BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Fergus, R., Louwe Kooijmans, J., Kwak, R.

BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

PEREGRINE FALCON (FALCO PEREGRINUS) IN THE PORT OF AMSTERDAM. PHOTO:WILL LEURS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ...... 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 5 BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL GROUP ON URBAN BIRDS ...... 6 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 8 2. WHAT IS URBAN? ...... 11 3. URBAN BIRDS ...... 13 4. RED LIST ...... 19 5. NON-NATIVE SPECIES ...... 21 6. NUISANCE BIRD SPECIES ...... 23 7. ICONIC URBAN BIRD SPECIES ...... 25 8. URBAN IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS AND HABITAT RESERVES ...... 27 9. URBAN MIGRATION MONITORING STATIONS ...... 30 10. URBAN BIRD MONITORING ...... 31 11. AWARENESS ...... 35 12. GARDEN BIRD COUNTS ...... 39 13. BIRD FRIENDLY GARDENING ...... 41 14. ADVICE ON CITY PLANNING ...... 43 15. CONSERVATION OF URBAN BIRD SPECIES ...... 45 16. BEST PRACTICES AND GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE ...... 47 APPENDICES ...... 58 A. COUNTRY PROFILES AND SURVEY RESPONSES ...... 59 B. RESPONSES FROM INDEPENDENT AUDUBON CHAPTERS (USA) ...... 159 C. LOCAL URBAN REDLIST SPECIES BY CONTINENT ...... 163 D. ENGLISH AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF BIRD SPECIES MENTIONED ...... 165

Recommended Citation: Fergus, R., Louwe Kooijmans, J., Kwak, R., BirdLife International Global Survey on the Status of Urban Bird Conservation, BirdLife International, Cambridge, 2013

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BARN OWL (TYTO ALBA) THE MOST WIDE SPREAD URBAN BIRD. PHOTO: PAUL HOBSON

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PREFACE

Across the world more than 50% of all people already live in towns and cities, and this is a percentage that is growing rapidly. By 2050 it is anticipated that more than 70% for people will be urban-dwellers. For BirdLife, this means that our members and prospective supporters will increasingly be town and city-based. Urbanisation that disconnects people from wild nature is a cause of increasing concern to the conservation community, and there is growing evidence that access to wildlife can have a significant impact on our health and well-being. People's concerns are different everywhere around globe, but we all share a same first experience with nature close to our home. From the outset, I have been a keen supporter of the BirdLife International Group on Urban Birds (BIG UB) and I would like to congratulate all the Partners that have contributed to this survey. This report is a first global overview of what BirdLife partners do for the conservation of birds in urban areas. Through our work on species of concern and, of course, important bird areas (IBAs) in urban areas, I see lots of opportunities to engage people, particularly young people, in bird conservation. Biodiverse green spaces in towns and cities can make a huge difference to people, and people can help ensure these areas continue to exit. How we manage the landscape around us; whether it is a forest, a meadow, a simple city street or town garden, influences the wildlife it supports. And cities and towns that are fit for birds, are surely going to be fit for us as well.

Marco Lambertini, Chief Executive of BirdLife International

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks to the founding members of the BirdLife International Group on Urban Birds (BIGUB) who outlined areas of interest and established an organizational agenda at the initial 2009 organizing meeting in Leiden, NL: Fahrul Amama, Birgit Brenninkmeijer, Claire Cazier, Marco Dinetti, George Eshiamwata, John Fanshawe, Rob Fergus, Katie Higgens, Iordan Hristov, Astrid Leoni, Jip Louwe Kooijmans, Robert Kwak, Rosabel Miro, Darren Moorcraft, Martijn Overbeeke, Holly Parsons, Dian Prihanggalasari, Henny sembiring, Sergey Sklyarenko, Don Geoff Tabaranza, Ishana Thapa, Manon Wilmering, Fred Wouters.

Our greatest thanks to those who provided responses to this BIGUB survey: Ruth Akagu, Fahrul Amama, Amir Balaban, Richard E. Barrett, Dave Bengston, Mary Ellen Bittorf, Dieudonne Bizimana, Mike Blackbird, Andrés Bosso, Linda Brinker, Wayne Buchholtz, Greg Butcher, Sarah Campbell, Agustin Carriquiry, Jim Clark, Eric Clough, Bradley Cornell, John Cortes, Jennifer Coulson, Patricia Cruse, Jean Daly, Mark Delwiche, Dabby Ding, Craig Dockrill, Shannon Dougherty, Joel Dunnette, Jeff Ebright, Jaanus Elts, Virginia Escandell, Jacqueline Evans, Claudia Feltrup-Azafzaf, Mary Ford, Laurie Foss, Michael F. Garbo, John Gerwin, Lois Gundrum, Anuradha Gupta, Jurij Hanžel, Harvey, Seiji Hayama, Iordan Hristov, Bubba Hubbard, Richard Ingram, Süreyya Isfendiyaroglu, Shannon Kennedy, Marianne Korosy, Jip Louwe Kooijmans, Mark W. Larson, Robert Lee, Diane Lembck, Judy Liddell, Travis Longcore, Patric Lorgé, Jacque Lowery, Gerry Luginbuhl, Haley Main, Nancy Manning, Mark Martell, Bill Miller, Rosabel Miro, Ireneusz Mirowski, Alvaro Moisés, Keddy Mooketsa, Cristina Morales, Ron Morris, Werner Müller, Tiwonge I Mzumara, Károly Nagy, Mercy Ndalila, Serge Nsengimana, Michael Opige, Clairie Papazoglou, Holly Parsons, Gregory Pasztor, Glenn Phillips, Helen Pugh, Aalbert Rebergen, Ernst Retief, Enas F. Sakkijha, Mudhafar A. Salim, Elina Sarantou, Kabelo Senyatso, Loren H. Smith, Adrian Soria, Nancy Streiffert, Elchin Sultanov, Don Geoff Tabaranza, Ishana Thapa, Meelis Uustal, Wim Van den Bossche, Metodija Velevski, Zdenek Vermouzek, Donald Ware, Bob Wasilewski, Kerrie Wilcox, Magdalena Zadrąg.

Last but not least special thanks to BirdLife officials, Beverly Childs, John Fanshawe, Hazell Thompson.

COMMON STARLING (STURNUS VULGARIS) PHOTO: JIP LOUWE KOOIJMANS

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BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL GROUP ON URBAN BIRDS The Netherlands is one of the most urban nations on earth, and Vogelbescherming Nederland / Birdlife Netherlands early recognized that urban settlements are important habitats for both birds and people, and that cities are where most people are likely to be recruited in support of bird preservation. Since several other BirdLife partners were also working on urban bird issues and involving the public in bird protection in their urban daily living space, Vogelbescherming Nederland initiated efforts to bring these partners together as a working group on Urban Birds within BirdLife International. The BirdLife Group on Urban Birds (BIG UB) works to increase BirdLife’s expertise, influence on policies, public profile and fundraising opportunities in the field of the urban environment as a habitat for birds and people, by focusing on synergy between partners by exchange of knowledge, experience and practical tools for conservation as well as communication. Group organizing began with informal discussions at Urbio 2008 (Erfurt 2008) and the BirdLife World Conference in Argentina (Buenos Aires 2008), and the group formally convened for the first time a year later in Leiden, The Netherlands (6-7 November 2009).

TOP 5 ACTION LIST BIG UB members identified the following Top 5 action list for the group:

1) Compile a list of current activities and best practices for publication in an official BirdLife paper on urban bird conservation. 2) Utilize the BirdLife paper to create a framework for BirdLife urban bird conservation recommendations for rollout and discussion at a BirdLife Global Meeting. 3) Identify gaps in knowledge and education needed for conservation or birds in urban areas 4) Create a list of Important Bird Areas & threatened birds in urban areas 5) Convene an international conference on urban bird conservation to include a second BIG UB meeting

A BIG UB steering committee formed to further these actions and the work of the group.

