INTERGENERIC RELATIONSHIPS of the NEW WORLD JAYS INFERRED from CYTOCHROME B GENE SEQUENCES

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

INTERGENERIC RELATIONSHIPS of the NEW WORLD JAYS INFERRED from CYTOCHROME B GENE SEQUENCES The Condor 99:490-502 0 The Cooper Ornithological Society 1997 INTERGENERIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE NEW WORLD JAYS INFERRED FROM CYTOCHROME b GENE SEQUENCES ALEJANDROESPINOSA DE LOS MONTEROS AND JOEL CRACRAFT Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West @ 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The six genera of corvids endemic to the Americas (i.e., Aphelocoma, Calo- citta, Cyanocitta, Cyanocorax, Cyanolyca, and Gymnorhinus) form the assemblagethat most ornithologistscall the New World jays. The intergenericrelationships among these six gen- era are explored using complete sequencesfrom the cytochrome b gene (1,143 bp) along with 29 morphologicalcharacters. A consistentphylogenetic hypothesis was obtained when the data sets were analyzed independently or in a total evidence approach.The phylogeny presentedin this paper does not corroboratethe existence of two evolutionary lineages as previously proposedby Hardy (1961, 1969). The most basal genus of the New World jays is Cyanolyca, which also is supportedby independent evidence on cranial anatomy. The remainder of the genera are embeddedwithin two major clades. The most derived is formed by Cyanocitta, Aphelocoma, and Gymnorhinus, being Cyanocitta the most basal genuswith- in this clade. Calocitta and Cyanocorax constitutethe otherclade. A very closerelationship betweenthese two generais supportedby bootstrapvalues and branchsupport analysis. Theseresults corroborate the hypothesisthat the Piiion Jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) is a true New World jay, and a putative relationship with nutcrackersis not supported.The phylogeny obtainedis usedto infer a biogeographicscenario, as well to explain the evolution of a very derived jaw articulationpresent only in the New World jays. The biogeographic scenario agrees with a relatively recent arrival of a corvine ancestor via Beringia, and a very rapid dispersaland radiation into the Americas. Key words: New World jays, Corvidae, cytochrome b gene, total evidence analysis, phylogenetic analysis, biogeography. INTRODUCTION ids, particularly to the genus Nucifraga, based Corvids (crows, jays and allies) are one of the on the fact that Gymnorhinus walks and runs most successful groups of passerine birds. The instead of hops as do all the New World jays. family has a world-wide distribution and exhib- Hardy argued that the walking behavior must be its a high speciesdiversity. The corvids encom- correlated with a rather different neuromuscular pass a total of 25 genera and 113 species,which control system. Other workers have acceptedthe are found in numerous kinds of habitats (Good- idea that the Pifion Jay is related to the other win 1976, Madge and Bum 1994). Six genera jays, but they have usually postulated that Gym- norhinus of corvids (i.e., Aphelocoma, Calocitta, Cyano- is basal and should be considered as the sister-group to the New World jays (Ashley citta, Cyanocorax, Cyanolyca, and Gymnorhin- us, sensu AOU 1983) are endemic to the Amer- 1941, Pitelka 1951, Goodwin 1976). icas and have successfully radiated within trop- Not only has the position of the Pifion Jay ical, subtropical, and mild temperate environ- been challenged, but the entire phylogenetic ar- ments. Some morphological characters, like a rangement of the New World jays has been con- buttress complex (Zusi 1987), shared by these stantly questioned. Earlier workers have at- taxa seem to support their monophyly, and for tempted to resolve corvid intergeneric relation- most ornithologists these six genera comprise ships based on morphological characters (e.g., the so-called New World jays. In contrast, others Ridgway 1904, Amadon 1944, Hardy 1961, have argued that Gymnorhinus (the Pifion Jay) 1969). Despite this attention, the phylogenetic should be excluded from this assemblage. For conclusions of these studies show little congru- instance, Hardy (1961) postulated that the Pition ence. Moreover, the methods used to establish Jay was most closely related to Old World corv- monophyly of the New World jays in those anal- yses were weak, because they were based on poorly defined similarities and without evidence ’ ’ Received10 May 1996. Accepted12 December for polarity of the characters. 