•jmam{[U H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ& dZ o_≈>r H{$ H$Q>md H$m{ am{H$V{ h¢, daZ≤ Obdm`w g_ H$aV{ h°, ]m∂T> oZ`ßÃU _{ß ò gH$∂S{>, Zha d a{bd{ bmBZm{ß H{$ Xm{Zm{ß Am{a d•jmam{[U& ghm`H$ d a{oJÒVmZ H{$ ‡gma [a am{H$, dfm© _{ß ghm`H$ hm{V{, X{e H$r ajm ò ha ]É{ H{$ obE [{∂S> bJmZm AoZdm`© oH$`m OmE& H$aV{, ‡mH•$oVH$ gm{ßX`© _{ß d•o’ hm{Vr h°& ò [nadhZ gß]ßYr H$oR>ZoZ`m{ß H$m{ Xya H$aZm MmohE& ò bH$∂S>r H$mQ>Z{ H$r [aß[amJV VH$ZrH$ H{$ ÒWmZ [a ZdrZV_ AmYwoZH$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr- VH$ZrH$ H$m odH$mg& 1. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm-bmb Edß [war & ò dZm{ß H$r H$Q>mB© [a oZ`ßÃU h{Vw ‡^mdH$mar H$mZyZ g^r-am¡` _{ß h°- 2. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm-[ßV Edß o_lm & oH´$`m›d`Z R>rH$ g{ Zht hm{ ahm d A[amYr Ï`o∫$ H$m{ gOm Xr OmE& 3. `m{OZm (_mogH$ [oÃH$m) & ò gaH$ma H$m{ dZm{ß _{ß [ewAm{ß H$r _w‚V MamB© [a am{H$ bJmZr MmohE d 4. BßQ>aZ{Q> & am{H$Wm_ H$r CoMV Ï`dÒWm H$aZm MmohE& 5. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a (g_mMma [Ã) & AV: AmdÌ`H$Vm Bg ]mV oH$ h° oH$ dZm{ß H{$ gßajU H{$ gmW-gmW 6. [oÃH$m (g_mMma [Ã) &

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Indian Constitution and Reservation Policy

* ** Dr. Sulekha Mishra Nisar Ahmad Nengroo

Abstract - Reservations in favour of Backward Classes (BCs) were introduced long before independence in a large area, comprising the Presidency areas and the Princely states south of the Vindhyas. In 1882, Hunter Commission was appointed. Jyotirao Phule made a demand of free and compulsory education for all along with proportionate representation in government jobs. In 1891, there was a demand for reservation of government jobs with an agitation (in the princely State of Travancore) against the recruitment of non-natives into public service overlooking qualified native people.In 1901,reservations were introduced in Maharashtra (in the Princely State of Kolhapur) by Shahu Maharaj. Chatrapati Sahuji Maharaj, Maharaja of Kolhapur in Maharashtra introduced reservation in favour of non-Brahmin and backward classes as early as 1902. He provided free education to everyone and opened several hostels in Kolhapur to make it easier for everyone to receive the education. He also made sure everyone got suitable employment no matter what social class they belonged. He also appealed for a class-free India and the abolition of untouchability. The notification of 1902 created 50% reservation in services for backward classes/communities in the State of Kolhapur. This is the first official instance (Government Order) providing for reservation for depressed classes in India. However, the theme of reservations has figure importantly in open debates constantly since the recommendations of the Mandal Commission Report were sought to be implemented in 1991 nearby has been extremely tiny discussion by the beneficiaries of reservations. This paper looks at some of the more important chronological, constitutional and lawful moments in the development of a reservations procedure in India. Keywords - Reservation, Discrimination, Constitution, Law, Untouchability. Introduction - The spirit of equality pervades the provisions accord performed or were assigned by the local superint- of the Constitution of India, as the main aim of the founders endent , and ‘varna’ was originally not clear by one’s birth of the Constitution was to create an egalitarian society into any exacting family. Nevertheless, over the years Caste wherein social, economic and political justice prevailed and has been defined by one’s birth. The most important stated equality of status and opportunity are made available to all. aim of the Indian reservation system is to boost the However, owing to historical and traditional reasons, certain opportunities for improved social and instructive position of classes of Indian citizens are under severe social and the underprivileged communities and, thus, allow them to economic disabilities so that they cannot effectively enjoy take their equitable place in the conventional of Indian society. either equality of status or of opportunity. Therefore the The reservation scheme exists to provide opportunities for Constitution accords to these weaker sections of society the members of the SCs and STs to increase their protective discrimination in various articles, including Article representation in the State Legislatures, the executive 15(4). This clause empowers the state, notwithstanding appendage of the Union and States, the labor force, schools, anything to the contrary in Articles 15(1) and 29(2), to make colleges, and other ‘public’ institutions. (Financial Support”, special reservation for the advancement of any socially and 0ct 2011) The Constitution of India states in Article 15(4): educationally backward classes of citizens or for scheduled “All citizens shall have equal opportunities of receiving castes and scheduled tribes. education. Nothing herein contained shall preclude the State Cast based reservation system in India - An ordinary from providing special facilities for educationally backward form of long-ago discrimination, inside humankind in India is sections (not “communities”) of the population.” [Emphasis the carry out of untouchability. Scheduled Castes (SCs) are and parentheses added. It also states that “The State shall the main targets of this medieval put into practice a practice promote with special care the educational and economic which is banned by the Constitution of India (Basu, Durga interests of the weaker sections of society (in particular, of Das (2008) an untouched human being is measured, the scheduled castes and aboriginal tribes), and shall protect contaminated or a lesser human. Though during the Vedic them from social ‘’injustice’’ and all forms of exploitation.” period a person’s ‘Varna’ (not ‘caste’) was clear by his/ her The Article further states that nothing in Article 15(4) will socio-economic duties these duties were either of your own prevent the nation from helping SCs and STs for their * Professor & Head, Govt. M.K.B College, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA ** Research Scholar, R.D.V.V, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 109 betterment [‘betterment’ up to the level enjoyed by the state Governments (Articles 16(4), 330(4) and 335). average member of other communities.( Laskar, Mehbubul Impact of reservation policy on employment and Hassan 2011) education - Impact of reservation policy on employment In 1982, the Constitution specified 15% and 7.5% of and education. As may be evident from the particulars in the vacancies in public sector and government-aided educational earlier paragraphs, the strategy of reservation had a helpful institutes as a quota reserved for the SC and ST candidates effect in conditions of induction of scheduled castes, respectively for a period of five years, after which the quota scheduled tribes and other backward classes into public system would be reviewed. This period was routinely sector employment and in educational institutions. However, extended by the succeeding governments. The Supreme their accessible share in employment and educational Court of India ruled that reservations cannot exceed 50% institutions still falls short of the target in certain categories (which it judged would violate equal access guaranteed by of jobs and higher education. The target in the case of Groups the Constitution) and put a cap on reservations. However, D and C are close to the population mark of 15 per cent for there are state laws that exceed this 50% limit and these scheduled castes and 7.5 % for scheduled tribes but fall are under litigation in the Supreme Court. For example, the short in Groups A and B. As against this, the true position caste-based reservation stands at 69% and the same is regarding the representation of other backward classes in applicable to about 87% of the population in the State of central services is not available. However, as stated in para Tamil Nadu. In 1990, Prime Minister V. P. Singh announced 6.4, in the All India Services and central services for which that 27% of government positions would be set aside for employment is made through the Union Public Service OBC’s in addition to the 22.5% already set aside for the Commission, representation of other backward classes is SCs and STs.(The Struggle for Equality in India 2002) very near to their share. With the growth in the share of Constitutional Provisions - The exact necessities for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in public services, it reservation in services in favour of the members of the SC/ had positive multiple effects on the social and economic STs have been made in the Constitution of India. They are situation of these two disadvantaged groups. The data as follows: Article 15(4) and 16(4) of the Constitution enabled provided by the ministry of personnel indicates that in recent both the state and Central Governments to reserve seats in years the vacancies reserved for the scheduled castes, public services for the members of the SC and ST, thereby, scheduled tribes and other backward classes are being filled enshrining impartiality of opportunity in matters of civic fully even in the „elite services at the centre. 8.3. Reservation service. Article 15(4) states that: “Nothing in this Article shall did not provide equal opportunities within each group/ prevent the State from making any provision for the community to all beneficiaries. Consequently, different reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any castes and tribes within a group/community have not backward class or citizens, which, in the opinion of the State, benefited from reservation equally. Almost in all categories is not adequately represented in the services under the of beneficiaries among scheduled castes, scheduled tribes State.” Article 16(4 A) states that: “Nothing in this article or other backward classes and minorities, there is a growing shall prevent the State from making any provisions for sense of deprivation amongst different categories, which is reservation in the matter of promotion to any class or classes leading to internal dissension. For example*, in Punjab, the of posts in the services under the State in favour of SCs and Valmiki Samaj is asking for a separate quota of reservations STs which in the opinion of the State are not adequately on the ground that Ramadasis and Mazbis have cornered represented under the State” (Constitutional 77th the benefits. Likewise, Chamars in Uttar Pradesh and Mahars Amendment, - Act, 1995). Article 16 (4 B) states that: in Maharashtra are said to have benefited from the “Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from considering reservations more than other castes identified in the schedule any unfilled vacancies of a year which are reserved for being from these regions. Similar accusations have been made filled up in that year in accordance with any provision for against the Meena community by other scheduled tribes. reservation made under clause (4) or clause (4A) as a Problems of this kind are manifold in the case of other separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding backward classes, as in each state there are dominant year or years and such class of vacancies shall not be groups, usually with economic and political clout, who reap considered together with the vacancies of the year in which the benefits of reservations. There are Ezhavas in Kerala, they are being filled up for determining the ceiling of fifty Nadars and Thevars in Tamil Nadu, Vokkalligas and Lingayats percent reservation on total number of vacancies of that year” in Karnataka, Lodhs and Koeris in Central India, Yadavs (Constitutional 81st Amendment, - Act, 2000). The and Kurmis in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh and Jats in Rajasthan, Constitution prohibits discrimination (Article 15) of any which, despite their dominant status, have been clubbed as citizen on grounds of religion, race, caste, etc.; untouchability backward classes eligible for benefits under reservations. (Article 17); and forced labour (Article 23). It provides for For these reasons, reservation has become a contentious specific representation through reservation of seats for the issue today, more so when it is applied to other backward SCs and the STs in the Parliament (Article 330) and in the classes. Report on Workshop, „Assessment of the impact State Legislative Assemblies (Article 332), as well as, in of reservation policy , organized by JNU, New Delhi. Government and public sector jobs, in both the federal and Reservation for minorities has been provided by the state Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 110 governments of Kerala and Karnataka. [Kerala provides 10 Review of literature - Dalmia, Vasudha; Sadana, Rashmi, per cent reservation in educational institutions and 12 per eds. (2012). “The Politics of Caste Identity “So for this is cent reservation in employment for Muslims as well as two concerned the mention may be made that reservation is nece- per cent reservation in educational institutions and four per ssary in the lower caste people because the people which cent reservation in employment for Christians/LCs/Anglo- are living in those sections are much more economically Indians. Karnataka provides four per cent reservation in weak. Joshi, Barbara R. Untouchable!: voices of the Dalit educational institutions and four per cent reservation in liberation movement. Minority.As the name mentions the employment for Muslims.] The government of Andhra Untouchables where helpless in various matters such as Pradesh also passed an act providing five per cent schooling and taking part in various matters in which other reservation for Muslims. However, this has been turned down people used to they were demanding reservation. by the apex court for want of specific recommendations by Conclusion - Now day s politicians are playing a major role the state Backward Classes Commission. On March 25, in reservation policy. The reservation policy was only for 10 2010 the Supreme Court gave an interim order up- holding years after the independence, for upiftment of SC and ST the validity of four per cent reservation provided to backward but till now it is continue and no one has taken any step to members of the Muslim community in the situation. A bench amend it or revise it or to change it. The reason behind this comprising Chief Justice KG Balakrishnan and Justices JM is the population of SC and ST in country. Nearly 33% voting Panchal and BS Chauhan however referred the issue to a is done by SC and ST so now if they make any change in Constitution bench to examine the validity of the impugned the reservation policy against the SC and ST then they have act, since it concerned vital issues of the Constitution. to suffer a lot for the same. So they are not taking any steps (Reservation as a welfare measure, communalism combat against the reseravation policy. 2010) References :- Statement of Problem - However the occupation 1. Bhattacharya, Amit. “Who are the OBCs?”. Archived reservation policy has three important flaws. First, it has a from the original on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 19 April discriminatory bias alongside Muslims who do not advantage 2006. Times of India, 8 April 2006. from such policies. Second, it emphasizes caste or tribe 2. Basu, Durga Das (2008). Introduction to the Constitution rather than income or wealth: The goal of reservation in India of India. Nagpur: LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa. p. has been to bring about an improvement in the welfare who, 98. ISBN 978-81-8038- 559-9. historically, have been economically and socially depressed. 3. Chapter 3- An Assessment of Reservations (Pg 32)”. But, in arriving at this judgment about who should be eligible News. Dalit Bahujan Media. Retrieved 17 Nov. 2011. for reservation, the criterion has been a person s caste rather 4. Financial Support”. University Grants Commission, than his income or wealth. Consequently, groups belonging India. Retrieved 20 October 2011. to what Article 115 of the Indian Constitution calls “socially 5. Laskar, Mehbubul Hassan. “Rethinking Reservation in and educationally backward classes” have benefited from Higher Education in India”. ILI Law Review. reservation even though, in practice, many of these groups 6. Education Safeguards”. Department of Education. could not be regarded as “backward”. This has meant that Government of India. Retrieved 27 November 2011. many of the benefits of reservation have been captured by 7. Indra Sawhney And Ors. vs Union Of India (UOI) And well-off groups from the depressed classes (for example, Ors. on 8 August 1991. New Delhi: Supreme Court of chamars from the SC) while poorer groups from the India. 1991. depressed (for example, bhangis from the SC) have failed to 8. Ramaiah, A (6 June 1992). “Identifying Other Backward benefit. (Akash Shah, 2010) Classes” (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly. pp. Methodology - The methodology in this research study is 1203–1207. Archived from the original on 30 December not one-dimensional. It is rather host of historical, theoretical 2005. Retrieved 27 May 2006. and analytical. The data is being collected from primary as 9. Parliament of India. Retrieved 4 November 2011. well as secondary sources. Book, Journals and Magazines 10. The Untouchables of India”. Praxis. Retrieved 20 October available in various libraries be the main source. 2011.

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Digital India

Dr. Anil Kumar Jain *

Introduction - The Digital India Programme is a flagship harmonize and integrate diverse initiatives and aspects programme of the Government of India with a vision to related to integration of services, end to end process transform India into a digitally empowered society and re-engineering and service levels of MMPs and other knowledge economy. initiatives under the Digital India Programme, wherever In order to transform the entire ecosystem of public required. services through the use of information technology, the e. Expenditure Finance Committee (EFC)/Committee on Government of India has launched the Digital India programme Non Plan Expenditure (CNE) to financially appraise/ with the vision to transform India into a digitally empowered approve projects as per existing delegation of financial society and knowledge economy. powers. The EFC/ CNE headed by Secretary Programme Management Structure For Digital India Expenditure would also be recommending to the CCEA Programme - The Programme management structure for the manner in which MMPs/ eGovernance initiatives are the Digital India programme as endorsed by the Union to be implemented, as well as the financial terms of Cabinet is as follow: participation for States. A representative of the Planning 1. For effective management of the Digital India programme, Commission would also be included in both the EFC the programme management structure would consists and CNE. of a Monitoring Committee on Digital India headed by f. A Council of Mission Leaders on Digital India headed the Prime Minister, a Digital India Advisory Group chaired by Secretary, DeitY would be established as a platform by the Minister of Communications and IT and an Apex to share the best practices in various existing and new Committee chaired by the Cabinet Secretary. eGov initiatives under Digital India and also to sensitize 2. Key components of the Programme Management various government departments about ICT projects of structure would be as follows: DeitY. While the inter-departmental, integration and a. Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) for interoperable issues of integrated projects / eGovernance programme level policy decisions. initiatives would be resolved by the Apex Committee on b. A Monitoring Committee on Digital India under the Digital India headed by Cabinet Secretary, the technical Chairpersonship of Prime Minister which will be issues of integrated projects would be resolved by the constituted with representation drawn from relevant Council of Mission Leaders. Ministries/ Departments to provide leadership, prescribe g. Institutional mechanism of Digital India at State level deliverables and milestones, and monitor periodically would be headed by State Committee on Digital India the implementation of the Digital India Programme. by the Chief Minister.State/UT Apex Committees on c. A Digital India Advisory Group headed by the Minister Digital India headed by Chief Secretaries would be of Communications and IT to solicit views of external constituted at State/UT level to allocate required stakeholders and to provide inputs to the Monitoring resources, set priority amongst projects and resolve Committee on Digital India, advise the Government on inter-departmental issues at State level. policy issues and strategic interventions necessary for 3. For effective monitoring of Digital India, usage of Project accelerating the implementation of the Digital India Management Information System would be mandatory Programme across Central and State Government in each new and existing Mission Mode Projects to Ministries/Departments. The composition of the capture the real or near real time details about the Advisory Group would include representation from the progress of the project. This tool should be proficient Planning Commission and 8 to 9 representatives from enough to capture the parameters for each stage of States/UTs and other Line Ministries/Departments on a project namely, conceptualization and development, rotational basis. implementation and post implementation. The d. An Apex Committee headed by the Cabinet Secretary parameters could be decided in consultation with various would be overseeing the programme and providing policy line Ministries / Departments and DeitY. and strategic directions for its implementation and 4. Since the “e-Kranti: National eGovernance Plan 2.0” is resolving inter-ministerial issues. In addition, it would already integrated with Digital India Programme, the * Asst. Professor (Political Science) Govt. Girls’ P.G. College, Ratlam (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 112 existing programme management structure established for 4. e-Governance would be promoted through a centralised National eGovernance Plan at both national and state initiative to the extent necessary, to ensure citizen level has also been decided to be integrated appropri- centric service orientation, interoperability of various e- ately with the programme management structure being Governance applications and optimal utilisation of ICT envisaged for Digital India Programme at national and infrastructure/ resources, while adopting a decentralised State/UT level. implementation model. Vision Of Digital India - The vision of Digital India 5. Successes would be identified and their replication programme is to transform India into a digitally empowered promoted proactively with the required productization society and knowledge economy. The Digital India and customisation wherever needed. programme is centred on three key vision areas: 6. Public Private Partnerships would be preferred wherever Digital Infrastructure As A Utility To Every Citizen feasible to implement e-Governance projects with 1. Availability of high speed internet as a core utility for adequate management and strategic control. delivery of services to citizens 7. Adoption of Unique ID would be promoted to facilitate 2. Cradle to grave digital identity that is unique, lifelong, identification, authentication and delivery of benefits. online and authenticable to every citizen 8. Restructuring of NIC would be undertaken to strengthen 3. Mobile phone & bank account enabling citizen the IT support to all government departments at Centre participation in digital & financial space and State levels. 4. Easy access to a Common Service Centre 9. The positions of Chief Information Officers (CIO) would 5. Shareable private space on a public cloud be created in at least 10 key Ministries so that various 6. Safe and secure cyber-space e-Governance projects could be designed, developed Governance & Services on Demand and implemented faster. CIO positions will be at 1. Seamlessly integrated services across departments or Additional Secretary/Joint Secretary level with over- jurisdictions riding powers on IT in the respective Ministry. 2. Availability of services in real time from online & mobile Programme Pillars - Digital India is an umbrella programme platforms that covers multiple Government Ministries and Departments. 3. All citizen entitlements to be portable and available on It weaves together a large number of ideas and thoughts the cloud into a single, comprehensive vision so that each of them 4. Digitally transformed services for improving ease of doing can be implemented as part of a larger goal. business Digital India is to be implemented by the entire Government 5. Making financial transactions electronic & cashless with overall coordination being done by the Department of 6. Leveraging Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) for Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY). Digital India decision support systems & development aims to provide the much needed thrust to the nine pillars of Digital Empowerment of Citizens growth areas, namely 1. Universal digital literacy Broadband Highways - This covers three sub components 2. Universally accessible digital resources 1. Broadband for All - Rural 3. Availability of digital resources / services in Indian 2. Broadband for All - Urban languages 3. National Information Infrastructure (NII) 4. Collaborative digital platforms for participative governance Universal Access to Mobile Connectivity - As part of the 5. Citizens not required to physically submit Govt. comprehensive development plan for North East, providing documents / certificates mobile coverage to uncovered villages has been initiated. Approach And Methodology For Digital India Mobile coverage to remaining uncovered villages would be Programme provided in a phased manner. 1. Ministries / Departments / States would fully leverage The Department of Telecommunications will be the nodal the Common and Support ICT Infrastructure established department and project cost will be around ‘16,000 Cr during by GoI. DeitY would also evolve/ lay down standards 2014-18. and policy guidelines, provide technical and handholding Public Internet Access Programme - The two sub support, undertake capacity building, R&D, etc. components of Public Internet Access Programme are 2. The existing/ ongoing e-Governance initiatives would be Common Services Centres (CSCs) and Post Offices as multi- suitably revamped to align them with the principles of service centres. Digital India. Scope enhancement, Process Common Services Centres (CSCs) - CSCs would be Reengineering, use of integrated & interoperable strengthened and its number would be increased to 250,000 systems and deployment of emerging technologies like i.e. one CSC in each Gram Panchayat. CSCs would be made cloud & mobile would be undertaken to enhance the viable and multi-functional end-points for delivery of delivery of Government services to citizens. government and business services. DeitY would be the nodal 3. States would be given flexibility to identify for inclusion department to implement the scheme. additional state-specific projects, which are relevant for Post Offices as multi-service centres - A total of 150,000 their socio-economic needs. Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 113

Post Offices are proposed to be converted into multi service Online Messaging would largely utilise existing centres. Department of Posts would be the nodal department infrastructure and would need limited additional resources. to implement this scheme. Electronics Manufacturing - This pillar focuses on e-Governance: Reforming Government through promoting electronics manufacturing in the country with the Technology - Government Process Re-engineering using target of NET ZERO Imports by 2020 as a striking IT to simplify and make the government processes more demonstration of intent. This ambitious goal requires efficient is critical for transformation to make the delivery of coordinated action on many fronts, such as: government services more effective across various Taxation, incentives, Economies of scale, eliminating government domains and therefore needs to be implemented cost disadvantages, Focus areas – Big Ticket Items, FABS, by all Ministries/ Departments. Fab-less design, Set top boxes, VSATs, Mobiles, Consumer All databases and information should be in electronic & Medical Electronics, Smart Energy meters, Smart cards, form and not manual. The workflow inside government micro-ATMs, Incubators, clusters, Skill development, departments and agencies should be automated to enable Enhancing PhDs, Government procurement, Safety efficient government processes and also to allow visibility of Standards – Compulsory registration, Support for Labs and these processes to citizens. IT should be used to automate, MSMEs, National Award, Marketing, Brand Building, National respond and analyze data to identify and resolve persistent Centres – Flexible Electronics, Security Forces and R & D problems. These would be largely process improvements. in electronics. e-Kranti - Electronic Delivery of Services The National IT for Jobs - This pillar focuses on providing training to the e-Governance Plan (NeGP) - The National e-Governance youth in the skills required for availing employment Plan (NeGP), takes a holistic view of e-Governance initiatives opportunities in the IT/ITES sector. There are eight across the country, integrating them into a collective vision, components with specific scope of activities under this pillar: a shared cause. Around this idea, a massive countrywide 1. IT Trainings to people in smaller towns and villages infrastructure reaching down to the remotest of villages is 2. The target of this component is to train one crore students evolving, and large-scale digitization of records is taking place from smaller towns & villages for IT sector jobs over 5 to enable easy, reliable access over the internet. The ultimate years. DeitY is the nodal department for this scheme. objective is to bring public services closer home to citizens, 3. IT/ITES in Northeastern States as articulated in the Vision Statement of NeGP. 4. This component focuses on setting up BPOs in every All new and on-going eGovernance projects as well as north-eastern state to facilitate ICT enabled growth in the existing projects, which are being revamped, should now these states. DeitY is the nodal department for this follow the key principles of e-Kranti namely ‘Transformation scheme. and not Translation’, ‘Integrated Services and not Individual 5. Training Service Delivery Agents Services’, ‘Government Process Reengineering (GPR) to be 6. The focus is on training three lakh service delivery agents mandatory in every MMP’, ‘ICT Infrastructure on Demand’, as part of skill development to run viable businesses ‘Cloud by Default’, ‘Mobile First’, ‘Fast Tracking Approvals’, delivering IT services. DeitY is the nodal department for ‘Mandating Standards and Protocols’, ‘Language this scheme. Localization’, ‘National GIS (Geo-Spatial Information 7. Training Rural Workforce on Telecom and Telecom System)’, ‘Security and Electronic Data Preservation’. related services There are 44 Mission Mode Projects under e-Kranti, 8. This component focuses on training of five lakh rural which are at various stages of implementation. workforce the Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) to cater Information for All to their own needs. Department of Telecommunications Open Data platform facilitates proactive release of datasets (DoT) is the nodal department for this scheme. in an open format by the ministries/departments for use, Early Harvest Programmes - Early Harvest Programme reuse and redistribution. Online hosting of information & basically consists of those projects which are to be documents would facilitate open and easy access to implemented within short timeline. The projects under the information for citizens. Early Harvest Programme are as follows: Government shall pro-actively engage through social IT Platform for Messages, Government Greetings to be media and web based platforms to inform and interact with e-Greetings, Biometric attendance, Wi-Fi in All Universities, citizens. MyGov.in, a platform for citizen engagement in Secure Email within Government, Standardize Government governance, has been launched by the Hon’ble Prime Email Design, Public Wi-fi hotspots, School Books to be Minister on 26th July, 2014, as a medium to exchange ideas/ eBooks, SMS based weather information, disaster alerts, suggestions with Government. It will facilitate 2-way National Portal for Lost & Found children communication between citizens and Government to bring References :- in good governance. 1. DNA Webdesk (28 September 2015), Here’s what you Online messaging to citizens on special occasions/ need to know about the Digital India initiative programs would be facilitated through emails and SMS. 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_India Open Data platform, Social Media Engagement and 3. http://www.digitalindia.gov.in/ Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 114

Agricultural Schemes Initiated By Government : Evolution

Dr. Anil Kumar Jain *

Introduction - The Central Government has launched quite years has been allocated to this scheme. The decision was a number of social welfare schemes throughout the country. taken on 1st July 2015 at the meeting of Cabinet Committee Some of those schemes are : on Economic Affairs (CCEA), which in turn was headed by Kisan Vikas Patra - This is a saving certificate scheme the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi. which was launched in 1988 by Indian Post. It was successful The primary aim is to attract investments in irrigation in early months but afterwards a committee was set up under system at field level, development and expand cultivable land the supervision of Shayamla Gopinath (presently chairman in the country, enhance ranch water use in order to minimize of HDFC Bank) by the Government of India. It was closed in wastage of water, enhance crop per drop by implementing 2011 after the recommendation that it can be misused due water saving technologies and precision irrigation. The plan to its flexibility and know-your-customer (KYC) requirement. additionally calls for bringing ministries, offices, However, the new Government re-launched it in 2014. It organizations, research and financial institutions occupied favours and meets the requirement of some farmers and it with creation and recycling of water under one platform so should be available to each and every farmer and they should that an exhaustive and holistic outlook of the whole water be benefitted. cycle is considered. The goal is to open the doors for optimal Kisan Vikas Patra can be purchased by : water budgeting in all sectors. 1. An adult in his own name, or on behalf of a minor The motive of this scheme will be to take irrigation water 2. A Trust to each and every agricultural field in the country. The 3. Two adults jointly scheme has amalgamated three on-going programmes of In 2014, new government relaunched this scheme : three different ministries- 1. The denomination available in Rs. 1000,5000,10000 & (1) Accelerated irrigation benefit programme of the ministry 50000. of water resources. 2. The amount invested will be doubled in 100 months. (2) Integrated watershed management programme of the 3. KVP would be giving a return of 7.8 % annually. ministry of rural development. 4. The maturity period is 2 years and 6 months. (3) Farm water management component of the National 5. The certificate is issued in single or joint names. Mission on Sustainable Agriculture. Krishi Ambani Bima Yojna - This scheme was launched The scheme has an allocation of Rs. 50,000 Crore for next with objective to give impetus dying to agricultural practice. five years. If farmers bear any financial burden due to unexpected Objectives : weather then this scheme will help them. Now this scheme 1. Converge investments in irrigation at the farm level and is covered by PM Fasal Beema Yojana. provide end-to-end solution. New Scheme removes the previous capping on premium 2. Har Khat Ko Pani, Enhance the physical access of water so that farmers get full sum insured. on the farm and expand cultivable area under assured Farmers’ contribution to premium reduced significantly. irrigation. Multiple localized risks and post harvest losses taken into 3. Promotion of micro irrigation in the form of drips, account to ensure that no farmer is alone in times of distress. sprinklers, pivots, rain –guns in the farm. Use of simple and smart technology through phones and 4. Per Drop more Crop. remote sensing for quick estimation and early settlement of 5. Fund would be given to state as 75 % grant by central claims. govt. But, for north –eastern state region funding pattern Gram Sinchai Yojna - Also known as Pradhan Mantri would be 90:10. Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) is a national mission to Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojna - It is a rural development ensure better utilization and to improve farm productivity in programme which broadly focuses on the development in the country. A budget of ¹ 500 billion in a time span of five the villages for the poor and farmers which includes social * Asst. Professor (Political Science) Govt. Girls’ P.G. College, Ratlam (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 115 development, cultural development and spread motivation for the soil to increase the soil production. among the people on the social mobilization of the village 1. The scheme aims balanced uses of fertilisers to enable community. This programme was launched on 11 October farmers realize higher yields at low cost. 2014 by The Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi on 2. An amount of Rs. 568 crores was allocated by the govt. the birth anniversary of Jayaprakash Narayan. for the scheme. Objective : 3. The target for 2015-16 is to collect 100 lakh soil samples • The development of model village, called ADARSH and test these for issue of soil health card. GRAMS, through the implementation of existing 4. The govt. plans to distribute 14 crore soil health cards schemes and certain new initiative to be designed for by 2017. the local context, which may vary from village to village. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Garmin Kaushlya Yojna - It is a • Creating models of locals development which can be Government of India youth employment scheme. It was replicated in other village. launched by Union Minister Nitin Gadkari and Venkaiah Naidu • Under this scheme each MP needs to choose one on the occasion of 98th birth anniversary of Pandit Deendayal village from the constituently that they represent, expect Upadhyaya on 25th September 2014. It aims to target youth, their own village or their wife/husband village and fix under the age group of 15-35 years. A corpus of Rs 1,500 parameters and make it model village by 2016. crore and is aimed at enhancing the employability of rural • Under the scheme, PM Modi has adopted Nagpur village youth. Under this programme, disbursements would be made his constituency Varanasi in UP. through a digital voucher directly into the student’s bank • No new funds are allocated to this Yojana and funds account as part of the government’s skill development may be raised throudh-Indra Awas Yojana ,PM Gram initiative. In my opinion these schemes/yojanas are a good Sadak Yojana ,MNREGA, MP Local Area Development for the farmers and they will reduce the deaths of farmers scheme, Corporate Social Responsibility funds etc. and these will support them at their best. There on will be The feature that distinct in from other is that this programme more people engaged in agriculture and production will be is increased as they would be provided with many more (a) demand driven facilities. (b) inspired by society (c) based on people’s participation. References :- The best strategy of this programme is that it empowers 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan_Vikas_Patra the Gram Panchayat’s and people’s institution with them. 2. http://www.narendramodi.in/pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima- This scheme would be successful if implemented whole yojana-a-boost-for-farmers-pm-399165 across the country with proper maintenance. 3. http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/government/ Soil Health Card Scheme - This scheme/program was pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana-highlights launched by the Govt. of India in February 2015. Under this 4. http://www.saanjhi.gov.in/ scheme, the Govt. plans to issue soil cards to the farmers 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansad_Adarsh_ according to their needs and crop wise and nutrients and Gram_Yojana fertilisers would be given in accordance of their crop. This 6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Health_Card_Scheme will help them to increase their crop production and use 7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deen_Dayal_Upadhyaya_ manure, fertilisers judiciously. There will be special measures Grameen_Kaushalya_Yojana

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 116

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Zht g_PZm MmohE, ∑`m{ßoH$ BZ odoY`m{ß H$m{ bJmVma ‡`m{J H$aZ{ g{ ‡XmZ H$r h¢, oH$›Vw O°g{ _mZd AoYH$ma d _yb^yV ÒdVßÃVm oZa[{j Zht A[amYm{ß _{ß Vm{ H$m{B© am{H$ bJVr Zht h¢, ]oÎH$ [wobg H$m{ H$R>m{a d oZX©`r hm{Vm h°, Cgr ‡H$ma X{e H$r gaH$ma ^r A[Z{ AoYH$mam{ß H{$ XwÍ$[`m{J H{$ ]Zm X{Vr h° VWm bmIm{ß H$am{∂S>m{ß ^m{b{-^m{b{ bm{Jmß{ _{ß AmVßH$ \°$bm X{Vr h¢& obE oZa[{j Zht hm{Vr h°& Am[mVH$mb H{$ g_` ^r Hw$N> _yb^yV AoYH$mam{ß amÓQ≠>r` gwajm odÍ$’ _mZdmoYH$ma - amÓQ≠> H$r gwajm H{$ X•oÓQ>H$m{U g{ [a H$m{B© od[arV ‡^md Zht [∂S>Zm Mmoh`{, Am[mVH$mb hm{ AWdm Z hm{, ^r CÀ[r∂S>Z H$r odoY H$m{ Mmby aIZm d H$R>m{a g{ H$R>m{a A[amoY`mß{ H$m{ ^r Ïò∫$ H{$ BZ AoYH$mam{ H$m hZZ Zhr oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` `mVZm X{Zm CoMV g_Pm J`m h°& E{g{ AmVßH$dmXr d X{e–m{hr Om{ Am_ _mZd AoYH$mam{ H{$ H$mZyZ _{ß ^r CÀ[r∂S>Z H$m{ am{H$Zm Am°a Ïò∫$ H$r ÒdVßÃVm OZVm H$m{ ^`^rV H$aZ{ g{ Zht MyH$V{, CZH{$ ‡oV gaH$ma H$m{ H$R>m{a Ï`dhma H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ AmdÌ`H$ h°& amÓQ≠>r` gwajm H$m{ òX IVam hm{ Vm{ gaH$ma H$m{ H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& Bg ‡H$ma H$r AgmYmaU [naoÒWoV`m{ß g{ _wH$m]bm `h AoYH$ma hm{Vm h° oH$ d{ X{e H{$ H$mZyZm{ H$m{ ZOaAXmßO H$a X{ß, oH$›Vw H$aZ{ H{$ obE gaH$ma H$m{ Ï`m[H$ AoYH$ma X{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h°& E{gr oÒWoV`m{ß ‡m`: amÓQ≠>r` gwajm Ïò∫$JV gwajm d gaH$ma H$r gwajm H{$ gmW Ow∂S>r _{ß òX oH$gr H{$ AoYH$mam{ß d ÒdVßÃVm H$m hZZ ^r hm{Vm h°, Vm{ dh ›`m`gßJV ahVr h° Am°a gaH$ma H$r gwajm H{$ obE H$^r H$^r _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H$m hZZ h¢& ^r H$aVr h°& ›`m`Yrem{ß H$r AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` gßÒWm Z{ oZÂZ oboIV odMma BgH{$ AoVna∫$ ÒdVßÃVm d AoYH$ma EH$ Va\$m Zht hm{V{, VWm [yar Ï`∫$ oH$E h¢- Vah oZ`ßÃU H{$ ]mha ^r Zht hm{V{ ∑`m{ßoH$ Bgg{ g_mO _{ß jm{^ [°Xm hm{ "Hw$N> gaH$mam{ß _{ß `h ‡d•oŒm ]Z JB© h° oH$ CZH{$ AoYH$mamß{ H$m{ MwZm°Vr Om`{Jm& _ZwÓ` A[Z{ AoYH$mam{ H$m ‡`m{J V] hr H$a gH$Vm h¢, O] g_mO X{Zm Cg X{e H$m{ AWdm amÓQ≠> H$m{ IVam CÀ[fi H$aZm h° Am°a `h ‡d•oV E{g{ _{ß emßoV Am°a Ï`dÒWm hm{ `h AemßoV _{ß A[Z{ AoYH$mam| H$m ‡`m{J H$aZ{ _{ß X{em{ _{ß gÀ` hm{Vr h°, Om{ amOZ°oVH$ eo∫$ H$m hÒVm›VaU H$mZyZr 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^maV O°g{ ‡OmVmßoÃH$ X{e _{ß gmd©^m°_ AoYH$ma OZVm H$m{ hm{V{ h¢, oH$ gH$Vr h°& gOm oXbmZ{, A[amoY`m{ß H$m{ [H$∂S>Z{ AmoX H$m`m~ _ß{ ^r [wobg [wobg H$m{ hm{V{ h°& [wobg Vm{ gaH$ma H$r EH$ EO{›Q> (‡oVoZoY) hm{Vr h°, H$mZyZ H$m CÑKßZ Zht H$a gH$Vr h°& A[amoY`m{ß H$m{ gOm oXbmZ{ _{ß [wobg Om{ A›VV: OZVm H{$ ‡oV Odm]X{h h¢, Bgob`{ [wobg H{$ gma{ H$m`© OZVm H$mZyZ Vm{∂S>Vr h°, Vm{ H$mZyZ H$m T>m±Mm T>h Om`{Jm, H$mZyZ Vm{∂S>Z{ dmb{ H{$ H{$ ‡oV Odm]X{h hm{V{ h¢& X{e H{$ Hw$N> oZoÌMV H$maUm{ H{$ ¤mam g^r gmW [wobg H$m{ Òd`ß H$mZyZ Vm{∂S>Z{ H$r BOmOV Zht Xr Om gH$Vr h°& [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß [wobg H{$ ¤mam ]b ‡`m{J [a AßHw$e bJmV{ h¢, A›` AZ°oVH$ d J°aH$mZyZr VarH$m{ß g{ A[amoY`m{ß H$m{ gOm oXbmZm CVZm ZmJnaH$m| H{$ g_mZ emgZ d [wobg [a ^r H$mZyZ H$m emgZ hm{Vm h¢, _hÀd[yU© Zht h¢, oOVZm OZVm H{$ _mZdmoYH$ma H$r gwajm AmdÌ`H$ h¢& H$mZyZ H{$ emgZ H$m VmÀ[`© h° oH$ OZVm Am°a [wobg [a dh AßHw$e bJmd{ß& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ AV: [wobg A[Z{ H$m`m} H{$ ob`{ H$mZyZ H{$ CÑKßZ H{$ ob`{ Òd`ß oOÂ_{Xma 1. A[amY emÛ - lr_Vr Hw$_wXogßh& hm{Vr h¢, Mmh{ d{ A[Z{ dnaÓR> AoYH$mna`m{ß H{$ AmX{e g{ H$a{ `m Òd`ß H$a{ß& 2. A[amY emÛ - lr_Vr oH$aU ]K{b& Bgob`{ ]ßXrJ´h _{ß `oX oH$gr [wobg H$_©Mmar H{$ ¤mam CÀ[r∂S>Z 3. _mZdmoYH$ma Edß ‡mH•$oVH$ ›`m` - [na[yU©ZßX d_m©& [hw±Mm`m OmVm h° Om{ H$mZyZ g{ C[a Zhr h¢, ∑`m{ßoH$ Om{ H$mZyZ oH´$`m›d`Z 4. X `ßJ S{>brπ${Q> - lr Ama.H{$.oVdmar& H$admVm h° Cg{ Òd`ß ^r H$mZyZ H$m [mbZ H$aZm Mmoh`{, [wobg Om{ H$mZyZ 5. [ßOm] O{b _°›`wAb -emgH$r` ‡H$meZ& H$m oH´$`m›`Z H$admVr h°, Cg{ ^r H$mZyZ Vm{∂S>Z{ H$r BOmOV Zht Xr Om 6. ^maV H$m gßodYmZ - S>m∞.dr.EZ.ogßh&