MEMBERS OF THE STEERING COMMITTEE:  Robert Kwak, Vogelbescherming Nederland, moderator  George Eshiamwata, BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat.  John Fanshawe, BirdLife International Secretariat.  Jip Louwe Kooijmans, Vogelbescherming Nederland  Rosabel Miro, Panama Audubon Society.  Darren Moorcroft, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds  Holly Parsons, Birds Australia.  Sergey Sklyarenko, Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan.  Rob Fergus, external expert

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HOUSE SPARROW (PASSER DOMESTICUS) PHOTO: MARTIN HIERCK

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1. INTRODUCTION In order to begin addressing their Top 5 Action List, BirdLife International Group on Urban Birds (BIG UB) members compiled a list of survey questions in 2010. In June 2011 the BirdLife International office in Cambridge sent the survey to all BirdLife partners and affiliates. Partners and affiliates were asked to fill out the survey online via SurveyMonkey.

By the end of August 2011, 49 of 125 BirdLife country partners had responded to the survey (see Map 1.1 and Table 1.1). These included:

18 [39%, n=46] from Europe, 2 [18%, n=11] from the Middle East, 10 [41%, n=24] from Africa, 6 [35%, n=17] from Asia, 4 [50%, n=8] from the Pacific, 9 [47%, n=19] from the America’s In addition, responses were received from 47 local chapters of the National Audubon Society (10%, n=460)—the U.S. BirdLife partner (see Appendix B).

Map 1.1 2011 BirdLife International Group on Urban Birds Survey Respondents

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Table 1 .1 Respondents—2011 BIG UB Survey

Country BirdLife Partner Argentina Aves Argentians Australia Birds Australia Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Ornithological Society Belgium Natuurpunt (branch of BirdLife Belgium) Botswana BirdLife Botswana Bulgaria Bulgarian Society for the Protection of birds / BirdLife Bulgaria Burundi Association Burundaise pour la protection des Oiseaux-ABO Canada Bird Studies Canada Cook Islands Te Ipukarea Society Cyprus BirdLife Cyprus Czech Republic Czech Society for Ornithology Ecuador Aves y Conservacion El Salvador SalvaNATURA Estonia Estonian Ornithological Society Falklands/Malvinas Falklands Conservation Gibraltar Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society Greece Hellenic Ornithological Society Hungary Hungarian Ornithological and Nature Conservation Society (MME) Indonesia Burung Indonesia Iraq Nature Iraq Israel Society for conservation of nature in Israel SPNI Japan Wild Bird Society of Japan Jordan The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature Kenya Nature Kenya Liberia Society for the Conservation of Nature of Liberia(SCNL) Luxembourg LNVL - BirdLife Luxembourg Macedonia Macedonian Ecological Society Malawi Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi The Netherlands Vogelbescherming Nederland / BirdLife Netherlands Nepal Bird Conservation Nepal New Zealand Forest & Bird Nigeria Nigerian Conservation Foundation Palau Palau Conservation Society Panama Sociedad Audubon de Panamá Paraguay Asociación Guyra Paraguay Philippines Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources Poland Ogólnopolskie Towarzystwo Ochrony Ptaków (OTOP) Rwanda ACNR(Association pour la Conservation de la Nature au Rwanda) Singapore Nature Society (Singapore) Slovenia DOPPS - Birdlife Slovenia South Africa BirdLife South Africsa Spain SEO/BirdLife Switzerland SVS/BirdLife Switzerland Taiwan Chinese Wild Bird Federation Tunisia Association "Les Amis des Oiseaux" (AAO) Turkey Doga Dernegi Uganda Nature Uganda United States National Audubon Uruguay Aves Uruguay

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BIG UB survey responses came from BirdLife country partners representing nations with a wide range of populations. Partners from the smallest countries responding were Palau with 20,796 inhabitants and Gibraltar with 28,000 inhabitants. The largest countries represented in the survey were the United States with 308 million inhabitant at a density of 31.9/km² and Nigeria with 150 million inhabitants at a density of 161.5/km². Population densities of responding country partners also varied greatly. The highest densities reported are from the city states of Singapore (7,315/k²) and Gibraltar (4,672.3/km²), the third and fifth densest populations in the world. More moderate but still densely populated countries such as Taiwan (638.5/km²) and the Netherlands (401.4/km²) were also represented, as were countries with very low population densities including the Falklands (0.3/km²), Australia (2.7/km²), and Canada 3.4/km²). Accelerating rates of urbanization around the world underscore the growing importance of conservation in cities. Since 2007 over 50% of the world population is found in cities. Responses to the BIG UB survey generally reflected this high percentage of urbanism. Only seven of the 49 countries reported urban population percentages lower than the world average of 50% (Table 1.2).

Table 1.2 Countries Reporting Urban Populations Below 50% Country Percent Urban Population Rwanda 16.9% Nepal 19% Luxembourg 30% Kenya 42% Slovenia 44% Nigeria 48.7% Philippines 48%

Most countries reported urban percentages between 60-90%. Since urban population percentages are available for most countries, some respondents provided very accurate governmental statistics (eg. Jordan’s 82.6% from their department of statistics, end of 2010) and Australia reporting 68.4% in major cities and 29.2% in regional centers. Other respondents did not reference official statistics, but provided estimates or educated guesses. The highest urban percentages reported in the BIG UB survey came from Uruguay (92%) and Gibraltar (95%). However, reported percentages are not strictly comparable, as they are influenced by widely varying local definitions of ‘urban’ (see next section on definitions of urban). While the subject of urban bird conservation might appear to be of more interest to partners in countries with high urban populations, interest and programming in urban bird programs were reported by partners from across the urbanization spectrum. Also perhaps surprisingly, some countries with high urban populations reported very little by way of urban bird conservation programming. This report summarizes and provides an initial review of the responses to the 2011 BIG UB survey. Responses to each survey question are summarized in sections 2-15 and complete survey responses from each country partner are also provided (Appendix A). This report uses the follows the taxonomy, common names, and scientific names as published in BirdLife Checklist Version 5. Scientific names for all species mentioned in the text are included in Appendix D.

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2. WHAT IS URBAN? One of the challenges in discussing or studying urban bird conservation across the globe is the lack of a universally accepted definition of ‘urban’. This is hardly a problem restricted to ecologists or conservationists; even the United Nations adopts a vague definition of urban settlements as those defined as such by various national statistical agencies (see box). When asked to clarify their definition of urban areas, most BirdLife partners responded with a general definition referring to cities and towns.

Some partners provided broad qualitative descriptions of urban areas, such as  Nepal: “High settlement areas in metropolitan and sub-metropolitan cities consisting of municipalities, very less agricultural areas.”  Iraq: “Areas that are used permanently or frequently by people.”  Nigeria: “An area characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding, it means an area of continuous development may be cities, towns or conurbations.”

17 partners referred to local official definitions of urban areas, including:  Botswana: “Adopted statutory definition, which is more political, rather based on human population; these are towns managed by central and not local government.”  Czech Republic: “Official list of towns and cities.”  Taiwan: “Municipalities.”

11 partners provided a more quantitative definition of urban areas based on the number of inhabitants in a settlement. Most definitions required the presence of at least 1000 inhabitants to qualify as urban, for example Estonia defined urban areas as compact settlements with a high population density and total population of at least 1000 people. Only Uruguay, with a minimum threshold of 500, defined urban areas as settlements with fewer than 1000 inhabitants. Other partners cited higher minimum population requirements for a settlement to qualify as urban:  Slovenia 2,000  Philippines 2,000  United States 2,500  Japan 4,000  Jordan 5,000

Only the Philippines provided a clear urban definition that involved measurements of population density: (1) cities and municipalities with at least 1,000 persons/sq km; (2) central districts of municipalities and cities with at least 500 persons per sq km; (3) barangay (smallest political unit) with at least 1,000 inhabitants and primary occupation is non-fishing.