1996. Using external morphological and behavioral [4901 INTERGENERIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE NEW WORLD JAYS 491 characters, Amadon (1944) postulated that all within the group showed highly unstable topol- New World jays formed a monophyletic group, ogies, her results supported the monophyly of and he placed them as the sister-group to Gym- the New World jays on the basis of four derived norhinus cyanocephalus(Pifion Jay). He consid- characters: (a) a very high rostra1 crest of the ered Gymnorhinus to be a specialized jay that lateral cotyla of the mandible, (b) a rostral artic- resembles nutcrackers (Nucifraga spp.) because ulation of the lower jaw, (c) the presence of a of similarities in feeding habits. Amadon’s clas- medial basal ridge on the quadrate, and (d) an sification divided the New World jays into four extensive fusion of the prepalatine bar to the genera, instead of the nine previously proposed ventral bar of the jaw. Hope (1989) presented by Ridgway (1904). The genera recognized by three different phylogenetic hypotheses for re- Amadon were: Cyanocitta (which included lationships within the New World jays. In all of Aphelocoma, Cyanolyca and Cissilopha), Psilo- them, however, the genera Aphelocoma and rhinus, Cyanocorax, and Calocitta (Fig. la). Cyanocorux were postulated to be paraphyletic. Hardy (1961) suggested that two main evo- Another constant result was the emergence of lutionary lineages of New World jays could be Cyanolyca as the most basal taxon. A strict con- identified using both behavioral and morpholog- sensustree of the three solutions highlights the ical evidence. He distinguished an “Inornate unresolved relationships among the New World line” (tribe Aphelocomini) containing only the members of the genus Aphelocomu, and an “Or- jays (Fig. Id). nate line” (tribe Cyanocorini) which encom- The development of molecular protocols has passed five of the remaining seven genera (Cul- allowed the integration of biochemical data into ocitta, Cissilopha, Cyanocitta, Cyanocorax, and phylogenetic analysis. Sibley and Ahlquist Psilorhinus). The genus Cyanolyca was omitted (1985) employed DNA-DNA hybridization dis- from either line becausethe speciesin this genus tances to explore the phylogenetic affinities were considered to be so poorly known behav- among corvids. Their analysis included three iorally that their affinities could not be assessed genera of New World jays (Cyanocitta, Aphel- (Fig. lb). Hardy (1969) later reviewed his pre- ocoma, and Cyanocorux). Their results show the vious classification and maintained the hypoth- New World jays as a paraphyletic group inside esis of two evolutionary lineages inside the New the tribe Corvini (sensu Sibley and Ahlquist), World jays, but this time only recognized three which also includes crows, magpies, nutcrackers genera. The ornate lineage consisted of Cyano- and coughs. It should be noted, however, that cittu, as well as the largely Neotropical Cyano- the resolving power of DNA hybridization data, corax within which Calocitta, Cissilopha, and as well as the methodology used to analyze Psilorhinus were ranked as subgenera. The in- them, have been questioned (Cracraft 1987, ornate lineage contained the third genus, Aphel- Houde 1987, Harshman 1994). ocoma, which also included the speciesformerly Several other molecular studies have ad- placed in Cyanolyca. A major problem with both dressedthe phylogenetic relationships within the of Hardy’s classification schemesis that the in- corvine assemblage (Sibley and Ahlquist 1990, ornate clade was defined mainly on the absence Helm-Bychowski and Cracraft 1993). However, of ornate plumage which seems to be a plesio- none of these studies has confronted relation- morphic condition among corvids. ships within the New World jays in detail. The Goodwin (1976) concurred with previous au- goal of the present study is to clarify the generic thors’ opinions that there was an early isolation interrelationships of these taxa by generating a of the New World jays within the corvid radia- tion. Although his classification followed Ama- new data set, namely sequencesfrom the mito- don’s hypothesis and placed the New World jays chondrial cytochrome b gene. as the sister-group of Gymnorhinus, relation- To avoid further confusion, we will use the ships within the New World jays were complete- noun “jays” when referring to the seven genera ly unresolved (Fig. lc). of corvids used in this study, and the noun Using a cladistic approach, Hope (1989) an- “New World jays” for the six genera endemic alyzed the phylogenetic interrelationships within to the Americas (Aphelocoma, Calocitta, Cya- the family Corvidae employing a set of 80 os- nocitta, Cyanocorax, Cyanolyca, and Gymno- teological characters. Although the analyses rhinus). 