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 119

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_{a{ eÃw h° & CZH$m Bg gßX^© oH$`m & gZ≤ 1829 _{ß bmS©> odob`_ ]°naH$ Z{ gVr ‡Wm H$m{ Ad°Y Km{ofV H$a _{ß H$WZ AoV _hÀd[yU© Amb{I h° "ÒdVßÃVm H{$ eÃw Am°a oZaHw$ßeVm H{$ o_Ã oX`m & am±` H$r `h gdm©oYH$ _hÀd[yU© C[bo„Y h° & AßoV Í$[ g{ Z Vm{ H$^r g\$b hwE h° Am°a Z H$^r g\$b hm{J{ß &' gZ≤ 1828 H$r 20 AJÒV H$m{ C›hm{ßZ{ ^maV _{ß Zd Am‹`moÀ_H$ H´$mßoV amOm am_ _m{hZ am∞` Z{ `⁄o[ ‡À`j Í$[ g{ ^maVr`m{ß H{$ obE o]óQ>e H$m gyÃ[mV H$aV{ hwE "]´¯ g_mO' H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r & gVr ‡Wm C›_ybZ H{$ emgZ g{ ÒdVßÃVm H$r _mßJ Zht H$r & VXmo[ CZH{$ ¤mam H$r JB© emgZ, [ÌMmV≤ ]´¯ g_mO H$r ÒWm[Zm am±` H{$ OrdZ H$r g]g{ _hÀd[yU© KQ>Zm h° ‡emgZ, ›`m`[mobH$m VWm ‡{g ÒdVßÃVm AmoX g{ gß]ßoYV ododY _mßJ{ & BgH{$ _m‹`_ g{ CZH{$ gmd©^m°o_H$Vm, EH{$ÌdadmX VWm amOZroVH$ A‡À`j Í$[ g{ ÒdVßÃVm AmßXm{bZ H{$ ob`{ O_rZ V°`ma H$aZ{ H$r ^yo_H$m CXmadmX VH©$dmX Am°a oejm _{ß AmYwoZH$Vm Z{ X{e H{$ oM›VZ _{ß H´$mßoV Í$[ _{ß AoV _hÀd[yU© ahr h° & gZ≤ 1831 _{ß BßΩb° S> ‡dmg H{$ Xm°amZ B©ÒQ> CÀ[fi H$r h° & BßoS>`m Hß$[Zr H{$ ]m{S©> Am∞\$ S>mà{∑Q>a gy H{$ gÂ_wI CZH{$ ¤mam ‡ÒVwV _V A[Z{ Ambm{MZmÀ_H$ ]wo’dmX, gm_moOH$ `wo∫$dmX VWm Ao¤Vr` [Ã BgH$m ge∫$ CXmhaU h° & Bg ‡H$ma C›hm{ßZ{ E{g{ E{g{ ‡emgoZH$ A›V—oÓ©Q> H{$ H$maU `wdm AdÒWm _{ß hr am±` ]ßJmb VWm ^maV H{$ [wZOm©JaU gwYmam{ß H$r H$m_Zm H$r oOgg{ o]óQ>e emgZ H$m ^maVrH$aU hm{ VWm oOg_{ß AmßXm{bZ H{$ gm_moOH$ amOZroVH$ VWm Ymo_©H$ j{Ã _{ß Z{Vm ]Z J`{ W{ & ^maVr`m{ß H$r ^yo_H$m gwoZoÌMV hm{ & Bg ‡gßJ H$m{ ^maV H{$ ÒdVßÃVm amOm am_ _m{hZ am±` H$r VÀH$mbrZ gm_o`H$ JoVodoY`m{ß g{ [yd© ^maV _{ß AmßXm{bZ _{ß CXmadmXr amOZroV H$m lrJU{e _mZm J`m h° & amOZroVH$ OrdZ H$m _›X ‡H$me ^r Zht Wm & OZVm ZmJnaH$ AoYH$mam{ß AV: EH$ amOZroVH$ odMmaH$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß `hr Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ ÒdamO VWm ode{fmoYH$mam{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß AZo^k Wr & H$m{B© gm{M ^r Zht gH$Vm Wm H$r M{VZm OmJ•V H$aZ{ _{ß CZH$m `m{JXmZ ‡À`j Vm{ Zht Wm, [am{j Í$[ _{ß oH$ gaH$ma H{$ [mg OmH$a A[Z{ Xw:Im{ß H$m{ Xya H$admZ{ H$r ‡mW©Zm ^r H$r Om hr Wm & ^maV _{ß ‡{g H$r ÒdVßÃVm H$m g_W©Z H$aZ{ dmb{ Ïò∫$`m{ß _{ß amOmam_ gH$Vr h° & amOm am_ _m{hZ am±` [hb{ Ïò∫$ W{, oO›hm{ßZ{ A[Z{ [m±M o_Ãm{ß H{$ _m{hZ am∞` H$m Zm_ gd©‡W_ h° & EH$ [ÃH$ma H{$ Í$[ _{ß C›hm{ßZ{ ]ßJbm ^mfm Zm_ [a 31 _mM© 1823 H$m{ H$bH$Œmm H{$ gdm}É ›`m`mb` _{ß, H$m`©dmhH$ _{ß "gßdmX H$m°_wXr' VWm \$magr _{ß "o_amV-Ab-AI]ma' H$m ‡H$meZ oH$`m JdZ©a OZab H{$ odÍ$’ EH$ Ò_aU [Ã oX`m & `⁄o[ CZH{$ _Z _{ß H$m{B© & C›hm{ßZ{ [amYrZ ^maV _{ß AßJ´{Om{ß H{$ A[Z{ H$mZyZ H$m am¡` H{$ AmXe© [a amOZ°oVH$ C‘{Ì` Zht Wm VXmo[ CZH$m `h H$m`© AmYwoZH$ ^maV _{ß ^maV _{ß ›`mo`H$ Ï`dÒWm _{ß gwYma h{Vw gwPmd oX`{ W{ Om{ CZH$r [wÒVH$ amOZroVH$ AmßXm{bZ H$m C›h{ß o[Vm_h og’ H$aVm h°& gwa{›–ZmW ]ZOr© H{$ "^maV H$r amOÒd Edß ›`mo`H$ Ï`dÒWm H$r EH$ Ï`mª`m' _{ß gßH$obV h° & e„Xm{ß _{ß "amOm am__m{hZ am±` H{$db ]´¯g_mO VWm ]ßJmb _{ß g^r g_mO amOm am_ _m{hZ am` H$m Ïò∫$Àd [yU©V: _mZdVmdmXr Edß * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroV emÛ) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 120

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************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 127

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S>m∞. B›–{Ìda Hw$_ma Xm{ha{ *

‡ÒVmdZm - Xh{O _mZd _mÃ [a EH$ H$bßH$ Edß Hw$‡Wm _mZV{ hwE 1961 Ymam 53 (2) H{$ VhV AJa oH$gr _ohbm A[amYr H$r oMoH$Àgm Ï`dgm`r _{ß VÀH$mbrZ ‡YmZ_ßÃr [ß. Odmha bmb Z{hÍ$ Z{ "Xh{O ‡oVem{Y AoYoZ`_ ¤mam emarnaH$ [arjm H$r OmZr hm{ Vm{ dh [arjm H{$db Ûr oMoH$ÀgH$ 1961' H{$ Zm_ g{ EH$ AoYoZ`_ [mnaV H$adm`m oOgH$m EH$ _mÃ C‘{Ì` ¤mam hr br Om`{Jr AWdm CgH{$ [`©d{jU _{ß ^r br Om`{Jr& Ymam 98 H{$ Xh{O ‡Wm H$m{ g_m· H$aZm Wm& Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ _hÀd H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIV{ VhV AJa _oOÒQ≠>{Q> H{$ [mg Bg Ame` H$m [nadmX AmVm h° oH$ oH$gr hwE H$B© H$o_`m± Edß Imo_`m± [m`r OmZ{ [a Bg H$mZyZ _{ß g_`-g_` [a _ohbm AWdm 18 df© g{ H$_ C_´ H$r b∂S>H$r H$m{ oH$gr odoY odÍ$’ ‡`m{OZ gßem{YZ oH$E JE Edß gZ 1984 _{ß VÀH$mbrZ ‡YmZ_ßÃr lr_Vr BßoXam H{$ ob`{ A[ˆV `m oZÍ$’ oH$`m J`m h°, Vm{ _oOÒQ≠>{Q> E{gr Ûr AWdm JmßYr Edß gZ≤ 1986 _{ß ‡YmZ_ßÃr lr amOrd JmYr H$r gaH$ma ¤mam Bg_{ß ]mobH$m Vwa›V ÒdVßÃ (nahm) oH$E OmZ{ h{Vw AmX{e X{ gH$Vm h° VWm AJa H$m\$r gßem{YZ H$a Bg{ `Wmgß^d erK´ V°`ma H$r Om`{Jr& (`h gyMr oboIV ]mobH$m Om{ oH$ Zm]mobJ h°, Vm{ CgH{$ [oV, _mVm-o[Vm AWdm A›` _{ß hm{) Bg{ Ï`mdhmnaH$ Í$[ g{ ‡XmZ H$r H$m{oee H$r JB©& BVZm hr Zht gZ≤ gßajH$ H{$ [mg dm[g H$a X{Z{ h{Vw AmX{e [mnaV H$a gH$Vm h° Am°a dh E{gm 1985 _{ß Xh{O ‡oVf{Y (da-dYw ^{ßQ> gyMr) oZ`_ 1985 ^r [mnaV oH$`m H$aZ{ H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma ]b ‡`m{J ^r H$a gH{$Jm& Ymam-100 J`m h°& oOgH{$ VhV da [j ¤mam dYy [j g{ Om{ YZ `m amoe oddmh H$r (3) H{$ VhV 51 (2) H$r Vah hr Ûr H$r Vbmer AWdm CgH{$ eara g{ eV© H{$ AmYma [a _mßJr OmVr h°, `m Xr OmVr h°& dh J°a H$mZyZr h°& BgH{$ oH$gr dÒVw H$r ]am_XJr H{$ _m_b{ _{{ß Cg Ûr H$r oeÓQ>Vm H$m ‹`mZ aIV{ VhV Xh{O b{Z{ AWdm X{Z{ dmbm{ß H$m{ [mßM gmb H$r gOm Edß 150 Í$. VH$ hwE oH$gr Ûr ¤mam hr Vbmer br Om`{Jr& Ymam 160 (1) H{$ VhV H$m{B© H$m Ow_m©Zm AWdm oOVZm Xh{O oX`m J`m h°, dh ^r dgyb H$aZ{ VH$ H$r ^r [wobg AoYH$mar A›d{fU H{$ Xm°amZ oH$gr ^r _ohbm H$m{ WmZ{ [a Zht ]mV H$hr JB© h°& Ymam-4 H{$ VhV Xh{O _mßßJZ{ dmb{ H$m{ 6 _mh H$r gOm Om{ ]wbm gH{$Jm, AJa Cg{ _ohbm H{$ ]`mZ b{Z{ h¢, Vm{ dh AoYH$mar ]`mZ b{Z{ Xm{ gmb ^r ]∂T>mB© Om gH$Vr h°& AoYoZ`_ 1971 H{$ VhV Xh{O _{ß Xr JB© CgH{$ oZdmg ÒWmZ [a Om`{Jm, oH$›Vw dh Cg{ WmZ{ [a Zht ]wbm gH$Vm& dÒVw H{$db [ÀZr Am°a CgH{$ CŒmamoYH$mar H{$ \$m`X{ H{$ obE hr hm{Jr& Bg gy`m}X` g{ [yd© Edß gy`m©ÒV H{$ ]mX _ohbm H$m{ WmZ{ [a Zht ]wbm`m Om ‡mdYmZ H$m CÑßKZ H$aZ{ dmb{ H$m{ 6 _mh H$r gOm Edß 500 Í$. Edß AoYH$ gH{$Jm Am°a AJa oH$gr _ohbm H$m{ oJa‚Vma oH$`m OmVm h°, Vm{ Cg WmZ{ [a g{ AoYH$ 10000 Í$[`m{ß VH$ H$m AW©X S> oX`m Om gH$Vm h°& _ohbm [wobg H$m hm{Zm AoZdm`© h°& BgH{$ Abmdm _ohbm H{$ [nadma H$m Bgr ‡H$ma 1986 H{$ gßem{YZ ¤mam `h ^r Ï`dÒWm H$r JB© h° oH$ H$m{B© A›` _ohbm d [wÍ$f gXÒ` ^r WmZ{ [a ah{Jm& AJa oH$gr _ohbm H$r _•À`w gmV dfm~ H{$ ^rVa hm{ OmVr h° Edß Cg _ohbm Ymam 304 H{$ VhV AJa H$m{B© Ao^`w∫$ A[Z{ Òd`ß H{$ IM} [a [°adr H{$ H$m{B© ]É{ AWdm CŒmamoYH$mar Zht h¢, Cg oÒWoV _{ß gmam Xh{O Om{ H$aZ{ _{ß Ag_W© h°, Vm{ am¡` H{$ Ï`` [a CgH$r [°adr h{Vw ›`m`mb` ¤mam b∂S>H$r H$m{ oX`m J`m Wm, b∂S>H$r H{$ _mVm-o[Vm ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ AoYH$mar h¢& dH$rb C[b„Y H$am`m Om gH{$Jm& VmoH$ H{$db AmoW©H$ AmYma [a H$m{B© X S> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm 1973 _{ß oZohV CZ ‡mdYmZm{ß H$r odÒVma g{ ^r Ïò∫$ ›`m` g{ dßoMV Z hm{& `h ‡mdYmZ Xm{Zm{ß hr ‡H$ma `moZ Ûr Edß MMm© H$a{ßJ{ Om{ oH$ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ obE ode{f Í$[ g{ ]ZmE JE h¢ Edß Om{ [wÍ$f A[amYr H{$ ob`{ h¢ `moZ Xm{Zm{ß hr A[amYr Bg ‡mdYmZ H$m bm^ AÀ`›V AmdÌ`H$, C[`m{Jr Edß ‡`m{JmÀ_H$ hm{H$a _ohbmAm{ß H{$ obE ‡m· H$a gH$V{ h¢ Am°a A] Vm{ gßodYmZ H{$ AZw¿N{>X 39 (A) Om{ _w‚V ohVH$mar h¢& gßohVm H$r Ymam 47 (2) Om{ oH$ Ïò∫$ H$m{ oJa‚Vma H$aZ{ h{Vw H$mZyZr ghm`Vm H{$ ]ma{ _{ß h°, H{$ ¤mam ^r H$mZyZr ghm`Vm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H$r Vbmer obE OmZ{ g{ gÂ]o›YV h°& òX H$_a{ _{ß H$m{B© Ûr h° Om{ [Xm©ZerZ ]mV H$r JB© h°& Ymam 360 H{$ VhV AJa H$m{B© Ûr E{g{ (A[amYr) A[amY Ûr h° Edß Am_ Ïò∫$ H{$ gm_Z{ Zht AmVr Vm{ [wobg AoYH$mar [hb{ Cg H{$ obE Om{ _•À`w H{$ AmOrdZ H$mamdmg g{ X S>Zr` Zht h°, Xm{fr og’ H$r Ûr H$m{ Cg ÒWmZ g{ hQ> OmZ{ H{$ obE gyoMV H$a{Jm d Cg Ûr H$m{ E{gr g^r OmVr h° Am°a AJa `h CgH$m ‡W_ A[amY h°, Vm{ ›`m`mb` Cg{ X S>mX{e gwodYm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H$r H$m{oee H$a{Jm VmoH$ ÒÃr Cg H$_a{ g{ Amam_ g{ H{$ ]Om` Xm{fr _mZV{ hwE ^r gXmMaU [nadrjm [a N>m{∂S> gH$Vm h° Am°a A] ]mha oZH$b OmE `moZ H$r Ûr H$r oeÓQ>Vm H$m [yam ‹`mZ aIV{ hwE Cg{ [yd© Vm{ Bg ]m]V≤ AoYoZ`_ ^r [mnaV hm{ MwH$m h° `moZ oH$ AJa oH$gr _ohbm gyMZm X{Z{ H{$ ]mX hr Vbmer h{Vw H$_a{ _{ß XmoIb hm{ gH{$Jm, A›`Wm Zht& ¤mam JbVr g{ H$m{B© A[amY hm{ OmVm h° Vm{ H$_ g{ H$_ EH$ ]ma Vm{ Bg Bgr Vah Ymam 51 (2) H{$ VhV AJa oH$gr _ohbm H$r Vbmer b{Zr hm{ Vm{ ‡mdYmZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Cg{ gwYaZ{ H$m _m°H$m o_b OmVm h°& Ymam 416 H{$ Cg _ohbm H$r oeÓQ>Vm H$m [yam-[yam ‹`mZ aIV{ hwE Vbmer br Om gH{$Jr& VhV AJa H$m{B© Ûr oOg{ _•À`w X S> H$r gOm Xr J`r h° `m [m`m OmVm h°

* AoVoW od’mZ (amOZroV odkmZ)emgH$r` Jm{odßX _hmod⁄mb`, g{ßd∂T>m, oObm XoV`m (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 128 oH$ dh J^©dVr h°, Vm{ E{gr oÒWoV _{ß CÉ ›`m`mb` _•À`wX S> H{$ AmX{e H{$ _w∫$ H$amZ{ H$r H$m{oee H$r h° VmoH$ dh VbmH$ H{$ ]mX ^r g_mO _{ß EH$ oZÓ[mXZ H$m{ V] VH$ H{$ obE ÒWoJV H$a X{Jm ,O] VH$ dh ]É{ H$m{ O›_ A¿N>m Edß ‡oVoÓR>V OrdZ o]Vm gH{$ Edß A[Z{ Am[H$m{ em{fU g{ _w∫$ aI Zht X{ X{Vr Am°a ›`m`mb` AJa R>rH$ g_P{ Vm{ _•À`w X S> H{$ AmX{e H$m{ gH{$& oh›Xy _ohbm "oh›Xy XŒm Edß âU-[m{fU AoYoZ`_ 1956' H$r AmOrdZ H$mamdmg H{$ AmX{e _{ß [nadoV©V H$a gH{$Jm& X S> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm Ymam-18 H{$ VhV ^r âU-[m{fU [mZ{ H$r AoYH$mnaUr h° Edß Bg H$m g]g{ _hÀd[yU© A‹`m` _ohbmAm{ß H{$ âU-[m{fU g{ gß]ßoYV h°& Ymam AoYoZ`_ H$r Ymam 3 H{$ VhV âU-[m{fU g{ _Vb] Z H{$db ^m{OZ, 125 g{ 128 âU [m{fU H{$ ]ma{ _{ß h°& Ymam 125 H{$ VhV `h Xem©`m J`m H$[∂S>m, oZdmg ]oÎH$ oejm, oMoH$Àgm, ]r_ma H$m BbmO, CgH$r g{dm h° oH$ AJa H$m{B© [oV A[Zr [ÀZr Om{ oH$ A[Zm âU-[m{fU H$aZ{ _{ß VWm AoddmohV [wÃr H{$ oddmh H$m IM© ^r âU [m{fU H$m hr ^mJ _mZm Ag_W© h° AWdm CgH$r gßVmZ Om{ oH$ Y_©O AWdm AY_©O h° AWdm J`m h°, O]oH$ _wgb_mZ H$mZyZ _{ß âU [m{fU g{ _Vb] am{Q>r, H$[∂S>m Am°a CgH{$ _mVm-o[Vm Om{ oH$ A[Zm âU [m{fU H$aZ{ _{ß Ag_W© h¢, CZH$m _H$mZ g{ hr h°& `moZ `h H$hZm JbV Zht hm{Jm oH$ oh›Xy _ohbm H{$ [mg âU-[m{fU H$aZ{ g{ B›H$ma H$aVm h°, Om{ [ÀZr H$m{ gj_ ›`m`mb` ¤mam âU-[m{fU H{$ _m_b{ _{ß ¡`mXm C[Mma C[b„Y h¢ Om{ oH$ _woÒb_ _ohbm 500 Í$[`m _mogH$ VH$ âU [m{fU ^Œmm oXbm`m Om gH$Vm h°& g]g{ H{$ [mg Zht h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ oh›Xy _ohbm Z H{$db X S> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm ]oÎH$ oXbMÒ[ [hby `h h° oH$ C∫$ âU [m{fU H$r aH$_ [ÀZr VbmH$ H{$ ]mX ^r "oh›Xy Edß âU [m{fU AoYoZ`_' Xm{Zm{ß hr H{$ Vah âU-[m{fU ‡m· H$a O] VH$ oH$ dh oH$gr A›` Ïò∫$ g{ oddmh Zht H$a b{Vr h°, V] VH$ ‡m· gH$Vr h°& X S> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm H{$ ‡mdYmZ 125 g{ 128 AmX{emÀ_H$ h¢ H$a gH$Vr h°& oOZH$r [mbZm H$aZ{ H{$ obE [oV ]m‹` h° Am°a AJa ›`m`mb` H{$ AmX{e Ohm± VH$ _woÒb_ _ohbm H$m gdmb h°, Vm{ _woÒb_ odoY H{$ AZwgma H{$ ]m]OyX AJa [oV âU -[m{fU ^Œmm [ÀZr H$m{ Zht X{Vm h° Vm{ AmX{e EH$ _woÒb_ _ohbm VbmH$ H{$ [ÌMmV H{$db B—V VH$ H$r AdoY VH$ hr H$r [mbZm Zht H$aZ{ H{$ Ow_© _{ß EH$ _mh VH$ H{$ H$mamdmg VH$ H$r gOm Xr âU-[m{fU ‡m· H$a gH$Vr h°& h_ma{ gßodYmZ H{$ AZw¿N{>X 44 _{ß ^r Om gH$Vr h°& Bg ‡mdYmZ H{$ hm{Z{ g{ _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ âU [m{fU g_` [a g_mZ XrdmZr AoYH$mam{ß H$r H$Î[Zm H$r JB© h°& AZw¿N{>X 44 A[{jm H$aVm o_bZ{ _{ß H$m\$r gwodYm o_br h°& h° oH$ "am¡` ^maV H{$ g_ÒV am¡` j{Ã _{ß ZmJnaH$m{ß H{$ obE g_mZ XrdmZr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- gßohVm ‡m· H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$a{Jm&' gßodYmZ H$m{ bmJy hwE AmO H$ar] 65 1. `wJ oZ_m©U `m{OZm (Ze{ g{ gmdYmZ g{ ob`m ) df© hm{ J`{ h¢ oH$›Vw Xw^m©Ω` H$m odf` h° oH$ âU-[m{fU H{$ _m_b{ _{ß oh›Xy 2. gmohÀ` [o„b{H$eZ/gm_m›` kmZ/‡oV`m{oJVm d _woÒb_ _ohbm H$m g_mZ AoYH$ma ‡m· Zht h°, O]oH$ Xm{Zm{ß hr Bg X{e 3. _‹`‡X{e OZgß[H©$ od^mJ ¤mam H$r g_mZ ZmJnaH$ h¢ Edß X S> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm H{$ ‡mdYmZ Xm{Zm{ß [a hr 4. gmßoªH$r` od^mJ ¤mam g_mZ Í$[ g{ bmJy h°& gßgX Z{ oh›Xy _ohbm H$r Vah hr _woÒb_ _ohbm H$m{ 5. em{YmWr© ¤mam gd}jU H{$ AmYma [a ^r CgH$m ÛrYZ oXbm`m h° Am°a Cg{ AmoW©H$ [a{emZr g{ H$m\$r hX VH$ 6. odo^fi g_mMma [Ãm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 129

AmVßH$dmX (EH$ A‹``Z)

‡m{. AßOZm g{oR>`m * ‡ÒVmdZm - ^maV Am°a g_yM{ odÌd _{ß AmVßH$dmX EH$ Jß^ra g_Ò`m 4.4.4. Ymo_©H$ H$≈a[ßW - `⁄o[ Y_© _mZd H{$ Z°oVH$ odH$mg H$m _m‹`_ h° ]ZH$a Câm h°& odÌd amOZroV AmVßH$dmX H{$ _w‘{ g{ ‡^modV h°& ^maV VWmo[ H$^r-H$^r oZohV ÒdmW© Bg{ AmVßH$dmXr V°`ma H$aZ{ H{$ obE ^r bJ^J 20 dfm} g{ bJmVma AmVßH$dmX H{$ odÍ$’ gßKf© H$a ahm h°& [∂S>m{gr ‡`w∫$ H$aV{ h°& X{e [moH$ÒVmZ Z{ Bg{ eh Am°a [Zmh X{H$a [yar Vah g{ ]∂T>mdm X{ aIm h°& AmVßH$dmXr JoVodoY`mß oZÂZ h° - AmVßH$dmXr AmVßH$ \°$bmZ{ H{$ obE AV: Bg g_Ò`m [a Jß^raVm g{ odMma H$a, g_mYmZ oZH$mbZm AmdÌ`H$ oOZ KQ>ZmAm{ß H$m{ AßOm_ X{V{ h°, CZ_{ß oZaßVa d•o’ hm{Vr Om ahr h°& h°& _wª` e„X - AmVßH$dmX, ohßgm H$r H$m{B© KQ>Zm, S>amZ{ Y_H$mZ{ H$m H$m{B© AmVßH$dmXr AmßVH$ H{$ obE oZÂZ H$m`© H$aV{ h° :- VarH$m oOgH{$ _m‹`_ g{ H$m{B© Ïò∫$ `m g_yh, oH$gr gaH$ma `m g_yXm` H$m{ 1.1.1. hÀ`m H$aZm - AmVßH$dmXr oOZ KQ>ZmAm{ß H$m{ H$aV{ h° CZ_{ß gdm©oYH$ AmßVoH$V H$a A[Zm amOZroVH$ ohV gmYVm h°, dh g_yh `m Ïò∫$ AmVßH$dmX _hÀd[yU© h° hÀ`m H$aZm amOrd JmßYr, Bo›Xam JmßYr H$r hÀ`m AmoX H{$ Xmà{ _{ß AmVm h°& AZ{H$ CXmhaU Bg ‡H$ma oXE Om gH$V{ h°& BgH{$ AoVna∫$ ^` \°$bmZ{ AmO [yar XwoZ`m AmVßH$ H{$ gm`{ _{ß OrZ{ H$m{ _O]ya h°& g_mMma [Ã H{$ obE oZXm}f Ïò∫$`m{ß Edß g{Zm H{$ Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ oZemZm ]Zm`m OmVm h°& AmVßH$dmXr KQ>ZmAm{ß g{ â{ ahV{ h°& A[Zr ]mV _ZdmZ{ H$m `h H°$gm 2.2.2. A[haU -AmVßH$dmXr A[Z{ gmWr H$m{ Nw>∂S>mZ{ H{$ obE A∑ga [`©Q>H$ VarH$m h°, oOg_{ß AmX_r OmZ b{Z{ Am°a X{Z{ [a Vwbm h°& C›_mX H$m `h H°$gm gaH$ma g{ Ow∂S{> Ïò∫$`m{ß Edß hdmB© OhmO H$m A[haU H$aZ{ H$r ^r Í$[ h°, Ohm∞ _mZd Òd{¿N>m g{ AmÀ_KmVr ]_ H{$ Í$[ _{ß [nadoV©V hm{H$a A[Z{ KQ>ZmEß hwB© h°, Om{ oH$ „b{H$_{obßJ H$m ¡dbßV CXmhaU h°& hr gmoW`m{ß H$r OmZ H{$db BgobE b{Zm MmhVm h° oH$ d{ CZH{$ AZwgma H$m`© 3.3.3. ]_ odÒ\$m{Q> - AmVßH$dmXr XehV \°$bmZ{ H{$ obE ]_m{ß H$m odÒ\$m{Q> Zht H$aV{ h°& ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß CZ g^r H$maUm{ß H$r Im{OZ{ Am°a H$aV{ h°& ^maV _{ß ^r H$B© ]ma ^`ßH$a ]_m{ß H$m odÒ\$m{Q> hwAm oOg_{ß _Zm{d°kmoZH$ odõ{fU H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°, Om{ _ZwÓ` H$m{ AmVßH$ AZ{H$ bm{J _ma{ JE& H{$ amÒV{V [a T>H{$bZ{ H{$ obE oOÂ_{Xma h°& 4.4.4. AmJOZr -AmVßH$dmXr gaH$mar gÂ[oŒm Edß g{Zm H$r `w’ gm_J´r BÒbmo_H$ AmVßH$dmX o[N>b{ Hw$N> XeH$m| g{ ^maV VWm [ya{ gßgma _{ß H$m{ ZwH$gmZ [hwßMmZ{ H{$ obE AmJOZr H$r KQ>ZmAm{ß H$m{ AßOm_ X{V{ h°& hm{Z{ dmbr AmVßH$dmXr KQ>ZmAm{ß H$m _wª` H$maU ahm h°& H$hm OmVm h° oH$ g_mYmZ - ^maV _{ß AmVßH$dmX H$m{ eh X{Z{ H$m H$m_ Òd`ß [moH$ÒVmZ H$r Am{a g{ oH$`m ò odÌd _{ß Y_© H{$ ‡oV ]Z MwH$r H$≈a _m›`VmAm{ß H{$ MßJwb g{ oZH$mbZm Om ahm h°& ^maV _{ß gr_m [ma g{ AmVßH$dmXr Kwg ah{ h°& CZH$m _H$gX ^maV hm{Jm& oOgH$m g]g{ ]∂S>m g_mYmZ l{ÓR> oejm g{ hr hm{ gH$Vm h°& H$m{ XehV _{ß H$aZm h°& H$Ì_ra H{$ _w‘{ H$m{ b{H$a XehV \°$bmZ{ H$m H$m_ _{ß H$B© ò AmVßH$dmX H{$ g\$mE H{$ obE g]g{ [hb{ oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß h_{ß E{g{ ^maV odam{Yr VmH$V{ß bJr h°& [nadV©Z H$aZ{ hm{ßJ{, oOgg{ gß[yU© _mZogH$Vm Edß Z°oVH$ CÀWmZ hm{ AmVßH$dmX g{ [yar XwoZ`m Xhb MwH$r h°, A_{naH$m _{ß 9/11 H$r dmaXmV gH{$& hwB© Wr Vm{ g_yMm odÌd H$mß[ J`m Wm& Cg hmXg{ H{$ ]mX _mZdVm am{B© Wr& ò gßgmYZm{ß H$m ›`m`[yU© Edß g_mZ odVaU dh h_bm [yar _mZd OmoV [a h_bm Wm& oOgH{$ H$maU A_{naH$m H$r ò OmoV, Y_©, dJ© H{$ AmYma [a oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H$m A›`m` Am°a VÒdra ]Xb J`r Am°a Cgg{ gß[yU© odÌd ‡^modV hwAm Wm& A[_mZ Zht& AmVßH$dmX H{$ obE oOÂ_{Xma H$maU - ò ÒdVßÃVm g_mZVm Edß ]ßYwÀd H$r ^mdZm H$m odH$mg& 1.1.1. H´$m{Y - AmVßH$dmX H{$ _yb _{ß H´$m{Y H$r AoVe`Vm hr ahVr h°& H´$m{Y ò H$Ì_ra _{ß AemßoV H$m _wª` H$maU gr_m[ma g{ ‡m`m{oOV AmVßH$dmX H$r Aoæ BVZr Vrd´ hm{ hmVr h° oH$ d{ ha ]mV H$m g_mYmZ ohßgm Am°a ]b h°& [aßVw A] ^maV Z{ AmVßH$dmX H{$ gmW-gmW _mZdmoYH$ma hZZ ‡`m{J g{ hr H$a b{Zm MmhV{ h°& AZ{H$ Agm_moOH$ VÀd Edß CZH$r H$_Om{ar H{$ _w‘m{ [a ^r [moH$ÒVmZ H$m{ ]{ZH$m] H$aZ{ H$r aUZroV A[ZmB©& H$m bm^ CR>mH$a C›h{ß AmVßH$dmX H{$ Xb-Xb _{ß KgrQ> b{V{ h°& AmVßH$dmX gmß[ H$r Vah S>gVm h°& `h A[Z{ Am[ Q>bZ{ dmbm IVam Zht 2.2.2. _hÀdmH$mßjm -_hÀdmH$mßjm Ïò∫$ H$m{ `h gm{MZ{ H$m{ _O]ya H$aVr h¢ & AmVßH$dmX g‰` g_mO Am°a _mZVm H{$ obE EH$ H$V©Ï` h°, Im∂S>r X{em{ß h° oH$ [°gmß{ Am°a gßgmYZm{ß H$m Agm_mZ odVaU hm{ ahm h° E{g{ bm{J A[Zr _{ß \°$b{ BÒbm_r AmVßH$dmX H$m OwZwZ Yra{-Yra{ ^maV _{ß ^r [°a [gma ahm h°& _hÀdmH$mßjm [yar H$aZ{ H{$ obE J°a H$mZyZr YßYm{ß H$m ghmam b{V{ h°& Yra{-Yra{ ^maV gaH$ma H$m{ gVH©$ hm{H$a E{g{ H$X_ CR>mZ{ MmohE oOgg{ E{g{ gßJR>Z E{g{ bm{J AmVßH$dmXr gßJR>Z _{ß goÂ_obV hm{ OmV{ h°& _hÀdmH$mßjm H$m ^maV _{ß A[Zm ‡Mma Z H$a [mE& Zem ]hwV eo∫$embr hm{Vm h°& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- 3.3.3. _hÀdmH$mßjm H$m amOgr Í$[ - Om{ Agro_V _hÀdmH$mßjm _ZwÓ`m{ß 1. ^maVr` gaH$ma Edß amOZroV - S>m∞. Ama.EZ. oÃd{Xr, S>m∞. E_.[r. _{ß hm{Vr h°, C›h{ß AmVßH$dmX H{$ amÒV{ [a b{ OmVr h°& A[Z{ am¡` H$r CfioV am` & Am°a [∂S>m{gr amO H$r AdZoV H{$ obE ^r AmVßH$dmX H$m{ EH$ _m‹`_ H{$ Í$[ 2. ZB© XwoZ`m g_Mma [Ã & _{ß ‡`w∫$ oH$`m OmVm h°& [moH$ÒVmZ H$r Am{a g{ ^maV _{ß AmVßH$dmX H$m 3. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a & ‡gma Bgr ]mV H$m CXmhaU h°& 4. B›Q>aZ{Q> g{ ‡m· OmZH$mar & * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroV odkmZ) emgH$r` gßÒH•$V _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 130