In providing answers to this survey, Poland limited its definition to include only big cities with over 200,000 inhabitants.

While most urban definitions are based on population criteria, urban ecologists seek to identify urban areas based on measures of landscape features. While individual researchers often create their own criteria for determining what is or is not urban, these definitions often involve a gradient of landscapes based on how much of it is dominated by pavement or built structures and ornamental vegetation (Box 1.2). Interestingly, no survey responses relied upon specific ecological criteria, and only a few described specific landscape features. Burundi mentioned “modern and complex infrastructure,” while Panama described urban areas as “areas with road, electricity, water and sewage systems, with public services (schools, hospitals, police station, etc.) and private services (banks, supermarkets, shops, etc.)

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Without a universal definition of urban areas, the BIG UB survey responses are not strictly comparable from country to country, however they are illustrative of a wide diversity of perspectives and approaches to dealing with birds in variously defined urban areas.

Box 1.1 United Nations Definitions of Urban a) Urban. Settlements or localities defined as "urban" by national statistical agencies. b) Urbanization. The process of transition from a rural to a more urban society. Statistically, urbanization reflects an increasing proportion of the population living in settlements defined as urban, primarily through net rural to urban migration. The level of urbanization is the percentage of the total population living in towns and cities while the rate of urbanization is the rate at which it grows. c) Urban growth. The increase in the number of people who live in towns and cities, measured either in relative or absolute terms. d) Natural increase. The difference between the number of births and number of deaths in a given population. e) The urban transition. The passage from a predominantly rural to a predominantly urban society.

State of world population: Unleashing the potential of urban growth. New York, NY: The United Nations Free Peoples Association; 2007.

Box 1.2 Ecological definitions of urban landscapes

(based on Marzluff, Bowman, and Donnely, “A historical perspective on urban bird research: trends, terms, and approaches,” in Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World, Klewer, 2001)

Landscape Percent Built Building Residential Additional Description Density Human Density

Urban >50 >10/ha >10/ha Mostly covered with buildings

Suburban 30-50 2.5-10/ha >10/ha Single-family housing and yards

Exurban 5-20 <2.5/ha 1-10/ha Scattered building in native matrix

Rural 5-20 <2.5/ha 1-10/ha Scattered building in agricultural matrix

Wildland 0-2 0 <1/ha Mosly unsettled

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3. URBAN BIRDS BirdLife partners were asked to determine the number of species with city or other urban areas as ‘prime habitat’ and to provide a list of those species, as well as the basis for this list (science based versus educated guess). As with the definition of urban, the criteria for determining what is an urban bird, or what constituted prime habitat, varied widely.

Countries reported the number of urban bird totals ranging from 2 species to 300—clearly representing different interpretations of the question as well as differing views of what constitutes an urban bird. Most responses listed only the most urban-dwelling birds (those which primarily use cities as opposed to other landscapes), while a few partners emphasized the long list of birds that are found across a wide range of habitats within their urban areas.

Despite the different approaches to delineating urban bird species, this survey provides an instructive overview of urban birds on each continent. The survey responses also illustrate how little studied urban birds are in most countries--only a few partners were able to quantify their responses based on scientific studies, with most having to rely on expert opinion. (see Table 3.1).

Expert Opinion vs. Scientific Research Table 3.1 Urban Bird Species Determinations Based on Expert Opinion vs. Scientific Research 17 Continent Expert Science - % Expert %Science 35% 24 50% Europe 8 2 8 [44% n=18] [11%] 7 Africa 6 1 3 [60% n=10] [10%] 15% Asia 2 2 2 [33% n=6] [33%] Pacific 4 0 0 [0% n=4] [0%] America 3 2 3 [33% n=9] [22%] Expert Opinion Middle East 1 0 1 [0% n=2] [0%] Science No Response

BIRDS AND PEOPLE. HOUSE SPARROW (PASSER DOMESTICUS) PHOTO: MARTIN HIERCK

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EUROPE 34 urban bird species were mentioned by more than one country in Europe:  House Sparrow (15)  Common Swift (15)  Eurasian Collared-dove (15)  Rock Pigeon (10)  Northern House-martin (10)  Eurasian Jackdaw (9)  Barn Swallow (7)  Barn Owl (6)  Eurasian Blackbird (5)  Common Kestrel (4)  Black-billed Magpie (4)  European Greenfinch (4)  European Goldfinch (3)  Rose-ringed Parakeet (4)

 Black Redstart (4)  Peregrine Falcon (4)  Hooded Crow (3)  Rook (3)  Little Owl (3)

 White Stork (3)  Laughing Dove (3)  White Wagtail (3)  Great Tit (2)  Lesser Kestrel (2)  Yellow-legged Gull (2)  Spotted Flycatcher (2)  Common Starling (2)  Pallid Swift (2)  Alpine Swift (2)  Carrion Crow (2)  Common Redstart (2)  European Serin (2)  Common Myna (2)  Crested Lark (2) MIDDLE EAST As befits its geographic location, urban birds in the Middle East represents a mixture of European, African, and global species. 24 urban bird species were reported in the Middle East:  Eurasian Collared-dove  House Sparrow  Laughing Dove  Rock Pigeon  Common Starling (in winter)  White Wagtail (in winter)  Barn Swallow  Barn Owl  Himalayan Bulbul

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 White-throated Kingfisher  Syrian Woodpecker  Red -rumped Swallow  Northern House-martin  White-spectacled Bulbul  Eurasian Blackbird  Graceful Prinia  Great Tit  Palestine Sunbird  Eurasian Jay  Hooded Crow  House Crow  European Greenfinch  Common Kestrel  Rose-ringed Parakeet ASIA Seven species were listed by two or more countries:  Eurasian Tree Sparrow (2)  Little Swift (3)  Barn Swallow (2)  Cattle Egret (2)  Jungle Crow (2)  Rock Pigeon (2)  Black Kite (2) AFRICA Seven species were mentioned by more than one country:  Common Bulbul (3)  House Sparrow (3)  Pied Crow (2)  House Crow (2)  Northern House-martin (2)  Laughing Dove (2)  Speckled Pigeon (2) PACIFIC Only two countries provided a list of species in this section, which included 24 species:  House Sparrow (introduced)  Micronesian Myzomela  Chestnut-breasted Mannikin  Palau Scops-owl  Palau Swiftlet  Micronesian Starling  Collared Kingfisher  Pacific Reef Heron  Red Junglefowl (feral)  Pacific Golden Plover  Bristle-thighed Curlew

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 Wandering Tattler  White Tern  Cook Islands Fruit Dove  Common Myna AMERICAS Six species were mentioned by more than one country:  House Sparrow (2)  Monk Parakeet (2)  Rock Pigeon (2)  Chimney Swift (2)  Rufous-bellied Thrush (2)  Grey-breasted Martin (2)

27 species were mentioned on more than one continent (Table 3.2), with the Barn Owl and House Sparrow appearing on all continents.

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Table 3.2 Most Widespread Urban Birds

Middle Africa Asia Europe Pacific America ALL East Barn Owl 6 House 6 Sparrow Rock Pigeon 4

Laughing 4 Dove Eurasian Collared- 4 dove Rose-ringed 4 Parakeet Peregrine 3 Falcon Common 3 Myna White- spectacled Bulbul Northern 3 House-martin Barn Swallow 4 Black- crowned 3 Night-heron White 3 Wagtail Cattle Egret ? 3 Common 3 Starling House Crow 3 Common 3 Kestrel Common Swift 2 Great Tit 2 Hooded Crow 2 Alpine Swift 2 Pallid Swift 2 Black Kite 2 European 2 Greenfinch Eurasian 2 Blackbird Little Egret 2 White Stork 2 Canada 2 Goose introduced by man, but partly Introduced by man Native native

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CHIMNEY SWIFT (CHAETURA PELAGICA). STRIKINGLY HOUSE BREEDING BIRD SPECIES ARE UNDER PRESSURE PHOTO: S.D.K. MASLOWSKI

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4. RED LIST BirdLife countries named as urban birds 16 species on the IUCN world red list (Table 4.1). It is not clear if all these birds are using the urban habitat as a breeding habitat or if these birds primarily occur in cities. None of those are European species, while Europe is the most urbanized continent.