492 ALEJANDRO ESPINOSA DE LOS MONTEROS AND JOEL CRACRAFT (a) Amadon, 1944 (b) Hardy, 1961 Cyanocorax Cissilopha Calocitta Psilorhinus L Cyanocorax (c)Goodwin, 1976 (d) Hope, 1989 Other Corvids Other Corvids Perisoreus Corvus Cyanolyca Gymnorhinus Aphelocoma Cyanocitta Psilorhinus Cyanocorax Calocitta FIGURE 1. Some phylogenetic hypotheses previously proposed for the intergeneric relationships of New World jays. METHODS craft (1993). The Blue Jay (Cyanocittu cristutu) TAXA EXAMINED complemented the sequencesof
Recommended publications
  • Crows and Ravens Wildlife Notes
    12. Crows & Ravens Crows and ravens belong to the large family Corvidae, along with more than 200 other species including jays, nutcrackers and magpies. These less-than-melodious birds, you may be surprised to learn, are classified as songbirds. raven American Crow insects, grain, fruit, the eggs and young of other birds, Crows are some of the most conspicuous and best known organic garbage and just about anything that they can find of all birds. They are intelligent, wary and adapt well to or overpower. Crows also feed on the carcasses of winter – human activity. As with most other wildlife species, crows and road-killed animals. are considered to have “good” points and “bad” ones— value judgements made strictly by humans. They are found Crows have extremely keen senses of sight and hearing. in all 50 states and parts of Canada and Mexico. They are wary and usually post sentries while they feed. Sentry birds watch for danger, ready to alert the feeding birds with a sharp alarm caw. Once aloft, crows fly at 25 Biology to 30 mph. If a strong tail wind is present, they can hit 60 Also known as the common crow, an adult American mph. These skillful fliers have a large repertoire of moves crow weighs about 20 ounces. Its body length is 15 to 18 designed to throw off airborne predators. inches and its wings span up to three feet. Both males Crows are relatively gregarious. Throughout most of the and females are black from their beaks to the tips of their year, they flock in groups ranging from family units to tails.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyanocitta Stelleri)
    MOBBING BEHAVIOR IN WILD STELLER’S JAYS (CYANOCITTA STELLERI) By Kelly Anne Commons A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Natural Resources: Wildlife Committee Membership Dr. Jeffrey M. Black, Committee Chair Dr. Barbara Clucas, Committee Member Dr. Micaela Szykman Gunther, Committee Member Dr. Alison O’Dowd, Graduate Coordinator December 2017 ABSTRACT MOBBING BEHAVIOR IN WILD STELLER’S JAYS (CYANOCITTA STELLERI) Kelly Anne Commons Mobbing is a widespread anti-predator behavior with multifaceted functions. Mobbing behavior has been found to differ with respect to many individual, group, and encounter level factors. To better understand the factors that influence mobbing behavior in wild Steller’s jays (Cyanocitta stelleri), I induced mobbing behavior using 3 predator mounts: a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), common raven (Corvus corax), and sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter cooperii). I observed 90 responses to mock predators by 33 color-marked individuals and found that jays varied in their attendance at mobbing trials, their alarm calling behavior, and in their close approaches toward the predator mounts. In general, younger, larger jays, that had low prior site use and did not own the territory they were on, attended mobbing trials for less time and participated in mobbing less often, but closely approached the predator more often and for more time than older, smaller jays, that had high prior site use and owned the territory they were on. By understanding the factors that affect variation in Steller’s jay mobbing behavior, we can begin to study how this variation might relate to the function of mobbing in this species.
