Bedrock Geology 32 Quartenary Deposits 51 Fossils and Palaeontology 61
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The Effects of Shrinkage and Swelling Were First Recognised by Geotechnical Specialists Following the Dry Summer of 1947
C:\Documents and Settings\adixon\Local Settings\Temporary Internet Files\Content.Outlook\7NFVY2G5\08-112 revised2.doc Modelling Volume Change Potential in the London Clay L. D. Jones & R. Terrington British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham. NG12 5GG UK (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract The London Clay Formation is particularly susceptible to shrink–swell behaviour that has resulted in a long history of foundation damage due to ground movement across the outcrop. Damage has cost up to £500 million in a single year. Underlying most of the Greater London area, the London Clay Formation is of major engineering importance as it is on and within this formation that the majority of the city’s infrastructure, buildings and underground services are constructed. The Volume Change Potential of a soil is the relative change in volume to be expected with changes in soil moisture content and the subsequent shrinkage or swelling can cause major damage to structures above or below ground. Detailed statistical and spatial analyses of data across the London Clay outcrop has revealed a significant geographical trend in the volume change potential of this deposit, confirming an overall increase from west to east, but also showing subtle trends with depth. This paper describes how this analysis was carried out and shows how such assessments can yield valuable information about shrink–swell behaviour not only of the London Clay but of similar shrink– swell prone argillaceous formations elsewhere. Introduction The effects of shrinkage and swelling of clay soils, with respect to foundation and building damage, were first recognised by geotechnical specialists following the dry summer of 1947. -
Colne River Valley
1. Colne River Valley Key plan Description The Colne River Valley Natural Landscape Area follows the Colne Within the northern Colne Valley, the settlement pattern is relatively River north to south on the western fringe of Greater London, from sparse, although there is a corridor of villages along the Grand Union Stocker’s Lake near Batchworth in the north to Heathrow Airport in Canal. To the south the valley is more densely developed than the the south. Between Batchworth and Uxbridge the valley floor consists north, with industrial towns such as Uxbridge, Yiewsley and West of a series of lakes and reservoirs, edged by ridges and plateaux within Drayton and London’s largest airport, Heathrow. The historic cores the neighbouring Ruislip Plateau (NLA 2) and the Hayes Gravels (NLA which remain within the settlements of Harefield, Uxbridge, West 10). As the River Colne meanders south and the Grand Union Canal Drayton and Harmondsworth suggest how settlement patterns have heads east, the topography gradually levels; historically the River evolved within this area. Despite the intense residential and industrial Colne would have meandered wider here, resulting in an extensive development around Uxbridge, the linear open space corridors area of deep silt soil across an exceptionally wide floodplain. The that follow the River Colne, Grand Union Canal and the lakes that Colne River Valley has been and continues to be important both as a they support are dominant landscape features. The waterways and 1. Colne River Valley River Colne 1. source of water and for trade navigation. lakes are typically bordered by marginal wetland vegetation and wooded areas. -
Geology of the London Basin
Geology of the London Basin - 100 Million Years in the Making on 16 November 2018 Mr Philip Laurie first showed a geological map of London produced in 1848 by Stanford – the first of its kind. The Earth is 46,000 million years old, so much had happened before the London area made an appearance. The geological history of London started a hundred million years ago. For 60% of that time it has been under ice, causing sea levels to fall. He lives near the Ravensbourne, which rises south of the North Downs, runs through them and north to the Thames, emerging at Deptford Creek. How did it, and other rivers such as the Wandle, Darent and Medway, come to flow through the North Downs? At one time it was thought that there were faults in the chalk which gave them a way through, but this has been discounted. The Weald is now low lying, but when tectonic plate movement, mainly caused by Africa colliding with Europe, raised not only the Alps but buckled strata in northern Europe, a Wealden ridge was formed. An underlying chalk stratum buckled with high ridges at the South and North Downs and a dip under the Weald, squeezing up the soft sedimentary rocks between them to form the Ridge. Fast flowing streams from the ridge soon eroded channels in the chalk on their way to the sea. The ridge has since been eroding away (reducing river flows). They are ancient rivers. London is over a layer of cretaceous chalk about 40m down, which in turn is over gault clay. -