In addition to IUCN red list species, many local red-listed species and birds of lower concern on a global scale are also listed urban birds. Respondents mentioned 40 species considered to be on local red lists (see Appendix C). Strikingly house breeding birds are under pressure, such as Chimney Swift in the Americas and Northern House-martin in Europe. Peregrine Falcon is locally red listed on three continents.

In some cases, cities can provide habitat for introduced populations of birds that are red-listed in their native habitats. One example is the Java Sparrow, a globally red listed species that has a successful introduced population in the Philippines.

In other cases, birds red-listed in part of their range can even become a pest or nuisance species when introduced elsewhere. The most remarkable example of this is the House Sparrow. Red-listed in some parts of Europe and Australia , it is at the same time considered a pest species in most parts of the world where it is introduced by man.

Local red lists may have different criteria. If no birds where mentioned as red-listed, this clearly does not mean that there are no endangered species present. In some cases, as indicated in the honest response from Argentina, BirdLife organizations have yet to fully assess possible urban habitat use by red-listed species.

IUCN Species Continent Countries Remarks Status 1 Chinese Egret EN Asia Philippines Non breeding visitor

2 Philippine Duck VU Asia Philippines Endemic

3 Hooded Vulture EN Africa Uganda, Nigeria

4 Grey Crowned-crane VU Africa Nigeria National bird 5 Bristle-thighed Curlew VU Pacific Cook islands Non breeding visitor 6 Bush Thick-knee NT Pacific Australia Partly urban 1 record, Non breeding Chinese Crested Tern CR Asia Philippines 7 visitor Only on two islands Cook Islands Fruit Dove VU Pacific Cook islands 8 Rarotonga and Atiu

9 Superb Parrot VU Pacific Australia Partly urban

10 Grey Parrot NT Africa Nigeria

12 Chimney Swift NT Americas USA Highly urban 13 Regent Honeyeater EN Pacific Australia Partly urban 14 Papyrus Gonolek NT Africa Nigeria

15 Papyrus Yellow Warbler VU Africa Nigeria

16 Java Sparrow VU Asia Philippines Introduced

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Responses represented a wide range of approaches to classifying birds as urban or to inclusion on local red lists. PHILIPPINES Here the responses included very rare birds that have occurred infrequently in urban areas, as well as an introduced bird of global conservation concern:  Chinese Crested Tern – migrant; recorded in Manila Bay 1905  Chinese Egret – migrant; frequently recorded in coastal areas near built-up areas such as Manila Bay.  Java Sparrow – introduced; has established small populations built-up areas and surrounding agricultural areas such as Metro Manila  Philippine Duck – endemic; a population of at least 80 individuals have taken up residence in the coastal lagoons of the Las Pinas – Paranaque Critical Habitat & Ecotourism Area in Manila Bay. PACIFIC In the Cook islands, eight species were listed as urban red list species, representing birds of primarily local conservation concern, as the global status for most of these species is of Least Concern:  Bristle-thighed Curlew (Vulnerable)  Cook Islands Fruit Dove (Vulnerable)  Pacific Reef Heron (Least Concern)  Red Junglefowl (Least Concern)  Pacific Golden Plover (Least Concern)  Wandering Tattler (Least Concern)  White Tern (Least Concern)  Common Myna (Least Concern) USA The Chimney Swift (Near Threatened) was the only urban Red List species mentioned by Audubon. However, local Audubon chapters reported three additional Red List species (see Appendix B). Many other IUCN, federal, or state listed endangered or threatened species occur in urban areas, and there may be a wide variety of interpretations to this questions based on judgment calls of where the "cut-off" should be on the continuum of how commonly a given species (particularly a migratory species) is encountered in urban areas. For instance, Willow Flycatchers and Yellow-billed Cuckoos aren’t usually considered primarily urban species, but they were listed as urban Red List species in Central New Mexico because they occur in riparian areas within the Greater Albuquerque area. In New York, the Peregrine Falcon is listed by the state as Endangered, reflecting the history of this species during the last 50 years more than its current population levels, which are healthy. Peregrine Falcons were extirpated in the eastern half of the United States and suffered severe population declines around the world after World War II due to the use of the pesticide DDT. The species was successfully restored in New York and elsewhere in much of its former habitat in the United States, and the federal government removed the Peregrine Falcon from its list of endangered and threatened species in 1999. New York state authorities have opted to continue listing it as endangered in consideration of its post WWII decline and the tremendous effort involved in restoring it.

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5. NON-NATIVE SPECIES Urban ecologists have long noted that urban avifaunas are often characterized by exotic species that are able to use built structures for nesting sites or take advantage of foraging and shelter opportunities afforded by exotic vegetation. BirdLife partners were able to list over 50 species of exotic species in their cities, which reflect both introduced species as well as invasive range expanders: like Eurasian Collared-dove and Laughing Dove in Asia and Europe or the Great-tailed Grackle in the Americas. 12 of these species are listed as exotic or invasive species on several continents (see Table 5.1).

Table 5.1 Exotic & range expanding birds mentioned on more than 1 continent around the world Number of countries where each species is listed as exotic or range expanding in the survey.

Exotic Africa Asia Middle East Europe Pacific Americas Continents Rock 2 2 Pigeon 1 2 4

Rose-ringed 1 2 5 1 4 Parakeet 1 Common 2 Myna 2 2 2 4

Common 1 2 2 3 Starling House 4 3 4 3 Sparrow House 2 1 3 Crow Canada 1 2 Goose European 2 1 2 Greenfinch Mallard 1 2 2

European 2 1 2 Goldfinch Eurasian 1 1 Collared-dove 1 1

Laughing 2 1 1 Dove Exotic Range Expander Native Partial Native

Remarkably, despite their near ubiquity in large cities around the globe, relatively few countries included mention of feral Rock Pigeon. Additional information would be required to explain this glaring inconsistency. Perhaps since genuine wild Rock Pigeons were native to Eurasia, their locally feral descendants are not considered exotic, or maybe pigeons are so common that they’re not even noticed anymore. Exotic species are often overlooked by birders more interested in native species, as well as by conservationists focused on native habitats. For instance, in the Americas, despite their presence since Colonial times, tallies of Rock Pigeons were not included in Audubon’s annual Christmas Bird Count until 1973.

Island states and countries reported the most exotic species, including Taiwan (21 species), New Zealand (17 species, and Australia (12 species) (see Table 5.2). Island avifaunas are at particular risk from competition with exotic species, and urban areas may serve as a source population for these invasive competitors to continually threaten more intact rural habitats.

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Table 5.2 Exotic Urban Species on Islands

Taiwan New Zealand Australia

White-vented Myna House Sparrow Common Starling Common Myna Common Starling Common Myna Jungle Myna Common Myna House Sparrow Vinous-breasted Starling Australian Magpie Eurasian Blackbird Asian Glossy Starling European Greenfinch European Goldfinch Black-collared Starling Yellowhammer Red-whiskered Bulbul White-throated Munia European Goldfinch Spotted Dove African Sacred Ibis Eurasian Chaffinch Rock Pigeon Indian Peafowl Common Redpoll Mallard Common Pheasant Eurasian Blackbird House Crow Blue Magpie Song Thrush Rose-ringed Parakeet White-rumped Shama Hedge Accentor Zebra Dove Eastern Rosella Village Weaver Spotted Dove (local) Pin-tailed Whydah African Collared-dove (local) Chestnut-tailed Starling Mallard Azure-winged Magpie Canada Goose. Orange-cheeked Waxbill Common Waxbill Black-throated Laughingthrush

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6. NUISANCE BIRD SPECIES In urban areas, where large human and bird populations come into contact, there are often conflicts when birds become a nuisance. When asked to list pest or nuisance bird species, most categorized species came from six bird families:

 doves and pigeons  starlings and mynas  corvids  gulls  weavers  parrots In most parts of the world, urban pest species are mostly exotic birds, especially Eurasian introductions, such as feral Rock Pigeon, Common Myna, Common Starling and House Sparrow. In Australia several native parrots including Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Galah, Rainbow Lorikeet, and Long-billed Corella are listed as pest species locally, while these birds are admired for their beauty in most other parts of the world.