    [Show full text]
  • Walker Marzluff 2017 Recreation Changes Lanscape Use of Corvids
    Recreation changes the use of a wild landscape by corvids Author(s): Lauren E. Walker and John M. Marzluff Source: The Condor, 117(2):262-283. Published By: Cooper Ornithological Society https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-14-169.1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1650/CONDOR-14-169.1 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Volume 117, 2015, pp. 262–283 DOI: 10.1650/CONDOR-14-169.1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Recreation changes the use of a wild landscape by corvids Lauren E. Walker* and John M. Marzluff College of the Environment, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA * Corresponding author: [email protected] Submitted October 24, 2014; Accepted February 13, 2015; Published May 6, 2015 ABSTRACT As urban areas have grown in population, use of nearby natural areas for outdoor recreation has also increased, potentially influencing bird distribution in landscapes managed for conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Fossil Scrub-Jay Supports a Recent Systematic Decision
    THE CONDOR A JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY Volume 98 Number 4 November 1996 .L The Condor 98~575-680 * +A. 0 The Cooper Omithological Society 1996 g ’ b.1 ;,. ’ ’ “I\), / *rs‘ A FOSSIL SCRUB-JAY SUPPORTS A”kECENT ’ js.< SYSTEMATIC DECISION’ . :. ” , ., f .. STEVEN D. EMSLIE : +, “, ., ! ’ Department of Sciences,Western State College,Gunnison, CO 81231, ._ e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Nine fossil premaxillae and mandibles of the Florida Scrub-Jay(Aphelocoma coerulescens)are reported from a late Pliocene sinkhole deposit at Inglis 1A, Citrus County, Florida. Vertebrate biochronologyplaces the site within the latestPliocene (2.0 to 1.6 million yearsago, Ma) and more specificallyat 2.0 l-l .87 Ma. The fossilsare similar in morphology to living Florida Scrub-Jaysin showing a relatively shorter and broader bill compared to western species,a presumed derived characterfor the Florida species.The recent elevation of the Florida Scrub-Jayto speciesrank is supported by these fossils by documenting the antiquity of the speciesand its distinct bill morphology in Florida. Key words: Florida; Scrub-Jay;fossil; late Pliocene. INTRODUCTION represent the earliest fossil occurrenceof the ge- nus Aphelocomaand provide additional support Recently, the Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma for the recognition ofA. coerulescensas a distinct, coerulescens) has been elevated to speciesrank endemic specieswith a long fossil history in Flor- with the Island Scrub-Jay(A. insularis) from Santa ida. This record also supports the hypothesis of Cruz Island, California, and the Western Scrub- Pitelka (195 1) that living speciesof Aphefocoma Jay (A. californica) in the western U. S. and Mex- arose in the Pliocene. ico (AOU 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Corvids of Cañada
    !!! ! CORVIDS OF CAÑADA COMMON RAVEN (Corvus corax) AMERICAN CROW (Corvus brachyrhyncos) YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIE (Pica nuttalli) STELLER’S JAY (Cyanocitta stelleri) WESTERN SCRUB-JAY Aphelocoma californica) Five of the ten California birds in the Family Corvidae are represented here at the Cañada de los Osos Ecological Reserve. Page 1 The Common Raven is the largest and can be found in the cold of the Arctic and the extreme heat of Death Valley. It has shown itself to be one of the most intelligent of all birds. It is a supreme predator and scavenger, quite sociable at certain times of the year and a devoted partner and parent with its mate. The American Crow is black, like the Raven, but noticeably smaller. Particularly in the fall, it may occur in huge foraging or roosting flocks. Crows can be a problem for farmers at times of the year and a best friend at other times, when crops are under attack from insects or when those insects are hiding in dried up leftovers such as mummified almonds. Crows know where those destructive navel orange worms are. Smaller birds do their best to harass crows because they recognize the threat they are to their eggs and young. Crows, ravens and magpies are important members of the highway clean-up crew when it comes to roadkills. The very attractive Yellow-billed Magpie tends to nest in loose colonies and forms larger flocks in late summer or fall. In the central valley of California, they can be a problem in almond and fruit orchards, but they also are adept at catching harmful insect pests.
