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UNESCO Review of Higher Education Institutions' Responses to HIV And

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UNESCO Review of Higher Education Institutions' Responses to HIV And UNESCO REVIEW OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS’ RESPONSES TO HIV AND AIDS SURINAME– The Case of Anton de Kom University of Suriname (ADEKUS) and the Institute for Advanced Teacher Training (IOL) Case Study conducted by Lydia Emerencia Technical Coordinator of the case study at the UNESCO Kingston Office: Michael Morrissey September, 2005 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UNESCO. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2 ACRONYMS 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background 5 1.2. Study objectives 6 2. METHODOLOGY 7 3. THE SURINAME SOCIETY 3.1 The history of Suriname 8 3.2. Location and bordering countries 9 3.3. The political situation 10 3.4. The economic situation 11 3.5. The social and cultural situation 12 3.6. Demography and health 12 3.7. The situation of women 13 4. THE NATIONAL CONTEXT OF HIV/AIDS 4.1. The evolution of the epidemic in Suriname 13 4.2. The government response and political commitment 14 4.3. Transmission of HIV 16 4.4. Behaviour 17 4.5. Civil society response 18 4.6. International support 19 5. IMPACT OF HIV/AIDS ON THE EDUCATION SECTOR 5.1. Education in Suriname 20 5.2. Higher education in Suriname 21 5.3. The Anton de Kom University of Suriname (ADEKUS) 22 5.3.1. Basic facts 22 5.3.2. Structure and organization 22 5.3.3. Impact of HIV/AIDS on the University 23 5.4. The Institute for Advanced Teacher Training (IOL) 25 5.4.1. Basic facts 25 5.4.2. Structure and organization 26 5.4.3. Impact of HIV/AIDS on the IOL 26 6. INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES OF HIGHER EDUCATION 6.1. HIV/AIDS Policies and Plans, training and education, programmes and services 27 6.1.1. The University of Suriname 27 6.1.2. The Institute for Advanced Teacher Training (IOL) 29 6.2. Community outreach and institutional leadership on HIV/AIDS 29 6.3. Research and data on HIV/AIDS 30 6.4. Partnerships and networks 31 6.5. Conclusion 31 7. LESSONS LEARNED 7.1. Problems, weaknesses and threats 32 7.2. Possibilities and opportunities 33 7.3. Conclusion 34 8. RECOMMENDATIONS 36 BIBLIOGRAPHY 38 APPENDICES 40 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The production of this document would not have been possible without the help and support of many persons. I would like to convey my thanks to the Board of UNICA and its president, Dr. Goretti Narain, for trusting me with this important research, to Dr. Glenn Sankatsing for making contacts with important persons in Suriname, to Mr. Mike Morrissey and Ms. Justine Sass of UNESCO for their critical feedback which helped shape this document, to the management, staff and students of the University of Suriname and the Institute for Advanced Teacher Training in Suriname for their honest responses and hospitality, to the respondents of all the NGOs and to the Department of Health in Suriname for the opportunity given to me to know their wonderful and inspiring work, and to Dr. Julia Terborg, president of Prohealth Foundation, for reviewing the draft of this document. To Ms. Staphorst, president of the Nationale Vrouwenbeweging in Suriname, who personally made most of the interview appointments for me, I extend my warmest gratitude. Without her, it would have been simply impossible to speak to so many respondents in such a short time. DEDICATION This document is dedicated to the children of the Parelhuis, living with HIV/AIDS. ________________________ Lydia Emerencia University of Aruba Aruba . 2 ACRONYMS ADEKUS Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname AHKCO Academie voor Hoger Kunst- en Cultuuronderwijs AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ARV Antiretroviral ART Antiretroviral Therapy ASC Association of Caribbean States CARCOM Caribbean Community CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIDA Canadian International Development Agency COVAB Centrale Opleiding voor Verpleegkundigen en Aanverwante Beroepen CSIH Canadian Society for International Health CSW Commercial Sex Worker DD Dermatological Services EBO Eenvoudig Beroeps Onderwijs: a two-year Elementary Vocational school GDP Gross Domestic Product HAVO Hoger Algemeen Voorbereidend Onderwijs: HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IOL Instituut voor de Opleiding van Leerkrachten (Institute for advanced teacher training) JTV Stichting Jeugdtandverzorging LBGO Lager Beroeps Generaal Ondewijs LNO Lager Nijverheids Onderwijs: Vocational Home Economics LOBO Lerarenopleiding Beroepsonderwijs LTO Lager Technisch Onderwijs MEAO Middelbaar Economisch Administratief Onderwijs MULO Middelbaar Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs MSM Men who have sex with men MTCT Mother to child Transmission NAC National AIDS Committee NAP National AIDS Programme NATIN Nationaal Technisch Instituut NGO Nongovernmental