Strikingly some birds are mentioned as a pest in one country while declining or even red listed in others. These include the Eurasian Jackdaw listed as a nuisance in Estonia, while near threatened in the Czech Republic and Slovenia, as well as the House Sparrow which is considered a pest in Uruguay and Israel, though near threatened in the Netherlands and Luxembourg.

Additional nuisance or pest species include several species of cowbirds in the Americas, which threaten some native songbirds with their brood-parasitism. In Israel, Cattle Egrets are also listed as a nuisance.

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FERAL ROCK PIGEONS (COLUMBA LIVIA) LIVE IN ALMOST ALL CITIES AROUND THE WORLD PHOTO: JIP LOUWE KOOIJMANS

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7. ICONIC URBAN BIRD SPECIES BirdLife partners were asked to list any iconic urban birds in their country. Partners listed 38 species as iconic or potentially iconic urban species (see Table 7.1). Responses varied based on two different interpretations of what defined an iconic bird—some countries listed species that are most typical of urban habitats, regardless of their conservation status; other countries listed species that can serve as a charismatic flagship species that the public can relate to as a conservation symbol.

Table 7.1 Iconic Urban Bird Species

Barn Owl Oriental Magpie-robin Barn Swallow Palestine Sunbird Chimney Swift Pallid Swift Common Bulbul Piapiac Common Kestrel Pied Crow Common Myna Powerful Owl Common Swift Rock Pigeon Eurasian Tree Sparrow Rufous-bellied Thrush Grey Fantail Spanish Sparrow Great-tailed Grackle Speckled Pigeon Grey Gerygone Splendid Fairywren House Bunting Spotted Pardalote House Crow Striated Pardalote House Sparrow Superb Fairywren Japanese White-eye Tropical Mockingbird Laughing Dove Tui Lesser Kestrel White Stork Light-vented Bulbul White-spectacled Bulbul Northern Grey-headed Sparrow White Wagtail Northern House-Martin Wood Thrush

In Europe and the Middle East, House Sparrow and Common Swift were the most frequently mentioned iconic urban birds. Only Hungary mentioned more charismatic flagship species such as the White Stork and Barn Swallow.

Four partners (and three independent local Audubon groups) mentioned Rock Pigeons as iconic urban birds. While these usually exotic urban species are not targets for urban conservation efforts, as perhaps the most visible urban bird in many areas, they do provide a possible starting point for public discussions about urban bird conservation. As noted in 2006 by Robert Dunn et al. in The Pigeon Paradox (Conservation Biology 20(6): 1814-1816), conservation of all species and ecosystems may depend on how well city dwellers can connect to pigeons and other urban species.

Thrushes may serve as iconic urban birds in many parts of the world. Rufous-bellied Thrush was mentioned in Argentina, the Wood Thrush was mentioned in the USA, while independent Audubon groups mentioned the American Robin. While the Eurasian Blackbird was not listed by any European partners, they might also serve as a highly visible urban bird across its European range, as it shares a similar popularity with other thrushes due to their rich song and habit of living close to human dwellings without usually provoking a nuisance response from its human neighbors.

Bulbuls are another highly visible urban bird that may serve as a focus of public attention. Israel and Nigeria each listed a bulbul species as an iconic urban bird.

Swifts are another iconic urban bird. Survey respondents listed Chimney Swift, Common Swift, and Pallid Swifts as iconic urban birds. Since these aerial feeders nest on buildings, and may be declining in some areas, they represent birds that require conservation action in urban areas.

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Almost any bird can serve as a focus for conservation action in urban areas, as indicated by the number of species listed as iconic urban birds across the United States by local chapters of Audubon (see Appendix B). These range from typical desert species like the Greater Roadrunner in New Mexico, to coastal species such as Brown Pelican in San Diego.

SUPERB FAIRYWREN (MALURUS CYANEUS, ICONIC AUSTRALIAN GARDEN BIRD PHOTO: DAVE WATTS

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8. URBAN IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS AND HABITAT RESERVES Cities are often located in the most fertile regions of a landscape—including low elevations near water with fertile soils and high biodiversity that attracted the first human settlers to the area. Large remaining habitats in these cities may qualify as Important Bird Areas or be otherwise protected as parkland or open space by local authorities. 21 BirdLife partners have designated over 100 IBAs within urban areas.

Map 8.1 BirdLife Partners with Urban IBAs

Countries with Urban IBAs

6 12% Table 8.1 BirdLife Partners with Urban IBAs 21 Continent Yes No - 43% Europe 5 11 2 [28% n=18] 22 45% Africa 5 4 1 [50% n=10] Asia 3 2 1 [50% n=6] Pacific 2 2 0 [50% n=4] America 5 2 2 [56% n=9] Urban IBAs Middle East 1 1 0 [50% n=2]

No Urban IBAs No Response

Canada reported perhaps the highest number of urban IBAs (<40), followed by the Philippines (29), Taiwan (15) and Argentina (11). However, attempts to identify urban IBAs were plagued by ambiguity over the criteria used to define what is meant by urban. As the response from Australia noted, the number of urban IBAs ‘depends upon urban classification’ criteria used. And even if there were a universal definition of what is meant by urban, this survey illustrate several different ways one could identify an IBA as urban. South Africa, identified 11 IBAs as urban because they include ‘built up areas,’ while Estonia listed a few IBAs as urban since they are adjacent to towns, though IBAs are natural areas lacking urban characteristics themselves.

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In addition to listing urban IBAs, partners were asked about official urban reserves and other significant habitat areas within cities. These questions also generated discussion about definitions and requests for clarification, but 18 partners provided information about additional city reserves or habitats in their country (see Table 8.2).

Map 8.2 BirdLife Partners Reporting City Reserves or Additional Urban Habitat Reserves

Countries With Additional Urban Reserves Table 8.2 BirdLife Partners Reporting City Reserves or Additional Urban Habitat Reserves Continent Yes No - Europe 7 2 9 [37% n=18] 21 18 48% 41% Africa 5 1 4 [50% n=10] 5 Asia 3 0 3 [50% n=6] 11% Pacific 2 1 1 [50% n=4] America 6 1 2 [67% n=9] Middle East 0 0 2 [0% n=2] Reserves No Reserves No Response

Some respondents focused on officially declared urban reserves; South Africa has official city reserves that are defined by national, provincial, and local legislation. Others like the Czech Republic noted a lack of official criteria for designating official reserves, but cited the presence of large parks which are forest enclaves within municipalities. Tunisia likewise mentioned that there are no official city reserves in Tunisia, only urban parks as well as four major wetlands in and around cities and towns.

Many countries noted habitat value of numerous parks within cities, such as Karori (Zealandia) in Wellington, New Zealand. Australia referred to an extensive collection of national parks, state forests, conservation reserves in or adjacent to urban areas.