[`m©daU gaßjU Am°a _hmÀ_m JmßYr

S>m∞. oH$eZ `mXd *

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"A[Zr O›_^yo_ H$m Am°a Bg [•œdr [a _mVm H$m{ hr emarnaH$ Ï`moY g{ Nw>Q>H$mam [mZ{ H$m gdm}Œm_ C[m` _mZm& bm{Jm{ß H{$ Om{ h_mam [m{fU H$aVr h°, h_ H$m{B© ohV H$a ah{ h¢ `m Cg [a ]m{P Í$[ h¢, `h gm_Z{ JmßYr Or Z{ Hw$XaVr C[Mma H{$ og’mßVm{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß Om{ [hbm ‡dMZ Vm{ ôdÓ` hr ]VmEJm&' oX`m Wm CgH$m gma Bg ‡H$ma h°: JmßYr Or OrdZ _{ß Òd¿N>Vm Am°a g\$mB© H$m{ g]g{ Dß$Mm ÒWmZ X{V{ W{- _ZwÓ` H$m ^m°oVH$ eara [•œdr, [mZr, AmH$me, V{O Am°a dm`w Zm_ H{$ "Om{ AmX_r Ohmß Mmh{ dhmß Am°a oOg Vah Mmh{ Cg Vah WyH$ H$a, Hy$∂S>m [mßM VÀdm{ß g{ ]Zm h°& `{ VÀd "[ßM _hm^yV' H$hbmV{ h¢& BZ_{ß g{ V{O VÀd H$H©$Q> S>mb H$a JßXJr \°$bmH$a `m Xyga{ VarH$m{ß g{ hdm H$m{ JßXr H$aVm h°, dh eara H$m{ eo∫$ [hwßMmVm h°& BZ_{ß g]g{ OÍ$ar MrO hdm h°& AmX_r o]Zm Hw$XaV Am°a _ZwÓ` H{$ ‡oV A[amY H$aVm h°& _ZwÓ` H$m eara B©Ìda H$m ImE H$B© h‚V{ VH$ Or gH$Vm h°& [mZr H{$ o]Zm ^r Hw$N> KßQ{> o]Vm gH$Vm h°, _ßoXa h°& Cg _ßoXa _{ß OmZ{ dmhr hdm H$m{ JßXr H$aVm h° dh _ßoXa H$m{ ^r b{oH$Z hdm H{$ o]Zm Vm{ Hw$N> hr o_ZQ>m{ß _{ß CgH$r X{h H$m AßV hm{ gH$Vm h°& o]Jm∂S>Vm h°& _mZdr` OrdZ H{$ ghO Í$[ g{ Ow∂S{> [`m©daU gß]ßYr odMma BgobE B©Ìda Z{ hdm H$m{ g]H{$ obE gwb^ ]Zm`m h°& Afi Am°a [mZr H$r ^bm H°$g{ ^wbmE Om gH$V{ h¢& [`m©daU H{$ gOrd KQ>H$ H$m{ gdm}ÀH•$ÓQ> VßJr H$^r H$^r [°Xm hm{ gH$Vr h°, hdm H$r H$^r Zht& E{gm hm{V{ hwE ^r h_ ‡mUr O] [`m©daU o]Jm∂S>Vm h°, Vm{ Cg{ ZaH$ g{ H$m°Z ]Mm gH$Vm h°& ]{dHy$\$m{ß H$r Vah A[Z{ Kam{ß H{$ AßXa oI∂S>H$r Am°a XadmO{ ]ßX H$aH{$ gm{V{ h¢ AmO [•œdr _mVm H$m gßH$Q> oH$gr g{ oN>[m Zht h°& odÌd H{$ bJ^J Am{a B©Ìda H$m{ ‡À`j ‡gmXr O°gr VmOr Am°a gm\$ hdm g{ \$m`Xm Zht g^r X{em{ß _{ß [`m©daU Am°a dZ _ßÃmb` h¢& [aßVw [`m©daU [a _mZd H{$ CR>mV{...... & ‡H•$oV gÀ` h° Am°a gÀ` g{ ]∂S>m Hw$N> Zht& E{gm CZH$m —∂T> Hw$‡`mgm{ß H$m X]md oZaßVa ]∂T>Vm Om ahm h°& O] Ïò∫$ d•j odZme, Ob odÌdmg Wm& Bgr gÀ` H$m AZw[mbZ C›hm{ßZ{ OrdZ[`©›V oH$`m VWm gVh H$r g_mo· AWdm Ord _ßS>b H$m{ ‡XyofV H$aVm h°, Vm{ dh Obdm`w A[Zr AmÀ_H$Wm H$m{ ^r "gÀ` H{$ ‡`m{J' H$hm& "gÀ` EH$ odemb d•j h°& gß]ßYr [nadV©Zm{ß H{$ odZmeH$ Í$[ H$m{ Am_ßoÃV H$aVm h°& Ò[ÓQ>V: `h g] ¡`m{ß ¡`m{ß CgH$r g{dm H$r OmVr h°, À`m{ß À`m{ß Cg_{ß g{ AZ{H$ \$b [°Xm hm{V{ JbV AmoW©H$ ZroV`m{ß H$m XwÓ‡^md h°& JmßYr Or Z{ h_{ß Om{ _mJ© oXIm`m oXImB© [∂S>V{ h¢& CZH$m AßV hr Zht hm{Vm&' O°g{ O°g{ h_ g_w– H$r JhamB© _{ß dh AW©emÛ H$r —oÓQ> g{, g_mO H$r —oÓQ> g{ Am°a Ï`dÒWm H$r —oÓQ> g{ CVaV{ OmV{ h¢, d°g{ d°g{ Cg_{ß g{ h_{ß AoYH$ aÀZ o_bV{ OmV{ h¢& _mZd [a AmYmnaV Wm& Cg_{ß AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$ VWm [`m©daUr` oH$gr AmO h_ gÀ` H{$ [wOmar _hmÀ_m JmßYr H{$ OrdZ g{ g]H$ b{Z{ H{$ ^r ‡H$ma H{$ ‡XyfU H$m H$m{B© ÒWmZ Zht Wm& g^r H{$ gßajU H$r ]mV Wr& ÒWmZ [a ^m{JdmX H{$ AZwH$aU _{ß \ß$g JE h¢& ghO hr H$hm Om gH$Vm h° d{ oH$gr H$m{ ^r ]{am{OJma VWm od[fi X{IZm Zht MmhV{ W{& C›hm{ßZ{ H$hm Wm oH$ AmO h_mar [•œdr Am°a CgH{$ oZdmgr ‡mUr odZme H{$ H$Jma [a I∂S{> h¢& oH$ h_{ß `h g_PZm MmohE oH$ AW©emÛ _{ß ^r h_mam H{$›– o]›Xw _mZd h°, _w‘m Mmh{ OZgßª`m H$m hm{, Mmh{ ]mV h_ma{ ahZ ghZ Edß ImZ [mZ H$r hm{ _ZwÓ` h°& _ZwÓ` _{ar —oÓQ> _{ß g]g{ CÉ ÒWmZ [a odamO_mZ h°& CgH$m _yÎ` AWdm Ob, OßJb, O_rZ Am°a dm`w H$r, gmam H$m gmam [`m©daU ‡XyfU g]g{ AoYH$ h°& _{a{ obE _ZwÓ` hr g]g{ H$r_Vr MrO h°& AmO _erZ H$m H$r M[{Q> _{ß h°& JmßYr Or H$r Ò[ÓQ> M{VmdZr oH$ ‡H•$oV H{$ [mg h_mar C[`m{J CgH$r g{dm _{ß H$a{ß& Cg{ ]{H$ma ]ZmH$a AJa _erZ bmEßJ{ Vm{ dh AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H{$ obE ]hwV Hw$N> h° [a›Vw h_ma{ bmbM _erZ H$r ]OmE H$Î`mU H{$ odZme H$a{Jr...... & AJa _erZ _ZwÓ` AWdm ^m{JdmX H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H{$ obE ]hwV H$_ Z{VmAm{ß H$r g_P _{ß Zht H$r g{dm H$a{ Vm{ _¢ CgH$m{ oga _mW{ [a aIyßJm, b{oH$Z AJa _erZ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ AmB©& ‡H•$oV _{ß [`m©daU H{$ Xm{Zm{ß KQ>H$ gOrd Am°a oZOr©d g_mohV h°& AmH$of©V oH$`m h° daZ [`m©daUr` oJamdQ> H$m{ ^r Ma_ gr_m VH$ [hw±Mm`m gOrd KQ>H$ _{ß _ZwÓ`, Ord O›Vw Edß g_ÒV ‡mUr OJV AmVm h°, O]oH$ h°& A] ›`m`mb` H{$ AmX{e g{ AoYH$ ‡XyfUH$mar H$maImZ{ ]ßX hwE h¢ VWm * Egm{ogEQ> ‡m{\{$ga (amOZroV odkmZ) em{Y H{$›–, ]w›X{bI S> H$m∞b{O, Pmßgr (C.‡.) ‰mmaV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 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Tribes of Madhya Pradesh: Historical Background

Dr. Aditi Pitaniya *

Abstract - Abstract: Tribes have always been known to be organized and peaceful. It is due to their hard work and efforts that they are able to survive in the adverse forest conditions. They possess the spirit to overcome all natural challenges or calamities ranging from torrential rainfall, flood, and landslides to earthquake. Each tribe is unique in some way. Madhya Pradesh is home to the largest tribe in India i.e. Bhils and Gond. A lot has been written about the Gond tribe but there are also other tribes which co-existed with the Gonds like Kols, Panika, Baiga, Bharia, Saharia etc. and has enriched past like them. One of the remarkable features of these Tribes was that these were found in peaceful existence with the other tribes in Madhya Pradesh. Keywords - History, Tribes, Madhya Pradesh.

Introduction - It is to be noted that the spotlight doesn’t hit Historical Background - Historically the Adivasis, as this particular section of society in India with quite the same explained earlier, are at best perceived as sub-humans to brilliance as it does on its more celebrated ones, which is be kept in isolation, or as ‘primitives’ living in remote and why it rewards research scholars with unparalleled backward regions who should be “civilized”. None of them opportunities to delve into the untouched aspects of tribal have a rational basis. Consequently, the official and popular land of Central India, popularly known as Madhya Pradesh. perception of Adivasis is merely that of isolation in forest, The 10.43 crore people belonging to “Scheduled Tribes” tribal dialect, animism, primitive occupation, carnivorous diet, in India are generally considered to be ‘Adivasis’, literally naked or semi-naked, nomadic habits, love, drink and dance. meaning ‘indigenous people’ or ‘original inhabitants’, though Contrast this with the self-perception of Adivasis as casteless, the term ‘Scheduled Tribes’ (STs) is not coterminous with classless and egalitarian in nature, community-based the term ‘Adivasis’. Scheduled Tribes is an administrative economic systems, symbiotic with nature, democratic term used for purposes of ‘administering’ certain specific according to the demands of the times, accommodative constitutional privileges, protection and benefits for specific history and people-oriented art and literature. sections of peoples considered historically disadvantaged The term tribe is derived from the Latin word ‘tribes’ and ‘backward’. meaning the poor or the masses. In English language, However, this administrative term does not exactly match however, the word ‘tribe’ appeared in the sixteenth century all the peoples called ‘Adivasis’. Out of the 5653 distinct and denoted a community of persons claiming descent from communities in India, 635 are considered to be ‘tribes’ or a common ancestor. The Indian tribal society is a unique ‘Adivasis’. Such communities often suffers from extreme society with diversity of nature and people. Known for social, educational and economic backwardness on account extreme poverty, tribal populations in India constitute the of primitive agricultural practices, lack of infrastructure core of the poor. Poverty, poor health and sanitation, illiteracy facilities and geographical isolation, and who need special and other social problems among the tribes are having a consideration for safeguarding their interests. The list of worn out effect on the Indian economy. The Five Year Plans notified Scheduled Tribes in Madhya Pradesh for the purpose were formulated for implementing a series of investment- of conducting Census 2011 has 46 tribes and three of them backed schemes and projects for the betterment of the have been identified as “Special Primitive Tribal Groups” in conditions of the tribes living in the rural and urban areas. the State. But they do not typically draw into their fold many of the Definition - The term ‘Scheduled Tribes’ first appeared in tribes with their forest-dwelling culture who have neither the the Constitution of India. Article 366 (25) defined scheduled motivation or the skill of settled cultivation. As a result, their tribes as “such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or land has been alienated to their better endowed tribal groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed neighbours and non-tribals. For most people, identifying a under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of tribal from a non-tribal is easy. Weiner (1978) claimed that this constitution”. Article 342, which is reproduced below, being a distinctive racial type, they are somewhat darker prescribes procedure to be followed in the matter of than other Indians and have features that are sometimes specification of scheduled tribes. Mongoloid in appearance. * Translator, Center For Excellence, IGN Tribal University, Amarkantak (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 133

They live in their own villages, many of which are wholly between the north and south of India. The highest point in homogenous. Perhaps the most distinctive feature of tribal Madhya Pradesh is Dhupgarh, with an elevation of 1,350 m life is the very attitude toward life itself. In contrast with their (4,429 ft). The state is bordered on the west by Gujarat, on Hindu neighbours, the tribals are a carefree people, self- the northwest by Rajasthan, on the northeast by Uttar indulgent in their simple pleasures. Pradesh, on the east by Chhattisgarh, and on the south During the British period, the famous Anthropologist; by Maharashtra. Verrier Elwin (1943) propounded a theory, according to which As per details from Census 2011, Madhya Pradesh has the tribals should be kept isolated in their hills and forests. population of 7.26 Crores, an increase from figure of 6.03 Elwin’s theory is known in social anthropology as ‘public Crore in 2001 census. Total population of Madhya Pradesh park theory’. He suggested that ordinarily the non-tribal as per 2011 census is 72,626,809 of which male and female people should not be allowed to enter into tribal pockets are 37,612,306 and 35,014,503 respectively. In 2001, total without permission of the state government. This system population was 60,348,023 in which males were 31,443,652 would guarantee the isolation of the tribals. while females were 28,904,371. However, D.N. Majumdar (1944) took a slightly different The total population growth in this decade was 20.35 position. His suggestion was that the cultural identity of the percent while in previous decade it was 24.34 percent. The tribals as far as possible should be retained. He feared that population of Madhya Pradesh forms 6.00 percent of India if the isolation was broken the tribals would lose their ethnic in 2011. In 2001, the figure was 5.87 percent. No. of district identity. To maintain it, he hypothesized that there should where the Tribal population is more than 50% or between 25 be ‘selected integration’ of the tribals. While spelling out, he to 50 percent as per Census 2011 is as follows: argued that not all the elements of civilization should be Table (See in next page) allowed to enter the tribal area. Only those which have Divisions of Madhya Pradesh - The percentage of total relevance with tribal life should be permitted into such area. Scheduled Tribes population to total population of all divisions Such a policy would keep the tribals away from the vices of of Madhya Pradesh shows positive growth during 2001-11 urban life. except Bhopal division. Percentage of Scheduled Tribes The tribal population of the country, as per 2011 census, population in rural areas of all divisions has observed is 10.43 crore, constituting 8.6% of the total population. increasing trends. Out of ten divisions, Chambal, Rewa and 89.97% of them live in rural areas and 10.03% in urban areas. Bhopal divisions have registered decrease in percentage of The decadal population growth of the tribal’s from Census Scheduled Tribes population in urban areas during 2001-11. 2001 to 2011 has been 23.66% against the 17.69% of the Shahdol division has the highest percentage of Scheduled entire population. The sex ratio for the overall population is Tribes population in urban areas (2001 & 2011) while 940 females per 1000 males and that of Scheduled Tribes Chambal division has the lowest. 990 females per thousand males. This fact only is sufficient Districts of Madhya Pradesh - The districtwise percentage enough to show prevalence of Gender Parity among the of total Scheduled Tribes population of Madhya Pradesh Tribals which is otherwise getting less and less in shows that ranking of districts have not changed much over Metropolitan areas. the period of last three decades. The districts of Alirajpur, Broadly the STs inhabit two distinct geographical areas Jhabua, Dindori, Barwani and Mandla keep the top five ranks – the Central India and the North- Eastern Area. More than in 1991, 2001 and 2011. In the similar way Datia, Morena half of the Scheduled Tribe population is concentrated in and Bhind occupy the last three places throughout the three Central India, i.e., Madhya Pradesh (14.69%), Chhattisgarh decades. (7.5%), Jharkhand (8.29%), Andhra Pradesh (5.7%), The population of Madhya Pradesh consists of a number Maharashtra (10.08%), Orissa (9.2%), Gujarat (8.55%) and of ethnic groups and tribes, castes and communities, Rajasthan (8.86%). The other distinct area is the North East including the indigenous tribals and relatively more recent (Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, migrants from other states. The scheduled castes and Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh). More than two-third of the the scheduled tribes constitute a significant portion of ST population is concentrated only in the seven States of the population of the State. The main tribal groups in Madhya the country, viz. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Pradesh are Gond, Bhil, Baiga, Korku, Bhadia (or Bhariya), Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. There is Halba, Kaul, Mariya and Sahariya. no ST population in 3 States (Delhi NCR, Punjab and Conclusion - Due to the different linguistic, cultural and Haryana) and 2 UTs (Puducherry and Chandigarh), as no geographical environment, and its peculiar complications, Scheduled Tribe is notified. the diverse tribal world of Madhya Pradesh has been largely Location in India - Madhya Pradesh literally means “Central cut off from the mainstream of development. Madhya Pradesh Province”, and is located in the geographic heart of India, ranks very low on the Human Development Index value of between latitude 21.2°N-26.87°N and longitude 74°02'-82°49' 0.375 (2011), which is below the national average. According E. The state straddles the Narmada River, which runs east to the India State Hunger Index (2008) compiled by and west between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges; these the International Food Policy Research Institute, the ranges and the Narmada are the traditional boundary malnutrition situation among some tribes like Bharia, Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 134

Sahariya in Madhya Pradesh was “extremely alarming”, Indigenous Peoples. receiving a severity rating between Ethiopia and Chad. The 2. ANALYTICAL REPORT ON PRIMARY CENSUS state rank is also the worst performer in India, when it comes ABSTRACT 2011, New Delhi to female foeticide. In order to elevate the economic condition 3. Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe Population of of these Tribes one must not always rely upon government India (Census 2011) initiatives or schemes but an individual should try to do 4. Singh, K.S. PEOPLE OF INDIA, National List of something at his or her personal level. Communities, Anthropological Survey of India, Delhi, References :- 1992 1. Bijoy C.R. The Adivasis of India -A History of 5. Madhya Pradesh: Economic and Human Development Discrimination, Conflict, & Resistance, Core Committee Indicators, UNDP (2011) of the All India Coordinating Forum of Adivasis/

Madhya Pradesh Total Population ST Population Percentage More than 50% Between 25% to of ST- ST Popln. 50% ST Popln. 72626809 15316784 21.1 6 13

Source: Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe Population of India

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H$m{ g[nadma 22 oXgß]a 1842 H$m{ oJa‚Vma H$a ob`m&161616 4. o_l ¤maH$m ‡gmX, _‹`‡X{e _{ß ÒdmYrZVm AmßXm{bZ H$m BoVhmg, ohaX{emh H$m Bg Vah [H$∂S>m OmZm A›` od–m{hr Z{VmAm{ß H{$ obE ÒdamO gßÒWmZ, gßMmbZmb`, 2002 [•. gßª`m 6-7 ]∂S>m AmKmV gmo]V hwAm oOgg{ AmßXm{bZH$mna`m{ß H$m _Zm{]b oJaZ{ bJm& 5. _wIma`m [r.Eg, 1857 H{$ H´$mßoV gmJa Am°a Z_©Xm j{Ã, ÒdamO 1843 _{ß _XZ[wam H{$ R>mHw$a oS>ÑZemh Am°a KbdmS>m H{$ R>mHw$a Zadaogßh Z{ gßÒWmZ gßMmbZmb`, 2008, [•. gßª`m 04 ^r AmÀ_ g_[©U H$a oX`m& Bgg{ ‡{naV hm{H$a 1843 _{ß hr Mß–[wam H{$ 6. Jw· A`m{‹`m‡gmX, ]wßX{bI S> H$r E{oVhmogH$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ [•ÓR> ^yo_ oXdmZ Odmhaogßh Z{ ^r AmÀ_ g_[©U H$a oX`m& AmJ{ OmH$a 1844 _{ß _‹`‡X{e AmoXdmgr bm{H$ H$bm [nafX≤ ^m{[mb, 2001 [•. gßª`m AmJ{ OmH$a 1844 _{ß AmßXm{bZ H{$ ‡_wI Z{Vm _YwH$aemh H$m{ ]mZ[wa H{$ 12 R>mHw$a _X©Zogßh Z{ [H$∂S>dm oX`m&17 gaH$ma Z{ _YwH$aemh H$m{ \$mßgr X{ Xr& 7. oÃ[mR>r H$mer‡gmX, ]wßX{bI S> H$m ]•hX BoVhmg (amOVßÃ g{ \$m±gr H{$ ]mX CgH$m ed gmJa O{b H{$ [rN{> Obm`m J`m&18 CZH$r Ò_•oV OZVßÃ), g_` ‡H$meZ ZB©oXÑr, [•. gßª`m 27 _{ß dhm± EH$ M]wVam ]Zm`m J`m, `hm± [a CZH{$ Zm_ g{ EH$ dmS©> _YwH$aemh 8. o_lm O‡H$me, ]wßX{bm od–m{h, ÒdamO gßÒWmZ gßMmbZmb`, 2008, dmS©> ]Zm`m J`m h°& `hm± CgH$r [wOm A] ^r hm{Vr h° Am°a Jm{[mb JßO [•. gßª`m 78 _m{hÑ{ H{$ oZdmgr CgH$r gwajm H$aV{ h°& _YwH$aemh H{$ C[amßV CZH{$ ^mB© 9. dhr JU{eOy Z{ ^r g_[©U H$a oX`m& Bg Vah gaH$ma Z{ Hw$Q>ZroVkVm d X_Z 10. _‹`‡X{e oS>oÒQ≠>∑Q> JO{oQ>`g©, O]b[wa, [•. gßª`m 66 MH´$ H{$ ¤mam Hw$N> Z{VmAm{ß H$m{ `m Vm{ [H$∂S> ob`m `m Hw$N> Z{ Òd`ß Z{ hr g_[©U 11. o_l ¤maH$m ‡gmX, _‹`‡X{e _{ß ÒdmYrZVm AmßXm{bZ H$m BoVhmg, H$a ob`m& 1845 H{$ AmV{-AmV{ A›` od–m{hr Z{VmAm{ß H$m{ gOm Xr JB© `m ÒdamO gßÒWmZ, gßMmbZmb`, 2002 [•. gßª`m 6-7 C›h{ß _m\$ H$a oX`m J`m& gaH$ma Z{ oÒWoV H$m{ oZ`ßÃU _{ß Vm{ b{ ob`m, [aßVw 12. _‹`‡X{e oS>oÒQ≠>∑Q> JO{oQ>`g©, gmJa, 1970 [•. gßª`m 66 Bg od´Xm{h H$m [naUm_ ∑`m ahm ?`h ‹`mZ X{Z{ `m{Ω` h°& 13. o_l ¤maH$m ‡gmX, _‹`‡X{e _{ß ÒdmYrZVm AmßXm{bZ H$m BoVhmg, Bg ‡H$ma gaH$mar X_Z d MVwamB© g{ 1842 H{$ od–m{h oMßJmar hr ]Z ÒdamO gßÒWmZ, gßMmbZmb`, 2002 [•. gßª`m 37 H$a ah J`m, b{oH$Z `h oMßJmar ]hwV oXZm{ß VH$ X]r Zht ahr, Am°a ^maVr` 14. o_lm O`‡H$me, ]wßX{bm od–m{h, ÒdamO gßÒWmZ gßMmbZmb`, AgßVm{f Am°a Òdmo^_mZ 15 dfm} H{$ AÎ[ odam_ H{$ ]mX 1857 H$r ¡dmbm 2008, [•. gßª`m 130 H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^∂S>H$ CR>m Om{ AmZ{ dmbr H´$mßoV H$m AmJmO ]Zm& 15. dhr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- 16. o_l ¤maH$m ‡gmX, _‹`‡X{e _{ß ÒdmYrZVm AmßXm{bZ H$m BoVhmg, 1. Jw· ^JdmZXmg, Pm±gr am¡` H$m BoVhmg Am°a gßÒH•$oV, [•. gßª`m ÒdamO gßÒWmZ, gßMmbZmb`, 2002 [•. gßª`m 43 21 17. _wIma`m [r.Eg, 1857 H$r H´$mßoV gmJa Am°a Z_©Xm j{Ã, ÒdamO 2. ga X{gmB© Jm{odßX, _amR>m{ß H$m ZdrZ BoVhmg, o¤Vr` I S> [•. gßª`m gßÒWmZ gßMmbZmb`, 2008 [•. gßª`m 43-44 425 18. _‹`‡X{e oS>oÒQ≠>∑Q> JO{oQ>`g©, gmJa, 1970 [•. gßª`m 66 3. [Q>a°`m oedAZwamJ, ]wßX{bI S>, [•. gßª`m 80

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H$B© og∏${ß Omar oH$E& CgH{$ ¤mam Vjerbm _{ß T>mbm J`m `h og∏$m _hÀd[yU© dße H{$ [ÌMmV eo∫$embr H{$ß–r` gŒmm H{$ A^md _{ß H$B© eo∫$`m{ß H$m CX` h°, oOg_{ß amOm H$m{ ^mbm \{$ßH$V{ Xem©`m J`m h°& MmßXr H{$ og∏${ [hb{ H$r hwAm& Mß–Jw· o¤Vr` Z{ BZ o]Iar eo∫$`m{ß H$m{ EH$ H$a Jw· gm_´m¡` H$r A[{jm A] AoYH$ A¿N{> ]ZZ{ bJ{ W{& og∏$m{ß H{$ obE J´rH$ e„X "–ª_' ÒWm[Zm H$r& `h H$mb amOZroVH$, AmoW©H$, gmohoÀ`H$, H$bm, gmßÒH•$oVH$, H$mbmßVa _{ß "–Â_' Am°a "Xm_' _{ß [naUV hm{ JE& d°kmoZH$, VH$ZrH$r j{Ãm{ß H$r g_•o’ H$m Xm°a Wm& Bgr H$maU ^maVr` AmO ^r h_ oH$gr dÒVw H{$ _yÎ` H{$ obE Xm_ e„X H$m ‡`m{J H$aV{ h¢& BoVhmg _{ß Jw·H$mb H$m{ "ÒdU© `wJ' H$m H$mb ^r H$hm OmVm h°& Mß–Jw· Bg ‡H$ma BßS>m{-J´rH$ H$mb _{ß ^maVr` og∏${ _{ß H´$mßoVH$mar [nadV©Z Am`m o¤Vr` H{$ og∏${ H$m{ odew’ Í$[ g{ ^maVr` H$hm Om gH$Vm h°& `⁄o[ Jw· Am°a `dZm{ß Z{ ^maVr` og∏$m{ß [a A[Zr Ao_Q> N>m[ N>m{∂S>r& A^r VH$ H{$ ‡m· g_´mQ>m{ß Z{ ÒdU©-aOV Edß Vm_´ BZ VrZ YmVwAm{ß H$r _w–mAm{ß H$m{ Mbm`m, E{oVhmogH$ Ûm{V H{$ AZwgma gm°^wVr [hbm 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hm{Jr& [yd© emgH$m{ß H{$ od[arV H$oZÓH$ o¤Vr` Z{ dV©_mZ em{Y g{ `h [Vm MbVm h° oH$ Jm{dm d H$m{ßH$ m [a emgZ H$aZ{ dmb{ ]´m˜r Ajam{ß _{ß og∏${ T>bdmE, oOg{ ]mX H{$ emgH$m{ß Z{ ^r A[Zm`m& CgZ{ H$XÂ] dße Z{ Xm{ ‡H$ma H{$ gm{Z{ H{$ og∏${ Omar oH$E-[ßM _mH©$ gm{Z{ H{$ og∏${ oed (oed H{$ VrZ oga), ZßXr Am°a b˙_r AßoH$V og∏${ Omar oH$E&6 Hw$fmU VWm S>mB© ÒQ≠>H$ gm{Z{ H{$ og∏${& BZ og∏$m{ß [a hZw_mZ, e{a AmoX H{$ oMÃ Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. 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************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 145

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Jm±Yr, Qw> oh›XyO E S> _woÒbÂg, A‹`m` 1-2 ]oÎH$ odÌdÏ`m[r gohÓUwVm H$m Y_© h°, ZroVey›` amOZroV gd©Wm À`m¡` 11. `ßJ BßoS>`m, 12 _B©, 1920, [•. 2 ZmB©Xa E g{›Q> Zma E [m±oboQ>oe`Z h°& _{a{ obE gÀ` Am°a B©Ìda EH$ hr h¢, AV: _{ar `h AmH$mßjm ah{Jr oH$ 12. `ßJ BßoS>`m, 12 _B©, 1920, [•. 2 ZmB©Xa E g{›Q> Zma E [m±oboQ>oe`Z amOZroV H{$ ‡À`{H$ j{Ã _{ß gÀ` H{$ oZ`_ H$r ‡oVÓR>m hm{&7 13. _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr, gÀ` H{$ ‡`m{J AmÀ_H$Wm Jm±YrOr Z{ _mZdVmdmXr —oÓQ>H$m{U H{$ AmYma [a Y_© H$m{ "H$_© `Vm' 14. hnaOZ, 15 A‡°b, 1939

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Sales And Discounts : Grabbing Person's Wallet

Girish Makwana * Dr. Shraddha Malviya **

Abstract - Shopping gives a high to the mood and personality initially but when it is analyzed in depth then some serious facts are revealed which eventually the hollows person’s mind and pocket. Sales and discounts provide nourishment to shopaholics, clutching the mind and extracting the thinking ability of the buyer and leading them to the bottom of compulsive buying disorder and depriving them of their health and wealth.

Introduction - Confessions of a shopaholic, a movie time. After few days end of season sale arrived at that store, portraying “Rebecca Bloomwood” as a shopping addict. She he visited to there to buy that shirt but he was shocked to gets under debt due to her habit and faces a lot of problems see that the price of shirt was more than the basic price and looses many of her loving persons and things. In the even after discount. end, she has to sell up everything to payback her debt. In most of the sales the first copies of the product are This movie pictures the story of a lot of people who sold in place of the original products, used defective and shops unnecessarily just under the label of ‘Sales and substandard quality material are displayed, extra tax is Discount’. charged on the coupons in the name of free services and Shopping- an inseparable part of daily life. Everyone return policies and trial of the product are abandoned. The buys or trade something or anything each day. Every stuff sale and discount uses the advertising section of both print and commodity has to be bought. Now-a-days, the two and electronic media pretty effectively. It creates an ambience modes of shopping viz., offline and online, are at their peak around the consumer for that the person finds him/her almost having one thing in common i.e. Sales and Discount. unable to neglect it and will give it a try whether it is crucial Discount means ‘deduction from the usual cost of something’ or not. and Sales refer to a ‘period during which a shop sells goods Objective - The objective of this research is to reveal and at reduced prices’ or ‘any offer or arrangement in which goods uncurtain the situation created by sales and discounts which are sold at discount’. A consumer is one who buys or in a overview has just layered advantages and profits. Behind purchases items or goods. this scene, there is a reality of hidden loss which is not Discount can be given in various forms such as coupons, evident usually and basically is in the form of over expense, cash-backs, membership cards, percentage based discount things which are not of use, chain shopping and finally on actual price, buy 1 get 1, etc. which bound the person to resulting in a shopaholic. There are various disadvantages use and redeem the points and coupons on next purchase. of sales and discounts such as unnecessary shopping just The consumer will again go shopping and use the services to redeem coupons, waste of money, substandard and low provided just to redeem discount which availed to him/her quality products, etc. but the most serious threat is even if he/she do not necessarily need it. The psychology of compulsive buying disorder or oniomania, which is buyer behind the discount is that they are saving money characterized by obsession with shopping and buying and because of this they take certain products which they behavior that causes adverse consequences. According to don’t want at all and also spend extra money. Kellett and Bolton, compulsive buying is experienced as an The companies provide sale to sell their which are at “irresistible-uncontrollable urge, resulting in excessive, the extremes of the range basically used by population. Their expansive and time consuming retail activity that is typically strategy is to gain less profit rather than no profit at all. prompted by negative affectivity” and results in “gross social, According to a survey report, companies earn more money personal and /or financial difficulties. during sale’s season in comparison to normal days. Consequences : A subject gave details about his experience. He once 1. Extra expense checked a price of a shirt at a famous brand store. He was 2. Over budgeting not economically able to buy that shirt at that particular 3. Planning failure * Research Scholar (Sociology) Shree Atal Bihari Vajpeyee Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Indore (M.P.) INDIA ** Asst. Professor (Sociology) Shree Atal Bihari Vajpeyee Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Indore (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 152

4. Substandard quality. budget and should shop by making a list of required items. 5. Irregular pattern of shopping. Shopping should be done at regular intervals with proper 6. Buying unnecessary commodities. spacing and every product should be checked properly before 7. Over eating and unhealthy eating as people get tired buying. It’s good to shop but its better when done with due to shopping so they eat in the nearby food court. senses. 8. Exertion and staleness. 9. Psychology symptoms such as anxiety, irritation, etc. References :- 10. Lack of home and self management. 1. www.merriam-webster.com 11. Ruined credit history, theft or defalcation of money, 2. www.thefreedictionary.com defaulted loans and general socio-economic troubles. 3. https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>sales 12. Compulsive buying disorder. 4. https://yoast.com/psychology_discounts Conclusion - From the above study, it is concluded that 5. www.powerhomebiz.com/marketing-tips/pros-cons- people shop haphazardly, unnecessarily and in irregular discount-pricing-holiday-season.html pattern during sales and discounts. Most of the times, they 6. Movie- Confessions of a Shopaholic(2009) by P.J. Hogan buy things which they do not need at all. This just creates a based on Shopaholic-novel series by Sophie Kinsella pile of waste products and lack of space in the house. They 7. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_of_a_ face problems regarding maintaining the household due to Shopaholic_(film) extra stuffs and also have trouble with their health and wealth. 8. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_buying_ One should shop according to their need, should decide a disorder

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_Za{Jm H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm gÂ]›Yr oddaU _Za{Jm `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar H{$ Ûm{V gÂ]›Yr oddaU H´$.H´$.H´$. odH$Î[ gßª`m ‡oVeV H´$.H´$.H´$. odH$Î[ gßª`m ‡oVeV 1 hm± 77 25.6 1 J´m_ [ßMm`V g{ 141 47 2 Zht 82 27.4 2 Jmßd H{$ A›` bm{Jm{ g{ 71 23.6 3 Wm{∂S>r ]hwV 141 47 3 g_mMma [Ã d Q>r.dr g{ 43 14.4 Hw$b 300 100 4 A›` 45 15 _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ C‘{Ì`m| H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm gÂ]›Yr oddaU g{ Ò[ÓQ> Hw$b 300 100 hm{Vm h¢ oH$ 100 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm gXÒ`m{ß _{ß _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ C‘{Ì`m| H{$ _Za{Jm `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar H{$ ∂Ûm{V gÂ]›Yr oddaU g{ Ò[ÓQ> ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm aIZ{ dmb{ 25.6 ‡oVeV gXÒ` h¢, _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ hm{Vm h¢ oH$ Hw$b 100 ‡oVeV CŒmmaXmVm gXÒ`m{ß _{ß J´m_ [ßMm`V g{ OmZH$mar C‘{Ì` H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm Zht aIZ{ dmb{ 27.4 ‡oVeV gXÒ` h¢ VWm ‡m· H$aZ{ dmb{ 47 ‡oVeV Jmßd H{$ A›` bm{Jm{ß g{ OmZH$mar ‡m· H$aZ{ _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H{$ ‡oV Wm{∂S>r ]hwV OmJÍ$H$Vm aIZ{ dmb{ 47 dmb{ 23.6 ‡oVeV gXÒ`, g_mMma [Ã Edß Q>r.dr g{ OmZH$mar ‡m· H$aZ{ ‡oVeV gXÒ` [mE{ J`{ h¢& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b 100 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm gXÒ`m{ß dmb{ 1.4 ‡oVeV VWm A›` Ûm{Vm{ g{ OmZH$mar ‡m· H$aZ{ dmb{ 15 _{ß _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H{$ ‡oV Wm{∂S>r ]hwV OmJÍ$H$Vm aIZ{ dmbm{ß H$m ‡oVeV gXÒ` [m`{ J`{ h¢& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b 100 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm gXÒ`m{ ‡oVeV ]hwV AoYH$ [m`m J`m h¢& _{ß J´m_ [ßMm`V g{ OmZH$mar ‡m· H$aZ{ dmbm{ H$m ‡oVeV AoYH$ [m`m J`m _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm gÂ]›Yr oddaU h¢ VWm g_mMma [Ã Edß Q>rdr g{ OmZH$mar ‡m· H$aZ{ dmbm{ß H$m ‡oVeV H$_ H´$.H´$.H´$. odH$Î[ gßª`m ‡oVeV [m`m J`m h¢& 1 hm± 84 28 _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß Edß ‡mdYmZm{ H$m{ OmZZ{ H{$ ‡oV CÀgwH$Vm 2 Zht 92 30.6 gß]ßYr 3 Wm{∂S>r ]hwV 124 41.4 H´$.H´$.H´$. odH$Î[ gßª`m ‡oVeV Hw$b 300 100 1 hm± 210 70 _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm gÂ]›Yr oddaU g{ 2 Zht 90 30 Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h¢ oH$ 100 ‡oVeV CŒmmaXmVm gXÒ`m{ß _{ß _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ Hw$b 300 100 ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm aIZ{ dmb{ 28 ‡oVeV gXÒ`, _Za{Jm `m{OZm _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H$m{ OmZZ{ H{$ ‡oV CÀgwH$Vm gÂ]›Yr oddaU H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm Zht aIZ{ dmb{ 30.6 ‡oVeV VWm _Za{Jm g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h¢ oH$ 100 ‡oVeV CŒmmaXmVm gXÒ`m{ß _{ß _Za{Jm H{$ C‘{Ì`mß{ `m{OZm H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ ‡oV Wm{∂S>r ]hwV OmJÍ$H$Vm aIZ{ dmb{ 41.4 H{$ ‡oV CÀgwH$Vm aIZ{ dmb{ 70 ‡oVeV gXÒ` h¢ VWm _Za{Jm H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm gXÒ` [mE{ JE h¢ß& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b 100 ‡oVeV H{$ ‡oV CÀgwH$Vm Zht aIZ{ dmb{ 30 ‡oVeV gXÒ` [mE{ JE h¢& Bg ‡H$ma CŒmmaXmVm gXÒ`m| _{ß _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ ‡oV Wm{∂S>r ]hwV Hw$b 100 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm gXÒ`m{ß _{ß _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm aIZ{ dmbm{ H$m ‡oVeV AoYH$ [m`m J`m h¢& CÀgwH$Vm aIZ{ dmbm{ H$m ‡oVeV AoYH$ [m`m J`m h¢& oOgH$m H$maU _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm gÂ]›Yr oddaU ‡_wI `h h¢ Bg `m{OZm H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H$r [yU© OmZH$mar oH$gr H$m{ ^r Zht h¢ H´$.H´$.H´$. odH$Î[ gßª`m ‡oVeV oOgg{ g^r Bg `m{OZm H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H$m{ OmZZ{ H{$ ‡oV CÀgwH$ h¢& 1 hm± 78 26 _Za{Jm `m{OZm g{ bm^ ‡mo· _{ß H$oR>ZmB© gÂ]›Yr oddaU 2 Zht 148 49.4 H´$.H´$.H´$. odH$Î[ gßª`m ‡oVeV 3 Wm{∂S>r ]hwV 74 24.6 1 g_` [a H$m`© Zhr 136 60.1 Hw$b 300 100 2 g_` [a [°gm Zhr 37 16.4 _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm gÂ]›Yr oddaU 3 H$m`© H{$ AZwgma [°gm Zht 53 23.5 g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h¢ oH$ 100 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm gXÒ`m{ß _{ß _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ Hw$b 226 100 oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm aIZ{ dmb{ 26 ‡oVeV gXÒ` h¢, _Za{Jm _Za{Jm `m{OZm g{ bm^ ‡mo· _{ß H$oR>ZmB© gÂ]›Yr oddaU g{ Ò[ÓQ> `m{OZm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm Zht aIZ{ dmb{ 49.4 ‡oVeV hm{Vm h¢ oH$ 100 ‡oVeV gXÒ`m{ß _{ß g_` [a H$m`© Zht o_bZ{ gÂ]›Yr gXÒ` VWm _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H$r Wm{∂S>r ]hwV OmJÍ$H$Vm H$oR>ZmB© H$m gm_Zm H$aZ{ dmb{ 60.1 ‡oVeV gXÒ` h¢, g_` [a [°gm Zht aIZ{ dmb{ 24.6 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm gXÒ` [m`{ J`{ h¢& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b o_bZ{ gß]ßYr H$oR>ZmB© H$m gm_Zm H$aZ{ dmb{ 16.4 ‡oVeV gXÒ` h¢ VWm 100 ‡oVeV CŒmmaXmVm gXÒ`m{ß _{ß _Za{Jm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ ‡oV H$m`© H{$ AZwgma [°gm Zht o_bZ{ gß]ßYr H$oR>ZmB© H$m gm_Zm H$aZ{ dmb{ OmJÍ$H$Vm Zht aIZ{ dmbm{ß H$m ‡oVeV AÀ`oYH$ [m`m J`m h¢& 23.5 CŒmaXmVm gXÒ` [m`{ J`{ h¢& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b 100 ‡oVeV CŒmmaXmVm gXÒ`m{ß _{ß g_` [a H$m`© Zhr o_bZ{ gÂ]›Yr H$oR>ZmB© H$m gm_Zm H$aZ{ dmbm{ H$m ‡oVeV AÀ`oYH$ [m`m J`m h¢& ∑`m{ßoH$ Bg `m{OZm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß Am ahr g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ H$maU BgH{$ H$m`m} H$m{ am{H$ oX`m J`m oOgg{ bm^ ‡m· _{ß H$oR>ZmB© hm{ ahr h¢& Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 158

_Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ C[`m{J H$aZ{ _{ß AmZ{ dmbr g_Ò`m gÂ]›Yr _{ß emgZ H{$ gXÒ`m{ß H$m gh`m{J ‡m· hm{Vm h¢ H$hZ{ dmb{ 44 ‡oVeV oddaU CŒmaXmVm gXÒ` h¢ VWm _Za{Jm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß emgZ H{$ gXÒ`m{ß H$m H´$.H´$.H´$. odH$Î[ gßª`m ‡oVeV gh`m{J ‡m· Zht hm{Vm h¢, H$hZ{ dmb{ 56 ‡oVeV gXÒ` h¢& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b 1 hm± 170 56.6 100 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm gXÒ`m{ß _{ß _Za{Jm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß emgZ H{$ 2 Zht 130 43.4 gXÒ`m{ß H$m gh`m{J ‡m· Zht hm{Vm h¢, H$hZ{ dmbm{ H$r gßª`m AoYH$ [mB© Hw$b 300 100 JB© h¢& ∑`m{ßoH$ O] ^r BgH{$ H$m`© oH´$`mo›dV hm{V{ h¢, V] H$m{B© ^r ]∂S>m _Za{Jm `m{OZm H{$ C[`m{J H$aZ{ _{ß AmZ{ dmbr g_Ò`m gÂ]›Yr oddaU AoYH$mar _m°OwX Zht hm{Vm Am°a Z hr BgH{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H$m ‹`mZ aIm OmVm g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h¢ oH$ 100 ‡oVeV gXÒ`m{ß _{ß _Za{Jm H{$ C[`m{J _{ß AmZ{ h¢& _OXwar H$m ^wJVmZ ]¢H$m{ _{ß hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU AoeojVm{ß H{$ gmW XwaÏ`dhma dmbr g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m gm_Zm H$aZ{ dmb{ 56.6 ‡oVeV gXÒ` h¢ VWm _Za{Jm oH$`m OmVm h¢ß& H{$ C[`m{J _{ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m gm_Zm Zht H$aZ{ dmb{ 43.4 ‡oVeV gXÒ` gwPmd : h¢& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b 100 ‡oVeV gXÒ`m{ß _{ß _Za{Jm H{$ C[`m{J H$aZ{ _{ß ò H$m`©`m{OZm H$m oddaU Am°a H$m_ H$r OÍ$aVm{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß g^r gß]ßoYV g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m gm_Zm H$aZ{ dmbm{ß H$m ‡oVeV AoYH$ [m`m J`m h¢& ∑`m{ßoH$ [jm{ß H$m{ ]VmZ{ H{$ obE _OXyam{ß H{$ gmW EH$ Iwbr [na`m{OZm ]°R>H$ hm{Zr Bg `m{OZm H{$ H$m`© _mßJ H{$ AmYma Edß AmJ{ g{ AmZ{ [a ‡maÂ^ hm{V{ h¢ gmW MmohE& Bg ]°R>H$ _{ß J´m_ [ßMm`V H{$ g^r bm{Jm{ß H$m{ AmZ{ H$r Ny>Q> hm{Zr hr H$m`© AmZ{ [a _OXwam{ß H$r AoYH$Vm ^r hm{ OmVr h¢ oOgg{ g^r H$m{ MmohE, Am°a Bgr ]°R>H$ _{ß Mm°H$gr Am°a oZJamZr go_oV H{$ gXÒ`m{ß H$m ^r _OXwar ‡m· Zhr hm{ [mVr h¢& MwZmd hm{Zm MmohE& _Za{Jm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß ]mYm gÂ]›Yr oddaU BZ ]°R>H$m{ß _{ß AmdßoQ>V oH$`{ OmZ{ dmb{ g^r Vah H{$ H$m_m{ß H{$ ob`{ H´$.H´$.H´$. odH$Î[ gßª`m ‡oVeV d{VZ H$r Xam{ß H{$ ]ma{ß _{ß OmZH$mar Xr OmZr MmohE VWm Bg OmZH$mar H$m{ 1 Imbr g_` [a H$m`© Zht 76 44.5 Zm{oQ>g ]m{S©> [a bJm oX`m OmZm MmohE& ]°R>H$ _{ BZ gdmbm{ß H{$ Odm] 2 g_` [a [°gm Zht 56 32.7 OÍ$a gm_Z{ AmZ{ Mmoh`{ : 3 H$m`© H{$ AZwgma [°gm Zht 39 22.8 1. d{VZ oH$VZm hm{Jm? Hw$b 171 100 2. d{VZ oZYm©aU H$m VarH$m ∑`m h¢ (EH$ oXZ H{$ l_ H$m oZYm©aU oH$g _Za{Jm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß ]mYm gÂ]›Yr oddaU g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h¢ oH$ AmYma [a hm{Jm)? Hw$b 100 ‡oVeV gXÒ`m{ß _{ß Imbr g_` [a H$m`© Zht o_bVm h¢, H$hZ{ 3. OZVm H$m{ `h OÍ$a ]Vm`m OmZm MmohE oH$ ‡À`{H$ _OXya H{$ H$m_ dmb{ 44.5 ‡oVeV gXÒ` h¢, g_` [a [°gm Zht o_bVm h¢ H$hZ{ dmb{ H$m{ AbJ-AbJ hr _m[m OmE{Jmß, hmbmßoH$ AJa Hw$N> _OXya Mmh{ß Vm{ 32.7 ‡oVeV gXÒ` h¢ VWm H$m`© H{$ AZwgma [°gm Zht o_bVm h¢ H$hZ{ CZH{$ H$m_ H$m{ gm_yohH$ AmYma [a hr _m[m Om gH$Vm h°& dmb{ 22.8 ‡oVeV gXÒ` h¢& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b 100 ‡oVeV gXÒ`m{ß _{ß ò OZVm H$m{ O] Mmh{ V] hmoOar aoOÒQ>a X{IZ{ H$m AoYH$ma o_bZm _Za{Jm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß ]mYm gÂ]›Y _{ß Imbr g_` [a H$m`© Zht o_bVm MmohE& h¢, H$hZ{ dmbm{ß H$m ‡oVeV AÀ`oYH$ [m`m J`m h¢& ò gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_, 2005 H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ AZwgma BH$∆m `m{OZm oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß emgZ H{$ gXÒ`mß{ H{$ gh`m{J gÂ]›Yr oddaU oH$`{ OmZ{ dmb{ H$m_ H{$ Z_yZm{ß VH$ bm{Jm{ß H$r ghO [hwßM hm{Zr MmohE& H´$.H´$.H´$. odH$Î[ gßª`m ‡oVeV ò Bg `m{OZm H$m Am°a AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ ‡Mma-‡gma hm{Zm MmohE 1 hm± 132 44 oOgg{ H$r bm{Jm{ß H$m{ AmgmZr g{ Bg `m{OZm H{$ C‘{Ì` Edß ‡mdYmZm{ß 2 Zht 168 56 H$r OmZH$mar ‡m· hm{ gH{$ß& Hw$b 300 100 _Za{Jm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß emgZ H{$ gXÒ`m{ß H{$ gh`m{J gÂ]›Yr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- oddaU g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h¢ oH$ 100 ‡oVeV gXÒ`m{ß _{ß _Za{Jm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z 1. Ï`o∫$JV em{Y$ H{$ AmYma [a &

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ahVm h°& oOgg{ H$m{B© CgH$r h±gr Z C∂S>m`{& OmVm h°& 4.4.4. odYm`H$Vm - ]mbH$ _{ß odYm`H$Vm H$r _yb ‡d•oŒm X{Ir Om gH$Vr 13.13.13. g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m hb H$aZm - Bg Am`w _{ß ]mbH$ Vah-Vah H$r h°& dh Z`{-Z`{ o_Ã ]ZmZm Am°a o_≈r VWm a{V H{$ Ka AmoX ]ZmZm [h{ob`m{ß H$m{ gwbPmZ{ Am°a g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ hb H$aZ{ _{ß Í$oM b{Vm h°& [gßX H$aVm h°& Bg Am`w _{ß Cg{ bH$∂S>r H{$ „bmH$m{ß H{$ I{b oX`{ Om Bgob`{ H´$_e: Cg_{ß A_yV© odMma H$r eo∫$ ^r odH$ogV hm{Z{ bJVr h°& gH$V{ h¢& 14.14.14. 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I{b - O] e°edmdÒWm _{ß ]mbH$ H{$ I{b AoYH$Va H$Î[ZmÀ_H$ Vm{ CZH{$ [na[π$Vm ÒVa [a oZ^©a H$aVr h° Am°a Z hr CZH{$ AZw^dm{ß [a hm{V{ h¢, ]mÎ`mdÒWm _{ß ]mbH$ dmÒVodH$ OJV H{$ I{bm{ß _{ß AoYH$ ]oÎH$ BZ Xm{Zm{ß H$r A›VoH´$©`m H{$ ¤mam oZYm©naV hm{Vr h°& Í$oM b{Vm h°& Cg_{ß Om{ H$Î[Zm hm{Vr h°& dh ^r dÒVw OJV g{ oZH$Q> oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß Bg og’m›V H$m CÑ{IZr` `m{JXmZ h°& Bg og’m›V H$m gÂ]›Y aIVr h°& dh Hw$N> Z Hw$N> C[`m{Jr H$m`© H$aZm MmhVm h°& H{$ AZwgma grIZ{ _{ß ]mbH$ H$r ^yo_H$m _hÀd[yU© hm{Vr h°& ]mbH$m{ß H{$ AV: I{b-I{b _{ß Cg{ ]hwV gr ]mV{ß ogIm`r Om gH$Vr h¢& [mR>ÁH´$_ H$r aMZm CZH$r AmdÌ`H$Vm, ‡{aUm Edß Í$oM H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIH$a 8.8.8. ]oh_w©Ir ‡d•oŒm - Bg Am`w _{ß ]mbH$ ]oh_w©Ir oXIm`r [∂S>Vm h°& H$aZr Mmoh`{& dh A] BVZm AoYH$ A[Z{ Am[ _{ß Í$oM Zht b{Vm oOVZm oH$ A[Z{ gßkmZmÀ_H$ odH$mg og’m›V H$m oejm _{ß ‡`m{J : Mmam{ß Am{a H$r MrOm{ß _{ß Í$oM b{Vm h°& Bg Am`w _{ß dh H$mÎ[oZH$ g{ 1. oH$gr ^r Am`w H{$ ]Ém{ß H{$ ob`{ [mR>ÁH´$_ H$m oZ_m©U CZH{$ gßkmZmÀ_H$ AoYH$ `WmW© dÒVwAm{ß H$r Am{a AmH$of©V hm{Vm h°& CgH$r Í$oM`m± odH$mg Edß ‡À`` oZ_m©U H{$ AmYma [a H$aZm Mmoh`{& Ï`dhmnaH$ hm{Vr h¢ Am°a dh dÒVw-OJV _{ß dmÒVd _{ß Hw$N> H$m`© H$aZm 2. `h og’m›V Bg ]mV [a ]b X{Vm h° oH$ ]Ém{ß H$m{ ÒdoH´$`m ¤mam MmhVm h°& grIZ{ H{$ Adga X{Z{ Mmoh`{& 9.9.9. 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H$R>m{a AZwemgZ H{$ ‡oV od–m{h - Bg Am`w _{ß ]mbH$ Ka AWdm 9. ]mbH$m{ß H$m{ [∂T>mZ{-ogImZ{ H{$ ob`{ E{g{ AZw^d Edß AoYJ_ gm_J´r ÒHy$b _{ß H$R>m{a oZ`›ÃU g{ K•Um H$aVm h° Am°a CgH{$ ‡oV od–m{h H$r ‡ÒVwV H$aZr Mmoh`{ß, oO›h{ß d{ AmÀ_gmV H$a gH{$ß Am°a AmJ{ H{$ A‹``Z ^mdZm aIVm h°& H$R>m{a AZwemgZ hm{Z{ [a ]m¯ Í$[ g{ AZwemogV H{$ ob`{ MwZm°Vr H{$ Í$[ _{ß gm_Z{ AmE& oXIm`r X{Z{ [a ^r Cg_{ß A›Xa hr A›Xa od–m{h H$r ¡dmbm gwbJVr 10. grIZm ]mbH$ Òd`ß Am°a CgH{$ [`m©daU g{ A›V oH´$©`m H{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ ahVr h°, oOgg{ H$^r-H$^r Vm{ dh ÒHy$b g{ hr ∑`m Ka g{ ^r ^mJ hm{Vm h°& AV: oejH$ H$m{ Edß Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$m{ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ ob`{ CoMV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 161

Edß ‡{aUmXm`H$ [`m©daU H$m oZ_m©U H$aZm Mmoh`{& Edß _yÎ`mßH$Z, AmJam, odZm{X [wÒVH$ _ßoXa & gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- 6. oMŒmm°∂S>m, S>m∞.eoe Edß OagmdV, hnaeM›– (2007) ]mbodH$mg 1. Best, J.W., (1983) Research in education New York, Edß oejm _Zm{odkmZ, O`[wa; H$Î[Zm [o„bH{$eZ & prentice hall of India. 7. ]rZm,S>m∞. AmZ›X S>m∞.dem AmZ›X S>m∞.]mZr (2002):gßkmZmÀ_H$ 2. Buch, M.B., (1991): Educational survey New Delhi. _Zm{odkmZ, oXÑr; _m{Vrbmb ]ZmagrXmg & NCERT publication 4th edition. 8. _mWwa, Eg.Eg., (1980) oejm _Zm{odkmZ, AmJam:odZm{X [wÒVH$ 3. AJ´dmb O{.gr. (2007):Bg{eZb Am∞\$ E¡`yH{$eZb gmBH$m{bm∞Or, _ßoXa am`OmXm & ZB© oXÑr, odH$mg [o„boeßJ hmCg ‡m.ob.& 9. ogßh.AÍ$U Hw$_ma (2006) :gßkmZmÀ_H$ _Zm{odkmZ ZB© oXÑr, 4. AJ´dmb, O{.gr., (2006): ]{ogH$ AmBoS>`mg BZ E¡`yH{$eZ _m{Vrbmb ]ZmagrXmg & gmBH$m{bm∞Or, ZB© oXÑr, oj‡m [o„bH{$eZ & 10. oÃ[mR>r, bmb.]r., (2012/13) :AmYwoZH$ gm_moOH$ _Zm{odkmZ, 5. AÒWmZm odo[Z Edß Ìd{Vm (2007)_Zm{odkmZ Am°a oejm _{ß _m[Z AmJam; EM.[r.^mJ©d ]wH$ hmD$g, o¤Vr` gßÒH$aU&

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3. ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m, ]∂T>Vm OZgßª`m H$m KZÀd, Ob H{$ odVaU H$r 2. "Ob gßajU' H{$ obE Ob gßajVm Ao^`mZ Mbm`m OmZm MmohE& Jß^ra AoZò_VVm& ÒHy$b [mR>`H´$_ _{ß AoZdm`© Í$[ g{ Bg{ emo_b oH$`m OmZm MmohE& 4. ]S>∂{ [a_mUw na`{∑Q>a oOg_{ß [mZr H$m ]hwV gmam C[`m{J oH$`m Om ahm 3. ogßMmB© H{$ [aÂ[amJV VarH$m{ß _{ß ]Xbmd bm`m OmZm MmohE h°& Q>[H$,ogßMmB© `m{OZm H$m{ ]S>∂{ ÒVa [a ‡m{ÀgmhZ o_bZm MmohE& 5. o[KbV{ Ωb{oeà,]∂T>Vm Vm[_mZ, ZoX`m±, Imbr hm{V{ Vmbm], 4. Ob H$m [wZ: MH´$rH$aU oH$`m OmZm MmohE& J›X{ [mZr H$m C[`m{J ]mdo∂S>`m& gm\$ H$a \$gb, ]JrMm{ß _{ß oH$`m OmZm MmohE& Obr` [m°Y{ß H$m C[`m{J 6. dZm{ß H$r AßYmYwßY H$Q>mB©& ]∂T>m`m OmZm MmohE& "Bg_{ß Zmb' Q>mB©\$,S>H$ ]rS> ObHw$ß^r Om{ Ob 7. ZoX`m{ß _{ß ]∂T>Vm ‡XyfU, ZoX`m _mZd _°b g{ _°br-_°br& H$m{ N>mZZ{ H$m H$m`© H$aV{ h°& 8. [mZr [a AmYmnaV C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m odÒVma& 5. Kam{ _{ß C[`m{J AmZ{ dmb{ C[H$aU Om{ [mZr g{ gß]ßoYV h°& CÉ H$m{Q>r 9. ]∂T>Vm H$mßoH´$∂Q> H$m OßJb& H{$ _mZH$ dmb{ C[`m{J oH$`{ OmZ{ MmohE& Ob gßajU h{Vw _wª` C[m` : 6. ZoX`m| [a ÒZmZ, H$[S>∂{ Ym{Zm,[yOm gm_J´r \°$bmZm, H$Mam \°$bmZ{ [a 1. Ob gßajU h{Vw dfm© H{$ Ob H$m{ gßJóhV H$aZm AoZdm`© h°& Bg h{Vw Vwa›V Am°a H$maJa VarH{$ g{ ‡oV]ßY bJZm MmohE& ^maV gaH$ma,¤mam "[ßMdfr©` `m{OZm _{ß ‡mWo_H$Vm H{$ AmYma [a' gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- Bg _w‘{ [a ode{f `m{OZm ]ZmZr MmohE& oH$gr ^r EH$ df© H$m{ Ob 1. ‡m{.YZßO` d_m©,‡YmZ gß[mXH$-[`m©daU M{VZm-oh›Xr J´ßW gßaj m df© Km{ofV oH$`m OmZm MmohE& BgH{$ obE am¡` AH$mX_r ^m{[mb-2004 emgZ,Òd`ßg{dr gßÒWmAm{ß,gm_m›` ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m gh`m{J ob`m OmZm 2. APHA Awwa and WPCF,Standard Methods for MmohE& Bg `m{OZm _{ß ]mßY,ZoX`m{ß [a S{>_, Hw$±Am{ß Edß Q>`y]d{bm{ _{ß Ob Examination of water and waste water 16th Ed.American H$m{ gßJóhV oH$`m OmZm MmohE& _H$mZ oZ_m©U _{ß Ob gßJ´hU H$m{ Public Health ASSOC Waslington D.C.(1985) AoZdm`© oH$`m OmZm MmohE& Bg Vah H$m ogÒQ>_ bJmZ{ H{$ obE 3. [`m©daU gßajU - [mB©›Q>a [o„beg© O`[wa-Eg.gr._bdma emgZ ÒVa [a hr oH´$`m›d`Z oH$`m OmZm MmohE& bmJV _H$mZ 4. _mZd odH$mg na[m{Q©> - 2010 _mobH$ g{ dgyb H$r OmZr MmohE& 5. [`m©daU _mZd gßgmYZ Am°a odH$mg-S>m∞.`m{J{e Hw$_ma e_m©

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 164

Comparison between dietary habits of Tribal and non- Tribal peoplesof Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh, India

Pradeep Kumar Shrivastava *

Abstract - Indiais a country of villages and about 80% of the populations live in rural area. Continuing growing population and consumption is reason for increasing demand of food. But the survey indicates that most of the people get food less than their requirements. The most vulnerable segments of population which is affected from malnutrition problems are infants and young children. Children who belong to poor socio-economic classes come under major public health problems in India. Protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, fats and mineral are the major components of the food. It is indispensible for normal and healthy life for humanbeings. It is not only satisfied hunger but also symbolizes one’ social status. In the view, investigate food patterns of tribal area of district chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh, India has been done. Key words - Food Pattern, Tribes, Public health. Introduction - A rapidly growing population creates economic strain on a country and in such condition if food supply becomes inadequate, people will primarily from malnutrition. Normal deficiency is one of the serious problems in rural areas comprising mostly infants in weaning and post weaning periods and in pre-school children.Food is prerequisite of nutrition and nutrition has been defined as food at work in the body. Nutrition includes everything that happens to be food from the time it is eaten until it is used for various functions in the body. Food nutrition and health are intimately connected aspects of Our life.Intake of right kind and amount of food can ensure good health which may be evident in our appearance, efficiency and emotional well being (Mudambi, 1983). Material and Methods - Study area-Figure 1 shows the Figure 1. Map shows location of study sites. chhindwara district, the area under study, in jabalpur division, Sampling procedure - Field survey conducted to get the is situated in Satpuda plateau in the south central part of first hand information in variuos sample villages such as food Madhya Pradesh and lies between Lattitude 21028’ and 22049’ survey or diet survey, collection of relevent background N and Longitude 78010’ and 79024’ E. It covers an area of infromations. 11815 km2. The following are the sample schedules used in survey. 1. Diet survey schedule (Oral questionnaire/weigtment) 2. Socio-cultural environmet schedule 3. Family economic schedule Method of data collection - The diet survey of 220 families (Ten families from each village) from twenty two villages was done. Selection of village - Twenty two villages namely: Panth and Boriya (Chhindwara Block), Anjanpur and Sajwa (Harrai Block), Saliwada and Hingpani (Amarware Block), Rajthari and Jamuniya Khurd (Tamia Block), Sonapipree and charaikalan (Parasia Block), Machhera and Temni Kalan (Mohkher Block), Majiyapar and Ulhavadi (Bichhua Block) Singnna and Ppriyalakkha (Chourai Block), Bargabodi and Jam (Sausar Block), Ambada Khurd and Deorkhapa (Pandurana Block) were selected through random sampling method. Dietary habits of non-tribal peoples - The dietary habits of the people generally depend upon economic condition of * Department of Geography, Dr. Hari SinghGourCentral University, Sagar (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 165 the family having regional and cultural influence (Tiwari, 1989). 20 Jam 31.56 +1.56 +5.20 Dietary habits of tribal peoples - The tribals of the study 21 AmbadaKhurd* 25.35 -4.65 -15.50 area scarcely have any restriction of food. They eat fowls, 22 Deorkhapa 4.00 -26.00 -86.66 beef, Pork, meat and fish. The common food of the Average 19.29 -10.73 -35.76 labouringtribals of the study area is gruel of rice, boiled small Average of Tribal 20.59 -9.41 -31.36 millets in water due to poverty. Villages Food consumption pattern of the study area ‘ Average on Non- 17.74 -12.26 -40.86 Table 1: Per Capita/Per Day Food Stuffs Consumption Tribal Villages in Chhindwara District (M.P.) Table 6: Per capita daily surplus (+), deficit (-) liquor S. Food Stuffs Stand Average Departure intake in selected villages of Chhindwara District (M.P.) ard Actual from Study Area Average- 24.50 g Requir Intake standard S. Name of Villages Actual Departure from ement in Gram requirement Intake Study Area Average Gram Percent in gram 1 Cereals & Millets 370.00 422.94 52.94 +14.30 Gram Percent 2 Pulses 60.00 27.80 32.20 -53.66 1 Panth* 29.66 +5.06 +20.65 3 Leafy Vegetables 75.00 41.35 33.65 -44.86 2 Boriya 8.67 -15.93 -65.02 4 Other Vegetables 60.00 37.41 22.59 -37.65 3 Anjapur* 18.19 -6.31 -25.75 5 Nuts and Oil Seeds 1.08* 1.08 -- 4 Sajwa 19.60 -4.90 -20.00 6 Condiments and 20.00 4.02 15.98 -79.90 5 Saliwada* 47.16 +22.66 +92.48 Spices 6 Hingpani 16.77 -7.73 -31.65 7 Roots & Tubers 50.00 39.29 10.71 -21.42 7 Rajthari* 13.31 -11.19 -45.67 8 Fats & Oils38.00 5.95 32.05 -84.34 8 JamuniyaKhurd* 16.01 -8.49 -34.65 9 Milk & its Products 180.00 41.29 138.71 -77.06 9 Sonapipree* 30.30 +5.80 +23.67 10 Flesh Foods 30.00 19.29 10.73 -35.76 10 Charaikalan 9.47 -15.03 -61.34 11 Sugar &Jaggery 40.00 7.98 32.02 -80.05 11 Sagoniya* 49.07 +19.57 +79.87 12 Fruits 37.00 18.72 18.28 -49.40 12 Khajrifulsa 13.22 -11.28 -46.04 13 Liquor 24.50* 24.50 - - 13 Machhera* 30.80 +6.30 +25.71 *Average Consumption of the study area. 14 Temnikalan 9.91 -14.59 -59.55 Cereals and millets intake 15 Majiyapar* 27.97 +3.47 +14.16 Table 2,3 & 4 (see in next page) 16 Ulhavadi 11.68 -12.82 -52.32 Table 5: Per Capita Daily Surplus (+), Deficit (-) Flesh 17 Singnna* 79.43 +54.93 +224.20 Food intake Chhindwara (M.P.) 18 Pipriyalakkha 11.18 -13.32 -54.36 Standard Requirement- 50 g (By NIN) 19 Bargabodi* 28.26 +3.76 +15.24 S. Name of Villages Actual Departure from 20 Jam 7.57 -16.93 -69.10 Intake standard 21 AmbadaKhurd* 66.12 +41.62 +169.87 in Gram Requirement 22 Deorkhapa - - - Gram Percent Average 24.50 - - 1 Panth* 26.08 -3.92 -13.06 Average of Tribal 35.93 +11.43 +46.65 2 Boriya 21.44 -8.56 -28.53 Villages 3 Anjapur* 22.98 -7.02 -23.40 Average on Non- 10.79 -13.71 -55.95 4 Sajwa 9.80 -20.20 -67.33 Tribal Villages 5 Saliwada* 74.42 +44.42 +148.06 Conclusion - As far as the dietary pattern of the study area 6 Hingpani 39.14 +9.14 +30.46 is concerned, the concepts, religious, economic status and 7 Rajthari* 10.24 -19.76 -65.86 availability of food stuffs are the determining factors. The 8 JamuniyaKhurd* 8.89 -21.11 -70.36 dietary pattern of the study area varies from season to season 9 Sonapipree* 7.57 -32.43 -74.76 on the availability of food stuffs, fruits, vegetables as they 10 Charaikalan - - - are not uniformly available in different seasons. The diet of 11 Sagoniya* 7.22 -22.78 -75.93 the study area is found below the standard requirement in 12 Khajrifulsa 8.26 -21.74 -72.46 most of the food stuffs which can be improved through proper 13 Machhera* 7.26 -22.84 -76.13 modification in agricultural pattern.In the study area, in 54.0 14 Temnikalan 24.78 -5.52 -17.40 per cent villages intake of cereals and millets; in 95.0 per 15 Majiyapar* 7.89 -22.11 -73.70 cent villages Intake of other vegetables; in 73.00 per cent 16 Ulhavadi 21.70 -8.30 -27.66 village, intake of roots and tubers; in 64.0 per cent villages 17 Singnna* 20.06 -9.94 -33.13 intake of Nuts and oilseeds; 91.0 per cent villages intake of 18 Pipriyalakkha 16.75 -13.25 -44.26 fruits and in 86.0 per cent villages intake of flesh foods have 19 Bargabodi* 29.23 -0.77 -2.56 been found below the standard requirements. 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If the average of all food stuffs is compared with standard (NIH), ICMR. Hyderabad, p. 37. requirement, it can be clearly seen that except cereals and 5. Murthy, Ramdas (1988) : Interface of Agriculture and millets all other food stuffs intake is less than the standard Nutrition, Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad. July Vol. 22. No. requirement. 4, pp. 24-30. Acknowledgements - Author is grateful to the Head, 6. National Institute of Nutrition (1981): Health and Department of Geography for providing necessary facilities. Nutritional Consequence of Drought, Nutrition, October References :- Vol. 21, No.4, pp 24-30. 1. Agrawal, S.K. (1986): Geo-Ecology of Malnutrition : A 7. Tiwari, P.D. (1984) : A study of Diet and Nutrition, Intake Case study of Haryana Children, Inter India Publication, Pattern in Rural Areas of Satna District (M.P.). Hill New Dellhi. Geographer. Vol. 3. No.2, pp 64-12. 2. Sahaman, G.N.V. et al. (1987): The Urban People, their 8. Tiwari, P.O. (1988) : Agricultural Development and Dietary and Nutrition Status, Nutrition Vol. 21, No. 4. Nutrition A Case Study of Rewa Plateau, Northern Book pp 14-22. Centre, New Delhi. 3. Gopalan, C. at al. (1971) :Diet Atlas of India, National 9. Tiwari, P.O. (1989) :Nutritional Problems of Rural India: Institute of nutrition (ICMR). Hyderabad, p. 118. A Case Study of Saugar. Damoh Plateau, Northern Book 4. Gopalan, C. at al. (1980) : Nutritive Value of Indian Foods, Centre, New Delhi.

Table 2: Per Capita Surplus (+), Deficit (-) Cereals and Millets intake in Chhindwara (M.P.) Standard Requirement- 370 g (By NIN) All India Average - 498 g S. Name of Villages Actual Intake in gram Departure from standard Departure from All India Requirement Average Gram Percent Gram Percent 1 Panth* 426.93 +56.93 +15.38 -71.07 -14.27 2 Boriya 608.88 +238.88 +64.56 +110.88 +22.26 3 Anjapur* 358.21 -11.79 -3.18 -139.79 -28.07 4 Sajwa 406.84 +36.84 +9.95 -91.16 -18.30 5 Saliwada* 366.85 -3.15 -0.85 -131.15 -26.33 6 Hingpani 442.79 +72.79 +19.67 -55.21 -11.08 7 Rajthari* 671.05 +301.59 +81.36 +173.05 +34.74 8 JamuniyaKhurd* 946.59 +576.59 +155.83 -194.85 +90.07 9 Sonapipree* 303.15 -66.85 -18.06 +448.59 -39.12 10 Charaikalan 340.33 -29.67 -8.01 -157.67 -31.66 11 Sagoniya* 274.55 -95.45 -25.79 -223.45 -44.86 12 Khajrifulsa 333.87 -36.13 -9.79 -164.13 -32.93 13 Machhera* 365.87 -4.13 -1.11 -132.13 -26.53 14 Temnikalan 317.32 -52.68 -14.23 -180.68 -36.28 15 Majiyapar* 406.01 +36.01 -9.73 -91.99 -18.47 16 Ulhavadi 265.44 -104.56 -28.25 -232.56 -46.69 17 Singnna* 441.44 +71.44 +19.30 -56.56 -11.35 18 Pipriyalakkha 359.41 -10.59 -2.80 -138.59 -27.82 19 Bargabodi* 416.16 +46.16 +12.47 -81.84 -16.43 20 Jam 353.53 -16.47 -4.45 -144.47 -29.01 21 AmbadaKhurd* 624.97 +254.97 +68.91 +126.97 +25.49 22 Deorkhapa 283.62 -86.38 -23.34 -214.38 -43.04 Average 422.94 +52.94 +14.30 -75.06 -15.07 Average of Tribal Villages 466.81 +96.81 +26.16 -31.19 -6.26 Average on Non-Tribal 371.20 +1.20 +0.32 -126.80 -25.46 Villages *Tribal Villages Pulses intake Table 3: Per Capita Surplus (+), Deficit (-) Pulses intake Chhindwara District (M.P.) Standard Requirement- 60 g (By NIN) All India Average - 30 g S. Name of Villages Actual Intake in gram Departure from standard Departure from All India Requirement Average Gram Percent Gram Percent 1 Panth* 38.24 -21.66 -36.10 +8.34 +27.80 2 Boriya 42.86 -17.14 -28.56 +12.86 +42.86 Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 167

3 Anjapur* 46.64 -13.36 -22.26 +16.64 +55.46 4 Sajwa 45.10 -14.90 -24.83 +15.10 +50.33 5 Saliwada* 35.63 -24.37 -40.61 +5.63 +18.76 6 Hingpani 34.67 -25.33 -43.21 -14.67 +15.56 7 Rajthari* 8.18 -51.82 -86.36 -21.82 -72.73 8 JamuniyaKhurd* 9.77 -50.23 -83.71 -20.23 -67.43 9 Sonapipree* 45.44 -14.56 -24.26 +15.44 +51.46 10 Charaikalan 28.41 -31.59 -52.65 -1.59 -5.30 11 Sagoniya* 11.54 -48.46 -80.76 -18.46 -62.53 12 Khajrifulsa 9.08 -50.92 -84.86 -20.92 -69.73 13 Machhera* 18.62 -41.38 -68.96 -11.38 +37.93 14 Temnikalan 21.48 -38.52 -64.20 -8.52 -28.4 15 Majiyapar* 16.47 -43.53 -72.55 -13.53 -45.10 16 Ulhavadi 27.53 -32.47 -54.11 -2.47 -8.23 17 Singnna* 20.05 -39.95 -66.58 -9.95 -33.16 18 Pipriyalakkha 28.65 -31.35 -52.25 -1.35 -4.50 19 Bargabodi* 22.41 -37.59 -62.65 -7.59 -25.30 20 Jam 34.71 -25.29 -42.15 +4.71 +15.70 21 AmbadaKhurd* 25.34 -34.66 -57.76 -4.66 -15.53 22 Deorkhapa 40.85 -19.15 -31.91 +10.85 +36.16 Average 27.80 -32.20 -53.66 -2.20 -7.33 Average of Tribal Villages 24.86 -35.14 -58.56 -5.14 -17.13 Average on Non-Tribal Villages 31.33 -28.67 -47.78 + +4.48 Leafy vegetables intake Table 4: Per capita daily surplus (+), deficit (-) leafy vegetable intake Chhindwara(M.P.) Standard Requirement- 75 g All India Average - 23 g S. Name of Villages Actual Intake in gram Departure from standard Departure from All India Requirement Average Gram Percent Gram Percent 1 Panth* 43.57 -31.43 -49.90 -20.57 +89.43 2 Boriya 34.20 -40.70 -54.26 +11.30 +49.13 3 Anjapur* 28.73 -46.27 -61.69 +5.73 +24.91 4 Sajwa 39.21 -35.29 -47.05 +16.21 +70.47 5 Saliwada* 41.92 -33.08 -44.10 +18.92 +82.26 6 Hingpani 50.32 -24.68 -32.90 +27.32 +118.39 7 Rajthari* 102.90 +27.90 +37.20 +79.90 +347.39 8 JamuniyaKhurd* 62.27 -12.73 -16.97 +39.27 +170.73 9 Sonapipree* 50.44 -24.56 -32.44 +27.44 +119.30 10 Charaikalan 39.48 -35.52 -47.36 +16.48 +71.65 11 Sagoniya* 21.67 -53.33 -71.10 -1.33 -5.78 12 Khajrifulsa 57.84 -17.16 -22.88 +34.16 +148.52 13 Machhera* 28.64 -46.36 -61.81 +5.64 +24.52 14 Temnikalan 24.79 -50.21 -66.94 +1.79 +7.78 15 Majiyapar* 28.69 -46.31 -61.74 +5.69 +24.73 16 Ulhavadi 50.07 -24.93 -33.24 +27.07 +117.69 17 Singnna* 50.16 -24.84 -33.12 +27.16 +118.08 18 Pipriyalakkha 55.93 -19.07 -25.42 +32.93 +143.17 19 Bargabodi* 48.72 -26.28 -35.04 +25.72 +111.82 20 Jam 25.24 -49.76 -66.34 +2.24 +9.73 21 AmbadaKhurd* 9.05 -65.95 -87.93 -13.95 +60.95 22 Deorkhapa 16.02 -58.98 -78.64 -6.98 -30.34 Average 41.35 -33.65 -44.86 +18.35 +79.78 Average of Tribal Villages 43.06 -31.94 -42.58 +20.06 +87.21 Average on Non-Tribal 39.32 -35.68 -47.57 +16.32 +70.95 Villages Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 168

Social Settlement in Villages : Problems and Solution

Dr. Neeraj Kumar Soni *

Introduction - Shelters (Houses) are the most important Research methodology - This studied a research on need of human life after food and clothes. He experiences a settlement problem in rural area on the basis of Primary great satisfaction in his house. Every men dreams for his and secondary Data . By the Questioners Survey of 1000 house. But, some People are not able to fulfill his/her dreams families shows the population of the above villages which is in the difficult situation of life. Rapidly increasing population, around 3780 Peoples. Selection of families for survey is done scattering of joint family, growing inflation makes the huge by arbitrary process. The selection of kachcha, pakka and problem of residential area. The middle classmen and the mixed is done as per the schedule. In which classification poors are tortured by the situation to live on footpath, slums is done as per the rooms of pakka house are shown by and rental rooms. This problem is arising in urban as well as Graph, Table and percentage. rural areas Objective - The main motive of research is to highlight the Latest population enumeration is the evidence showing problems faced by the maximum population who live in rural that rate of increase in population is more then the rate of area or kachcha house. house construction. The rate of increase in population was Table & Graph -1.1, Types of houses, Population % 23.5% & the rate of housing development was 18.5% in the per house. decade of 1991-2001. Due to this irregularity, according to Home Type No of % Population % Rashtriya Bhavan Nirman Sansthan there were lack of 3 HH crore 10 lakh houses in the year 2001, in our nation (lack of Kachcha 570 56 2095 55.4 2 crore 6 lakh houses in rural area & lack of 1 crore 4 lakh Pakka 295 30 1128 29.8 houses in urban areas). After watching explosive situation Mixed 135 14 557 14.7 of rising population, it is estimated that during the year Total 1000 100 3780 100 2011 lack of houses will be approx. 4 crore 10 lakh (lack of 2 crore 55 lakh houses in rural regions & lack of 1 crore 55 lakhs houses in urban area). 2/3 houses from the rural houses are made from mud, bamboo & grassy material. There is very less durability in case of these houses. Always there is a need to reconstruct these houses after rain. Lack of facilities like hygienic village, water fulfillment and good sanitation for waste in village.Residence is important for economical development and social justice for every citizen. Compassionating situation is there in rural area of our country, for problems related to residencies. 2/3rd residencies from According to Research, the Population of the selected rural houses area made from mud, bamboo and grassy families was 3780 in which People living in Kaccha house material. There is very less durability in case of these houses. 570 (56%) in pakka house 295(29.5%) and in mixed house Always there is need to reconstruct these houses after rain. 135(13.5%) population exists . in which 2095 Person live in Research area - We studied a research on residential kuccha house, 1128 Population live in pakka house. And settlement in District Bhind ,Tehsil Roun ,village Madijaitpura, 557 Person survive in mixed house. which is 55.5% ,29.8% Jagnnathpura, Buhare . In these villages the householders and 14.7%of total living surveyed family per Person. are 3857 ,3092, 2880 and there total population is 36367.The study is made on the selected 10% families(House Holder).

