Mosca E La Qualità Dell'architettura

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Mosca E La Qualità Dell'architettura Iuav : 142 foto di Olga Maleeva di Olga foto MOSCA E LA QUALITÀ DELl’arCHITETTURA racconti di un seminario giornale edito a seguito del seminario Introduzione te di tecnologie adatte a meglio sod- de città capitale) cerca con difficoltà generosa di suggestioni che gli italiani Mosca e la qualità dell’architettura Aldo Norsa disfare la sequenza fondamentale “esi- una strada nuova. Prima di tutto una (architetti) hanno portato nel tempo 9 dicembre 2013, Venezia genze-requisiti-specifiche-prestazioni”. strada originale. Con cadute non in- (Domenico Trezzini, Bartolomeo Fran- a cura di Perché una cattedra di tecnologia Nel caso moscovita poi l’accelerazio- differenti (favorite dal far west delle cesco Rastrelli, Antonio Rinaldi, Carlo Elena Giacomello e Martina Belmonte dell’architettura si interessa alla qua- ne impressa al progresso tecnico (non approvazioni urbanistiche e degli ar- Rossi,…). Forti di una ben assimilata lità dell’architettura stessa e per giun- necessariamente tecnologico) nell’ul- ricchimenti facili) ma anche con esiti cultura classica, non c’è dubbio, nella Università Iuav di Venezia ta studiata in un contesto urbano/ timo secolo (il 1914 è per la Russia, interessanti e diversi. composizione degli edifici e delle loro Santa Croce 191 Tolentini metropolitano? E perché in una città con l’entrata in guerra, la fine di un Tutto questo tenta di sbozzare il re- parti, ma altrettanto ferrati nelle tec- 30135 Venezia eccentrica rispetto all’Europa (forse isolamento e di un torpore millenari) soconto di un seminario svoltosi allo nologie che li rendevano salubri e sicu- www.iuav.it un po’ meno alla Venezia del “passag- ha comportato molte sperimentazio- Iuav il 9 dicembre 2013 dal titolo “Mo- ri. E, per guidare il loro cammino, ecco ©Iuav 2014 gio a nordest”) ma invece centrale a ni progettuali di assoluto rilievo. Non sca e la qualità dell’architettura”, con gli scritti di Renzo Dubbini (direttore Iuav giornale dell’università un’entità geografica più evocata che sempre – è vero – con la dovuta conte- la preziosa collaborazione di Elena del DACC, Dipartimento di Architet- iscritto al n. 1391 esperita: l’Eurasia? Strategico crocevia stualizzazione, non sempre con l’auspi- Giacomello, dottoressa di ricerca allo tura Costruzione Conservazione), Irina del registro stampa tra due dei tre più vecchi Continenti. cata cultura, ma con la possanza di un Iuav. Esperti italiani e russi dialogano Korobina (direttrice del Museo Stata- tribunale di Venezia a cura del Forse perché – e qui sovviene la locu- popolo che, collettivamente, ha voluto sul tema nelle pagine che seguono (in le di Architettura Alexey Shchusev di servizio comunicazione zione “cultura tecnologica della pro- cambiare il corso della sua storia e di- italiano e in inglese). Mosca), Alessandro De Magistris (pro- [email protected] gettazione” cara a Giuseppe Ciribini, ventare “moderno”. Come raccomandato agli studenti a fessore ordinario di Storia dell’archi- ISSN 2038-7814 padre della disciplina – non esiste Oggi, erede di una modernizzazione a conclusione del seminario stesso è au- tettura), Elisabetta Fabbri (architetto), discorso sulla tecnica che non sia ra- tappe forzate e talvolta di un giganti- spicabile che sempre più giovani ita- Umberto Zanetti (ingegnere, fondato- direttore Amerigo Restucci dicato nella cultura dei luoghi e dei smo e di un titanismo vuoti di senso, liani imparino il russo e vadano a lavo- re di ZDA), Sergey Nikitin (fondatore significati che vi sono associati. l’architettura moscovita (russa meno rare lì, non solo come sbocco attraente di Bureau MosKultProg), Gianpaolo stampa Quindi ogni grande città, ogni area perché quella recupera localismi e a situazioni professionali qui impan- Forese e Ferruccio Tasinato (fondatori Grafiche Veneziane, Venezia (VE) metropolitana è laboratorio delle scel- vernacolarismi impossibili nella gran- tanate ma anche come riproposizione di +39 Architects). Iuav : 142 2 Metamorfosi e trasformazioni come paradigma di una città euro- Recent History of Moscow tations. Lenin had moved the Soviet rental basis. Residential districts for di una capitale pea ai limiti di una linea di frontiera. Irina Korobina government to Moscow, and in 1918 workers began to appear, usually in Renzo Dubbini Walter Benjamin, negli anni Venti, nel the city became the capital of Russia the vicinity of factories. At the same suo “Immagini di città”, proponeva di Moscow today is a huge megalopo- and in 1922 of the USSR – the count- time, new and experimental types of Mosca, in quanto terreno di speri- valutarne i caratteri per analogia. Egli lis which ranks one of the first in the ry’s political, industrial, and cultural housing and construction technology mentazione architettonica, è un caso sosteneva: “è Berlino che si impara a world in terms of pace of urbanization. centre. This had implications for the were developed. The best architects complesso e di grande interesse. In un conoscere attraverso Mosca“. Ma Mo- The city is, you might say, making up way in which Moscow