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Box 8.1 Example urban IBA’s Aves Argentinas

Argentina has a well developed program of urban reserves in Buenos Aires, with detailed criteria for inclusion in the reserve network. Reserves are selected according to the following criteria: 1. Found within the urban grid, or no further than 10 km (or within 30 minutes’ traveling distance) (MCBA et al. 1999) from a city or group of settlements with a combined population of at least 50,000 inhabitants; 2. Of small or medium size (covering from 5 to 5,000 ha); 3. Native habitats (essentially similar to the original habitats of the region) must be present in at least 40 percent of the land; 4. Objectives of the area must be aimed at the conservation of native ecosystems, and generating opportunities for environmental education, research, and/or recreation within nature; 5. One or more of the following uses must be permitted in the area: Public access for recreation and/or tourism; Environmental education and interpretation; Formal education at any level; Scientific research related to the reserve’s ecosystems; Management of ecosystems or species aimed at their conservation. Reference: MCBA (Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires), et al. 1999. Informe de Diagnóstico Ambiental. Plan Urbano Ambiental. MCBA, Buenos Aires

While the Buenos Aires reserves provide an excellent example of size, habitat, location, and land use criteria for use in delineating urban reserves, they point to the need for local rather than global criteria for reserve designation. For example, If the Buenos Aires criteria were used in a small country like the Netherlands, all IBAs in the country would qualify as urban reserves, including the world heritage Waddensea.

URBAN IBA FOR WHITE-COLLARED SEEDEATER (SPOROPHILA TORQUEOLA) IN TEXAS, USA PHOTO: JIP LOUWE KOOIJMANS

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9. URBAN MIGRATION MONITORING STATIONS Hundreds of bird species migrate through most large cities where urban populations can provide a ready supply of volunteers who can assist with migration monitoring. Eleven BirdLife partners reported that they conduct migration monitoring at a total of 26 urban migration posts or monitoring stations (Table 9.1).

Table 9.1 Urban Migration Monitoring Stations Country Station Belgium -- Poland Stacja Badania Wędrówek Ptaków (Bird Migration Research Station) Israel Jerusalem Bird Observatory Turkey Çamlıca Hills, Sarıyer Hills, Princess Islands, Poyraz Hill Malawi -- Nigeria Hadejia, Nguru Tunisia TN009 Lake Tunis, TN010 Sebkhet Sedjoumi, TN014 Lagune de Korba, TN027 Salines de Thyna Singapore Sungei Bulon Wetland Reserve for waders, 6 additional hawk watches Canada McGill Bird Observatory (Ste. Anne-de-Belevue), Tommy Thompson Park Bird Research Station (Toronto), Inglewood Bird Banding Station (Calgary) Panama Ancon Hill Paraguay Office of BirdLife Paraguay and Guyra Paraguay

Africa and Asia reported the most migration monitoring stations (Table 9.2). Singapore reported the most stations (7), while Turkey and Tunisia each reported four stations.

Urban Migration Monitoring Stations Table 9.2 BirdLife Partners with Urban Migration Monitoring Stations 6 Continent Yes No - 12% 11 Europe 4 12 2 [22% n=18] 23% Africa 3 6 1 [30% n=10] Asia 1 4 1 [16% n=6] 32 Pacific 0 4 0 [0% n=4] 65% America 3 4 2 [33% n=9] Middle East 0 2 0 [0% n=2] Station No Station No Response

While very few countries currently operate migration monitoring stations, these are often spectacular sites featuring world-class migration spectacles, such as Çamlıca Hills in Istanbul and Ancon Hill in Panama. At Ancon Hill, where the Panama Audubon Society has been counting migrant raptors from October 1 to November 18 each year since 2004, 1.7 million raptors were counted migrating over Panama City in 2010.

Migration posts are often ideal locations to provide outreach and educational opportunities. At the Jerusalem Bird Observatory, a one acre site located between the Knesset (the Israeli parliament) and the Supreme Court, volunteers and staff hosted more than 1400 visitors and banded more than 2,000 birds in 1998.

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10. URBAN BIRD MONITORING

As monitoring is essential for conservation efforts, BirdLife partners were asked about monitoring programs to census breeding or wintering birds in urban areas. Less than 1/3 of responding BirdLife partners monitor for breeding or wintering birds in urban areas.

14 (29%, n=49) BirdLife partners report that they census urban breeding birds (See Map 10.1).

Map 10.1 Urban Breeding Bird Census

Urban Breeding Bird Census

6 Table 10.1 Conducts Monitoring Census for Urban Breeding Birds 12% 14 Continent Yes No - 29% Europe 7 10 1 [37% n=18] Africa 2 7 1 [20% n=10] 29 59% Asia 2 2 2 [33% n=6] Pacific 1 3 0 [25% n=4] America 2 5 2 [22% n=9] Middle East 0 2 0 [0% n=2] Census No Census No Response

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European partners reported the most breeding urban bird censusing efforts, with urban breeding censuses reported by Belgium, Czech Republic, Hungary, Israel, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, and Turkey. Elsewhere, breeding urban bird censuses were reported by Malawi, Uganda, Singapore, Taiwan, Palau, Canada, and Paraguay.

In the United States, Audubon did not report a nationwide urban breeding bird census, though two independent Audubon chapters did report conducting an urban breeding bird census (see Appendix B).

14 BirdLife partners reported that they census urban wintering birds (see Map 10.2 and Table 10.2).

Map 10.2 Urban Wintering Bird Census

Urban Wintering Bird Census

6 Table 10.2 Conducts Monitoring Census for Urban Wintering Birds 12% 14 Continent Yes No - 29% Europe 8 8 2 [44% n=18] 29 Africa 1 8 1 [10% n=10] 59% Asia 3 2 1 [50% n=6] Pacific 0 4 0 [0% n=4] America 2 5 2 [22% n=9] Census Middle East 0 2 0 [0% n=2]

No Census No Response

Once again, Europe reported the most efforts in this area, with winter urban bird censuses conducted in Belgium, Estonia, Gibraltar, Hungary, Israel, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, and Poland. Outside of Europe, winter urban bird censuses were reported from Malawi, Nepal, Singapore, Taiwan, Canada, and Paraguay.

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While the United States did not report conducting a winter census for urban birds, six Audubon chapters reported wintering bird surveys (see Appendix B) and Audubon’s 113 year old Christmas Bird Count includes hundreds of annual winter counts conducted in and around most major American cities.

Even fewer BirdLife partners publish a report on the state of urban birds. Only eight partners, 13% of the BIG UB survey respondents, were publishing such a report as of 2011 (Table 10.3).

Report on State of Urban Birds

7 Table 10.3 Produces Report on State of Urban Birds 8 14% Continent Yes No - 16% Europe 3 12 3 [11% n=18] Africa 3 6 1 [30% n=10] 34 Asia 2 3 1 [33% n=6] 70% Pacific 0 4 0 [0% n=4] America 0 7 2 [0% n=9] Report Middle east 0 2 0 [0% n=2]

No Report No Response

Belgium, Gibraltar, Kenya, Malawi, The Netherlands, Singapore, Taiwan, and Uganda were the only partners reporting a state of urban birds publication. No such reports were compiled by BirdLife partners in the Pacific, Americas, or Middle East.

The lack of urban bird monitoring in most countries is perhaps the biggest gap in knowledge needed to adequately address bird conservation in urban areas. Ironically, while most people (and potential monitoring volunteers) live, bird monitoring is often the weakest, with only 1/3 of countries reporting a monitoring scheme for urban birds. In addition to mere baseline occurrence data, little is known of population dynamics of urban birds. Monitoring schemes for birds in urban areas provide an opportunity to greatly expand our understanding of urban bird ecology, as well as provide opportunities to enlist the public in research and conservation activities.

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COVERS OF THE DUTCH STATE OF THE URBAN BIRDS 2009 AND 2013, AS PUBLISHED BYVOGELBESCHERMING NEDERLAND

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11. AWARENESS BirdLife partners employ a wide variety of practices aimed at promoting awareness of urban birds and urban bird conservation issues. Among the most common of these practices are the printing of popular brochures on urban birds, technical fact sheets on urban birds, and conducting bird fairs or birding festivals in cities.

POPULAR BROCHURES 19 country partners (39%) publish brochures on urban birds (see Table 11.1).