* Deptt. of Geography, Govt. Arts and Commerce College, Indore (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 169

Graph -1.2, Types of Room, Population Distribution and many residential planning started by govt. and non govt. Population Dencity per Room. organization which are of three types: National Housing Policy - The govt. Started a policy “national housing policy” .this policy was accepted by the parliament in 1994 . govt. provided the basic necessities to the People at their residential area like proper sanitation, drinking water, electricity etc.nrw govt. has announced to pay 20 lakhs every year . Helping institutions of housing Development - it is very essential to construct houses , after watching problems related to houses in our country. The role of private sector in housing Development - People try to make house if they become economically well. in today’s busy and difficult life, it is difficult for a person to make their own house. the business of private builder is rising to fulfill the growing demands of houses. Role of public sector in housing Development - In the project of construction of houses central govt., state govt. and development authorities play an important role just after the partition of our country housing program were run for refugees till 1960. In which 5 lakhs People get shelter. in 1957 . under the communal development program authority gave 5000 per shelter. According to table no.1.2, Research area consist on Indira Awas Yojana - Rashtriya Rojagar Karyakaram in 41% single room houses in which 54.5% population lives & the year 1980 and Gramin Bhoomi hin Rojagar was started there density is 5.1 people / room. in year 1983, whose motive was to motivate the changes of 31% are Two rooms in which 24.9% population lives rural employment together with the development of rural with 3.2 people /rooms density . residence. In the beginning main motive of this program As per research 14% houses are Three rooms where 13.1% was to provide shelter to labors and ST/SC who are below population lives and density is 3.5 people/room and 14% poverty line. also helping per shelter is 20 thousand rupees. houses based on Joint family culture in second word mixed Housing in urban Development corporation (HUDCO) - family there are 7.5% population habitat & survive of life The main objective HUDCO is the development residential with 2.1people / houses density. area establishment of new cities and material required for Joint family sorting are biggest problem of family dispute construction. HUDCO has developed the technical help and in Indian society this is also the main causes of misbehavior, became financial help supporting institutions. bed habits and social weakness for developing humanities National bank of housing - on the basis of advice from Settlement Problem - Shortage of shelters leads the many research committee the establishment nation bank of families towards poverty and become as a load on society. housing takes place of 9, July 1988 under the reserve bank Problem of houses are bond for labors and villagers. of India. The first motive is to develop institution which can Research has prove the men who lives in slums are financially helping in construction of houses. developing in human activities. woman’s are loosing morality Life insurance corporation of India - Life Insurance in them. The generous condition of shelters gives bad effect Corporation of India gives 25% of his total treasure to those on the working efficiency of the People. Many diseases are social projects like housing development, electricity spreading because of small space and many lives in untidy production , water and road transportation. the LIC provides and darkness. Availability of drinking water, sanitation, financial help to the state government as loan for 25 years, electricity are the problems. Shortage of shelters made the just for residential development LIC provides 15 yearly loan Peoples roam around here and there. to HUDCO. The rapidly growing population is the biggest problem The role of co-operative sector in housing Development of short housing that’s why increasing population should be - In 1969 after the establishment of Indian national co- aborted so that housing deficiency can be control. this can operative housing union housing rebellion run over. This control problems like unemployment, crime , food poisoning, unions are contributing in housing development buying lands transportation and education. Financial education is the for repair and renovation presenting the loan and enlighten biggest problem in house making . the way of state co-operative institution. According to report Residential Planning & solutions - Govt. and Non-Govt. by nation co-operative housing union of India 59% houses sector - For removing the problem of rural area there are are make for poor or lower class Peoples, 30% for middle Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 170 class men. At present 85 thousand basic co-operative References :- housing committee are running in India. 1. S.K.Ojha- Ecology & Environment,2012&13] Page Conclusion - In urban and rural areas the growth of 182&210] population is the main problem for lower settlement facilities. 2. Yojna Ptrika -july,2011 This problem has arisen the family distribution and nuclear 3. The journal of Environmental management-Volume 64, family. Therefore the solution of this problem should be based Issue 3, March 2002, Pages 273–284 on the development of residence in rural area. Increase in 4. Blaikie , P.; Brookfield, H.- Land Degradation and education and right guidance is necessary for success of Society 1987 pp. 320 pp planning. Then only the abolition of problems can be done 5. www.wikipedea.com and the dream of green village become true. 6. www.cieem.net Keywords – Hygiene, Enumeration, Durability, Tortured, Irregularity, Explosive, Abolition.

Table 1.2, Types of Room, Population Distribution and Population Dencity per Room. Rooms Type Madijetpura Buhare Jagnathpura Total % Population % of Popu. Popu.Density / Room 1 Room 236 95 79 410 41 2060 54.5 5.1 2 Rooms 128 78 104 310 31 941 24.9 3.2 >3 Rooms 68 40 32 140 14 495 13.1 3.5 Joint Family 57 39 44 140 14 282 7.5 2.1 Total 489 252 259 1000 100 3780 100 --

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Water Harvesting : Special Referece to Nagar Panchayat Gautampura

Dharmendra Singh Chouhan *

Abstract - Gautampura nagar panchayat has been facing very severe drinking water problems since 1995 in 2004, the newly elected council took an initiative to recharge water resources so as to improve the ground water level of the whole town one kilometer away from the town a stop dam type structure was constructed to stop the flow of rain water through rainy brooks during the monsoon the structure was constructed to got filled up with rain water within a short span of time a great increae in the groundwater level was observed at present the nagar panchayat is supplying water at 110 litres per capita per day to its citizens due to the stored water. the rise in the water table has been such that the town will have sufficient water for next 20 years.

Introduction - Gautampura is a nagar panchayat town traditional knowledge and material at a low cost with located 55 kilometres from indore in madhya pradesh. community participation. the objective was to develop a gautampura nagar panchayat was constituted in 1981 and sustainable source through ground water recharging by presently has 15 wards with an area of 9.5 sq. km. according harvesting rain water. to censu 2001 the town had a population of 13225 while the Objective of the Initiative - present population as per provisional figures of census 2011 The objective of the initiative are : is 15600. 1. To slove the drinking water problem There was no perennial source of water for the town , 2. To quench the thirst of the people and work-planned and the town has been dependent on ground water through and managed way to achieve this. tube wells since 1981. due to continous extraction, the 3. To recharge water resources so as to improve the ground water table declined to 100-150 feet and even up to underground water level of the whole town. 50 feet in some places by 1995. the water supply deteriorated The council first took up the task of developing a good during 1995-2004. this resulted in supply of drinking water ground water source. for this purpose, the council held being available only once in 30 days .subsequently , water discussions with the elderly people of the town who had supply was discontinued and water was supplied through knowledge about the town and its ground water . their view the water tankers and the town was divided into tankers was that the region was a water course at some point and zone. this causes severe dissatisfaction among the citizens possibly the river chambal had flown through the area and and one of the consequences of the poor water supply was changed its course over the years. they advised the council that the percentage of below poverty line population went to go for dug wells in that region. based on these upto 72% and outmigration also increased. suggestions, the council dug two wells and found good quality Two startagies were attempted to improve the water water at a depth of 50-70 feet. the water from these wells supply situation during this period . the first was to fetch was adequate for the entire town. water from a major pond known as bandiya pond located at The council discussed the issue of maintaining the water a distance of 15 km from the town but this proposal could table in the wells with the community. the community not be taken up as a farmers and villagers dependent on members felt that the only way to maintain the ground water this pond protested vigrously. the secpnd attempt was made table was to recharge the ground water by rain water by the public health and engineering department which harvesting. for this purpose, they unanumously agreed to formulated a scheme to bring from about 8 km by recharge all the existing sources such as ponds , lakes, constructing a tubewell not only dried up but the quality of nalas, etc., with rain water so that they would be full of water water was also found to be saline in nature. throught the year. Against this backdrop, the newly elected council in It was deided to construct a pond near the wells so that november 2004, under the leadership of the president, the water collected in the pond would percolate to the wells resolved to address the water supply problem by and be used for drinking purposes. implementing a sustainable water supply system utilizing * Department of Geography, G.A.C.C. (D.A.V.V.), Indore (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 172

Special Features - One kilometre away from the town, a fixed at the wells can be operated through mobile phones. a stop dam-type structure was constructed to collect the flow moblie phone is connected to the pump’s switch board of rain water through rainy brooks .these rainy brooks were through digital equipment. by giving a missed call to the stopped at a place known as “ kharcha”. the soil of the mobile phone , the pump can be operated . the council surrounding area was removed and a 400 meter boundry invested only rs. 6000 for these system which greatly wall was constructed. the phed opined negative about the facilitates pump operations as one person alone can look scheme but the council and community with consenus to after not only pump operations but other water supply related go ahead with the scheme. they adopted traditional methods activities as well. such as planting of neems trees at the boundries of the Conclusion - The inovative intiative is lead to the substantial pond and using of locals rocks to prevent the damage from improvement in the water supply . firstly, the ground water the back water of chambal river and enhance conservation. table has improved across the town including the drinking Different departmentsd estimated the cost between rs. 20 water source wells. water is available throughout the year to 30 lakh , but the nagar panchayat completed the for distribution hence the town does not have to depend on construction work at a cost of rs. 13 lakh. at about half a water tankers. this has resulted in considerable cost savings kilometre distance another pond named “gautam sarowar” for the nagar panchayat . was also repaired and made ready for water recharging. The cost of water supply operation has also come down An innovative approach was adopted to keep the pond as now the nagar panchayat does not have to operate various recharged by pumping water from the chambal river into the tubewells in the city for supply of water thus bringing down pond which in turn would recharge the well. however this the electricity expenditure significantly . now , the towns required that the water in the chambal river be stored for a income from water supply exceeds its expenditure . in march maximum number of days . to ensure this , the community 2001, the nagar panchayat’s expenditure per house hold came up with the idea of obstructing the flow and stopping connections was rs. 218 which has come down to rs. 43 . the water at the nearby road bridge by constructing iron with extension of network the number of individual enclosures to the pipes connections has also gone up from 9872 to 1465 during The community got iron closures for 26 pipes fitted in 2001 to 2010. total revenue generation has increased by the chambal river bridge . the cost of the closures was only 50%. the per capita availabilty of water has gone up from 30 rs. 86000 this could be used to recharge not only the pond lpcd to 105 lpcd. but also other tube wells and the wells in the region. because citizens’ confidence has also increased greatly people of the success of these ponds, the people in the region of are highly satisfied with the present water supply and claim gautampursa town, i.e., runji area, were inspired by the nagar that it is probably the best in the entire region. panchayat and another pond was constructed . besides, a This has brought down unrest among the citizens and drain which passes near the most ancient “anchaleshwar they even contributed to the capital cost of the scheme. the mahadev” temple was cleaned , a stop dam was constructed down has become a model for the other town which have and converted into a beqautiful lake. adopted similar practices for recharging the ground water. Among the various hurdles, the biggest was non- as there is an increase in agricultural activity due to increase availablity of electricity . for this madhya pradesh electricity ground water table, it is expected that the percentage of bpl board (mpeb) gave an estimate of rs. 3.7 lakh for laying population will also come down. electric lines from the power house to the wells in kharcha region. due to shortage of funds, this idea was dropped and References :- the nagar panchayat used local labour and put in sincere 1. Thornlogy, W.D. (1954). Principles of Geomorphology. and honest efforts that resulted in installaton of a transformer John Willey ad. Sons., Ino. New York. pp. 145-147. and electric lines with a very economic and affordable cost 2. Lobeck, A.K. (1939). Geomorphology, an introduction of rs. 65000 only . as wates was available in sufficient to the study of landscaps. quantity from these wells , the water supply network was 3. www.groundwater.org extended to those parts of the town. it has also resulted in 4. www.freedrinkingwater.com cost saving for the nagar panchayat as expenditure on water 5. www.rivers.gov supply through tankers has been reduced considerably . 6. Books for national urban water awards 2010 in Nagar another innovation initiated by the council is that the pumps panchayat, Gautampura.

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^y-jaU Am°a gmX AZw_mZ oddaU- _mÃm ( o_ob _mÃm o_ob`Z o]]aU Q>Z _{`Z Q>Z _{ ) Hw$b ^y jaU 5.334 ‡_wI _‹`_ Am°a KmQ>r ZXr`mß{ _{ JmX H$m O_md 20.52 Obme`m{ß _{ JmX H$m O_md 480 Ûm{V - odkmZ Am°a [`m©daU H{$›– (1983) Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 176

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 177

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444. oZJ_ZmÀ_H$ VH©$ - _ZwÓ` oZJ_ZmÀ_H$ VH©$ g{ odMma H$aVm h¢ oH$ bm{H$^maVr ‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÑr `oX [naH$Î[Zm ghr h°, V] BgH$ ∑`m [naUm_ hm{J{ß ? 3. nagM© _°WS>bmOr,S>m.∞ oÃd{Xr, Ama. E_.,S>m∞. ew∑bm S>r.[r. H∞$mb{O 5. [naH$Î[ZmAm{ß H$m [arjU - _ZwÓ` CZ [naH$Î[ZmAm{ß H$m [arjU ]wH$ oS>[m{, O`[wa& Eßd oZarjU `m{Ω` gm˙`m{ß H$r Im{O H{$ AmYma [a H$aVm h°& Am°a [naH$Î[Zm 4... [mb, hßgamO : e°ojH$ -em{Y, _‹`‡X{e oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r, H$r gÀ`Vm Eßd AgÀ`Vm H$m oZU©` b{Vm h°& 2004. gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- 5. AZwg›YmZ- ‡odoY og¤m›V Eßd ‡oH´$`m,Eg.EZ.JU{eZ, 1. am` [magZmW Eßd am`, gr.[r. : AZwg›YmZ [naM`,b˙_r Zmam`U bm{H$^maVr ‡H$meZ,15-, _hmÀ_m JmßYr _mJ©, Bbmhm]mX& AJ´dmb ,AmJam ,1973 6. Creswel, J.W.: Research Design, Sage Publication, 2. AZwg›YmZ ‡odoY og¤m›V Eßd ‡oH´$`m,Eg.EZ.JU{eZ ‡H$meZ, India, Pvt. Ltd., 2011.

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* Ï`mª`mVm (^yJm{b) amOH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, amOJ∂T>, Abda (amO.) ‰mmaV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 181

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Study Of Occupational Stress Among Married Working Women In Relation To Income

Dr. Mamta Barman *

Abstract - Today, thousands of women- young and old, skilled and unskilled, educated and semi educated contribute meaningfully to the working force of the nation. The Indian workplace is rapidly changing in accordance with the economic conditions, technology, corporate employment practices and demographic trends of the country. Occupational stress is stress of work. It occurs when there is a discrepancy between the demands of the environment /workplace and an individual’s ability to carry out and complete these demands. Controlling money is generally the prerogative of males but as more and more women are opting for career, this trend is natural. This paper studied occupational stress among married working women in relation to income. It was based on 75 married women working in BSNL and was conducted by occupational stress index. Finding from this study show that income affect occupational stress. Key words – Occupational-stress, Income, Married Working women.

Introduction - There is an ever-growing interest in women originates include-task demands, physical demands, role studies in various field at global level. Women’s working demands, and interpersonal demands. Mohsin A. (2004) outside their homes, as such, is not a new phenomenon. In worked on – “role stress among women in the Indian rural India women have been working for a living in the fields information technology sector.” The research finds differences along with their men. In urban India also women have been in the level of stress between married and unmarried working for a long time. The married women’s coming out of employees on several role stressors. Much of the research the four walls of their homes to seek gainful employment. indicated that women reported higher level of stress Today the attitude of men and of society has also compared to men. Misra and Thakar (1999) found that changed. Society attitude towards a married women’s resources generated by employment (e.g. income, status) employment has charged because of the economic strains appear adequate not only to cope with stresses emanating of the times. Husbands, relatives and even member of the from multiple roles, but to enhance well being. older generation approve, or do not mind, the educated The objective of the study is to discuss the effect of daughter’s, wife’s and daughter-in-law’s working, and rather income on occupational stress in married working women. want and encourage that they should help the family by It was hypothesized that “there will be no impact of income supplementing its income. on occupational stress in married working women”. The nature of work is changing at whirlwind speed. Method - Sample consisted of 75 married women working Occupational stress is a term used to define ongoing stress in BSNL were selected for the study. Occupational stress that is related to the workplace. Stress is an inherent factor Index developed by Shrivastav, A.K. and Singh, A.P. (1984) in any type of vocation or career. It is defined in terms of its was administered individually for measuring the occupational physical and psychological effects on a person (or thing). It stress. It consists of 46 items to be rated on 5 point scale. is mental, physical or emotional strain or tension or it is a Higher the score on the test, greater is the occupational situation or factor that can cause this. At its best, the stress and vice versa i.e. lower the score on the test lower presence of stress can be a motivator that urges the individual is the occupational stress. to strive for excellence. However, excess amounts of stress Table can lead to a lack of productivity, a loss of confidence, and Comparative results of Occupational Stress in BSNL the inability to perform routine tasks. As a result, quality employees in relation Income. employees lose their enthusiasm for their work and eventually Period of Marital Life N Mean S.D. withdraw from the company. Stress can lead to emotional <15000 62 136.18 13.74 and physical disorders that began to impact personal as 15000-20000 6 128.00 20.36 well as professional lives. >20000 7 112.29 12.22 The four primary areas from which occupational stress * Assistant Profesoor (Psychology) Govt. P.G. College, Narsinghpur (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 184

The results presented in the above table it is clear that life changes and mobility. Work may be s significant source the value of ‘F’ ratio is 9.38 which is more than 4.92 the of stress and that it results in negative consequences for minimum value for significance at 0.01 level, which shows both-individuals and organizations. that there is impact of income on occupational stress in It is very essential that attitudes of both men and women married female BSNL employees. Hypothesis is rejected have to be changed towards female workers. These days, here. the distinguishing line between a housewife and a career Thus, it may be concluded from the above results that women is very thin. Indian women are handling both roles. there is an impact of income on occupational stress in married Working women found that if she can deal with her emotions, women working in BSNL. Those having income of less than she can manage her career and home, well enough. She 15000 have greater occupational stress in contrast to other know she has mind of her own and can live all by herself. By higher income groups. indentifying self-values, strengths and strong personal beliefs, Result and Discussion - Employees in various departments she can create a good balance within herself. With the experience work stress. However low and moderate level of changed situation of wife’s employment and with all stress stimulate the body and increase the ability to react attitudinal and situational changes that it implies, if (Mcgrath, 1981). Studies of Ross (1961) and Kapadia (1959) readjustment and reassignment of roles and statuses as also point out that the many women are compelled by the carried out with mutual consent and understanding, harmony stresses and stains of economic conditions to take up a is facilitated. carrier or a job in order to add to the family income. At the References :- same time husband and family desire her to be obedient, 1. Devi U.L. (1982): Status and Employment of Women in submissive and very efficient as a house wife. Subudhi (1997) India. B.R. Publishing House, Delhi. found that the main source of stress is from organizational 2. Shrivastava A.K. (1999): Management of Occupational climate, role conflict, career concerns, role overload, rate of Stress Theories and Practice. Gyan Publishing house, Delhi.

Summary ANOVA table Source of Variations d.f. Sum of Squares Mean Square F-Ratio ‘P’ Value Between Groups 2 3773.07 1886.53 9.38 <0.01 Among Groups 72 14476.48 201.06 Degrees of freedom – 2,72 Minimum value at 0.05 level – 3.13 Minimum value at 0.01 level – 4.92

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Marriage As A Discord In Anita Desai's Novels

Dr. Vishal Sen *

Abstract - It is the major intention of this paper to unfold the gloomy and dark sides of matrimonial bonds in Anita Desai’s fiction. This paper intends a critical evaluation of her novels in the reference of marriage as a major theme. Through this paper, marriage is traced as a disharmony. Marriage is explored as a fatal and deadly act in her fictional world. Marriage is presented as a cause of total failure. A complete absence of love is projected in Desai’s novels. The major responsible factors of failures of wedlocks in Desai’s novels are temperamental incompatibility, socio- economic and psycho-political issues, East-West encounter and so many others. The final results of such afflicted matrimonial bonds lead emotional disappointment and psychological depression. The female protagonists only become the victims of such horrible matrimonial bonds. Keywords - Matrimonial bonds, temperamental incompatibility, east-west encounter, psychological depression.

Introduction - Anita Desai’s fictional world is full of the theme an albino astrologer etc. This marriage is presented as a of marriage, as a discord. Almost in all her novels, the subject complete failure. Maya feels identity crisis, faces utter of marital disharmony has been treated. The problems of loneliness and suffers from futile and hollow existence. Finally the female characters due to their unsuccessful wedlocks Maya kills Gautama and drowns in deep and gloomy are of primary concern. Such characters suffer from afflictions depression. Marriage as a discord is also projected in Desai’s and predicaments just because of the dangerous and fatal another novel, Voices in the City. Monisha’s married life is matrimonial clutches, they are gripped in. Through this paper shown as a hellish experience. The causes of her fatal a modest attempt has been made to study the theme of wedlock are childlessness, temperamental differences marriage, as the apple of discord in the novels of Anita Desai. between her and her husband Jiban, overcrowded joint family Marriage, as a discord in Anita Desai’s novels - etc. Her life is deprived of any happiness. At last Monisha Treatment of marriage in Anita Desai’s novels has really been commits suicide. Another character Nirode considers a matter of attraction. In most of her novels, she has painted marriage as a destructive, negative and decadent one. the colour of marriage. The theme of marriage is projected Sarah is another victim of terrible marriage in Bye Bye throughout her novels. Although marriage is considered as Blackbird. Being a British girl, Sarah marries an Indian, Adit a pure and essential institution that provides a legal right to Sen. Cultural alienation is the biggest cause of Sarah’s men and women relationship. The changing time also has afflictions. Her inter-racial marriage makes her life changed the definition of marriage. In the course of time, the meaningless. Sarah feels ashamed among white people. other dark face of marriage has been emerged. Anita Desai Adit also imposes Indian manners of life. Ultimately Sarah has exposed the negative aspects of marriage. She has is lost in utter desolation. In Where Shall We Go This unfolded the marital dissonance and inharmonious man- Summer, the novelist has presented marriage of Sita and woman relationship. Marriage is proved to be a disastrous Raman as catastrophic for these both. An incompatible theme in her novels. Total absence of love results in marital temperament is the basic reason for failure of this marriage. disharmony. Anita Desai has explored incompatible couples- Sita is hyper-sensitive, introvert, poetic and keen-eyed while acutely sensitive and emotional wives and dutiful but Raman is rational, extrovert and practical. Sita’s life becomes ununderstanding, rigid and insensitive husbands. Such futile and empty. She does not derive any marital pleasure miserable conditions lead Desai’s heroines to existential of satisfaction from her lonely monotonous, dull and problems. disgusted married life. In her first novel, Cry, the Peacock, Anita Desai has The negative picture of marriage has also projected in highlighted a married couple-Maya and Gautama. Both live the novel Fire on the Mountain. Mr. Kaul’s extra marital affair like aliens under the same roof. Both possess contrary with Miss David is the cause of discord between them. Nanda temperaments. Maya is romantic, imaginative and hyper Kaul suffers from meaninglessness, existential dilemma and sensitive lady. Gautama is rigid, prosaic and insensitive. rejection, to her hazardous married life. Mr. Kaul just keeps Maya suffers from existential miseries due to her Nanda as a sex object. Rakesh’s bad habits make his wife unsuccessful marriage, her father fixation, the prophecy of Tara’s life colourless and tiring. Finally marriage is proved to * P.G.T. (English) Sendhwa Public School, Sendhwa, Distt. Barwani (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 188 be unsuccessful. In Clear Light of the Day, Das children Suggestions and findings - Finally, it is found out that suffer because of their parents’ unsuccessful marital through her novels, Anita Desai has pictured the negative relationship. Tara is dominated by her husband Bakul. The aspects of marriage. Marriage remains just an enigma for marital lives of Bim, Mira masi, Misra daughters, Jaya and the major female protagonists of her novels. The fictional Sarla are also full of matrimonial disharmony. regions of Desai are full of deadly consequences of Anita Desai has highlighted marital discord between inharmonious matrimonial bonds. Due to such marital Deven Sharma and his wife, Sarla in the novel In Custody. discords, the lives of Desai’s characters become rootless, The major causes of unhappy married life of this couple are meaningless and hopeless. They feel alienation that results Deven’s temporary job and extreme devotion for art, Urdu in self-hate, self-persecution. They suffer from paranoia, poetry, name and fame etc. Sarla’s matrimonial dreams are disillusionment, frustration and psychosis. These female completely shattered. Her married life remains loveless. In characters become neurotic, psychotic, abnormal, crazy and Journey to Ithaca, the unsuccessful married life of Matteo eccentric. Their lives meet complete chaos and disorders. and Sophie is pictured. Matteo searches spiritual enlightment, The marital disharmony is transformed into life time but for Sophie earthly love is meant for enlightment. They pessimism, disappointment and despair. come to Mother’s hermitage, where Matteo devotes himself Anita Desai has made us think over the issue of marriage to Mother. Sophie is completely neglected. Matteo’s spiritual as a discord through her fiction. The modern people should journey is the responsible factor for their failed wedlock. try to avoid those things that prohibit a continuous happy Conclusion - To sum-up, it becomes crystal clear that, married life. marriage as sublime theme has provided new dimension to References :- understand, study and analyse Anita Desai’s novels. The 1. Dubey, Vinay: A Study of Love, Sex and Marriage in question of women’s existence is raised through the subject Anita Desai’s Novels. (Bareilly: Prakash Book Depot, of marriage, as a dissonance. Due to matrimonial discord, 2008). the women portrayals confront scary experiences of terrible 2. Khanna, Shashi: Human Relationship in Anita Desai’s married life. They just start bearing life-time alienation, Novels. (New Delhi: Swarup and Sons, 1995). existential dilemma & identity crisis. They begin contempl- 3. Prasad, Madhusudan: Anita Desai: The ation that, are they living entities or dead. Unsuccessful Novelist.(Allahabad : New Horizon, 1981). marriage is proved to be a big cause of many unhappy 4. Sharma, R.S.: Anita Desai. (New Delhi: Arnold couples. They suffer from meaninglessness, rootlessness Heinemann, 1981). and frustration. 5. Tandon, Neeru: Anita Desai and Her Fictional World. (New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 2008).

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The Autobiographical Elements In Ravinder Singh's ' I Too Had A Love Story'

Tripti Lakra *

Abstract - Ravinder Singh, a writer of the Digital Age, is the bestselling author of his love trilogy- I Too Had a Love Story, Can Love Happen Twice? and Like It Happened Yesterday. He has edited and compiled two crowd sourced anthologies named “ Love Stories That Touched My Heart” and “ Tell Me A Story “. His debut novel “ I Too Had A Love Story “ is autobiographical in nature that has touched millions of hearts.The author is of the opinion ‘that not all love stories are fortunate enough to have a happy ending’. Ravinder uses this book as an opportunity to relate his own love story beautifully portrayed with various emotions of love and life, and tribulations, victory and defeat. “I Too Had A Love Story” is written in a diary writing form, through this novel he proved himself to be a versatile genius in showcasing the diverse stages of his unfulfilled love story with Khushi. The novel is a romantic saga of the couple belonging to the modern day world of the internet and gadgets, have been innocent, touching, honest and tear-jerking. How two outlander get acquainted with each other, develop a bondage without seeing each other and builds an intense fierce to marry each other in long distance relationship.This situation is in reality felt by today’s generation. Keywords - autobiographical, jerking, gadgets,expedition

Introduction - Ravinder Singh, a descendant from a Sikh gets inclined to create an account on a matrimonial website family in Odisha, is one of the leading authors in the Indian Shaadi.com.He hunt for the prospective bride. Multiple girls literary scene. After having spent most of his life in Burla, a details were befitting with ravinder,but he doesnot detect his very small town in Western Odisha, he is currently based in soulmate. Finally when he surrender all his hope,he recieves New Delhi. He has an MBA from the renowned Indian School a message from a girl Khushi, dwell in Faridabad and that Of Buisness. His eight year long IT career started with was the establishment of his love story July20, 2006. Infosys and came to happy ending at Microsoft where he Khushi was the BPO employer in Gurgaon, they both worked as a seniour programme manager. One day he had get familiarize with each other through online chating and an epiphany that writing book is more intresting than writing uneding phone conversation till late at night and start falling project plans. He has also started publishing ventures called in love and reveal their love affair to their family too. Black Ink. He is also crazy about Punjabi music and is a “True love is unconditional and if it is ‘Conditions Apply’ die- hard snooker addict. scenario,then it isn’t true love. It is as good as a mutual fund The novel “ I Too Had A Love Story “ is dedicated to his and if that is the case then investment in love is subject to beloved ‘Khushi’ who died in an accident market risks and therefore one must please read the offer “ The loving memory of the girl whom I loved ,yet could documents carefully “. not marry”. October month was fortunate for the love birds as Ravin Tere jaane ka asar kuch aisa huwa mujh par, had a expedition to USA for a month and he was going to tujhe dhoondte-dhoondte,maine khud ko paa liya.... halts at Delhi.They both were anxious to meet each Otherwise, I wouldn’t have come across an author in other.Ravin encounter Khushi to be more ravishing than the me . (Singh, 2009, p. 1) image that she show up in the website. The story begins as four friends Manpreet, Amardeep, Latter their parents agree to materialize their Happy and Ravin, plan a reunion after many years. relationship into marraige. 5 days before their engagement “ I remember the date well: 4th March 2006. I was in Ravinder recieves a phone call from Khushi home informing Kolkata about to reach Happy’s home. I had been very him that Khushi met with a dreadful car casualty. While the excited all morning as I was going to see our gang of four driver expire immediately and Khushi was in the ICU,almost after three years”. (Singh, 2009, p. 6). on her final stage. The four discusses casually about their lives and ‘“Khushi is in the ICU, the doctors haven’t confirmed proficiency at job. In one conversation they move to their anything. She has suffered a lot of blood loss” (Singh, 2009, plans for their partners and matrimony. Ravin, the protagonist p. 158). * M.Phil Scholar, Dr. C.V. Raman University, Kota, Bilaspur (C.G.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 190

Ravinder ruin completely after listening teribble news. vanished and the ring which she puts into his finger was Friends, there is bad news. Khushi has met with an also absent. The call was from Khushi father he inform in accident, And everything else stands postponed’ (Singh, his tear down voice that Khushi had passed away. Ravinder 2009, p. 159). replies him. But she was here with me a few minutes back… Ravinder instantaneous flee to Delhi from ‘I heard someone inside me screaming but not a sound Bhubhaneshwar and step straightaway to the hospital where came out’ (Singh,2009, p. 169). Khushi had been admitted. The doctors told Ravinder that Ravinder was entirely shattered after this incident. He Khushi was in coma and there is slight opportunity of her coulnot accept the bitter actuality. He consider Khushi as a survival. Ravinder in a grievous behavior recite the horrify gust of wind who enter in his life and brings a revolution and state of Khushi, to his family who were zeal in the prepration a year later heartbreaking happening convert his persnality. of engagement ceremony.This moment was passing awfully, Thereafter a year of Khushi demise Ravinder wrote these Ravinder was shattered and he couldnot defense Khushi from lines, coma and visualize the piteous condition of her beloved who “She died I survived. was lying in between life and death. Subsequently the doctors Because I survived, I died expose that Khushi may regain but still she was in coma. everyday. This information was magnificient to Ravinder and he plan to I was bound my stars to live a lonely life.Without go back Bhubhaneshwar to bring his parents ahead to Delhi, her, I felt so alone. so that all would be present when she open her eyes but Though the fact is that it’s just she who is destiny proved him wrong, Khushi passes away to paradise. gone and everything else is the same. “ NOT everyone in this world has the fate to cherish But this ‘Everything Else’ is nothing to me....” the fullest form of love. Some are born , just to experience Ravinder with warm heartedness written, the abbreviation of it” (Singh, 2009, p.1). “ Later, standing under the shower, you will cry hard Ravinder had a dream while travelling to Bhubhaneshwar but nobody will hear you. The splashing of the shower will that Khushi was sitted next to him, she puts her hand on mask the sounds of your sobbing. You will search for and his forehead and show her love and care for him. When consume anything that can erase your memory. And, believe Ravinder asked her when you reached here? instead of you me, your life will appear worse than death” (Singh, 2009, p. should be assumed to be in the hospital. She smiled and 171). replies ‘she was always with him’. She than took out the “I Too Had A Love Story “ narrates a very important store bought ceremony ring and put on his finger. He was chapter in Ravinder life . Ravinder quote this line beautifully, stunned to discover that Khushi was formerly wearing the “They say,don’t cry because its over but instead smile ceremony ring which he had brought for her. She than serve because it had happened”. him his favourite rajma chawl and then after adoring clean References :- his mouth. She lies in his arms and remarks, 1. Singh, R. (2009). I Too Had a Love Story: New Delhi: ‘Thank you for giving me the love of my life ‘(Singh, Srishti Publishers. 2006, p.166). 2. Dr.Khanna,Disha : Existence of True Love In the Digital Ravinder was woken by a call and realize that it was Age in Ravinder Singh I Too Had A Love Story March- just a hallucination.He looks for Khushi and she suddely 2014 (www.worldwidejournals.com)

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The Hollowness of Patriarchal code in Dattani's "Where There's a Will'

Dr. Shweta Singh baghel *

Abstract - In his first play (1988), Dattani takes up the issue of the patriarchal code. Indian society has been a very traditional society with strong patriarchal values. Fathers have desired to have sons because they are supposed to carry forward the name of the family and because in their sons fathers have hoped to live out their own dreams and aspirations. In the past this has led to a situation where a father demands unquestioning obedience from his son because he firmly believes that he alone knows what is best for him. Subsequently this denies the son any opportunity for independent growth. With changing times, this has begun to change. In Where There’s a Will, Dattani exposes the hollowness of the patriarchal code, which cannot be followed in the post colonial setting. Keywords- Patriarchal code,authority,absolute power,male ego, patriarchy.