changed and designed “commune houses“. These vasto panorama di temi, emergono sca – sottolineava – ha una vitalità for what it missed out on under So- developed, but also for the ideological were idealistic ways of organizing the rotture e continuità rispetto alle altre che Berlino non possiede. È elegante, viet rule, when it was severely reined content of its architecture. lives of workers with an emphasis on capitali europee e alla tradizione. lussuosa, ordinata, Berlino, ma è una in by socialist economics and urban- The 1920s saw the appearance of a communal living and collective recre- Dalla città ancora centrica, che resiste città “vuota“! Soprattutto le strade planning concepts that, enshrined in whole series of projects aimed at total- ation. Construction costs were to be nella sua unità fino agli anni Trenta, si sono deserte. A Mosca invece trionfa law, dictated to it what form it should ly reconstructing Moscow in order to reduced by minimizing the amount sostituisce una città in forte espansio- l’esuberanza: “la merce trabocca dap- take. Today, by contrast, everything – turn it into the ideal communist city. of space allocated to each member of ne che pone questioni fortemente lega- pertutto fuori dalle case“. È questo il or almost everything – is determined Ideas for communist forms of settle- the house. Considerable effort went te allo sviluppo sociale, ai programmi carattere marcato di una città di tra- by market forces. Moscow has become ment were based on a faith in the po- into designing residential units that architettonici, a una razionalizzazione dizione commerciale, lo spirito della a gigantic building site; vacant land wer of technical science and rational would make optimum use of minimal dei costi di produzione dell’edilizia. città mercantile orientale. is subject to intensive development; organization of space. Their aim was to amounts of space. Subsequently these Nel suo variegato panorama il ferro e Dopo la rivoluzione, l’edilizia tradi- industrial zones and the first genera- radically change the existing situation experiments shaped the development il vetro convivono con la vecchia edili- zionale convive con le architetture tion of Soviet standard-type housing and so transform Moscow into the “ca- of house building all over the world. zia in legno, ma la questione primaria geometriche dell’avanguardia, di Mel- are being radically reconstructed; pital city of the victorious Proletariat“. One of the instruments used in orga- è connessa al tema di come si possa- nikov, Lubetkin, Le Corbusier. La com- and work is going ahead on “grand As early as 1918, this policy had produ- nizing people’s lives was construction no affrontare i programmi dei grandi petizione si scatena nelle nuove città projects“ intended to mark the birth of ced an example of a qualitatively new of public housing and provision of edifici (dai magazzini commerciali, industriali, ispirate dai modelli ame- a new capitalist capital city. Moscow is approach to urban development. services that freed up workers’ time alle grandi unità abitative, agli edifici ricani (Detroit e il fordismo), quanto reaching upwards. A “ring of skyscra- B.Sakkulin’s enfluentogram was Rus- for work and self-education. This was istituzionali) e allo “zoning“, al pari di nei grattacieli di Mosca: la New York pers“, named by journalists “the 22 si- sia’s first regional urban-planning the age that saw the appearance of altre realtà occidentali. del socialismo realizzato, descritta da sters“, is already on architects’ drawing project based on group socialist set- kindergartens, crèches, and a new type Oggi uno dei problemi più rilevanti ri- un critico attento e colto come Robert boards, and Norman Foster’s Russia tlement. The “Large Moscow“ project of catering service, the kitchen factory, guarda la gestione e la selezione della Byron nel suo reportage del 1931-1932. Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Euro- developed by a team led by Sergey which could serve up to 1500 persons qualità, e al tempo stesso il manteni- Ma la diversità è evidente, nonostan- pe, is currently awaiting planning per- Shestakov in 1926 proposed enlarging simultaneously. At the same time, mento di una identità segnata da di- te l’ambiguità ideologica. I grattacieli mission. The intensive urbanization of the capital and surrounding it with architects tackled the task of organi- namiche sempre più globalizzate. modernisti di Mosca sono i simboli del- Moscow Suburb leads to actual sprawl two rings of satellite cities. zing workers’ recreation. The country È qui interessante porci la domanda la burocrazia staliniana, di un linguag- of the city environment behind the ad- The rapid development of transport, switched to a 7-hour working day and se l’architettura sia in grado ancora di gio rigido e piatto che rimarrà in auge ministrative board of the city Moscow the beginning of mass construction of passive leisure became increasingly elaborare un linguaggio per ogni spe- fino agli anni Cinquanta e Sessanta, Ring Road. A fifth ring road is now in housing, and the use of new construc- unpopular.
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