    [Show full text]
  • Cooperative Breeding in Azure-Winged Magpies, Cyanopica Cyana, Living in a Region of Heavy Snowfall ’
    The Condor89:835-841 0 The CooperOrnithological Society 1987 COOPERATIVE BREEDING IN AZURE-WINGED MAGPIES, CYANOPICA CYANA, LIVING IN A REGION OF HEAVY SNOWFALL ’ SHIGEMOTO KOMEDA,~ SATOSHI YAMAGISHI,~ AND MASAHIRO FUJIOKA Department of Biology, Faculty of Science,Osaka City University,Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558, Japan Abstract. The frequencyof occurrenceof helpers, their age and sex, and certain behavior at nests were investigated in Azure-winged Magpies, Cyanopica cyana, living in central Japan, a region of heavy snowfall. One group of 16 birds was a summer visitor and the other two groupsof about 20 birds were resident. Out of 14 nestswe observed in 1983, six had one to two helpers, one had no helper, and at the other seven we could not confirm whether helpers attended or not. Therefore, 43% to 93% of nests had helpers. One helper was known to attend at least four nests, and seven of 14 marked individuals (50%) acted as helpers.These resultsmean that cooperativebreeding occurs regularly in this population. Key words: Cooperativebreeding; helper; Corvidae;group living;feeding; plural nester: Cyanopica cyana. INTRODUCTION amples of regular cooperative breeders in cool- Cooperative breeding, which involves care of temperate zones are the Long-tailed Tit, Aegi- young by individuals other than parents, has been thalos caudatus (Nakamura 1972, 1975; Gaston reported in a few hundred avian speciesin a wide 1973), Pinyon Jay, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus variety of taxonomic groups. Most cooperative (Balda and Balda 1978), Gray-breasted Jay, breedersoccur in tropical or subtropical regions Aphelocoma ultramarina (Brown 1970, 1972) or in temperate zones with equable climate and Acorn Woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivo- , (Grimes 1976, Rowley 1976, Woolfenden 1976, rus (Stacey 1979, Koenig 198 1, Koenig et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing the Geographic Origin of the New World Jays
    Neotropical Biodiversity ISSN: (Print) 2376-6808 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tneo20 Reconstructing the geographic origin of the New World jays Sumudu W. Fernando, A. Townsend Peterson & Shou-Hsien Li To cite this article: Sumudu W. Fernando, A. Townsend Peterson & Shou-Hsien Li (2017) Reconstructing the geographic origin of the New World jays, Neotropical Biodiversity, 3:1, 80-92, DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2017.1296751 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2017.1296751 © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 05 Mar 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 956 View Crossmark data Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tneo20 Neotropical Biodiversity, 2017 Vol. 3, No. 1, 80–92, https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2017.1296751 Reconstructing the geographic origin of the New World jays Sumudu W. Fernandoa* , A. Townsend Petersona and Shou-Hsien Lib aBiodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; bDepartment of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (Received 23 August 2016; accepted 15 February 2017) We conducted a biogeographic analysis based on a dense phylogenetic hypothesis for the early branches of corvids, to assess geographic origin of the New World jay (NWJ) clade. We produced a multilocus phylogeny from sequences of three nuclear introns and three mitochondrial genes and included at least one species from each NWJ genus and 29 species representing the rest of the five corvid subfamilies in the analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Passerines: Perching Birds