Introduction - Patriarchy is a social system in which the the age of forty five he is a very successful industrialist and role of the male as the primary figure of authority is central one of the richest men in the city, it is all because of the to social organization, and where fathers hold authority over schooling that he has under his father. He is unhappy with women, children, and property. It implies the institutions of his son, Ajit. The conversation reveals the dominating male rule and privilege and is depend on female tendency of Hasmukh : subordination. The principle of patriarchy has been central HASMUKH. ...I will retire one day, either from the company to the social, legal, political, and economic organizations or from this world. What will become of you then? I have to down the ages. season you now. You need seasoning. The play revolves around a ‘self made’ successful AJIT. Seasoning! What do you mean seasoning? I’m not a industrialist, Hasmukh Mehta.This patriarch is the supreme block malcontent who tries to dictate to his son, Ajit, because he of wood! (CP 4) would not toe his father’s line. Though he makes Ajit the [Ajit reacts to this and says,] joint managing director of his firm, he does not allow him to AJIT.¦You want to run the show. Play Big Boss as long as formulate any company policy. However he fails to make you Ajit do what he wants. This he succeeds in doing when can or as long as God permits. And when all of a sudden through his will after his sudden death, he denies Ajit the you ownership of his property till the latter becomes forty-five are called to a better world, you still want to play Big Boss. years old and in the intervening twenty one years , continues and you can do it through me. In short you want me to be to run the company exactly in the way his father did. However, you. as the play unfolds the ghost of Hasmukh Mehta, who is HASMUKH. I should have prayed for a daughter. Yes I want watching everything with triumph, realizes with dismay the you to be me! folly of his desire. It also depicts the traditional husband and What’s wrong with being me? wife relationship through two generations and takes a bolder AJIT. And what becomes of me? The real me. I mean. If I am look at the new woman of the society in the form of you, Hasmukh’s mistress Kiran Jhaveri. Dattani also shows the Then where am I? (CP 461) dark humour and irony through the form of Hasmukh’s will This is the basic conflict between the father and the left in the care of his mistress. son in this play. The father wants a typical submissive Hasmukh’s father is a typical patriarch. When his elder ,hardworking and obedient son. He does not want a son son runs away from home to join a group of hippies, he who is imaginative, individualistic and independent. The son, tightenes his control over the other son, Hasmukh, who is on the other hand, is not ready to be merely a prototype of taken out of school and put to hard work in the factory that his father. He believes in living his own life and thinking his his father had set up. Hasmukh is obliged to his father for own thoughts. “Why is it that everything I say or do has to the training that he has given him. He holds that if today at be something that somebody has told me or taught me to * A.P.S. University, Rewa (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 192 do?”(CP 459). Dramatist presents here not an individual case However, Ajit doesn’t raise much voice against the but a representative of the changed society. autocratic regime of his father. He just disapproves his The postcolonial Indian society has undergone some father’s views and ideology. Kiran appreciate his revolutionary fundamental changes. Even when a young man is working spirit in this manner. “He may not be the greatest rebel on with his father or other elders of the family, for example, in the earth, but at least he is free of his father’s beliefs. He the family business or industry, he has his views on different resists. In a small way, but at least it’s a start. That is aspects of the work he is involved in, and wants them to be enough to prove that Ajit has won and Hasmukh has lost.” heard and respected.Such issues have greatly affected the (CP: 510) Ajit asserts his individualistic identity. He protests patriarchal code. Dattani’s play shows both the strong desire against parental hegemony. In his sense, father-son of the older generation to preserve its authority over the young relationship is a post colonial dichotomy of contemporary and the determined bid of the young to break free of this society. He is content at the idea that he is defiant. He has patriarchal code. Dattani also questions the patriarchal moral challenged the dictatorship of his father. code which demands the faithfulness of a woman to her Ajit: All right. I can’t fight him now. He has won because husband but not the faithfulness of a man to his wife. Sonal he’s dead. But when he was alive, I did pretest.In my own is surprised to know about the mistress Kiran Jhaveri only way.(laughs) Yes, I’m happy I did that yes, I did fight back. after her husband’s death.Sonal remembers well that I did do ‘peep peep’ to him! That was my victory. (CP: 501) Husmukh is exactly the same like his father. Kiran Jhaveri, Thus, the play dramatizes the discord and disharmony his mistress also recalls how her father is a real patriarch between the father-son relationships. Father and son are who beats his wife and her brothers also behave exactly the shown at constant fight. There is a nerve-war between them. same way like the father. The play depicts the forced harmony among the members In this play the family head Mr. Hashmukh Mehta is the of the same family. In this sense, he play may be deemed symbol of what we say Hitlerism. He does not allow including as the poscolonial protest against the coloniliaizations of his son anyone to do as they wish. He is a symbol of self ideatity. patriarchal ego. He was of the opinion that as he was the The play exposes the illusion of perfect and complete strict follower of his father’s rules, his son Ajit too had to do control over the family for a longer period. Hence the question the same. He believes in ‘absolute power’. He couldn’t arises in our mind why a man aspires too much for power distribute his power among his family members because he and authority? Does it signify any value of life? Clearly- it wanted to dominate each and everyone including his wife doesn’t attach any meaning to human existence. Nor does Sonal Mehta. He is the autocratic head who demands it help in improving quality of human life.Dattani is convinced unquestionable obedience from his family members. that is an attempt to make oneself secure and survive, so Hasmukh Mehta is projected as very autocratic father. man’s drive for the domination arises out of his own He controls and checks the every movement of his son. He apprehension of insecurity.Actually Hasmukh Mehta has no power to use the property of his father in his own considers domination as the only and final system which way. He has to execute his father’s orders and command can bring joy and happiness in the family. Ironically he fails keeping his own say aside. to understand that domination kills joy of human heart and Ajit: Don’t have any rights at all? soul-domination flourishes killing others self and identity. It Hasmukh: You have the right to listen to my advice and is, in fact, biggest hurdle in building up the premise of obey my orders. (CP: 458) happiness. It is rightly observed that the grab of authority The play focuses on emptiness and uselessness of strict maintained by Hasmukh was Method to save his own inner adherence to patriarchal code. One of the major thematic self from clashes of the outside world. threads that dissect from the play is the conflicting References :- relationship between father and son. It depicts the clash 1. Das Bijay Kumar: Postmodern Indian English Litrature, between conservative nations and contemporary generation. Nice Printing Press, Delhi, 2006 Both father and son have their own view points regarding life and business.The father strictly believes that he has right 2. Dattani, Mahesh: Cololected plays. Panguin Edition, notions regarding life and business; and also son’s life, New Delhi, 2000. whereas son rejects the idea of command over his life. At 3. Kuthari Chaudhuri, Asha: Contemporary Indian Writers the very beginning, Ajit expresses his displeasure regarding in English Mahesh Dattani, New Delhi, Foundation his father’s idea. He is quite young and innovative. He wants Books Pvt. Ltd., Cambridge House, 2005. to give touch of modernity to his plant. He needs five lacks 4. ‘Patriarchy’. Wikipedia. Web. 3 Feb. 2011. rupees. Hasmukh doesn’t trust his son’s ways of world and 5. Prasad, Amar Nath. The Dramatic World of Mahesh his ability of dealing with business affairs. Ajit feels that his Dattani: A critical exploration. New Delhi: Sarup Book, father is hard-liner and stubborn fellow. He doesn’t respect 2009. anybody’s decisions.

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Thematic study of Bharati Mukherjee's Major Novels

Saurabh Mehta *

Abstract - Bharati Mukherjee is a Third World Feminist writer whose preoccupation is to deal with the problems and issues related with the South Asian Women particularly India. Like her contemporary feminist writers she upholds the cause of women, but she differs from them because her basic concern is to delineated the problems of cross cultural conflicts faced by Indian women immigrants. Bharati Mukherjee’s fiction truly reflects the temperament and mood of the present American society as experienced by immigrants in America. One of the significant themes of modern literature is the depiction of cross- cultural crisis, a subject which has assumed a great significant in the present world of globalization Bharati Mukherjee is one of the best examples of this kind of writing. Keywords - Feminist Writer, Delineate, Immigrant, Adaptability, Female Protagonist.

Introduction - Bharati Mukherjee, now settled abroad, is a description of a phenomenon and are associated to specific significant woman novelist. Born in 1940, she went to the research questions. The themes become the categories for U.S.A in 1961. Even though it is more than three decades analysis. Thematic analysis is performed through the process since she left India for the American Continent, familial ties of coding in six phases to create established meaningful continue to bind her to the country of her birth. But she is patterns. clear about where her loyalties lie today and is at pains In ‘The Tiger’s Daughter’, Tara the protagonist finds in emphasizing that she is an American writer. She has been India nothing to her linking. However, Tara cannot escape greatly attached to Calcutta. Since she was born and bought from Calcutta. She is part and parcel of the city, a place up there she says, “The city will remain a habit with me, but infested with riots, buses burning, and workers surrounding as a writer, I have developed entirely in the United States.” the warehouse. ‘The Tiger’s Daughter’ has rather a British Mukherjee’s writing career began in 1971, with The Tiger’s feel to it. Mukherjee adopts the omniscient point of view and Daughter. Her popularity shot up when The Middleman and a great use of irony. This is because of her concept of Other Stories begged the 1988 National Book Critics Award language and the notions of how a novel was constructed in America. This collection seeks to dramatize the were based on British models. The education that she “immigration experience” in America. In an interview, received was essentially British. She felt fascinated by Mukherjee clearly states her aim in her writings: English writers like Jane Austen and E.M. Foster. We immigrants have fascinating tales to relate. Many Thus Tara’s journey to India her own native land ironically of us have lived in newly independent or emerging proves frustrating slowly leading to his illusion, alienation, countries…when we uproot overselves from those depression and finally her tragic end. The greatest irony countries and come here, either by choice or out of hidden in the story of Tara is that she survived the racial necessity, we suddenly must absord 200 years of hardship of survival in a foreign country but nothing happens American history and learn to adapt to American to her. Tara’s journey to India is best represented in her society…I attempt to illustrate this in my novels and short mood presented in the following lines: “It was so vague so stories. My aim is to expose Americans to the energetic pointless, so diffuse, this trip home to India.”2 voices of new settlers in this country.1 In her second novel ‘Wife’, the protagonist Dimple wants Americans have received Mukherjee’s writing with great to break through the traditional taboos of a wife. This novel enthusiasm. They have indeed a healthy curiosity about new tells the story of Dimple, a seemingly docile young Bengali writers and new ideas. Mukherjee’s stories were quite girl who, as any other normal girl, is full of dreams about her acceptable to American readers. As soon as she started married life and so she eagerly and impatiently waits for writing them, her work became more available to American marriage. She marries Amit Basu. She visualizes a new life readers than her novels had been. for herself in America where Amit is expecting to immigrate. Thematic analysis is the most common form of analysis She is expected to play the role of an ideal Indian wife, stay in qualitative research. It emphasizes preprinting, examining, at home and keep the house for the husband. Her frustration and recording patterns (or “themes”) within data. Themes is built up gradually by the circumstances. She resents being are patterns across data sets that are important to the wife in the Basu family and rebels against wifedom in many

* Research Scholar, Barakatullah University, Bhopal (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 194 ways. One such way is here including a miscarriage by interaction with kind adoptive parents and vengeful search skipping herself free from her pregnancy, which she views for her real parents. The novel also looks at the conflict as a Basu’s property even in her womb. But her/self identity between Eastern and Western words and at mother-daughter is avoided by marriage. relationship through the political and emotional involvement In her third novel the theme of ‘Jasmine’ is an Indian of the chief character in her quest for revenge. immigrant’s encounter with the New World and her gradual Bharati Mukherjee’s latest novel ‘Desirable daughter’ is transformation as she thoroughly imbibes the new culture. a tale of immigrants and attitude of three sisters and their The novel also orchestrates a quest for identity: how a woman ways of dealing with situations. ‘Desirable daughter’ as the comes to terms with her own self. As Sunita Roy points out title suggests one kind of daughter, which parents would be Jasmine’s “search for self-recognition takes her in social proud of and for whom every parent would crave. The three and spiritual directions…..till she arrives at a time when she sisters, who are the daughters of Motilal Bhattachrya and can view the future greedy with wants and reckless from great-grand- daughters of Jai Krishna Gangoli, belong to a hope.”3 Early in the novel Jyoti tries raise herself above traditional Bengalli family padma, parvati and Tara are such blind belief in Fate which is adumbrated by the symbolic names od Shakti (Goddess of Hindu) do not flaunt astrologer thus: “Fate is Fate”. When Beulah’s bridegroom the some ethical values but have a grit to crave a niche for was fated to die of smoke-bite on their wedding night, did them. building a still fortress his death? A magic snakes will In the novel, ‘Desirable Daughters’ the main character penetrate solid walls when necessary.” in the form of Tara Lata struggles with the major themes of The other significant image that Bharati Mukhrerjee Self versus Society, self Destruction and Self Discovery. The associates with Jasmine rebellious spirit is the carcass of a novel ‘Desirable Daughters’ belong to that genre of American small dog that she encounters as a child. The protagonist literature which deals with issues of immigrant life and does not want to become broken in body and spirit like the culture assimilation. There are sufficient works in this genre dog. that represent Hispanic, African and Chinese ethnic Transformation and migration are once more Bharati minorities in the United States, but relatively few that speak Mukherjee’s two major themes in her latest novel, ‘The holder for South asian immigrants in general and Indian American of the World’. They are however, presented in a totally new literary canon. One can say that the novel is written by a and unique garb-for now there is no longer the usual Indian woman for a women audience, as the story’s central protagonist, a jasmine or a middleman seeking a new protagonists is female. The foremost and recurrent theme of identity in a new world. Here it is Hannah Easton, a white Desirable Daughters is the conflict arising from native and Puritan woman from salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony who foreign cultures. makes a journey to the exotic Coromandel shores in the The theme of “alienation” and “assimilation” becomes late seventeenth century and finally becomes the mistress significant in the novels of Bharati Mukherjee. Thus, Bharati of an Indian potentate, Raja Jadhav Singh. The inspiration Mukherjee is a typical feminist writer. His novels truly adhere behind this “fantastic” story was an ordinary incident an to the temperament and mood of the society in which she ordinary day. In an interview, Bharati Mukherjee recalled. lived. “the novel got started because I was at an auction of Sotheby References:- in New York………Whatever money my husband and I save 1. The times of India, 1 Oct.1989 is spent on Indian miniature painting and my aesthetic for 2. Bharati Mukherjee, The Tiger’s Daughter (London: the novel evolves out of my love for Indian miniatuire painting.”4 Chatto and Windus, 1973). In her next novel, ‘Leave it To Me’, Bharati Mukherjee 3. Jasmine: Exile as Spiritual Quest in Indian Women tells that the story of a young woman sociopath named Debby Novelists, Vol.5, p.203. Diamartino, short name Debi who seeks revenge on parents 4. Bharati Mukherjee, The Holder of the World (New Delhi: who abandoned her. The story reveals her ungrateful Viking, 1993), p.30.

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Preeti Shenoy As A Modern Novelist

Dr . Manisha Dwivedi *

Abstract - Among the modern Indian writers in English, Preeti Shenoy occupies a unique place for the diversity of presentation of plots, themes, characters and situations in her novels. Her main feature as a writer is her ability to deal with relationships related issues in her novels, which is always a hot topic to debate on. She has added a new dimension and marvellous flavour to the contemporary Indian English fiction. She has secured a unique and significant place as she aims at her innovative thematic concerns and deals in her fiction with relationship and its complications. Key Words - Modernism

Introduction - Preeti Shenoy is an Indian author. Have” was released in November 2013, opened at No.2 on Consistently nominated for the Forbes List of the 100 most the Nielsen list of best-selling Indian Fiction. Her sixth book influential celebrities of India since 2013, she has varied “It Happens For A Reason” was published in 2014. Her interests ranging from photography and yoga to sociology. latest book “Why We Love The Way We Do” was India Today has named her as ‘being unique for being the published in 2015. only woman in the highest-selling league,’ alluding to the Her pencil-portraits are life like which strike you with a immense popularity of her books. realism that take you aback. She is also into paper -quilling Preeti Shenoy is one of the most talented writers of the and is a poet too. She has written for publications like Times present. She is among the best-selling authors in India; she of India, Readers Digest and many more. She has worked weaves magic with her words and pictures. An extremely with under-privileged children teaching them English and talented and versatile individual. Math. She has worked with several schools conducting Her Twitter bio used to be: “Author of five best-sellers, workshops on thinking skills and creative crafts. Artist (Portraits, Mixed media, paper-quilling), Poet, Yoga- She also writes a regular column called ‘Sex and the Buff, Ex-basketball player, Blogger, Dobe-owner, Nature lover, city’ for Financial Chronicle. Read the Saturday issues to Ted X speaker and a Mother.” catch it. Her interests are as multifarious and diverse as her She says “Life is short. Follow your heart and chase several academic degrees which include an internationally your dreams. And yes, they will come true.” recognised qualification from UK in portraiture. Modernism might be said to have been characterised by a DNA has described her as a ‘keenly observant mind’ deliberate and often radical shift away from tradition, and and Times of India describes her writing as ‘Excellent story being a modern novelist Preeti Shenoy has consequently telling skills’. There is simplicity in her writing that appeals used new and innovative forms of expression in her novel. to the inherent good in all and her positivity and ‘Live life to She has covered the creative output of artists and thinkers the fullest’ philosophy finds a large number of takers, who with her ‘traditional’ approaches to the art and literature in follow her very popular blog. her fictions. Preeti Shenoy being a modern novelist Preeti Shenoy began writing her first book “34 innovatively written fictions with all the day to day general Bubblegums And Candies” which is a collection of problems faced by youngster’s in relationship. narratives based on real life incidents, some of which had A Brief Summary Of Preeti Shenoy’s Novels been previously posted on her blog in a shorter form; it was Life Is What You Make It launched in October 2008. Her second book Life Is What You Make It is a story about a young female “Life Is What You Make It” was among the top selling protagonist whose life gets shaken by her destiny in a highly books of 2011 in India and continues to be in the best-selling unexpected manner. Set across two Indian cities in 1989, charts. Her third book “Tea For Two And A Piece Of Cake” the story begins when Ankita is shown to be reading letters which was released in February 2012 made it to the top five that she exchanged with Vaibhav. And here onward, the reader best selling Indian fiction of 2012. Her fourth book “The is taken on a flashback story that relates the life of Ankita Secret Wish List” was released in 2013 and has got and how she ended up in a hospital. excellent reviews. Her fifth book “The One You Cannot * H.O.D (English) Dr. C.V Raman University, Kota, Bilaspur (C.G.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 196

Ankita is in her twenties and belongs to a conservative middle one’s spirit that can carve the path to one’s life. class family. Her parents are so strict that they do not even It Happens For A Reason like her being friends with guys. She is a smart, career- Vipasha is a young, beautiful and single 18-year-old, who oriented, confident, young, attractive, sweet, and happy go gives up a promising career in modelling to have her baby. lucky girl. She has lots of friends and is wooed by many She ends up cutting ties with her family and the father of her boys at her college. Her college life is what every youngster child, Ankush. Sixteen years later, Vipasha is well settled dreams of but Ankita does not underestimate the importance in life with two unusual careers – she owns a dog boarding of studies as well. She secures a seat in a leading facility and is a gym trainer. Her son, Aryan, loves her and management school. She is one of the most happening girls hopes for her to find a life partner. Vipasha had feelings for in the college. However, at times she is haunted by some Saurabh, the vet and things were going well, when issues that she faced in her past. Ankush comes back into their lives all of a sudden. What Life seems to be sailing smooth for Ankita until one fine will Vipasha do now and how will Aryan react to all this? Will day when she is admitted to a mental hospital. Life suddenly she resume her ties with Ankush and repeat the mistakes snatches everything that Ankita had in her world in a cruel she made in the past? It Happens for a Reason will make for twist of fate. How did things change so badly? How will Ankita an engaging and enthralling read for those who enjoy reading take this sudden blow of destiny? Will she survive it? Will love stories. she ever be able to live a normal life? A love story at heart, this tale of unconquerable human References :- spirit shows how Ankita does not succumb to her destiny Sites : and decides to fight back. It is an inspiring and moving 1. http://www.preetishenoy.com/ account of determination and faith as Ankita challenges what 2. https://twitter.com/preetishenoy destiny throws at her. It is a story that makes the reader 3. http://blog.preetishenoy.com/ question the very concepts of sanities and teaches the fact 4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preeti_Shenoy that life is what one makes of it. Moreover, the simple Novels : language and narration of Life Is What You Make It 1. Life Is What You Make It, Srishti Publishers (2011) emphasizes that problems are never permanent and it is 2. It Happens For A Reason, Westland Ltd (2014)

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AoZ`ßoÃV Edß AZJ∂T>> `mßoÃH$Vm H{$ _‹` bm{H$-gßÒH•$oV H$r gmd©X{oeH$Vm 6. og›hm, S>m∞. gwa{e, C[›`mg oeÎ[ Am°a ‡d•oŒm`mß, [•. 226 Am°a C[`m{oJVm H$m ‡_mU h°& AmßMobH$Vm H{$ gam{H$mam{ß _{ß _mZd H{$ AmYma^yV 7. e_m©, gwf_m, C[›`mg Am°a amOZroV, Ò_•oV ‡H$meZ, Bbmhm]mX, AZw^d g_mohV h° VWm Cg_{ß gßKf© H{$ ‡VrH$ emo_b h¢& AmßMobH$Vm, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU, 1976, [•. 173 _erZr gßdmXhrZVm H{$ ]rM _ZwÓ` _{ß [mnadmnaH$Vm Edß emÌdV ‡{_ H$m 8. Ambm{H$, gß. S>m∞. Aem{H$ Hw$_ma, \$UrÌdaZmW a{Uw-g•OZ Am°a gßX^©, JJZ^{Xr O`Km{f h°& AmYma ‡H$meZ, [ßMHw$bm, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 1994, [•. 13 g{ C’•V gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- 9. dhr, [•. 114 1. e_m©, amOZmW, gmohoÀ`H$ oZ]ßY, AmßMobH$ C[›`mg, [•. 830 10. dhr, [•. 285 2. X{d{e R>mHw$a, _°bm AmßMb H$r aMZm ‡oH´$`m, [•. 13 11. a{Uw, \$UrÌdaZmW, [aVr-[naH$Wm, amOH$_b [{[a]°∑g, ZB© oXÑr, 3. e_m©, amOZmW, gmohoÀ`H$ oZ]ßY, AmßMobH$ C[›`mg, [•. 847 gßÒH$aU 2005, [•. 209 4. dhr, [•. 837 12. dhr, [•. 237 5. e_m©, S>m∞. _∑IZbmb, oh›Xr C[›`mg :og’m›V Am°a g_rjm, [•. 217

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ZJ{›– H$m AV: Cg_{ß{ ‡mfl` AmoÀ_H$ AmZ›X H{$ AmÒdmXZ H{$ obE ^r H$od- ˆX` H$m{ Ao^_V h°- Ambm{MZm H$r AmÀ_m H$bm_` h°, oH$›Vw BgH$r eara aMZm aIZm hr MmohE& d°kmoZH$ h°& AmÀ_m H{$ H$bm_` hm{Z{ H$m AW© `h h° oH$ Ambm{MZm ^r _ybV: Ambm{MH$ H$m Y_© Vm{ H$od ¤mam aoMV g•OZmÀ_H$ gmohÀ` H$r AmÀ_mo^Ïò∫$ hr h°, Ambm{MH$ ^r oH$gr ^r H•$oV H{$ odd{MZ odõ{fU H{$ ode{fVmAm{ß H$m C”mQ>Z H$aZm h°, [mÌMmÀ` Ambm{MH$ ha]Q©> arS> H{$ * AoVoW od’mZ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, ]ahr, oObm- H$Q>Zr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 206

AZwgma- ""H$mÏ` Am°a Ambm{MZm H{$ j{Ã _{ß [yU©V`m o^fiVm h°: d{ o^fi OÍ$ar Zht oH$ EH$ hr g_mZ hm{& Ambm{MZm g_rjm [’oV _{ß `h oÒWoV ^md^yo_ [a ÒWmo[V h¢ Am°a òX Bg_{ß ‡d•Œm hm{Vm h° Vm{ CŒm_ Ambm{MH$ ‡m`: CâVr ahVr h°& AV: H•$oV H$r o‡`Vm-Ao‡`Vm H{$ odf` _{ß BVZm hr Zht ]Z gH$Vm& ""`h gÀ` h° oH$ Ambm{MH$ _{ß _yb^yV ‡oV^m H{$ ]rM H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ AoYH$moYH$ gˆX` g_mO H$r H•$oV ode{f H{$ ‡oV A[{ojV h°& oh›Xr b{IH$m{ß _{ß AmMm`© _hmdra ‡gmX o¤d{Xr Z{ Ambm{MH$m{ß Om{ ‡oVoH´$`m h°, dhr ‡m_moUH$ h°& H{$ AZw]›Y [a ]b X{V{ hwE H$hm h° oH$ - "H$od`m{ß H{$ H$m`m} g{ AmZ›X H$m Ï`mª`m-odõ{fU Ambm{MZm H$m Xygam Ad`d h°& BgH{$ obE `W{ÓQ> AZw^d dht H$a gH$V{ h¢, oOZH$m ˆX` B›ht H{$ g—e, oH$Â]hwZm g_rjH$ H$m{ H$mÏ` emÛ, gm°›X`©emÛ, _Zm{odkmZ VWm g_mOemÛ H$m BZg{ ^r AoYH$ gwgßÒH•$V H$m{_b Am°a ^mdJ´mhr hm{Vm h°& AV: H$od E{g{ A‹``Z AmdÌ`H$ hm{Vm h°& oH$gr ^r Ambm{¿` H•$oV H$r Ambm{MZm H$aV{ g_rjH$m{ß H$m{ H$mÏ` H{$ AmZ›X H$r AZw^yoV H$aZ{ H{$ obE A[Zr H•$oV H$m{ g_` Ambm{MH$ H{$ gm_Z{ Mma Vœ` hm{V{ h¢- (A) H$mÏ` H$m ]m¯H$ma (Am) AÒdmXZr` ]ZmV{ h°&' Cg_{ß oZohV ^md (B) H$od H$r _Z:oÒWoV Am°a (B©) b{IH$ H$r g_H$mbrZ oOg ‡H$ma gm_m›` OrdZ _{ß h_ oH$gr ^r Ïò∫$, dÒVw AWdm [naoÒWoV`m± oO›hm{ßZ{ H$od H$r _Z:oÒWoV H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m& Ambm{MH$ H$m oH´$`m-H$_© H{$ ‡oV ‡d•oŒm aIV{ h¢, b{oH$Z gßÒH$mamß{, g_mO ]m{Y H{$ ÒVa H$V©Ï` h° oH$ dh Ambm{MZm _{ß BZ g^r Vœ`m{ß H$m{ CoMV ÒWmZ X{& H$mÏ` VWm oM›VZ j_Vm VWm A›` Ïò∫$JV ode{fVmAm{ß H{$ AZwÍ$[ h_mar emÛ H{$ AmYma [a H•$oV H{$ Í$[ _{ß odd{MZ, gm°›X`©emÛ H{$ AmYma [a ‡oVoH´$`mAm{ß _{ß A›Va ahVm h°, Cgr ‡H$ma gmohÀ` H$r Ambm{MZm ^r CgH{$ ^mdJV gm¢›X`© H$m C”mQ>Z, _Zm{odkmZ H{$ AmYma [a _Z:oÒWoV ‡oVoH´$`mAm{ß H$r X{Z h°, oH$›Vw `{ ‡oVoH´$`mE± Ï`dhma _{ß Z AmH$a EH$ ‡H$ma H$m odõ{fU g_mOemÛ H{$ AmYma [a `wJrZ [naoÒWoV`m{ß H$m dU©Z Am°a H{$ d°kmoZH$ gß`_ g{ AZwemogV ahVr h°& AV: Ambm{MZm H{$ obE Ambm{MH$ H$od [a CZH{$ ‡^md H$m odõ{fU Ambm{MH$ H$m Ma_ b˙` h°& AV: gmohÀ` H$m{ EH$ oZoÌMV odMma H´$_ Am°a oeÎ[-]m{Y A[ZmZm hm{Vm h°& Ambm{MH$ H$m _yb VÀd ^md h° oH$›Vw ^md ode{f H$r o‡`Vm-Ao‡`Vm b{IH$ Am°a gd© ‡W_ Ambm{¿` H•$oV H$m A‹``Z H$aH{$ Cg_{ß oZohV _yb ^md H$m{ J´hU CgH$r [naoÒWoV`m{ß [a oZ^©a H$aVr h°& òX b{IH$ H$r [naoÒWoV`m± odf_ H$aVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma Ambm{MZm [’oV H{$ _wª` VrZ Ad`d h°- (1) odf` h¢ Vm{ CgH{$ H$mÏ` [a Ambm{MH$ H$m ‡^md AdÌ`H$ [∂S{>Jm& oH$›Vw òX ]m{Y (I) Ï`mª`m-odõ{fU (J) Edß _yÎ`mßH$Z& oH$gr ^r H•$oV H{$ odf` Ambm{MH$ Bg Am{a ‹`mZ Zht X{Vm Vm{ dh aMZmH$ma H{$ ‡oV ›`m` Zht H$a _{ß A‹``Z H$aZ{ g{ [yd© Ambm{MH$ H{$ obE `h g]g{ AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ Cg{ gH{$Jm& AV: Ï`dÒWm-odõ{fU H{$ H´$_ _{ß Ambm{MH$ H{$ obE C∫$ Mmam{ß Ambm{¿` odf` H$m [yU© ]m{Y hm{& AJa Ambm{MH$ H$m{ Ambm{¿` H•$oV H$m [yU© Vœ`m{ß H$m AZwgßYmZ A[{ojV h°& ]m{Y Zht hm{Jm Vm{ oZÓ[j Ambm{MZm H$aZm Agß^d hm{Jm& Ambm{MH$ H{$ "Ambm{MH$' Ï`mª`m odõ{fU H{$ C[amßV H•$oV H$m{ g_J´V: —oÓQ> _{ß obE og\©$ odf`-]m{Y H{$ kmZ g{ [`m©· [yoV© Zht hm{Vr- ]oÎH$ H•$oV H{$ aIV{ hwE, aMZmH$ma H{$ gmohoÀ`H$ _hÀd H$m Amb{IZ H$aVm h°, Om{ oH$ A‹``Z H{$ ]mX H•$oV g{ ‡^md J´hU H$r j_Vm ^r Ambm{MH$ H{$ obE Ambm{MZm H$m Ao›V_ MaU h°& oH$›Vw Hw$N> od¤mZm{ß H{$ _VmZwgma Ambm{MH$ AoZdm`© h°& C[`w∫$ odf` ]m{Y H{$ ¤mam hr H•$oV g{ ‡^modV hm{Z{ [a H$m{ oZ m©` H$aZ{ H$m AoYH$ma Zht h°, CgH$m H$m`© Vm{ H•$oV H{$ gm°›X`© H$m Ambm{MH$ ode{fVmAm{ß H$m C”mQ>Z d _yÎ`mßH$Z H$a gH{$Jm& b{oH$Z oH$gr C”mQ>Z H$aZm h°& oH$›Vw h_ X{IV{ h¢ oH$ O] Ambm{MH$ H•$oV g{ ‡^modV ^r Ambm{¿` H•$oV H{$ ‡oV Ïò∫$ H$r ‡oVoH´$`m Vm{ gßÒH$ma, Am`w VWm ÒVa hm{Vm h°, V^r CgH{$ _Z _{ß EH$ oZoÌMV YmaUm ]Z OmVr h°, Ï`mª`m gm[{j h°& O°g{ aroVH$mbrZ H$odVm _{ß l•ßJma H{$ H$maU EH$ ^∫$ H$r ‡oVoH´$`m odõ{f m g{ Vm{ [woÓQ> _mÃ hm{Vr h°& AVEd H•$oV H{$ ‡oV A[Zr ‡oVoH´$`m em`X AÍ$oMH$ma hm{Jr, oH$›Vw AmZ›X ‡m· H$aZ{ dmbm{ß H{$ ‡oV dh H$m{ Ï`∫$ H$aV{ hwE Ambm{MH$ CgH{$ _hÀd H$m{ ^r oZYm©naV H$a X{Vm h°, aroVH$mbrZ H$odVm [a_mZ›X H$m{ ‡m· H$aZ{ dmbr h°& em`X BgobE O]oH$ Ambm{MH$ H$m Xmo`Àd `h ^r h° oH$ dh [mR>≤H$ VWm H$od H$m ]mbH•$ÓU e_m© ZdrZ Z{ g_rjm _{ß gˆX`Vm H{$ g_md{e H$m{ AmdÌ`H$ _mJ©Xe©Z H$a{& ]m]y Jwbm]am` H{$ AZwgma - ""oOg ‡H$ma emgZ H{$ _mZm h° Am°a X{e-odX{e H{$ gmohÀ` H$r Cgr X{er H$r gmßÒH•$oVH$ odMmaYmam Ambm{MH$ emgZ H$m{ oeoWbVm g{ ]Mm`{ aIV{ h¢, Cgr ‡H$ma gmohÀ` H{$ H$r [•ÓR> ^yo_ _{ß g_rjm H$aZ{ [a Om{a oX`m h°-""‡À`{H$ X{e H$r Hw$N> Ambm{MH$ gmohÀ` _{ß oeoWbVm Am°a Hw$oÀgVVm Zht AmZ{ X{V{ Am°a CgH$r ode{fVmE± hm{Vr h¢, CZH$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aI{ o]Zm, Cg X{e H{$ gmohÀ`, Cg X{e JoVodoY oZYm©naV H$aZ{ _{ß ghm`H$ hm{V{ h¢&''7 H$r H$Wm AmoX H{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß òX _V-‡XmZ oH$`m Om` Vm{ dh EH$ Aew’ AV: Ò[ÓQ> h° Ambm{MH$ H$m{ aMZm ode{f H{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß A[Zr ‡oVoH´$`m ]mV hm{Jr& oH$gr X{e H{$ gmohÀ` H$r Ambm{MZm Cg X{e H{$ JwU ode{f H$r AWdm oZU©` Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ _{ß Ï`∫$ H$aVm h°, VWm Ambm{MH$ Ïò∫$JV Í$oM, Am{a —∑[mV oH$`{ o]Zm H$r hr Zht Om gH$Vr &''5 d°g{ ^r aMZmH$ma A[Z{ Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß, emÛb„Y kmZ VWm _mZdVm H{$ emÒdV _yÎ`m{ß g{ oH$gr H{$ X{e _ß{ oZohV _yb^yV g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ H{$›– _{ß aIH$a aMZm H$aVm h°& \´$mßgrgr ^r AmYma [a A[Zm oZU©` X{ gH$Vm h°& g_rjH$ Q{>Z- ""H$mÏ`mbm{MZ H{$ obE H$od H$r OmoV JV _Zm{d•oŒm`m{ß, gm_moOH$-amOZroVH$ [naoÒWoV`m{ß Am°a H$mb Xem H$m{ —oÓQ>[W _{ß aIZ{ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- [a ]b oX`m h°&''6 1. H$mÏ` H{$ Í$[, Jwbm]am`, [•ÓR>-243 Ambm{MH$ H$r ‡oVoH´$`mAm{ß H$m{ Am`w H$r o^fiVm ^r o^fi H$a X{Vr h°& 2. H$mÏ` H{$ Í$[, Jwbm]am`, [•ÓR>-243 ∑`m{ßoH$ g_rjH$ H$m{ Om{ H•$oV `wdmdÒWm _{ß A¿N>r bJVr Vm{ OÍ$ar Zht h° 3. gmohÀ` H$m g_mOemÛ, S>m∞0 ]ÉZ ogßh, [•ÓR>-55 oH$, d•’mdÒWm _{ß ^r Cgr ‡H$ma H$r H•$oV o‡` hm{, g_` H{$ gmW-gmW 4. Ambm{MH$ Am°a Ambm{MZm, S>m∞0 ]ÉZ ogßh, [•ÓR>-55 odMmam{ß _{ß ^r [nadV©Z hm{Vm h° Bg [nadV©Z H{$ gmW Ambm{MH$m{ß H$r 5. π$mog, ]mbH•$ÓU e_m© ZdrZ, [•ÓR>-19 ‡oVoH´$`mE± ^r o^fi hm{ gH$Vr h¢& Bgr ‡H$ma A^mdm{ß H{$ ]rM _{ß JwOa H$aZ{ 6. og’mßV Am°a A‹``Z, Jwbm]am`, [•ÓR>-301 dmb{ Ambm{MH$, Am°a g^r ‡H$ma g{ gÂ[fi Ambm{MH$ H$r ‡oVoH´$`mE± ^r 7. H$mÏ` H{$ Í$[, Jwbm]am`, [•ÓR>-244 Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 207

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* AoVoW od¤mZ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` Z{hÍ$ ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]w∂T>ma (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 208

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************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 209

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I 210

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2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. 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hm{ßR>m{ß H{$ D$[a oZH$bm Wm & _mW{ [a AmSy> "_¢ Am[H$r ]mV Zht _mZVm, "XÒVmZ{dmbm ]y∂T>m H$h ahm Wm & O°gm EH$ ]∂S>m _Ògm Wm & N>mVr VH$ \°$br Xm∂T>r Am°a Wm{∂S>m-gm Hy$]∂S> &'1 "∑`m....H$m°Z-gr ]mV ?' ]y∂T>m H$mHw$Z o\$a CXmg h°, H$hmZr _{ß H$hmZrH$ma Z{ EH$ Jar] ]y∂T{> H{$ "`hr....OrdZ H{$ obE Am[H$m —•oÓQ>H$m{U...._¢ Zht _mZVm oH$ OrdZ OrdZ H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° & oH$g ‡H$ma g_mO _{ß ]y∂T{> ]wOwJm~ H$r Xem h° & H$m AW© og\©$ ey›` h° & "o\$a....o\$a ∑`m _mZV{ h¢ Am[ ?' _ßyN>dmb{ Z{ oH$g ‡H$ma Ka g{ ]{Ka hm{ ah{ h¢, ]y∂T{> bm{J ? CZH$r Xem ∑`m hm{ OmVr h°? [yN>m &"_¢ OrdZ H$m{ ]hwV AmÒWm H{$ gmW X{IVm hyß....âm-[yam, ZXr H$r * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, bmßOr, oObm - ]mbmKmQ> (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 214