A CRITICAL EVALUATION of the LOWER-MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD of the CHALK UPLANDS of NORTHWEST EUROPE Lesley
A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE LOWER-MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD OF THE CHALK UPLANDS OF NORTHWEST EUROPE The Chilterns, Pegsdon, Bedfordshire (photograph L. Blundell) Lesley Blundell UCL Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD September 2019 2 I, Lesley Blundell, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signed: 3 4 Abstract Our understanding of early human behaviour has always been and continues to be predicated on an archaeological record unevenly distributed in space and time. More than 80% of British Lower-Middle Palaeolithic findspots were discovered during the late 19th/early 20th centuries, the majority from lowland fluvial contexts. Within the British planning process and some academic research, the resultant findspot distributions are taken at face value, with insufficient consideration of possible bias resulting from variables operating on their creation. This leads to areas of landscape outside the river valleys being considered to have only limited archaeological potential. This thesis was conceived as an attempt to analyse the findspot data of the Lower-Middle Palaeolithic record of the Chalk uplands of southeast Britain and northern France within a framework complex enough to allow bias in the formation of findspot distribution patterns and artefact preservation/discovery opportunities to be identified and scrutinised more closely. Taking a dynamic, landscape = record approach, this research explores the potential influence of geomorphology, 19th/early 20th century industrialisation and antiquarian collecting on the creation of the Lower- Middle Palaeolithic record through the opportunities created for artefact preservation and release. -
Download Bedfords Park Management Plan 2017
CONTENTS Introduction 1 1. Site Overview 1.1 Havering 2 1.2 Strategic Framework 3 1.3 Site Description 3 1.4 History 5 1.5 Location and Transport Links 11 2. A Welcoming Place 2.1 Entrance Points 14 2.2 Entrance Signs 16 2.3 Equal Access 17 3. Heathy, Safe and Secure 3.1 Health and Safety Systems 18 3.2 Parks Protection Service 19 3.3 Parks Locking 22 3.4 Infrastructure 22 3.5 Parks Monitoring 23 4. Maintenance of Equipment, Buildings and Landscape 4.1 Grounds Maintenance 25 4.2 Arboricultural Management 28 4.3 Vehicles and Plant Maintenance 28 4.4 Parks Furniture 29 4.5 Parks Buildings 22 4.6 The Walled Garden 26 5. Litter, Cleanliness and Vandalism 5.1 Litter Management 34 5.2 Sweeping 34 5.3 Graffiti 35 5.4 Flytipping 35 5.5 Reporting 35 5.6 Dog Fouling 36 6. Environmental Sustainability 6.1 Energy Sustainability 37 6.2 Peat Use 37 6.3 Waste Minimisation 37 6.4 Pesticide Use 41 7. Biodiversity, Landscape and Heritage 7.1 Management of natural features, wild fauna and flora 42 7.2 Conservation of Landscape features 48 7.3 Woodlands 49 7.4 Biodiversity Action Plan 54 7.5 Havering Local Plan 54 7.6 Natural Ambition Booklet 55 8. Community Involvement 8.1 Council Surveys 57 8.2 User Groups 58 9. Marketing and Promotions 9.1 Parks Brochure 61 9.2 Social Media 61 9.3 Website 61 9.4 Interpretation Boards 62 9.5 Events 63 10. -
National Park City Proposal
National Park City Greater London NationalA proposal Park City Initiative to make @LondonNPC Greater #NationalParkCity London the world’s first National Park City !1 This version has been adapted from its original design for easy download. Let’s make London the world’s first National Park City. A city where people and nature are better connected. A city that is rich with wildlife and every child benefits from exploring, playing and learning outdoors. A city where we all enjoy high-quality green spaces, the air is clean to breathe, it’s a pleasure to swim in its rivers and green homes are affordable. Together we can make London a greener, healthier and fairer place to live. Together we can make London a National Park City. Why not? Greater London National Park City Initiative @LondonNPC #NationalParkCity !2 Greater London National Park City Initiative @LondonNPC #NationalParkCity !3 Help make it happen What’s the aim? For Londoners to declare Greater London the world’s first National Park City. Over the last 18 months, a movement has been growing, drawing together Londoners who want to make our city greener, healthier, fairer Turning our capital into a National Park City will help: and even more beautiful. • Ensure 100% of Londoners have free and easy access to high-quality Who’s involved? All kinds of people – cyclists, scientists, tree climbers, green space teachers, students, pensioners, unemployed, under-employed, doctors, swimmers, gardeners, artists, walkers, kayakers, activists, wildlife • Connect 100% of London’s children to nature watchers, politicians, children, parents and grandparents. • Make the majority of London physically green We are a group of people who believe we have the potential to benefit Improve London’s air and water quality, year on year more from our incredible city and that, in turn, our city has the potential • to benefit more from us, too. -