Map 11.1 BirdLife Partners with Popular Brochures on Urban Birds

Produces Popular Brochures on Urban Birds Table 11.1 BirdLife Partners with Popular Brochures on Urban Birds 6 Continent Yes No - Percent 12% 19 Europe 7 9 2 [39% n=18] 39% Africa 1 8 1 [10% n=10] 24 Asia 4 1 1 [67% n=6] 49% Pacific 2 2 0 [50% n=4] America 5 2 2 [44% n=9] Brochures Middle East 0 2 0 [0% n=2]

No Brochures No Response

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TECHNICAL FACT SHEETS 18 country partners (37%) publish technical fact sheets on urban birds (see Table 11.2).

Map 11.2 BirdLife Partners with Technical Fact Sheets on Urban Birds

Produces Technical Fact Sheets on Urban Birds Table 11.2 BirdLife Partners Technical Fact Sheets on Urban Birds 12% Continent Yes No - Percent 37% Europe 8 8 2 [44% n=18] Africa 3 6 1 [30% n=10] 51% Asia 2 3 1 [33% n=6] Pacific 1 3 0 [25% n=4] America 4 3 2 [44% n=9] Fact Sheets Middle East 0 2 0 [0% n=2] No Fact Sheets No Response

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BIRD FAIRS 15 country partners (31%) host bird fairs or birding festivals in urban areas to promote awareness of urban birds (see Table 11.3). Fairs may target a general urban audience, or may focus on school children. Panama holds a festival for school children each year, as does Botswana, which annually celebrates World Migratory Bird Day with about 500 school children from Gaborone and surrounding villages.

Map 11.3 BirdLife Partners Hosting Bird Fairs

Hosts a Bird Fair

Table 11.3 BirdLife Partners Hosting Bird Fairs 10 15 Continent Yes No - Percent 20% 31% Europe 7 8 3 [39% n=18] Africa 5 3 2 [50% n=10] 24 Asia 2 3 1 [33% n=6] 49% Pacific 0 4 0 [0% n=4] America 1 5 3 [11% n=9] Bird Fair Middle East 0 1 1 [0% n=2]

No Bird Fair No Response

European countries hosted the most bird fairs (7), while Africa led with the highest percentage of partner countries hosting fairs (50%). In the Americas, only Argentina hosts a fair. In the United States, Audubon does not host a fair, but eight local Audubon chapters did report hosting a bird fair or birding festival. ADDITIONAL OUTREACH AND AWARENESS PROGRAMS BirdLife partners employ a wide range of additional outreach and awareness programs targeted at urban birds. The Netherlands has published a book on urban bird conservation and hosts a biannual conference on urban birds. Several partners including Uganda and Singapore provide public talks

Page 37 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation and presentations on urban birds. Kenya conducts an urban bird walk every Wednesday, bird banding at the National Museum every Tuesday, as well as a monthly potluck in Nairobi. Australia hosts a webcam trained on a White-bellied Sea-Eagle nest in a nature reserve along the Parramata River in suburban Sydney Olympic Park.

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12. GARDEN BIRD COUNTS 13 BirdLife partners (27%, n=49) reported that they conduct some form of a garden bird count. Garden bird counts were reported from all regions except the Middle East. There are additional garden bird counts held around the world by partners that did not participate in the survey (eg. UK, France; Finland, Germany, and many more). Map 12.1 BirdLife Partners Conducting Garden Bird Counts

Garden Bird Survey

6 Table 12.1 Garden Bird Counts 12% 13 Continent Yes No - Percent 27% Europe 7 9 2 [39% n=18] Africa 1 8 1 [10% n=10] 30 Asia 1 4 1 [17% n=6] 61% Pacific 2 2 0 [50% n=4] America 2 5 2 [22% n=9] Middle East 0 2 0 [0% n=2] Garden Survey No Garden Survey No Response

The United States reported the earliest count, the Great Backyard Bird Count initiated in 1997. Belgium and Nepal reported the next oldest counts, starting in 2000. Additional counts come online each year, with three counts commencing in 2010 (Malawi, New Zealand, and Estonia).

Garden bird counts draw a lot of attention from local and national media as well as a wide range of participants among the general public that become possible new members for BirdLife partners. The United States reports over 40,000 participants in its Great Backyard Bird Count and Australia reports over 11,000 participants in its Birds in Backyards program. The Netherlands reports perhaps the greatest participation per capita, with 30,000 participants out of a total population of 16.5 million people.

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Garden bird counts incorporate a wide range of count protocols involving effort, timing, and plot size. Most counts are conducted annually, though Australia’s count takes place year-round, with participants reporting the highest count of each species seen during each week. Timed counts may be range from five minutes (Estonia) to one hour (Germany). In temperate climates, counts are generally conducted in the non-breeding season (local winter) such as February in the United States and July in New Zealand. Many counts are conducted over the course of a scheduled weekend, to take advantage of participant availability outside of the work week. Census plot sizes for participants range from point counts, to garden-wide counts, to larger count circles.

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13. BIRD FRIENDLY GARDENING Gardens provide a network of potential bird habitat through many urban centers, and provide a site where individuals can take direct action to help native birds. By encouraging city residents to take action to help birds in their own yards and gardens, BirdLife partners teach people that their daily actions can have a positive environmental influence, and can help them learn how their personal places are tied into the larger environment. Providing habitat for birds in bird-friendly yards and gardens is one of the most popular urban bird conservation activities worldwide, and 28 BirdLife partners (57%, n=49) reported supporting bird friendly gardening programs.

Map 13.1 BirdLife Partners Supporting Bird Friendly Gardening

Support Bird Friendly Gardening

7 Table 13.1 Providing Support for Bird Friendly Gardening 14% Continent Yes No - Europe 13 3 2 [67% n=18] 15 27 55% Africa 5 4 1 [50% n=10] 31% Asia 1 4 1 [17% n=6] Pacific 2 2 0 [50% n=4] America 5 1 3 [44% n=9] Support Middle East 1 0 1 [50% n=2] Do Not Support No Response

Support for bird-friendly gardening was highest in Europe), but was consistently high in all regions except Asia (see Table 14.1). Among the many activities and resources provided in support of bird gardening, Vogelbescherming Nederland takes advantage of the Dutch public interest in garden birds by offering to send interested residents a 16 page brochure and an interactive website with tips on how to attract birds to their garden.

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In the United States, Audubon has promoted residential bird gardens and sanctuaries since the early 1900s, and created an Audubon At Home program in 2001 to provide additional resources and guidance to urban, suburban, and exurban homeowners. Audubon At Home materials include posters with guidance on how to create bird-friendly residential yards, apartment balconies, and schoolyards, as well as fact sheets and online resources with guidance on how to provide food, shelter, and nesting opportunities for iconic birds that need the most help in each part of the urban to rural continuum across all regions of the United States. In addition to the national efforts, ten local Audubon chapters and one state Audubon office also reported supporting bird-friendly gardening (see Appendix B).

In Asia, only the Philippines reported supporting bird friendly gardening. Bird-friendly gardening may be another avenue for Asian BirdLife partners to explore, and the possibilities for establishing bird- friendly gardens in Asian cultures would appear to be a welcome topic of research.

GARDEN BIRDS ROBIN (PETROICA AUSTRALIS), TUI (PROSTHEMADERA NOVAESEELANDIAE) AND BELLBIRD (ANTHORNIS MELANURA), AS UNIQUE SELLING POINTS FOR REAL ESTATE IN NEW ZEALAND

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14. ADVICE ON CITY PLANNING 28 BirdLife country partners (57%, n-49) indicated that they provide advice on city planning, and this function was provided in all regions except the Middle East.