    3.9 Orders 9: Passerines – perching birds - Atlas of Birds uncorrected proofs 3.9 Atlas of Birds - Uncorrected proofs Copyrighted Material Passerines: Perching Birds he Passeriformes is by far the largest order of birds, comprising close to 6,000 P Size of order Cardinal virtues Insect-eating voyager Multi-purpose passerine Tspecies. Known loosely as “perching birds”, its members differ from other Number of species in order The Northern or Common Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) The Common Redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus) was The Common Magpie (Pica pica) belongs to the crow family orders in various fine anatomical details, and are themselves divided into suborders. Percentage of total bird species belongs to the cardinal family (Cardinalidae) of passerines. once thought to be a member of the thrush family (Corvidae), which includes many of the larger passerines. In simple terms, however, and with a few exceptions, passerines can be described Like the various tanagers, grosbeaks and other members (Turdidae), but is now known to belong to the Old World Like many crows, it is a generalist, with a robust bill adapted of this diverse group, it has a thick, strong bill adapted to flycatchers (Muscicapidae). Its narrow bill is adapted to to feeding on anything from small animals to eggs, carrion, as small birds that sing. feeding on seeds and fruit. Males, from whose vivid red eating insects, and like many insect-eaters that breed in insects, and grain. Crows are among the most intelligent of The word passerine derives from the Latin passer, for sparrow, and indeed a sparrow plumage the family is named, are much more colourful northern Europe and Asia, this species migrates to Sub- birds, and this species is the only non-mammal ever to have is a typical passerine.
    [Show full text]
  • Perisoreus Infaustus, L
    Bibliography – SIBERIAN JAY (Unglückshäher) – Perisoreus infaustus, L. Andreev, A.V. (1977): Winter energy balance and hypothermia of the Siberian jay. Ekologiya (Moscow) 4: 66-72. [russ.] Andreev, A.V. (1982): Winter ecology of the Siberian Jay and the Nutcracker in the region of northeast Siberia. Ornitologija 17: 72-82. [russ.] Andreev, A.V. (1982): Energy budget and hypothermia of Siberian Jay in winter season. Orn. Stud. USSR 2: 364-375. Babenko, V.G. & Redkin, Y.A. (1999): Ornithogeographical characteristics of the Low Amur basin. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 78 (3): 398-408. [russ., engl. Zus.] Abstract Beuschold, E. & Beuschold, I. (1972): Erstnachweis des Unglückshähers (Perisoreus infaustus (L.)) für die DDR. [First record of Perisoreus infaustus (L.) for East Germany.] Naturkundliche Jahresberichte des Museum Heineanum 7 (0): 117-118. Blair, H.M.S. (1936): On the birds of East Finmark. Ibis 6 (13th ser.): 280-308. Blomgren, A. (1964): Lavskrika. Bonniers, Stockholm. Blomgren, A. (1971): Studies of less familiar birds. Siberian Jay. Brit. Birds 64: 25-28. Borgos, G. & Hogstad, O. (2001): Lavskrika vinterstid. [The Siberian jay in the winter.] Vår Fuglefauna 24 (4): 155-163. [norw.] Brotons, L., Monkkonen, M., Huhta, E., Nikula, A. & Rajasarkka, A. (2003): Effects of landscape structure and forest reserve location on old-growth forest bird species in Northern Finland. Landscape Ecology 18 (4): 377-393. Abstract Carlson, T. (1946): Bofynd av lavskrika (Cractes infaustus L.) med tre matande fåglar. Vår Fågelvärld 5: 37- 38. [schwed.] Carpelan, J. (1929): Einige Beobachtungen über Lebensweise und Fortpflanzung des Unglückshähers (Perisoreus infaustus) im nördlichen Finnland. Beitr. Fortpfl. Vögel 5: 60-63.