Biodiversity Action Plan
Biodiversity Action Plan 2015-2018 Public March 2015 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................... 3 About Us .......................................................................................................... 3 What is biodiversity? ........................................................................................... 3 Drivers for the Biodiversity Action Plan ................................................................... 3 Focus on Special Sites of Scientific Interest (SSSIs) .................................................... 4 Objectives ......................................................................................................... 6 Biodiversity Achievements and Measures to Date .................................................. 7 Environmental Management System (EMS) ............................................................. 7 Partnership ....................................................................................................... 7 Operational Response at Designated Sites............................................................... 7 Waste and Recycling Sites.................................................................................... 8 Procurement ..................................................................................................... 9 Estate Management ............................................................................................ 9 New Builds and Major Refurbishments ................................................................ -
Brickearth Soils in the South-East New Forest Are Well Drained
BRIGKEARTH, AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE CHARACTER OF SOILS, IN THE SOUTH-EAST NEW FOREST By G. C. FISHER I. INTRODUCTION BRICKEARTH is an indefinite geological term applied to loamy, superficial deposits of Quaternary age. Structureless deposits of brickearth are common in Southern and Eastern England and in most, particles in the size range iojxm to 200(j.m are dominant. The Geological Survey maps a number of patches of brickearth in the south western New Forest, most notably at Barton-on-Sea. Additional deposits of brickearth have been described from the New Forest (White 1915, Everard 1952, Lewin 1966a) and the author records several more in this paper for the south-east of the area. The first aim of the work here recorded was to determine the extent of brickearth deposits in the south-east corner of the New Forest. Everard (1952) provides a very general map of brickearth distribution around Southampton Water which shows a large deposit at Fawley not recorded by the Geological Survey. As well as adding to the map of Everard an attempt was made to locate shallow deposits of brickearth, not mappable by the geologist, but which may make an important contribution to soils. A further aim of the work was to try and determine the origin of the brickearth. Some brickearths have been described, especially from Kent (Pitcher et al 1954, Dines et al 1954), which have a particle size distribution which shows them to be true loesses, i.e. 50 per cent of the particles have diameters in the range 10 |un to 50 (im (Russell 1944, Pecsi 1968). -
Traffic Noise Maps of Public Parks in Haringey May 2018
Traffic noise maps of public parks in Haringey May 2018 This document shows traffic noise maps for parks in the borough. The noise maps are taken from http://www.extrium.co.uk/noiseviewer.html. Occasionally, google earth or google map images are included to help the reader identify where the park is located. Similar documents are available for all London Boroughs. These were created as part of research into the impact of traffic noise in London’s parks. They should be read in conjunction with the main report and data analysis which are available at http://www.cprelondon.org.uk/resources/item/2390-noiseinparks. The key to the traffic noise maps is shown here to the right. Orange denotes noise of 55 decibels (dB). Louder noises are denoted by reds and blues with dark blue showing the loudest. Where the maps appear with no colour and are just grey, this means there is no traffic noise of 55dB or above. London Borough of Haringey 1 1. Albert Road Recreation Ground 2. Alexandra Palace Park 3. Belmont Recreation Ground 2 4. Bluebell Wood 5. Bruce Castle Park 6. Chapmans Green 3 7. Chestnuts Park 8. Coldfall Wood, Muswell Playing Field (Excluding cemetery) 9. Downhills Park, 10. Lordship Recreation Ground 4 11. Down Lane Recreation Ground 12. Ducketts Common . 13. Fairland Park 5 14. Finsbury Park 15. Hartington Park 16. Markfield Park 6 17. Priory Park 18. Russell Park 19. Stationers Park 7 20. Wood Green Common 21. Paigton Road Open Space 22. Highgate Wood, 23. Queen’s Wood, Crouch End Playing Fields 8 24. -