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Xm{ ]yT>∂{ o‡`ßdX AmB©ZmKa ^mJ 2 [••. gß. 160-161 gßdmX ‡H$meZ H$m d{Ì`md••oŒm H$aH{$ J^©[mV H$a ^yÚ hÀ`m H$a Xr OmVr h° & Bg Vah ]y∂T>m Cg _{aR> C. ‡. \$adar 2008 eha _{ß OrdZ `m[Z H$aVm h° Am°a [wZ: A[Z{ ]{H$ar _{ß AmQ>m JyßWZ{ H$r [mar H$m 4. Xm{ ]yT>∂{ o‡`ßdX AmB©ZmKa ^mJ 2 [••. gß. 166 gßdmX ‡H$meZ _{aR> C. BßVOma H$aVm AI]ma _{ß VmOm _aZ{ dmbm{ß H$r _••À`w gyMZm [∂T>Vm h° & Abr]m]m ‡. \$adar 2008 H$m{ Mma gm° Í$[`{ H$m ]Qw>Am o_bVm h°, CgH$m C[`m{J Bg Vah H$aVm h° & 5. Xygam Abr]m]m o‡`ßdX AmB©Zm Ka ^mJ 2 [••. gß. 9 gßdmX ‡H$meZ "ZrM{ g∂S>H$ [a JwOaVr hwB© EH$ Q°>∑gr H$m{ am{H$m CgZ{ & Cgr Vah oOg _{aR> C. ‡. \$adar 2008 Vah dh Am°am{ß H$m{ am{H$V{ X{IVm Wm & CgZ{ eha H{$ ]hwV ]∂S{> a{ÒVamß H$m Zm_ 6. Xygam Abr]m]m o‡`ßdX AmB©Zm Ka ^mJ 2 [••. gß. 8 gßdmX ‡H$meZ ]Vm`m & dhmß YwßE _{ß Sy>]m _wJm© o_bVm Wm & N>fi H$r AmdmO H$aVm& Q°>∑gr _{aR> C. ‡. \$adar 2008 Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 215

S>m∞. odÂ_r ]hb *

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I 216

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************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 217

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H$hmZr H$hV{ ‡VrV hm{ ah{ h¢& OrdZ Ìdmgm{ß g{ Ò[ßnXV ‡H•$nV A[Z{ hm{Z{ H$m gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- Ehgmg H$amVr ‡VrV hm{ ahr h¢ 1. Q> S>Z S>m∞µ [yaZM›X, gm°›X`© nd_e©, gßO` ‡H$meZ, Aßgmar am{∂S> Xna`mJßO ZB© nXÑr ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 2004 [•µ gßµ-37 2. dhr [•µ gßµ-37 3. _nbH$, ]bOrV ngßh : S>m∞µ hnaeM›– d_m© Ï`n∫$Àd Am°a nM›VZ, nh›Xr gmnhÀ` gßÒWmZ hna`mUm ‡W_ gßÒH$aU A‡°b 1995 [•µ gßµ- 205 4. ngßh S>m∞µ Jm{nd›X [mb, _hmX{dr d_m© H{$ H$mÏ` _{ß gm°›X`© ^mdZm, bm{H$ ^maVr ‡H$meZ _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr _mJ© Bbmhm]mX ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 1989 [•µ gßµ-156 5. dhr [•µ gßµ-156 (oMÃ gßª`m 3) 6. dhr [•µ gßµ-158 nZÓH$f© - AV: nMÃH$ma bmbM›X _mam{nR>`m Z{ ‡H•$nV H{$ g{Vw [a 7. XrnjV; S>m∞µ gy`©‡gmX, N>m`mdmnX`m{ß H$m gm°›X`© ndYmZ nX _°H$n_bZ _mZdrH$aU H$r [na[yU©Vm H$m{ J´hU nH$`m h°& B›hm{ßZ{ ‡m`: ‡H•$nV H$m Hß$[Zr Am∞\$ BßnS>`m nbn_Q{>S> nXÎbr ‡W_ gßÒH$aU-1974 [•µ gµ- _mZdrH$aU `m ZmarH$aU nH$`m h°& H$bmH$ma Z{ ‡m`: gm°›X`© C[mgH$ H{$ 138-39 Í$[ _{ß ‡H•$nV H$r C[mgZ H$r H$bmH•$nV _{ß AmH$ma ]ZVr-n]J∂S>Vr 8. nH$em{a ‡m{µ Ì`m_ ZßXZ, N>m`mdmXr H$mÏ` H$m _Zm{d°kmnZH$ ndõ{fU _wImH•$nV`m± OrdZ H{$ ahÒ`m{ß H$m{ CX≤KmnQ>V H$aVr ‡VrV hm{ ahr h°& `hr Am`© ‡H$meZ _ßS>b gaÒdVr ^ßS>ma, JmßYr ZJa gßÒH$aU 2000 H$bm H$r ‡{aUm _mam{nR>`m H{$ g•OZ H$m g{Vw ]Zr& ∑`m{ßnH$ ‡H•$nV H$m ha 9. ngßh S>m∞µ Jm{nd›X[mb, _hmX{dr d_m© H{$ H$mÏ` _{ß gm°›X`© ^mdZm, C[mXmZ_mZd _Z H{$ [hby g{ Ow∂S>m h¢& H•$nV _{ß _Q>_°bm, ^yam, Zrbm, Ìd{V ìbm{H$ ^maVrí ‡H$meZ _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr _mJ© Bbmhm]mX ‡W_ gßÒH$aU dU© A[Zr aßJVm{ß H$r Am^m gd©Ã \°$bmV{ ‡VrV hm{ ah{ h¢& Ìd{V aßJ _{ß "d•j 1989 [•µ gßµ-157 AZmd•V IS>∂{ nMnÃV h¢& Om{ _ZwÓ` H$r —∂T> B¿N>men∫$ H{$ ‡nVn]Â] Í$[ h¢& 10. XrnjV, S>m∞µ gy`©‡gmX, N>m`mdmXr H$nd`m{ß H$m gm°›X`© ndYmZ, Xr H•$nV _{ß >[ÀWa A[Z{ gßKf© H$r H$hmZr H$hV{ ‡VrV hm{ ah{ h¢& OrdZ Ìdmgm{ß _°H$n_bZ Hß$[Zr Am∞\$ BßnS>`m nbn_Q{>S> nXÑr ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 1974 g{ Ò[ßnXV ‡H•$nV A[Z{ hm{Z{ H$m Ehgmg H$amVr ‡VrV hm{ ahr h¢ [•µ gßµ-141 11. X°nZH$ gr_m gßX{e 26µ06 2001 [{∂S>-[m°Ym{ß _{ß ]Zr AmH•$nV`m±&

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* H$bm oeojH$m (oMÃH$bm) CÉV_ _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb`, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.) ‰mmaV Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. 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Aa{ `h Vm{ [•> [a) `hm± oMÃ _{ß A_yV©Vm _{ß oN>[{ Jy∂T> ahÒ` _Z H$m{ Amo›XoV H$a gM_wM H$m ogßh h¢-eo∫$, gmhg Edß Jna_m H$r [mfmU _yoV© ogßh H$r _yoV© gH$V{ h¢& Om{ oH$ Q°>Jm{a H{$ A_wV©Í$[m{ß _{ß [yU©Vm g{ C[oÒWV ah{ß h¢& `m ogßh H$m AmH$ma _mÃ Zht& Bg Í$[-H$Î[Zm _{ß [ewamO H$r A[Zr AVßV Bg ‡H$ma —ÓQ>m Q°>Jm{a H$r oMÃmÀ_H$ Í$[gß[Xm _{ß dmÒVodH$ d Òdm^modH$ Ord›VVm g_o›dV h°& AV: AßJ-‡À`ßJ H{$ ghr oMÃmßH$Z `m CZH{$ g_Í$[ AmH$mam{ß Am°a ew’ A_yV© Í$[m{ß H$r g\$b Ao^Ïò∫$ _{ß [yU©Vm AZw[mV H$r C[{jm gß^d hwB© h°& A] Vrga{ oMÃ _{ß X{I{ `hm± ogßh H$r Ord›VVm g{ AmZ›X ‡m· H$aVm h¢& Q°>Jm{a Z{ H$hm oH$ "h_ma{ Mmam{ß Am{a dmÒVodH$ AßoH$V H$r J`r h¢& H{$gar H$r _wª` ode{fVmEß-odo^fi ogßhm{ß H{$ Í$[m{ß _{ß OJV od⁄_mZ h°& O] _¢ Bg —Ì` ‡[ßM H$m A[Zr H$bmÀ_H$ —oÓQ> g{ Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 225 g{ Adbm{H$Z H$aVm hy±, Vm{ dÒVwE± _{a{ g_j o^fi Ambm{H$ AWdm gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- —oÓQ>H$m{U _{ß ‡H$Q> hm{Vr h°, oO›h{ß _¢ A[Z{ oMÃm{ß _{ß _yV©Í$[ X{Z{ H$m 1. Dey, Bishhnu, The painting of Rabindranath Tagore, The ‡`ÀZ H$aVm hy± Am°a _yV©Í$[ X{ X{Vm hy±& Mmh{ C›h{ß dmÒVodH$ H$h{ß `m visva bharti Quarterly, V- XXIII, 1957-58, visva bharti, Z H$h{ß& ÒdflZm{ß Am°a Òd°aH$Î[ZmAm{ß H$m ^r EH$ gßgma h° Om{ H{$db Santiniketen, P.n.-94 _mZd H$r H$Î[Zm _{ß od⁄_mZ h°, òX _¢ Bg{ A[Z{ oMÃm{ß _{ß _yV©Í$[ 2. Chaitanya, Krishna, A History of Indian Painting : The X{ gHy$ß Vm{ _¢ Òd`ß g•oÓQ>H$Œmm© H$m{ CgH{$ Bg I{b _{ß _mV X{ gH$Vm Modern period, Abhinav Pub., New Delhi, 1st edd. 1944, hy±& Òd`ß g•ÓQ>m ^r H$Î[Zm H$r BZ dÒVwAm{ß H{$ obE A[Z{ g•oÓQ> OJV p.n.-210 _{ß ÒWmZ Zht ]Zm gH$m&'666 3. ]gw, ZßXbmb, CZH{$ oMÃ dmÒVodH$ hm{V{ W{, CZ_{ß dmÒVodH$Vm `Xm- AV: `hm± Q°>Jm{a H{$ odMma g{ ^r CZH$r H$bm H$m EH$ ‡_wI JwU H$Xm hr hm{Vr Wr, odO` eßH$a, "H$' H$bm gÂ[Xm Edß d°MmnaH$h, df© ‡H$moeV hm{Vm h° Am°a dh h°, AÍ$[ H$m AÍ$[ hr ahZm AWm©V≤ A_yV©Vm& 8, AßH$ 4-5, OwbmB©-A∫$y]a 2011, odOèßH$a, JU{e ZJa-2, Q°>Jm{a H{$ oMÃ dmÒVodH$ OJV H{$ Zht h°, `{ CZH{$ AM{VZ _Z H$r ‡ÒVwoV h° eH$a[wa, oXÑr, [•. gß.-28 Om{ CZH{$ A›Vg H$r JhamB©`m{ß _{ß Ï`m· W{& `h CZH{$ ÒdflZm{ß Am°a Òd°a 4. Bose, Nand Lal, Painting & Drawng By Rabindranath Tagore, Exhibition June 16 to June 30, 1955, Published H$Î[ZmAm{ß H$m EH$ gßgma h°, Om{ B›hm{ßZ{ A[Z{ OrdZ AZw^dm{ß g{ aMm Wm by Gopal Chandra Ghosh, Academy of Fine Arts, Indian Am°a dhr g{ `{ AmH$ma BZH$r oMÃmÀ_H$ Í$[gß[Xm _{ß C[oÒWV hm{ A[Zm Museum House, 27, Chowringhee, Calcutta, p. n. 5 o^fi o^fi AoÒVÀd ‡m· H$aV{ W{& A] Mmh{ Xe©H$ H$m{ `h dmÒVodH$ bJ{ `m 5. ]gw, Z›Xbmb, —oÓQ> Am°a g•oÓQ>, odÌd^maVr J´›W od^mJ, H$bH$Œmm, H$Î[ZmO›` b{oH$Z BZ Í$[m{ß H$m O›_ Vm{ H$bmH$ma H$r H$Î[Zm g{ hwAm h° ^m– 1398 ]ßJm„X, [•. gß.-222 `m H$h{ AM{VZ _Z H$r Jhar [Vm~ H{$ hQ>Z{ g{& 6. am`, ojoVO, adt–ZmW R>mHw$a, amÓQ≠>r` AmYwoZH$ H$bm gßJ´hmb`, O`[wa hmCg Bo S>`m J{Q>, ZB© oXÑr, 1988, [•.gß• - 10

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************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 227

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I 228 gyMZm X{Z{ H$m H$m`© H$a ahr h°& `h H•$oV ^r BZH$r `yam{[r` e°br H$r ]Zr CXmhaU h°& oMÃ _{ß oV›Vm{a{Œmm{ H$m{ A[Zr _•V [wÃr H{$ M{ha{ H$m A‹``Z H$aV{ H•$oV h°& N>m`m ‡H$me H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Bg H•$oV H$r dÒVw H$m{ C^mam J`m h° Om{ hwE AßoH$V oH$`m J`m h°& oMÃ _{ß oV›Vm{a{Œm A[Zr [wÃr H{$ M{ha{ H$m{ sergical oH$ h_{ß AmJ{ Am°a [rN{> H$r dÒVw H$m Am^mg H$amVr h°& (X{oIE oMÃ\$bH$- coldness g{ X{IVm hwAm ]Zm`m J`m h°& _mZm{ CgZ{ A[Z{ Am[H$m{ gÀ` 3, 4) (Ao›V_ [•> [a) H$r ^`mZH$Vm g{ AbJ H$a aIm hm{& oV›Vm{a{Œmmm{ H$m Ï`dhma AmÀ_H{$o›–V ]°abmBZ (Berlyne)))H$m `h _mZZm h° oH$ îH$bm H{$ j{Ã _{ß gmßÒH•$oVH$ d Am°a ˆX`hrZ ‡VrV hm{Vm h°& oH$›Vw Bullough Z{ Bg —Ì` _{ß H$bmH$ma H$m{ Ao^Ï`ßOZmdmXr Ûm{V ^r _hÀd[yU© hm{V{ h¢& Om{ g_mO _{ß ‡MobV contemplation of his daughter H{$ Í$[ _{ß X{Im Am°a Bg XwI H{$ g_` gm_moOH$ oZ`_m{ß H$r OmZH$mar X{V{ h¢ `m h_ Bg ‡H$ma H$h gH$V{ h¢ oH$ am{Z{ oMÑmZ{ H$r A[{jm oMÃ ]ZmZ{ _{ß Im{`m h° Am°a Bg{ ]hwV _hmZ _mZm H$bmH$ma H{$ ¤mam ‡ÒVwV oMÃ _{ß H$bmH$ma H$r _Zm{d°kmoZH$ oH´$`m›d`Z (X{oIE oMÃ\$bH$-6)&(Ao›V_ [•> [a) `hm± Bullought Z{ ‡JoV H$m{ ‡ÒVwV H$aV{ h¢& gmW hr Cgg{ Ow∂S{> hwE g_mO d gßÒH•$oV H{$ A—Ì` _mZogH$ AßVamb H$m{ ‘Distance between our oweself and its VÀdm{ß H$m{ ^r ‡ÒVwV H$aV{ h¢&4 A_•Vm H$r H•$oV """^maVr` Z_ÒH$ma' 1937 affections’6 H{$ Í$[ _{ß _mZm& _mZogH$ AßVamb H$bmH$ma Am°a H•$oV H{$ ]rM Bg H•$oV g{ `yam{[r` d ^maVr` g_mO H$r gßÒH•$oV H$m{ ^r g_Pm Om gH$Vm H{$ g_mZ Xe©H$ Am°a H•$oV H{$ ]rM ^r hm{Vm h°& `hm± Xe©H$ H$r "gm°›X`m©À_H$ h¢& Bg H•$oV _{ß Xm{ AmH•$oV`m± ]Zm`r JB© h°, Om{ Xm{Zm{ß hmW Om{∂S>H$a Z_ÒH$ma M{VZm' H$m`© H$aVr h° Am°a `h gm_m›` M{VZm g{ AbJ hm{Vr h°& O°g{ A_•Vm H$a ahr h° d ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H$m{ ‡ÒVwV H$aVr h¢& O°g{ A_•Vm `yam{[ H{$ H{$ o[Vm \$m{Q>m{J´m\$a W{& A_•Vm H{$ o[Vm C_amd ogßh Z{ A[Z{ d A[Zr [wÃr gßÒH$mam{ß g{ [naoMV Wr, dhm± H$m ahZ-ghZ, o_bZm-OwbZm g] CZH{$ A_•Vm d Bo›Xam H$r \$m{Q>m{J´m\$r H$r Om{ EH$ _mZogH$ AßVamb H$m A¿N>m gßÒH$mam{ß H$m EH$ ohÒgm Wm, b{oH$Z O] C›hm{ßZ{ ^maVr` g_mO H{$ gßÒH$ma, CXmhaU h°& C_amd ogßh Z{ A[Z{ \$m{Q>m{ H$m{ EH$ _mZogH$ AßVamb H{$ Ona`{ ahZ-ghZ VWm ^maVr`m{ß H$r odMmaYmam H$m{ Ò[e© oH$`m Am°a CZH{$ ^mdm{ß ItMm h° oOg_{ß C›hm{ßZ{ H{$db EH$ hr N>m{Q>m dÛ [hZm hwAm h° AJa h_ Bg g{ AmÀ_gmV hwB© Vm{ C›hm{ßZ{ `h Ao^Ïò∫$ ‡ÒVwV H$r& ^maVr` Z_ÒH$ma \$m{Q>m{ H$m{ _mZogH$ AßVamb g{ Z X{I{ Vm{ `h h_{ß ^‘m bJ{Jm (X{oIE N>m`m H$aZ{ H$m VarH$m A_•Vm H$m{ ]{hX Iy]gyaV bJm ∑`m|oH$ `yam{[r` e°br _{ß Vm{ oMÃ gß.-1)(Ao›V_ [•> [a)& O] ]É{ H$m O›_ hm{Vm h° `m O] ]Ém H$m{B© Jb{ o_bH$a AoVoW H$m ÒdmJV H$aVm h°, H$m{B© MwÂ]Z b{H$a, Vm{ H$m{B© N>m{Q>m hm{Vm h°, V] o[Vm CZH{$ \$m{Q>m{J´m\$ b{V{ h°, b{oH$Z O] ]É{ ]∂S{> hm{ hmW o_bmH$a [a›Vw ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV _{ß Xm{Zm{ß hmW Om{∂S>H$a, ere PwH$mH$a OmV{ h°, Vm{ o[Vm CZH{$ \$m{Q>m{ Zht b{V{& b{oH$Z C_amd ogßh A_•Vm H$r AoVoW H$m ÒdmJV oH$`m OmVm h¢& `{ odMmaYmam CZH$r _mZogH$Vm H$m d \$m{Q>mJ´m\$r H$aV{ W{, Vm{ A_•Vm CZH$m{ [m{O ]VmVr Wr oH$ hmW E{g{ aIy±Jr ^maVr` g_mO _{ß H$bm gßÒH•$oV H{$ ‡oV `m{JXmZ H$m CŒm_ CXmhaU h¢& A_•Vm E{g{ I∂S>r hm{D±$Jr& (X{oIE N>m`m oMÃ gß.-2) (Ao›V_ [•> [a) Cg e{aoJb H{$ H$m`© _{ß ^rVa H$r CZH$r gßd{XZm Am°a H$bm H$Î[ZmAm{ß H$m E{gm g_` EH$ o[Vm A[Zr [wÃr g{ d [wÃr A[Z{ o[Vm g{ _mZogH$ AßVamb VmZm-]mZm h° oOg_{ß g_mO H{$ V_m_ jU O°g{ Ò[o›XV hm{V{ h°& (X{oIE ]Zm`{ hwE `h g] [m{O X{Vr Wr& A_•Vm Z{ A[Z{ C›h{ß \$m{Q>m{ g{ Am[Z{ oMÃ\$bH$-5)(Ao›V_ [•> [a) AmÀ_-oMÃ ]Zm`{& O] A_•Vm [mÌMmÀ` [nad{e _{ß A[Zr H$bmH•$oV H$m ]°abmBZ _mZV{ h¢ oH$ H$bmH•$oV H$bmH$ma H{$ _Z H{$ g_ÒV [jm{ß H$m{ oZ_m©U H$aVr Wr Vm{ dh _m∞S>bm{ß H$m{ Zæ AdÒWm _{ß ]°R>mH$a CZH$m oMÃ ‡ÒVwV H$aVr h°& gmW hr Xe©H$ H{$ _Z H$m{ ^r Òd`ß g{ Om{∂S>Vr h°& ]ZmVr Wr& A_•Vm H$r H•$oV "[wÍ$f Y∂S>' (Male Torso) 1930 [{nag _{ß AmYwoZH$ _Zm{odkmZ _{ß _Zm{d°kmoZH$m{ß Z{ _mZdr` AmoÒVÀd H$m{ A_•Vm Z{ `h oMÃ _mZogH$ AßVamb ¤mam ]Zm`m& A[Z{ _mZg [Q>b H$m{ g_PZ{ H$r M{ÓQ>m H$r& d°g{ Vm{ Amaß^ g{ hr _ZwÓ` A[Z{ AmoÒVÀd H$m{ b{H$a CZH{$ Zæ eara g{ AbJ aIVr Wr A[Z{ d _m∞S>b H{$ ]rM EH$ _mZogH$ em{Y `m oMßVZ _ZZ H$aVm ahm h°& oH$›Vw AmYwoZH$ H$mb _{ß C›hm{ßZ{ EH$ ZB© AßVamb ]ZmH$a H$m`© H$aVr Wr& dh _mZd eara H{$ ^md d CZH{$ emarnaH$ —oÓQ> g{ Z`{ [jm{ß [a oMßVZ _ZZ oH$`m Am°a AmYwoZH$ _Zm{d°kmoZH$ Z{ H$bm ÒdÍ$[ H$m JhamB© g{ A‹``Z H$aVr Wr & AV: Xe©H$ O] A_•Vm H$r Zæ H{$ j{Ã _{ß ^r _Zm{d°kmoZH$ gm°›X`©emÛ odf` H{$ AßVJ©V Hw$N> Z`{ [hbwAm{ß H$bmH•$oV X{IVm h°, Vm{ H$bmH•$oV d Xe©H$ H{$ ]rM ^r EH$ _mZogH$ AßVamb H$m{ g_PZ{ H$r M{ÓQ>m H$r& O°g{ CXmhaU H{$ Vm°a [a E. 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I 231 oN>–m{ß H$m{ âVm hwAm AWdm Cgg{ _Ywa ‹doZ CÀ[fi H$aVm hwAm E{gm ‡VrV H$mobXmg H{$ gmohÀ` _{ß emÛr` gßJrV H{$ gmW - gmW bm{H$JrVm{ß hm{Vm h° _mZm{ JmZ{ dmb{ oH$fiam{ß H$m{ VmZ X{Z{ H$r B¿N>m H$a ahm hm{ - H$r ^r MMm© o_bVr h°& "odH´$_m{d©er`_≤' H{$ MVwW© AßH$ _{ß H$od MM©ar, `: [ya`Z≤ H$rMH$a›Y´^mJmZ≤ Xar_wIm{ÀW{Z g_raU{Z o¤[oXH$m, I S> Ymam AmoX odo^fi JroV`m{ß H$m ‡`m{J H$aVm h°& C“mÒ`Vmo_¿N>oV oH$fiamUmß VmZ‡Xmo`Àdo_dm{[J›Vw_≤& "_mbodH$moæo_Ã_≤' H{$ ‡W_ AßH$ _{ß JUXmg H{$ _wI g{ eo_ÓR>mH•$V MVwÓ[Xm """Hw$_magÂ^d_≤' _{ß oed-oddmh H{$ Adga [a da`mÃm _{ß goÂ_obV JroV H{$ MMm© AmVr h° Om{ Z•À` H$r —oÓQ> g{ MobV Zm_H$ [na^mfm H{$ odÌdmdgw BÀ`moX gßJrV Hw$eb JßYd© oÃ[wa-odO` H$m JrV JmV{ hwE AßVJ©V h°& "emHw$›Vb_≤' H{$ [ßM_ AßH$ _{ß hßg[oXH$m H$r JroV ^r Bgr AmJ{-AmJ{ MbV{ h¢& gßJrV H$r `h bm{H$-[aÂ[am `wJm{ß `wJm{ß g{ oZa›Va ‡H$ma H$r h°& E{g{ Am°a ^r ‡gßJ h¢, oOZ_{ß ZQ>r JrV, _XZ JrV, d°VmobH$ ‡dmh _mZ h°& JmZ, F$Vw JmZ, ^mdJrV, odah JrV, C[mbÂ] JrV AmoX H$m CÑ{I h°& Jm`Z hr Zht daZ≤ dmXZ gß]ßYr g›X^m} H$m ^r ‡Mwa CÑ{I H$mobXmg Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ H$mobXmg gmohÀ` H{$ gmW gßJrV H{$ ^r __©k W{& H{$ gmohÀ` _{ß C[b„Y h°& """_{KXyV_' _{ß `j C¡O°Z _{ß oÒWV _hmH$mb{Ìda _o›Xa _{ß gß‹`m H$m{ _{K g{ Í$H$Z{ H$m AZwam{Y BgobE H$aVm h° oH$ dh gß‹`m gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ AmaVr _{ß ]OV{ T>m{b H$r AmdmO H{$ gmW A[Z{ Jß^ra JO©Zm{ß H$m{ o_bm H$a 1. _{KXyV_≤ AÓQ>_gJ©, b{.H$mobXmg, õm{H$ 26 [w ` bm^ ‡m· H$a gH{$& VV≤ dm⁄m{ß _{ß drUm H{$ AoVna∫$ AdZ’ dm⁄m{ß _{ß 2. 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************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 232

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‡m· hm{ßJ{ e°ojH$ —oÓQ> g{ o[N>∂S{> hwE hm{, B›h{ß h_ oZÂZ dJm~ _{ß od^∫$ H$a AbH$mam (1980), Z`ZVmam (1981), Hw$_ma (1983), H•$ÓU_yoV© gH$V{ h°, _ohbm dJ©, AZwgyoMV Edß o[N>∂S>r OmoV`m±, odH$bmßJ Ïò∫$, (1985), Z{ ‡mWo_H$ ÒVa Edß CÉ ÒVa [a AZm_mßoH$V d embm N>m{∂S>Z{ H{$ odH$Q> ^m°Jm{obH$ j{Ã, g_mO H$m oZY©Z Edß lo_H$ dJ©& AmYma [a odo^fi [hbwAm{ß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m& Ama.Q>r.B©. AoYoZ`_ 21 (E) -oH$gr X{e _{ß bm{H$VßÃr` emgZ H$r gm{Zr (1974), oMQ>Zrg (1981), Hw$bH$Ur© (1985), X{e[mßS{> g\$bVm H{$ obE OZVm H$m oeojV hm{Zm [hbr AoZdm`©Vm h°& OZVm H{$ (1992), H$mb{XŒmm (1992) Z{ dßoMV dJ© H$m{ C[b„Y e°ojH$ gwwodYmAm{ß ¤mam OZVm H{$ obE, OZVm H$m emgZ VßÃ V^r gwMmÍ$ Í$[ g{ Mb gH$Vm H{$ AmYma [a odo^fi [hbwAm{ß O°g{ Zm_mßH$Z od⁄mb` N>m{∂S>Z{, ]wo’, h° O]oH$ X{em{ß _{ß Am_ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ H$_ g{ H$_ BVZr oejm ‡m· hm{ gH{$ oH$ d{ AmajU, N>mÃmdmg AmoX H{$ AmYma [a A‹``Z H$a [m`m oH$ e°ojH$ A[Z{ AoYH$mam{ß Am°a H$Œm©Ï`m{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ Edß gßodYmZ ¤mam ‡XŒm g_Ò`mE{ß VWm gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ÒVa N>mÃm{ß H{$ Ïò∫$Àd H$m{ ‡^modV H$aV{ AoYH$mam{ß H$m CoMV ‡`m{J H$a gH{$& AV: OZdJ© H$m oeojV hm{Zm ]hwV [m`{ JE h°& OÍ$ar hm{Vm h°& Jw·m (1976), ZmJamOy (1977), aßOZ (1983), ogßh (1986), Bgr gßX^© _{ß X{e _{ß Ymam 45 (1) A‡{b 2010 g{ "oZ:ewÎH$ Am°a ogßh (1989), Z{ AmoW©H$ gm_moOH$ Í$[ g{ dßoMV H{$ AmYma [a g_Ò`mE{ß AoZdm`©' ]mb oejm AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 21 (E) bmJy hwAm& Bg Edß od⁄moW©`m{ß _{ß Ao^d•oŒm H$m A‹``Z H$a [m`m oH$ od⁄moW©`m{ _{ß AoYoZ`_ H{$ VhV J°a AZwXmZ ‡m· ‡m`d{Q> ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß dßoMV g_yh Am°a gH$mamÀ_H$ Ao^d•oŒm H$m{ [m`m J`m Wm& H$_Om{a dJ© H{$ ]Ém{ß H$m ›`yZV_ 25 ‡oVeV ‡d{e oX`{ OmZ{ H{$ gß]ßY _{ß XßXm (1985) Z{ AZwgyoMV OmoV _{ß ‡emgoZH$ g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ ‡oV ‡oH´$`m oZYm©naV H$r J`r& BgH{$ AßVJ©V dßoMV g_yh Am°a H$_Om{a dJ© _{ß ZH$mamÀ_H$ —oÓQ>H$m{U H$m{ ‡Xoe©V oH$`m& AZwgyoMV OmoV, AZwgyoMV OZOmoV, oZ:e∫$ ]É{ Edß Jar]r a{Im H{$ C[`w©∫$ em{Ym{ß H{$ [wZamdbm{H$Z g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ oejm H{$ odo^fi [hbwAm{ß ZrM{ H{$ [nadma aI{ JE h°& ‡m`d{Q> ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß, ÒHy$bm{ß H{$ [∂S>m{g H{$, C[am{∫$ O°g{ gmd©^m°o_H$aU, AZm_mßoH$V, embm N>m{∂S>Z{ dmb{, C[b„Y e°ojH$ l{Ur H{$ ]Ém{ß H$m{ ‡d{e H$r gwodYm hm{Jr& Bg_{ß [∂S>m{g H$r gr_m g{ bJ{ gwodYmAm{ß d ‡mWo_H$ ÒVa [a H$_Om{a Edß dßoMV dJ© H$r oejm d g_Ò`mAm{ß J´m_rU dmS©> VWm J´m_ hm{ßJ{& AmoX [a A‹``Z oH$E JE oHß$Vw oejm H{$ AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ (Ama.Q>r.B©.) Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ VhV ZdrZ od⁄mb`m{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm, AoVna∫$ H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ [j H{$ gßX^© H{$ ‡^md H{$ A‹``Z H{$ ob`{ [yd© _{ß H$m{B© oejH$m| H$r ^Vr© Edß AemgH$r` od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß XO© gßª`m H{$ ›`yZV_ 25 em{Y C[b„Y Z hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU na∫$Vm H$r [yoV© h{Vw em{oYH$m ¤mam oejm ‡oVeV VH$ H$_Om{a dJm} H{$ [mbH$m{ß H{$ ]Ém{ß H$r oejm [a AZwXmZ H$r AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ (Ama.Q>r.B©.) H$m{ Bg em{Y A‹``Z H{$ ob`{ oZoÌMV Ï`dÒWm H$r OmEJr& oH$`m J`m Wm& dßoMV g_yh - dßoMV H$m AW© h° aohV hm{Zm, odhrZ hm{Zm òX h_ oH$gr g_Ò`m H$WZ- Bg A‹``Z _{ß g_Ò`m H$WZ Bg ‡H$ma Wm -"Jar] d H$m{ odhrZ hm{Zm òX h_ oH$gr H$m{ odhrZ H$a X{V{ h°, Vm{ dh dßoMV hm{Vm h°& dßoMV dJ© H{$ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ oZOr od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß ‡d{e gß]ßYr Ama.Q>r.B©. (RTE) Bg g_yh _{ß AZwgyoMV OmoV, AZwgyoMV OZOmoV, od_w∫$ OmoV dZ ^yo_ AoYoZ`_ H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z g{ gß]ßoYV g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m A‹``Z&' H{$ [≈mYmar Am°a 40 ‡oVeVVm g{ AoYH$ oZ:e∫$Vm dmb{ ]É{ emo_b h°& C‘{Ì` - ‡ÒVwV em{Y H{$ oZÂZoboIV W{ - BgH{$ AßVJ©V, _mVm o[Vm H{$ ÒZ{h g{ dßoMV, emarnaH$ odH$bmßJVm, _mZogH$ 1. Ama.Q>r.B©. AoYoZ`_ g{ ‡d{oeV dßoMV Edß oZY©Z dJ© H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß odH$bmßJVm, gmßÒH•$oVH$ —oÓQ> g{ dßoMV, gm_moOH$ —oÓQ> g{ dßoMV, AmoW©H$ H{$ Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$m{ oZOr od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß AmaojV grQ>m{ß [a ‡d{e oXbmZ{ —oÓQ> g{ dßoMV AmoX& gß]ßYr H$oR>ZmB©`m{ß H$m A‹``Z& A‹``Z H$m Am°oMÀ` - ÒdVßÃ amÓQ≠> H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^maV Z{ A[Z{ ZdoZ_m©U 2. Ama.Q>r.B© AoYoZ`_ g{ ‡d{oeV dßoMV Edß oZY©Z dJ© H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ ob`{ oejm ‡gma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm H$m AZw^d oH$`m& ∑`m{ßoH$ ÒdVßÃVm H$m{ oZOr od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß e°ojH$ j{Ã _{ß AmZ{ dmbr H$oR>ZmB©`m{ß H$m ‡m· H{$ g_` 6-11 df© dmb{ W{& AV: X{e H$r amÓQ≠>r` gaH$ma Z{ ‡mWo_H$ A‹``Z H$aZm& oejm H$m{ oZ:ewÎH$ gmd©^m°o_H$ VWm AoZdm`© ]ZmZ{ H$m oZÌM` oH$`m& ›`mXe© - ‡ÒVwV em{Y H$m`© _{ß oejm H{$ AoYH$ma (RTE) H{$ AßVJ©V Edß 6-14 df© Am`w VH$ ‡À`{H$ ^maVr` ]É{ H{$ obE H$aZ{ H$m b˙` aIm oZOr od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß ‡d{oeV oZY©Z d dßoMV dJ© H{$ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ Ao^^mdH$m{ß, J`m b{oH$Z V•Vr` [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm H{$ AßV VH$ 11 df© H{$ g^r ^maVr` oejH$m{, ‡emgoZH$ ÒVa H{$ embm ‡_wIm{ß H$m M`Z C‘{Ì`[aH$ odoY ¤mam ]Ém{ß H$m{ AoZdm`© Edß oZ:ewÎH$ oejm H$m ‡]ßY AdÌ` oH$`m OmE& h_ma{ oH$`m J`m& Ama.Q>r.B©. H{$ AßVJ©V 25 ‡oVeV AmaojV ÒWmZm{ß [a Amd{oXV oejm Am`m{Jm{ß Z{ Bg [a ‹`mZ oX`m Am°a AZ{ _hÀd[yU© gwPmd oXE, dßoMV d H$_Om{a dJ© H{$ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m Wm& oejm ZroV`m{ß _{ß ^r Bg Am{a ‹`mZ oX`m Am°a AZ{H$ _hÀd[yU© gwPmd oXE, Ao^^mdH$m{ß _{ß AZwgyoMV OmoV, AZwgyoMV OZOmoV d A›` o[N>∂S>m dJ© Am°a gdm©oYH$ ‹`mZ AoZdm`© oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß oX`m J`m& oHß$Vw Bg b˙` H{$ W{& oejH$m{ß H$m M`Z-MòZV oZOr embmAm{ß _{ß ‡mWo_H$ ÒVa [a H$r ‡mo· h{Vw [nal_ H$aZm [∂S{>Jm& 1 A‡°b 2010 g{ "oZ:ewÎH$ Am°a H$m`©aV oejH$m{ß Edß ‡emgoZH$ ÒVa H{$ od⁄mb` ‡_wIm{ß H$m M`Z oZOr AoZdm`©' ]mb oejm AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 21(E) bmJy hwAm& od⁄mb`m{ß H{$ VrZ ÒVam{ß oZÂZ ÒVa, _‹`_ ÒVa, d CÉ ÒVa H{$ od⁄mb`m{ß g{ gß]ßoYV [yd© em{Ym{ß H$m oZarjU d odõ{fU H$aZ{ [a [m`m J`m oH$ oH$`m J`m Wm& oMQ>Zrg (1981, oÃ[mR>r (1981), `mXd (1981), AmMm`© (1984), C[H$aU -‡ÒVwV em{Y _{ß ‡XŒm gßH$bZ h{Vw VrZ ‡H$ma H$r ‡ÌZmdbr H$m am` (1987), E{b{Jm{dZ (1989) Z{ ‡mWo_H$ oejm H{$ gmd©^m°o_H$aU C[`m{J oH$`m J`m Wm- H{$ ‡^md H$m{ ‡emgoZH$ ÒVa [a b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$r oejm Am°a Ao^^mdH$ d Ao^^mdH$ g_Ò`m ‡ÌZmdbr & od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ ob`{ ZH$mamÀ_H$ [m`m J`m& oejH$ g_o[©V od⁄mWr© g_Ò`m ‡ÌZmdbr & Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. 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‡emgoZH$ g_Ò`m AmYmnaV gmjmÀH$ma ‡ÌZmdbr & C[bo„Y _{ß ]mYH$ [mE OmV{ h°& ‡XŒm odõ{fU - ‡ÒVwV em{Y _{ß ‡XŒmm{ß H{$ odõ{fU h{Vw oejH$ g_o[©V 8. ‡emgH$m{ß Z{ _mZm H$r Ama.Q>r.B©. _{ß ‡d{oeV ]mbH$m{ß _{ß oejU g_Ò`m, od⁄mWr© g_Ò`m ‡ÌZmdbr H{$ ‡XŒmm{ß H$m odõ{fU Amd•oŒm VWm ‡oVeV CÉmaU _{ß H$_r, ‡{ofV gyMZmAm{ß H$m{ g_P Z [mZm, [r.Q>r.E. _{ß Z O]oH$ Ao^^mdH$ d ‡emgoZH$ g_Ò`m AmYmnaV ‡ÌZmdbr g{ ‡m· AmZm, AmoX W{& ‡XŒmmm{ß H$m odf` dÒVw odõ{fU VXw[amßV ‡oVeV JUZm ¤mam oH$`m J`m& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- A‹``Z H{$ oZÂZ oZÓH$f© ‡m· hwE - 1. AJ´dmb O{.gr. Edß Jw·m Eg : ^maVr` _m‹`o_H$ oejm H$r 21dt 1. Ao^^mdH$m{ß ¤mam Ama.Q>r.B©. H{$ ‡d{e g{ gß]ßoYV Hw$N> H$oR>ZmB©`m± eVm„Xr _{ß oXÏ` Xe©Z; oe‡m [o„bH{$e›g, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 2011 ‡_wI [m`r J`r - O°g{ `m{OZm H{$ ‡Mma H$m A^md, AoYH$mna`m{ß H$m 2. A.h. odZm{X Hw$_ma : ^maVr` oejU H$m [na—Ì`; gwoMV BßQ>a‡mBO{g, —oÓQ>H$m{U, Ag_mZ na∫$ grQ{>ß, A`m{Ω` `m A‡oeojV H$_©Mmar Om{ ZB© oXÑr, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 2008 `m{OZm H$m bm^ CR>mZ{ _{ß ]mYH$ Wr& 3. oH$gb` eaX{›Xw Eßd ‡gmX Jm{odßX : ^maV _{ß oejm H$m odH$mg 2. Ao^^mdH$m{ß ¤mam Hw$N> gwPmd H$oR>ZmB©`m{ß h{Vw oX`{ J`{ O°g{- gmohÀ` ‡H$meZ, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 2006 `m{OZmAm{ß H$m AoYH$ ‡Mma ‡gma, gab ‡oH´$`m, A›` H$jmAm{ß _{ß 4. ZmQ>mUr Zmam`U ‡H$me : oejm VWm CXr`_mZ ^maVr` g_mO ‡d{e AmoX oOgg{ Ama.Q>r.B©. `m{OZm _{ß gwYma oH$`m Om gH{$& _m`m ‡H$meZ _ßoXa O`[ya ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 2010 3. oejH$m{ß ¤mam ]Vm`m J`m oH$ Ama.Q>r.B©. _{ß ‡d{oeV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ 5. [m S{>` am_gH$b : ZB© oejm ZroV, AJ´dmb [o„bH{$eZ, [wZ: _wo–V grIZ{ g{ gß]ßoYV H$oR>ZmB©`m{ß H$m{ CÉ ÒVa [a [m`m J`m h°& BZ_{ß gßÒH$aU 2007 gdm©oYH$ Í$[ g{ ^mfm H$r g_Ò`m H$m{ [m`m J`m Wm& 6. e_m© [r.S>r. : ^maVr g_mO _{ß oejm, lr odZm{X [wÒVH$ _ßoXa AmJam, 4. oejH$m| ¤mam H$hm J`m oH$ BZ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ grIZ{ _{ß _Zm{d°kmoZH$ ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 2007 H$maU ]mYH$ hm{V{ h°& oOgg{ ]mbH$ Òd`ß H$m{ EH$mJ´ Zht H$a [mV{ h°& 7. oÃ[mR>r _YwgyXZ : AmYwoZH$ ^maVr` g_mO _{ß oejm, Am{_{Jm 5. Ama.Q>r.B©. _{ß ‡d{oeV ]mbH$m{ß H$m{ odf`m{ß H$r oejU oH´$`mÀ_H$Vm _{ß [o„bH{$eZ ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 2007& [a{emZr H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& BZ ]mbH$m{ß H$m{ oboIV H$m`© Edß 8. Buch H.B. : Third Survey of research in education 1978- AßJ´{Or odf` _{ß H$B© ‡H$ma H{$ H$m`© H$aZ{ _{ß Òd`ß H$m{ AghO _hgyg 83 H$aV{ h°& 9. Buch H.B. : Fourth Survey of research in education vol 6. oejH$m{ß H$m _mZZm h° oH$ Ama.Q>r.B©. ‡d{oeV ]mbH$ [mR>Á ghJm_r II 1983-1988 oH´$`mAm{ß Edß [mR>Á{Œmma oH´$`mAm{ß _{ß o_br Owbr ‡oH´$`m H$m{ Xem©V{ h¢& 10. Buch H.B. : Fifth Survey of Reaserch in education vol I 7. _mVm o[Vm H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV, Edß CZH$r e°ojH$ `m{Ω`Vm ^r e°ojH$ and II.