Organization NPS Nationale Partij Suriname NSP National Strategic Plan PA Pedagogische Academie PAHO Pan American health Organization PLWHA People living with HIV/AIDS PTC Polytecnic College (PTC) RGD Foundation for the Regional Health Services SARA Situation and Response Analysis SHAN Suriname HIV/AIDS Network SRD Suriname Dollar STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases STI Sexually Transmitted Infection UNDP United Nations Development Program UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS VBO Voortgezet Buitgewoon Onderwijs VWO Voorbereidend Wetenschappelijk Onderwijs VTC Voluntary Testing and Counseling WHO World Health Organization YON Youth Impact Network 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Suriname, a plural and segmented community since colonial times, is located on the northeast coast of South America. It is a country of many contrasts: between rich and poor, but also between potential development and real development. Suriname faces serious development challenges: economic, political and social. The many moments of political unrest, the economic crises, the social pauperisation and moral decay seem to have weakened the problem-solving capacity of the country. One of the major challenges since the 1980s is the HIV/AIDS epidemic. After the first case of AIDS was diagnosed in 1983, the cumulative number of persons living with HIV has increased rapidly. In 2002, this reached approximately 2500 persons. Since 1996, there has also been an accelerated increase in the annual number of new HIV cases, which has almost quadrupled within a relatively short period of time. Currently, the adult HIV prevalence rate is 1.7%, which places Suriname in the top 15 HIV/AIDS prevalence countries in the non-African world and at the 3rd highest place in Latin America. The national response to the HIV/AIDS has been strong from the beginning, but, regrettably, not successful overall. Although a multi-sectoral, nation-wide approach has been implemented since early on, and several governmental and non-governmental organizations have been established, the number of HIV cases continues to rise. One of the reasons for this is probably the discontinuity in the national response, due to the aforementioned economic and political crises in the country. Another reason for the lack of success of the national response is, in addition, difficulties in effectively changing high risk sexual behaviour, because of the strong social and cultural determinants of this behaviour. Furthermore, there is a serious lack of updated knowledge and data with respect to routes of transmission and other factors relevant for the national campaign on HIV/AIDS. Fortunately, however, the Surinamese Government has recently formalized a National Strategic Plan HIV/AIDS, which implies a promising possibility to effectively manage the challenge of HIV/AIDS. Taking into account the gravity of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Suriname, one would expect that the institutions of higher education have responded rapidly and decisively, both internally as well as externally. However, the two most important institutions for higher education in Suriname, the Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname (ADEKUS) and the Instituut voor de Opleiding van Leerkrachten (Institute for advanced teacher training, or IOL), have not yet been able to deliver that response. Neither institution has incorporated HIV/AIDS into their curriculum, undertaken HIV/AIDS awareness activities, conducted relevant research activities or community outreach, or demonstrated institutional leadership with respect to HIV/AIDS. There is however, good hope and feasible possibilities that the aforementioned institutions will soon engage in the development of the adequate response to the HIV/AIDS situation in the country. For this to happen, however, there need to be commitment at the management level and critical awareness of all actors with 4 respect to the gravity of the problem and the potential vulnerability of student, staff and the institution altogether. Furthermore, it is imperative that the institutions have a strong sense of mission regarding their role and responsibility with respect to pressing social issues in general and to the alarming HIV/AIDS situation in particular. Finally, the effectiveness of the respond will depend on the willingness to build synergies with all other social actors working in the field of HIV/AIDS in Suriname. 5 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background This case study is one of 12 undertaken by UNESCO to deepen the understanding of the impact of HIV/AIDS on tertiary education institutions and the response of these institutions to HIV/AIDS in different social and cultural contexts, at varying stages of the epidemic, and in different regions of the world. Institutions of higher learning have the possibility of reaching young people in the age group, 15-24 years, considered by UNAIDS to be the most threatened
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