LBR 2007 Front Matter V5.1
1 London Bird Report No.72 for the year 2007 Accounts of birds recorded within a 20-mile radius of St Paul's Cathedral A London Natural History Society Publication Published April 2011 2 LONDON BIRD REPORT NO. 72 FOR 2007 3 London Bird Report for 2007 produced by the LBR Editorial Board Contents Introduction and Acknowledgements – Pete Lambert 5 Rarities Committee, Recorders and LBR Editors 7 Recording Arrangements 8 Map of the Area and Gazetteer of Sites 9 Review of the Year 2007 – Pete Lambert 16 Contributors to the Systematic List 22 Birds of the London Area 2007 30 Swans to Shelduck – Des McKenzie Dabbling Ducks – David Callahan Diving Ducks – Roy Beddard Gamebirds – Richard Arnold and Rebecca Harmsworth Divers to Shag – Ian Woodward Herons – Gareth Richards Raptors – Andrew Moon Rails – Richard Arnold and Rebecca Harmsworth Waders – Roy Woodward and Tim Harris Skuas to Gulls – Andrew Gardener Terns to Cuckoo – Surender Sharma Owls to Woodpeckers – Mark Pearson Larks to Waxwing – Sean Huggins Wren to Thrushes – Martin Shepherd Warblers – Alan Lewis Crests to Treecreeper – Jonathan Lethbridge Penduline Tit to Sparrows – Jan Hewlett Finches – Angela Linnell Buntings – Bob Watts Appendix I & II: Escapes & Hybrids – Martin Grounds Appendix III: Non-proven and Non-submitted Records First and Last Dates of Regular Migrants, 2007 170 Ringing Report for 2007 – Roger Taylor 171 Breeding Bird Survey in London, 2007 – Ian Woodward 181 Cannon Hill Common Update – Ron Kettle 183 The establishment of breeding Common Buzzards – Peter Oliver 199 -
Riverside Energy Park Environmental Statement Chapter 7: Air Quality
Riverside Energy Park Environmental Statement Chapter 7: Air Quality VOLUME NUMBER: PLANNING INSPECTORATE REFERENCE NUMBER: EN010093 DOCUMENT REFERENCE: 06 6.1 November 2018 Revision 0 APFP Regulation 5(2)(a) Planning Act 2008 | Infrastructure Planning (Applications: Prescribed Forms and Procedure) Regulations 2009 Riverside Energy Park: Environmental Statement (ES) Chapter 7 – Air Quality Contents 7 Air Quality ......................................................................................................... 1 7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 7.2 Legislation, Policy, Guidance and Standards ........................................ 1 7.3 Consultation ........................................................................................ 14 7.4 Reasonable Worst Case Parameters Used for Assessment ............... 37 7.5 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria ........................... 39 7.6 Assumptions and Limitations............................................................... 57 7.7 Baseline Conditions and Receptors .................................................... 58 7.8 Embedded Mitigation .......................................................................... 71 7.9 Assessment of Likely Effects............................................................... 72 7.10 Cumulative Assessment ...................................................................... 86 7.11 Further Mitigation and Enhancement ................................................. -
Environmental Permit Appendices
Riverside Energy Park Environmental Permit Appendices APPENDIX: AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT D DISPERSION MODELLING REPORT December 2018 Revision 0 Riverside Energy Park Dispersion Modelling Report i Riverside Energy Park Dispersion Modelling Report Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Project Description ........................................................................................................ 1 1.3 The Objective ................................................................................................................ 1 2 Legislation ................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 European Air Quality Legislation ................................................................................... 2 2.2 UK Air Quality Legislation and Strategy ........................................................................ 2 2.3 Industrial Pollution Regulation ....................................................................................... 3 3 Air Quality Standards, Objectives and Guidelines .................................................................. 7 3.1 Nitrogen dioxide ............................................................................................................. 7 3.2 Sulphur dioxide .............................................................................................................