    [Show full text]
  • Habitat Use and Population Dynamics of the Azure-Winged Magpie, Cyanopica Cyanus, and Their Response to Fire in Northern Mongolia
    Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Habitat Use and Population Dynamics of the Azure-Winged Magpie, Cyanopica cyanus, and their Response to Fire in Northern Mongolia A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of International Nature Conservation (M.I.N.C) at Lincoln University by Haojin Tan Lincoln University, New Zealand/ Georg-August University, Germany 2011 The Azure-winged Magpie Cyanopica cyanus in Khonin Nuga, Northern Mongolia. Photo by Kerry- Jayne Wilson (2010) ii Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of International Nature Conservation Abstract Habitat Use and Population Dynamics of the Azure-winged Magpie, Cyanopica cyanus, and their Response to Fire in Northern Mongolia by Haojin Tan Fires are natural distubances in many ecosystems, but humans have altered fire regimes throughout the world. The effect of fire on organisms, particularly birds, depend on the extent and regime of the fire and the species’ ecology. The Azure-winged Magpie, Cyanopica cyanus is a cooperative breeder, and occurs in a disjunct distribution across much of Asia and in Iberia (Portugal and Spain).
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 74/Thursday, April 16, 2020/Notices
    21262 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 74 / Thursday, April 16, 2020 / Notices acquisition were not included in the 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA Comment (1): We received one calculation for TDC, the TDC limit would not 22041–3803; (703) 358–2376. comment from the Western Energy have exceeded amongst other items. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Alliance, which requested that we Contact: Robert E. Mulderig, Deputy include European starling (Sturnus Assistant Secretary, Office of Public Housing What is the purpose of this notice? vulgaris) and house sparrow (Passer Investments, Office of Public and Indian Housing, Department of Housing and Urban The purpose of this notice is to domesticus) on the list of bird species Development, 451 Seventh Street SW, Room provide the public an updated list of not protected by the MBTA. 4130, Washington, DC 20410, telephone (202) ‘‘all nonnative, human-introduced bird Response: The draft list of nonnative, 402–4780. species to which the Migratory Bird human-introduced species was [FR Doc. 2020–08052 Filed 4–15–20; 8:45 am]‘ Treaty Act (16 U.S.C. 703 et seq.) does restricted to species belonging to biological families of migratory birds BILLING CODE 4210–67–P not apply,’’ as described in the MBTRA of 2004 (Division E, Title I, Sec. 143 of covered under any of the migratory bird the Consolidated Appropriations Act, treaties with Great Britain (for Canada), Mexico, Russia, or Japan. We excluded DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 2005; Pub. L. 108–447). The MBTRA states that ‘‘[a]s necessary, the Secretary species not occurring in biological Fish and Wildlife Service may update and publish the list of families included in the treaties from species exempted from protection of the the draft list.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vocal Behavior of the American Crow, Corvus Brachyrhynchos
    THE VOCAL BEHAVIOR OF THE AMERICAN CROW, CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Sciences in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robin Tarter, B.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2008 Masters Examination Committee Approved by Dr. Douglas Nelson, Advisor Dr. Mitch Masters _________________________________ Dr. Jill Soha Advisor Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology Graduate Program ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to provide an overview of the vocal behavior of the American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos, and to thereby address questions about the evolutionary significance of crow behavior. I recorded the calls of 71 birds of known sex and age in a family context. Sorting calls by their acoustic characteristics and behavioral contexts, I identified and hypothesized functions for 7 adult and 2 juvenile call types, and in several cases found preferential use of a call type by birds of a particular sex or breeding status. My findings enrich our understanding of crow social behavior. I found that helpers and breeders played different roles in foraging and in protecting family territories from other crows and from predators. My findings may also be useful for human management of crow populations, particularly dispersal attempts using playbacks of crows’ own vocalizations. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Kevin McGowan of Cornell, Dr. Anne Clark of Binghamton University, and Binghamton graduate student Rebecca Heiss for allowing me to work with their study animals. McGowan, Clark and Heiss shared their data with me, along with huge amounts of information and insight about crow behavior.
    [Show full text]