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]mobH$m oejm H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ H{$ ob`{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ `m{OZmAm{ß H$r ^yo_H$m

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Amdmgr` o]Ó H$m{g© - ode{f ‡oejU h{Vw ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ obE oZ:ewÎH$ gm`H$b odVaU `m{OZm - H$jm 5 [yU© H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX H$jm 6 _{ß ‡d{e [R>Z-[mR>Z H$r gwodYm C[b„Y H$amB© OmVr h° ]mobH$mEß oZYm©naV XjVm b{Z{ dmbr VWm 8 [yU© H$a H$jm 9 _{ß ‡d{e b{Z{ dmbr E{gr ]mobH$m oOZH{$ AoO©V H$a embm _{ß XO© hm{H$a A[Zr ‡maoÂ^H$ oejm [yU© H$aVr h°& J´m_ _{ß oejm gwodYm Zht> h°, H$m{ [mg H$r embm _{ß AmZ{ OmZ{ H{$ obE N>mÃd•oV `m{OZm - N>mÃd•oV `m{OZm AßVJ©V H$jm EH$ g{ Xg VH$ XO© oZ:ewÎH$ gm`H$b Xr OmVr h°& gm`H$b H{$ obE emgZ ¤mam oZYm©naV g_ÒV AOm, AOOm H{$ ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m{ dmof©H$ N>mÃd•oV Xr OmVr h° H$jm amoe gß]oYV H{$ ]¢H$ ImV{ _{ß O_m H$r OmVr h° Bg ‡H$ma ]mobH$m oejm H$m{ 6-8 _{ß XO© gm_m›` Edß o[N>∂S>m dJ© H$r ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m{ H$›`m oZY©Z ]∂S>mdm X{Z{ H{$ obE gd© oejm Ao^`mZ AßVJ©V odo^fi `m{OZmEß bmJy H$r N>mÃd•oV Xr OmVr h°& A.Om. Edß A.O.Om. H{$ ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m{ H$›`m JB©& oOZH{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m Zm_mßH$Z Edß od⁄mb` _{ß R>hamd _{ß ‡m{ÀgmhZ `m{OZm AßVJ©V N>mÃd•oV Xr OmVr h°& b∂mS>br b˙_r `m{OZmVßJ©V A^yV[yd© d•o’ hwB©& dV©_mZ oÒWoV _{ß ‡À`{H$ J´m_ _{ß eV‡oVeV ]mobH$mEß ‡X{e _{ß _mh A‡°b 2007 g{ b∂mS>br b˙_r `m{OZm oH´$`mßodV h°& 1 OZdmar od⁄mb` _{ß XO© hm{H$a A[Zr ‡maoÂ^H$ oejm g_ÒV `m{OZmAm{ß H$m bm^ 2006 H{$ ]mX O›_r ]mobH$mEß oOZH{$ _mVm o[Vm Am`H$a XmVm Z hm{ VWm b{H$a [yU© H$a ahr h{& Xm{ ]Ém{ß [a [nadma oZ`m{OZ H$am`m J`m hm{& òX ]mobH$m AZmW hm{ Vm{ Cg{ 30000 hOma Í$[`{ H{$ amÓQ≠>r` ]MV [Ã Bg `m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V ‡XmZ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- oH$E OmV{ h°& 1. Ïò∫$JV em{Y$ H{$ AmYma [a &

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A Comparative Study Of Locus Of Control And Personality Characteristics Of Residential And Non Residential Schools Of Udaipur Region

Seema Gurjar* Gajender Sharma**

Abstract - The main purpose of the investigation was to compare the locus of control and personality characteristic of Residential and Non Residential Schools of Udaipur district of Rajasthan. A sample of 30 students of XII class was selected from 10 schools(05 Residential +05 Non Residential) of Udaipur District.100 students from Residential. schools and 100 students from Non Residential Schools were taken for the study. Locus of Control constructed by Rotter(1966).Locus of Control generally refers to the mechanism through which individuals determine or do not determine their actions and behavioral controls.Aziz and Agnihotri’s Introversion Extroversion Inventory (IEI) has been used to measure the personality characteristics. Mean, S.D. And‘t’ value were used for analysis of data. Significant difference has not been found regarding Personality Characteristics of students between Residential and Non Residential Schools. Keywords :- Locus of Control, Personality Characteristics. Introduction - Education today has been considered as and antagonistic towards others. It is also a measure of the most powerful tool for the development of a nation and one’s trusting and helpful nature. Neuroticism also refers its citizens. The impact of good educational environment in to the degree of emotional stability and impulse control and the development of personality and Locus of Control hardly is sometimes referred to by its low emotional stability. need to be emphasized. Studies till date have proved that Wolfe (2011) Past studies have shown that internal the students who receive parental love, conducive home and locus of control is closely linked to positive outcomes in school environment, proper care and facilities during his life, such as sport performance, job performance, happi- impressionable period of life helps to develop both cognitive ness, & socio-economic status. To understand the relati and non cognitive competence in his/her future life. -onship between locus of control and academic success Locus of Control is a cognitive style or personality trait at the college level, freshmen psychology students at the characterized by a generalized expectancy about the University of Minnesota Duluth (UMD) were first tested relationship between behavior & the subsequent occurrence using Rotter’s Locus of Control Inventory Scale, then of reinforcement in the form of reward and punishment. performed a task, and finally completed a follow-up survey. People with internal locus of control tend to expect them to The hypothesis for this study was that locus of control be the consequences of chance, luck, fate, or the actions orientation will change over time from pre-test locus of of powerful others. Between these two extremes lies a control scores to post-test locus of control scores depending continuum of intermediate cognitive styles Rotter also on the quality of feedback received on the post-test. provided the internal external scale to measure it andcalled Reactions to the feedback quality (positive, negative,or Internal-External control of reinforcement. neutral) willbe distinguished to determine whether positive Personality characteristics of a person includes five & negative feedback has differential effects on locus of broad domains or dimensions as Openness, conscientious- control. Results indicate that locus of control orientation did ness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. not change based on the quality of post-test feedback. Openness reflects the degree of intellectual curiosity, Studies of McCandle and Evans(1973) revealed that creativity and a preference for novelty and variety a person students who were low achievers had poor relationship with has. Conscientiousness is a tendency to show self their parents.Fraser(1958)and Straman (1979) also discipline, act dutifully and aim for achievement planned concluded that encouragement given by parents helps the rather than spontaneous behavior organized and dependable. children to surpass the limits circumscribed by his Extraversion refers to energy, positive emotions, assertion, intelligence. Singh and Gill (1984) have also reported sociability and tendency to see stimulations in company of academic achievements are also affected by parental others and talkativeness. Agreeableness means a tendency relationship.Therefore the encouragement is an important to be compassionate and cooperate rather than suspicious factor in the personality make up of a student. Difference * Professor, Pacific Physical Education College, Udaipur (Rajasthan) INDIA ** Research Scholar, Pacific Physical Education College,Udaipur (Rajasthan) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 238 observed in the performance students studying in dual (Govt. difference between XII class students of Residential and Non as well as Non Govt. schools) system may involve many Residential Schools in relation to Locus of Control is factors like Self concept, Academic stress, scholastic accepted. achievement and no personality Characteristics. Prior Table 2 (See in next page) literature has shown that much has not been really achieved It is evident from the Table No. 2 that the obtained t in this area in India. Twelfth standard in schooling stage is value was found to be equal to1.15, which is less than table always considered to be a very crucial stage in student’s value so not significant at two levels of significance (.01 and life. So an attempt has been made in this study to investigate .o5).It mean students of XII class do not differ significantly their Locus of Control and Personality Characteristics. with reference to their personality characteristics . Hence Objectives Of The Study - The following objectives have the research null hypothesis that students of XII Class do been formed for the purpose of the study: not differ significantly in relation to their personality 1. To compare theLocus of Controlof Xll class students of characteristics is accepted. Residential and Non Residential Schools. Major Analysis Of The Study - After analysis of tabulated 2. To make a comparative study of personality data the investigator found out the following major findings. characteristics of XII class students of Residential and 1. There is no significant difference between XII Class Non Residential Schools. students of Residential schools and students of Non Hypotheses - To carry out the study smoothly the following Residential Schools in relation to Locus of Control. null hypothesis are formed. 2. There is no significant difference in relation to personality 1. There is no significant difference between XII class characteristics of XII Class students of Residential students of Residential Schools and Students of Non schools and students of Non Residential Schools. Residential Schools in relation to Locus of Control . Conclusion - It is concluded from the study undertaken 2. There is no significant difference in relation to that there doesn’t matters student is studying in a residential personality characteristics between XII class students school or non residential schools. locus of controland of Residential and Non Residential Schools. personality characteristics of xii class students do not Research Design & Methodology - The study was change with the place of study. therefore, residentialschools conducted through descriptive survey method of research as well as non residential school should be provided with as it is most suitable for the present study. more conductive environment for learning. teachers should Sample - A sample of 200 students of XII class was selected have to provide academic facilities to culminate in the from 10schools(05 residential +05 non residential) of udaipur student’s positive attitudinal modernity. so that they can district.100 students from residentialschools and 100 achieve better adaptation to their environment, get clarity of students from non residential schools were taken for the vision, tenacity of purpose & strength of will. study. students selected on the basis of randomized References :- technique of sampling from different residential and non 1. Bhagirathi, S.E.(2011).Relationship of anxiety and residential schools. achievement motivation to goal keeping among Research Tool - Locus of control constructed by secondary school level girl hockey players. Journal rotter(1966).locus of control generally refers to the mechanism of exercise science and physiotherapy, vol. 4, no. 2: through which individuals determine or do not determine their 115- actions and behavioral controlsaziz and agnihotri’s 2. Karad,P.L (November 2010). Gender Differences in introversion extroversion inventory (iei) has been used to Personality Characteristics of Kabaddi Players. measure the personality characteristics. Variorum, Multi- Disciplinary e-Research Journal, Vol.- Collection Of Data - Collection of data was done by 01, Issue-II. investigator by personally meeting with students and 3. McKelvie, Stuart J.; Lemieux, Patrice and Stout, Dale distributing the questionnaire by giving important directions. (2003). Extraversion a proper rapport was established to collect the pertinent 4. and Neuroticism in Contact Athletes, No Contact data. Athletes and Non-athletes: Analysis Of Data - The collected data was analyzed by 5. A Research Note. Athletic Insight The Online Journal using both descriptive and inferential statistics mean standard of Sport Psychology, deviation, standard error of the difference between 6. Volume 5, Issue 3. independent means and‘t’ test was used for data analysis. 7. Watson, A. E., & Pulford, B. D. (2004). Personality Table 1 (See in next page) differences in high risk It is evident from the table -1 that the obtained t value 8. sports amateurs and instructors. Perceptual and Motor was found to be equal to0.49, which is less than table value Skills, 99, 83-94. so not significant at .05 level. It means that students of XII 9. Wolfe, Jessica F. (2011). The effects of perceived class of Residential and Non Residential schools. do not success or failure on locus of control orientation in differ significantly in relation to their Locus of Control. Hence college students. Spring Journal of Psychology. the research null hypothesis that there is no significance Volume 4. Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 239

Table 1 : Comparison of Locus of Control of XII class students Residential of and Non Residential Schools

GROUP N MEAN SD ‘t’ Significance Residential School Students 100 37.20 8.42 0.49 NS Non Residential schools.Students 100 34.60 6.53 Here N-Number of Students,SD-Standard Deviation, t- t value, S- Significant.

Table 2 : Significance of Difference in Mean Scores of Personality Characteristics of Students of XII Class of Residential and Non. Residential schools

GROUP N MEAN SD ‘t’ Significance Residential School Students 100 12.00 12.25 1.15 NS Non Residential schools Students 100 10.02 12.06 Here N-Number of Students,SD-Standard Deviation, df-Degree Of Freedom, t- t value, NS- Not Significant.

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 240

The Right to Life of Foetus

Dr. Narendra Sharma *

Introduction - “Everyone has the right to life, liberty and liability on the Government. It is also a part of the cultural security of person” Universal Declaration of Human and social awareness of the society. Makers of Constitution Rights, Article 3 framers it with the awareness and responsibility that people “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty must be protected against misuse of power by the except according to procedure established by law” Article Government. Constitution provided the Fundamental Rights 21 of the Indian Constitution in Part-III where under the guarantee of right to life and Killing of girl foetus and infanticide or the murder of personal liberty. It is most precious rights which are enshrined children because they are female, is of growing concern in in Article 21 of the Constitution. contemporary society worldwide. This violation of a girl’s An unusual view is formed by the judiciary for the unborn basic right to life requires urgent attention and action. The and young children democracy. The judiciary, guardian of following report, drafted by members of the Working Group the Constitution gave a restrictive interpretation and limited on the Girl Child (part of the NGO Committee on the Status the scope of the right to life. As the child grows and become of Women in Geneva), focuses on two main areas: the right older, the law started providing favourable conditions for its to be born (female foeticide) and the right to live (girl healthy growth with the right to Life and Personal Liberty. infanticide). The Working Group recognizes these two areas Decision in Maneka Gandhi’s Vs Union of India3 case as being of particular importance in the education of the and cases thereafter gave a new dimension to Article 21. concerned societies. This report also identifies many of the In India, causing abortion is an offence Under Section root causes of girl infanticide in the private and public sphere 312 of IPC, 1860. Killing of foetus or girl foetus, in the view of of society, thus identifying specific actions to be taken. people, is a moral issue, but it is also a constitutional issue. The publication and presentation of this report is to It is a woman’s right to choose what she does with her body, occurs with the 51st Session of the Commission on the and it should not be altered or influenced by anyone else. Status of Women meeting in New York1 focusing on the As rights of girl has an absolute freedom to conceive a child “Elimination of all forms of discrimination and violence against but after she exercises this freedom, termination of foetus the girl child”. This is hoped that this report will serve as an becomes an offence under IPC sec 312. educational and working tool for civil society, social In 1971, the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act was entrepreneurs, other NGOs and the interfaith community to passed to provide for the termination of certain pregnancies help them to speak out against girl infanticide and killing of by registered medical practitioners and for matters connected girl foetus. therewith or incidental thereto. This Act Permits abortion/ Girl infanticide and killing of girl foetus has crept into killing of foetus subject to conditions laid down in the Act Indian society like never before. With the advancements in itself. “Section 3(2) provides: medical science helping to quicken the pace of foeticide, Subject to the provisions of sub-section (4), a pregnancy thousands of girls are denied the right to be born. may be terminated by a registered medical practitioner,- “There is not any right like freedom, equality, full human a) Where the length of the pregnancy does not exceed dignity, survival and personhood possible for women until twelve weeks, such medical practitioner is, or they belief confidently and demand control over their own b) Where the length of the pregnancy exceeds twelve bodies and reproductive process. The right to have killing of weeks, but does not exceed twenty weeks, if not less girl foetus is not matter of individual conscience and than two medical practitioners are, of opinion in good conscious choice for the women concerned.”2 faith, that - Right to life and freedom of pregnant women is connected i) The continuance of the pregnancy would involve a risk with right to born of girl or boy foetus. Right to Life and to the life of the pregnant women, or of grave injury to Personal Liberty is the most precious, regarded as too her physical or mental health; or important, unable to be taken away and it is fundamental ii) There is a substantial risk that if the child where born, it right of citizens. Guarantee of Life and Personal Liberty is would suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities * Guest faculty, Govt. Law College, Ujjain (M.P.) INDIA Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 241 as to be seriously handicapped. Constitution guarantees right to life and personal liberty to Explanation 1 - Where any pregnancy is alleged by the all, it implies that even the unborn child has the right to life pregnant woman to have been caused by rape, the anguish under Article 21. However, it has other aspect as well i.e. caused by such pregnancy shall be presumed to constitute the choice to rear and bear children or not should essentially a grave injury to the mental health of the pregnant woman. belong to the women concerned if Article 21 has to have any Explanation 2 - Where any pregnancy occurs as a result of meaning for them. failure of any device or method used by any married woman Nikita metha and Haresh metha case - In a judgement or her husband for the purpose of limiting the number of that could have far reaching implications for the abortion children, the anguish caused by such unwanted pregnancy debate in India, the Mumbai High Court, denied permission may be resumed to constitute a grave injury to the mental to a woman who wanted to abort her 25 week old unborn health of the pregnant woman.”4 child, saying the law does not permit such late-term “The classification of pregnant women as married and abortions. unmarried violets the equality clause enshrined in Article 14 The High Court said that it was up to Parliament and of the constitution of India.”5 The Supreme Court held in not the court to change the provisions of Indian law, known savita samvedi Vs union of India6 that differentiation based as the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, which on marital status is wholly unfair, unreasonable and gender- specifies that an abortion after 20 weeks can only take place biased and is violation of the equality clause of the if the mother faces a grave medical risk. constitution. Should an unborn baby have the right to life? The recent verdict by the Mumbai High Court turning What if the baby is diagnosed with a terminal illness? How down the plea of a mother to abort her 25-week-old foetus about if the woman has an unplanned pregnancy? Many bears the imprint of the golden rule applied by successive people ask these same questions about the right to life or judicial decisions maintaining the unborn child’s right to death. life. Yet the case of Niketa Mehta has thrown open an area In our country the right to abort or kills deformed, of debate that should the right of a woman to abort as part of abnormal foetus or girl foetus is recognised only till the 20th her right to privacy clash with that of an unborn child’s right week of pregnancy. After this period no pregnancy can be to life, which is to prevail. The Indian courts have generally terminated except on the ground of mother life is in danger. attached a moral outlook towards abortion being an act A woman’s rights over her body do not give her right to Killing against ethics. Court decision dated Aug. 4, 2008, D. Dr. of foetus or girl foetus. The right to life that everyone takes Nikhil Datar, Gynaecologist, Mr. Haresh metha and Mrs. for granted should be extended to the unborn. Killing of foetus Nikita metha Vs Union of India (UOI).7 or girl foetus is a practice that should be prohibited because Decision of two-judge Bench of the Supreme Court in it basically amounts to murder. A middleaged person, a Jacob George vs State of Kerala8 where the punishment teenager, and an unborn baby are all in stages of human to a doctor who aborted a foetus was upheld. Quoting a life. Unborn babies need to be recognised as persons. The hymn from Rig Veda II celebrating life, the judges remarked, taking of an innocent, defenseless human life is unacceptable “Life is beyond price and it is not only a legal wrong, but a and morally wrong. There is no morally relevant difference moral sin as well to take away life illegally.” This perception between deliberately killing a human being who has been remained with the lawmakers while drafting the Indian Penal born and deliberately killing a human being who is still in the Code inserting Section 312 making abortion punishable. womb. In Prakash & Ors vs Arun Kumar Saini & Anr in the A foetus’s right to life outweighs the parents’ rights to High Court of Delhi9 “This appeal involves an important wealth, pride, or convenience, whether the foetus is male or question as to whether an unborn child in womb should be female. The term “sex selective abortion” is preferable to the considered at par with a minor child. term foeticide, since it points to both of the ethical evils An unborn child aged five months onwards in the inherent in this practice. mother’s womb till its birth can be treated as equal to a Killing of girl foetus is not only denies the girl child her child in existence. The unborn child to whom the live birth most basic human right “the right to be born” but it also never comes can be held to be a ‘person’ who can be the turns women into silent victims. Scientific evidence has subject of an action for damages for his death. As already shown that mothers who have been put under pressure to stated above a person means a human being regarded as kill their baby girls remain deeply hurt and injured for the an individual and an individual’s body: concealed on his rest of their lives as they cannot forget their own offspring. person’. Therefore, human foetus to which personhood could The reasons for not allowing Killing of girl foetus on be attributed was also destroyed in the accident in the instant demand are more than one including the subservient status case; had the accident not occurred the unborn child would of the women in society where she may be forced to abort have survived and seen the light of the day.” The above against her will and the health of the women. But these are decision shows that high court of Delhi considers child in not the only reason. The life and liberty of the born and unborn the womb as person so right to life under article 21 is his/ is also one of the compelling reasons for not allowing killing her right. of foetus after certain period. It is argued that since Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 242

Bhawaribai Vs New India Assurance Co. Ltd.10 2. Betty Friedman, “Abortion: A women’s Civil Right.” (Karnataka High Court) –The claimant suffered abortion on Keynote Speech, First account of the accident. The Karnataka High Court 3. National Conference for Repeal of Abortion Laws; considered the death of foetus in womb at par with death of Chicago 111, February a minor. The findings of the Court are as under: - “In the 4. 14, 1969. case of abortion and death of foetus in the womb should be 5. AIR 1978 SC 579 considered on par with the case of a death of a minor.” 6. Government of India 1971. the medical termination of Reference : - pregnancy act (Act No. 34 of 1971) section 3 1. Child Right in India - Asha Bajpai 7. The medical termination of pregnancy act, 1971 A 2. The Medical termination - Government of India Of doctrinal anachronism Pregnancy Act, 1971 8. discounted by society by varsha Jalan and Vivek bajoria (ACT No. 34 of 1971) AIR 2009 journal 3. Indian Constitution - J.N. Panday 9. page 131 4. Indian Penal Code - K.D. Gaur 10. (1996) 2 SCC 380 5. Legal aspects of pregnancy - J.V.N. Jaiswal, Delivery 11. W.P. (L) No. 1816 of 2008 (Bombay High Court) & abortion 12. 1994 SCC (3) 430, JT 1994 (3) 225) 6. Sex-selective abortion in - Tulsi Patel, India 13. MAC.APP.No.602/2009 Footnote :- 14. 2006ACJ208 1. 26 February to 9 March 2007

************* Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 243 [`m©daU gßajU H{$ odoYH$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H$m [na—Ó` Edß gdm}É ›`m`mb` H$r ^yo_H$m- ([m{fUr` odH$mg H$r AdYmaUm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß)

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I 245 gdm}É ›`m`mb` Z{ XO©Zm{ oZX}e oX`{ h°&dV©_mZ _{ß ›`m`m[mobH$mîî g{ H$_ joV H{$ gmW AmoW©H$ odH$mg gß^d hm{ gH{$Jm VWm joVJ´ÒV ›`mo`H$ goH´$`Vm îH{$ _m‹`_ g{ [`m©daU gßajU d ‡Xwf m oZdmaU Am°a [`m©daU H$m{ [wZ: gßVwobV H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ A[{ojV C[Mma H{$ ‡`mg ^r oZ`ßÃU H$r oXem _ßß{ ‡^mdH$mar H$m`© H$a ahr h°& oH$`{ Om gH{$J{ß& gmW hr, ^mdr [ro∂T>`m{ß H{$ ob`{ gßgmYZm{ß H{$ gmW-gmW em{Y H{$ A[{ojV [na_mU H$r [woÓQ>-[woÓQ> H$r ‡À`mfm _ß{ ‡mH$Î[Zm H$r ÒdÒW Edß ‡XyfU aohV [`m©daU ^r ‡XmZ oH$`m Om gH{$Jm& J`r Wr oH$- dV©_mZ _ßß{ [`m©daU Edß odH$mg H{$ _‹` gßVwbZ h{Vw [m{fUr` gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- odH$mg H$r AdYmaUm H$m oH´$`m›d`Z AmdÌ`H$ h°, oOgH$r [woÓQ> hm{ ahr 1. Xw]{ Aaod›X Hw$_ma: [`m©daU odoY, g{›Q≠>b bm∞ [o„bH{$e›g, h° (—ÓQ>Ï`-gmaUr-1)& AV: AmO "[m{fUr` odH$mg' H$r AdYmaUm H{$ Bbmhm]mX& oH´$`m›d`Z H$r AÀòYH$ AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& 2. C[m‹`m` S>m∞ . O{.O{.Ama.: [`m©daU odoY, g{›Q≠>b bm∞ EO{›gr, gwPmd-[m{fUr` odH$mg H{$ b˙` ‡m· h{Vw oZ.ob. C[m`m{ß H$m{ A[Zm`{ Bbmhm]mX& OmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°- BgH{$ ob`{ g]g{ [hb{ h_{ß [`m©daU H{$ AZwHy$b 3. [r.S>r. _{œ`y, \$m{a EZÒ`m{oZßJ E g{\$ EZdmà_{ßQ> bm∞ AJ{›ga ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$m{ odH$ogV H$aZm [∂S{>Jm, V^r ^mdr [ro∂T>`m{ß H$m ôdÓ` [mÎ`wgZ, BßoS>`Z gm{eb BßoÒQ>Q>ÁyQ>, ZB© oXÑr, 2006. gwIX Am°a gwaojV ah [mEJm& amÓQ≠>o[Vm _hmÀ_m JmßYr H$m ^r Ò[ÓQ> odMma 4. aMZm, _.‡. oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r& Wm oH$- “`Mother nature has enough to fullfill everyones and 5. amÓQ≠>r` ghmam, A∑Qy>]a 4, 2015. technology can end it” [m{fUr` odH$mg H{$ obE oejm Am°a OmJÍ$H$Vm 6. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, oXgÂ]a 15, 2015. ^r AmdÌ`H$ h°& [`m©daU joV H$m{ am{H$Z{ H{$ obE amÓQ≠>r` d A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` 7. OmJaU, AJÒV 31, 2016. ÒVa [a AmdÌ`H$ H$mZyZ ]ZmE OmEß Am°a BZH$m oH´$`m›d`Z [yar 8. ZB© XwoZ`m, AJÒV 31, 2016. [maXoe©Vm Am°a gªVr H{$ gmW oH$`m OmE& AmO AmdÌ`H$Vm Bg ]mV H$r 9. _OXya o]Jwb, OZdar 23, 2016. h° oH$ d°H$oÎ[H$ D$Om© Úm{Vm{ß H$m AoYH$moYH$ C[`m{J hm{, AmJ}oZH$ I{Vr Case-law :- Am°a d›Òrd gßajU H$m{ ]∂T>mdm oX`m OmE& Ob gßajU, dZ gßajU Edß 1. d°bm{a ogQ>rO›g d{b\{$à \$m{a_ ]Zm_ `woZ`Z Am∞\$ BßoS>`m, dZmam{[U [a Om{a oX`m OmE& gaH$ma H$m{ MmohE oH$ dh [`m©daU gßajU E.AmB©.Ama. 1996 Eg, gr. 2715. H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ ZroV`m± ]ZmH$a oH´$`mo›dV H$a{ oOgg{ gwoZ`m{oOV 2. E.AmB©.Ama. 1996 Eg.gr. 1446. [m{fUr` odH$mg H$r AdYmaUm H$m{ gmH$ma oH$`m Om gH{$& 3. E_.gr. _{hVm ]Zm_ ^maV gßK (1991)2 gw.H$m{. H{$g{O 353. oZÓH$f© - AV: AmO "[m{fUr` odH$mg' H$r AdYmaUm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z 4. E_.gr. _{hVm ]Zm_ ^maV gßK (1997)2 gw.H$m{. H{$g{O 353. H$r AÀòYH$ AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, Bgg{ [`m©daU Am°a [mnaoÒWoVH$r H$r H$_ 5. Í$ab oboQ>J{eZ E S> E Q>mBoQ>b_{›Q> H{$›– X{hamXyZ ]Zm_ CŒma ‡X{e am¡` E.AmB©.Ama.1988 Eg. gr 2187.

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O] ›`m`mb`, ¤mam ‡oVH$a H{$ obE og\$mnae H$r OmVr h° Vm{ oObm amoe, oXbm`r Om gH{$Jr& odoYH$ g{dm ‡moYH$aU `m am¡` odoYH$ g{dm ‡moYH$aU, O°gr ^r 4. eara _{ß ÒWm`r oZ:e∫$Vm 40 ‡oVeV g{ AoYH$ hm{Z{ Ohm± [ro∂S>V oÒWoV hm{ C[Ymam 1 _|$ oZoX©ÓQ> `m{OZm H{$ AYrZ ‡XmZ oH$`{ OmZ{ Am` AoO©V H$aVm hm{ AoYH$V_ È. 2..00 bmI Edß Am` AoO©V Z dmb{ ‡oVH$a H$r _mÃm odoZÌM` H$a{Jm& H$aVm hm{ dhm± È. 1.00 bmI VH$ ‡oVH$a amoe oXbm`r Om gH{$Jr& 3. òX odMmaU ›`m`mb` odMmaU H{$ oZÓH$f© [a gßVwÓQ> hm{ H$r Ymam 5. ]bmÀH$ma H$m{ N>m{∂S>H$a A›` Am[amoYH$ KQ>Zm _{ß _ohbm H$r ‡OZZ 357 H{$ AoYoZoU©V ‡oVH$a E{g{ [wZdm©g H{$ obE [`m©· Zht h°, `m j_Vm H$r ÒWm`r joV hm{Z{ [a AoYH$V_ È. 1.50 bmI VH$ ‡oVH$a Ohmß _m_b{ Xm{f_w∫$ `m CZ_m{MZ _{ß g_m· hm{V{ h°, Am°a AmhV≤ H$m{ amoe oXbm`r Om gH{$Jr& [wZdm©ogV H$aZm hm{Vm h°, Vm{ dh ‡oVH$a H{$ obE og\$mnae H$a gH$Vm 6. [ro∂S>V H{$ eara H{$ _hÀd[yU© ^mJ [a Jß^ra Mm{Q> AWdm eÎ` oH´$`m h°& H$r ÒWoV _{ß Ohm± [ro∂S>V Am` AoO©V H$aVm hm{ AoYH$V_ È. 50 4. Ohmß A[amYr H$m [Vm Zht bJm `m [hMmZm Zht J`m, oHß$Vw AmhV≤ hOma VH$ Edß Am` AoO©V Z H$aVm hm{ dhm± AoYH$V_ È. 25 hOma [hMmZm J`m h° Am°a Ohmß odMmaU Zhr hwAm h°, Vm{ AmhV≤ `m AmolV, VH$ ‡oVH$a amoe oXbm`r Om gH{$Jr& am¡` `m oObm odoYH$ g{dm ‡oYH$aU H$m{ ‡oVH$a ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 4.455 (2016) October to December 2017 Vo. I 248

7. gm_yohH$ ]bmÀH$ma H$r oÒWVr _{ß AoYH$V_ È. 3.00 bmI VH$ CÑ{IZr` h° oH$ C∫$ g^r _m_bm{ß _{ß [ro∂S>V H$m{ ‡oVH$a amoe H{$ gmW ‡oVH$a amoe oXbm`r Om gH{$Jr& hr emgH$r` oMoH$Àgmb` _{ß oZ:ewÎH$ oMoH$Àgm oXbmE OmZ{ H{$ ‡mdYmZ 8. Ad`ÒH$ ]Ém{ß H{$ gmW b¢oJH$ A[amY H{$ _m_b{ _{ß AoYH$V_ È. ^r h¢& 2.00 bmI VH$ ‡oVH$a amoe oXbm`r Om gH{$Jr& C∫$ odoYH$ ‡mdYmZm{ß Edß ‡oVH$a `m{OZm H{$ gß]ßY _{ß `h ^r 9. EogS> AQ{>H$ g{ Hw$È[Vm 40 ‡oVeV g{ AoYH$ hm{Z{ [a [ro∂S>V H$m{ _hÀd[yU© h° oH$ _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ CZH{$ AoYH$mam{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÈH$ oH$`m OmE AoYH$V_ È. 3.00 bmI VH$ oOg_{ß È. 1.00 bmI, gyMZm oXZmßH$ V^r CÀ[ro∂S>V _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ›`m` H$r H$Î[Zm gmH$ma hm{Jr& H{$ 15 oXdg H{$ AßXa Edß e{f amoe 2.00 È. bmI Xm{ _mh H{$ AßXa gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ ‡oVH$a H{$ È[ _{ß oXbm`{ Om gH{$J{ß & 1. S>m∞. EZ. dr.[amßO[{ odoY emÛ Edß odoY H{$ og’mßV & 10. EogS> AQ°H$ g{ Hw$È[Vm 40 ‡oVeV g{ H$_ hm{Z{ [a [ro∂S>V H$m{ 2. S>m∞. O` Zmam`U [m S{> ^maV H$m gßodYmZ & AoYH$V_ È. 1.50 bmI VH$ oOg_{ß 50 hOma È. gyMZm oXZmßH$ 3. S>m∞. EZ. dr. [amßO[{ A[amY emÛ Edß XßS> ‡emgZ & H{$ 15 oXdg H{$ AßXa Edß e{f amoe Xm{ _mh H{$ AßXa ‡oVH$a H{$ È[ 4. S>m∞. EZ. dr.[amßO[{ X S> ‡oH´$`m gßohVm,1973 _{ß oXbmE Om gH{$ßJ{ & 5. _‹`‡X{e A[amY [ro∂S>V ‡oVH$a `m{OZm 2015

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