Map 14.1 BirdLife Partners Providing Advice on City Planning

Table 14.1 Providing Advice on City Planning Continent Yes No - Europe 12 4 2 [66% n=18] Africa 5 4 1 [50% n=10] Asia 3 2 1 [50% n=6] Pacific 3 1 0 [75% n=4] America 5 1 3 [55% n=9] Middle East 0 2 0 [0% n=2]

While partners were not asked to provide details on their city planning work, partners are engaged in a wide range of activities in this area. In Europe, the Netherlands Society for the Protection of Birds (VBN) holds a City Bird Conference every two years to facilitate communication with city planners and others engaged in creating urban habitats. In New Zealand, Forest & Branch has more than 50 branches working on projects across the country, including city planning. The Wellington Branch specifically seeks to influence urban planning and policy by providing comments on formal planning documents prepared by Wellington’s regional and city councils, as well as initiating discussions with local officials as needed. In the United States, the National Audubon Society focuses on national issues, and did not report providing advice on city planning, but eight local Audubon chapters (47%, n=17) and one state Audubon office indicated that they do provide this function. In San Diego, California the local Audubon chapter has created a guidebook for local homeowner associations interested in creating community-scaled conservation in planned communities.

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LITTLE RINGED PLOVER (CHARADRIUS DUBIUS) ON ITS NEST. CITY PLANNING VERSUS BIRD CONSERVATION PHOTO: RSPB

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15. CONSERVATION OF URBAN BIRD SPECIES Preventing the extinction and improving the conservation status of individual bird species are principal aims of BirdLife. 15 BirdLife country partners (31%, n=49) reported working on the conservation of individual urban bird species. Conservation programs targeting individual bird urban bird species were most widespread in Europe, with eight countries reporting such efforts. Map 15.1 BirdLife Partners Reporting Conservation Targeting Individual Urban Bird Species

Table 15.1 Conservation of Individual Urban Bird Species Continent Yes No - Europe 8 6 4 [44% n=18] Africa 2 7 1 [20% n=10] Asia 2 3 1 [33% n=6] Pacific 0 4 0 [0% n=4] America 3 3 3 [33% n=9] Middle East 0 1 1 [0% n=2]

Conservation efforts targeting individual urban bird species were most commonly reported In Europe, and the most frequently targeted species were Common Swift (5 countries), Peregrine Falcon (3 countries), Northern House-Martin (2 countries) and Barn Owl (2 countries). Other species mentioned include Lesser Kestrel in Israel and White Stork, an iconic bird species, in Bulgaria. In The Netherlands, Vogelbescherming Nederland is working with House Sparrow, Barn Swallow, , Sand Martin, and garden birds in general. Work in the Czech Republic is focused on Common Swift, with those efforts also benefiting Eurasian Jackdaw as a welcome byproduct.

In Africa, Tunisia also reported efforts to aid Common Swift, as well as Pallid Swift, Northern House- martin, and Barn Swallow. Uganda is working with Hooded Vulture, Marabou Stork, and Grey Crowned- crane.

Nepal and Singapore report work with urban species including nest box installation for House Sparrows and Oriental Magpie-robin in Nepal, and efforts to support Purple Swamphen, Common Moorhen, Lesser Whistling-duck, White-browed Crake, and Little Grebe in Singapore.

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In the United States, Audubon did not report any efforts to help individual urban bird species, though four chapters reported conservation measures on specific urban birds. Two Audubon chapters are supporting Purple Martin colonies, while San Diego Audubon is focusing its efforts on protecting five threatened and endangered local subspecies and coastal bird populations (see Appendix B). While many partners are working to protect local rarities, five bird species are the focus of efforts on more than one continent (see Table 15.2). Three are the beneficiaries of efforts in Europe and Africa, while Peregrine Falcon attracts efforts in Europe and America and House Sparrows are the subject of attention across Eurasia. Table 15.2 Urban Species with Conservation Measures on More Than One Continent

Middle Africa Asia Europe Pacific Americas East

House Sparrow NT NL Nepal NT Lux NL

Barn Swallow NT NL Tunisia NT Lux NL

Northern House- Martin NT NL NT Lux Tunisia NT Chec VU B B NL Common Swift NT Lux B Tunisia Chec Isr NL Peregrine Falcon NT NL NT Pol NY USA Taiwan B USA Lux NL

Red listed Country Other country with conservation effort

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16. BEST PRACTICES AND GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE One of the purposes of this study was to collect data on current urban bird conservation practices in order to begin compiling a summary of best practices as well as gaps in knowledge among BirdLife Partners. This survey highlights many innovative and effective urban bird programs around the globe, as well as significant differences among BirdLife entities in attention to urban birds and habitats. In many cases, existant BirdLife member or partner programs can serve as model programs. In other cases, best practices are extrapolated from results of current ecological, sociological, and other studies. Gaps in knowledge include variations in how these topics are approached in different countries, as well as differences between our current understanding of issues related to urban bird conservation and current levels of engagement with these issues within various BirdLife organizations. In this concluding section, current and potential best practices are outlined for each of the survey topics, as well as significant gaps in knowledge revealed by the survey questions. This is followed by final remarks on the future and prospects for urban bird conservation. DEFINITIONS OF URBAN Most BirdLife countries do not have a well-defined criteria for identifying urban habitats. Fortunately, work in this area is progressing, and definitions from urban and landscape ecology studies may provide productive frameworks for identifying and working in these areas.

Best Practices Gaps in Knowledge  Define urban areas based on ecological  Need to better define and quantify extent of urban factors, rather than measures of human habitats in most countries. population (cf. Marzluff et al. 2001)  Identify range of urban and urbanizing habitats along a rural-to-urban gradient.

URBAN BIRDS BirdLife partners and affiliates vary widely in their approach to defining urban birds. More attention to which birds are using cities may reveal additional conservation needs and opportunities in urban areas

Best Practices Gaps in Knowledge  Identify those birds which primarily occupy  Need better definitions of urban birds—birds which cities, have significant populations within primarily occupy cities vs. all birds that may be urban habitats, or which may be found at found at least occasionally in cities. least occasionally in cities.  Categorize bird species responses to various urban habitats—eg. urban exploiters, urban adapters, urban avoiders.

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RED LIST BIRD SPECIES Many IUCN or locally red-listed criteria species are found in cities, or may be harmed by increasing urbanization. A more thorough review of urban red-listed birds may reveal additional conservation needs and opportunities in urban areas.

Best Practices Gaps in Knowledge  Identify IUCN and locally red-listed species  How many IUCN red-listed birds are found primarily that are found primarily in cities, or which are in cities? found at least occasionally in cities.  How many IUCN red-listed species are found at least occasionally in cities?  How many locally red-listed pecies are found primarily or at least occasionally in cities?  What role do urban areas play in harboring or creating threats for red-listed birds?  How many red-listed birds are thriving in expatriated urban populations outside their natural range?

NON-NATIVE BIRD SPECIES Birdlife partners and affiliates report many non-native bird species in their cities. Many of these birds receive scant notice, and do not figure predominantly in urban bird conservation planning or educational efforts.

Best Practices Gaps in Knowledge  Identify and track non-native bird species in  How many non-native bird species are established in urban environments. each urban area?  What criteria are being used to determine if a non- native bird population is established?  What cultural factors lead to the continued release or interest in non-native birds?  What impacts do non-native birds have on local native bird populations in cities?

PEST OR NUISANCE SPECIES BirdLife partners and affiliates report a variety of responses to birds identified as pest or nuisance species. Closer examination of the cultural, economic, and other social environment may reveal additional conservation needs and opportunities, as well as opportunities for bird-related education in cities.

Best Practices Gaps in Knowledge  Identify species considered to be nuisance  What cultural factors contribute to a bird being species as well as the cultural, economic, and considered a pest or nuisance? other social factors that influence how those  What efforts are being taken to control nuisance species are viewed and responded to within bird species in different regions and cultures? local cultures.  What challenges do nuisance species pose to bird conservation efforts?  How can the bird pest control industry contribute to management of urban bird populations in each country?

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ICON BIRDS Prominent and attractive urban bird species can capture the imagination of city dwellers and serve as flagship species for urban conservation efforts, as well as provide a gateway for urbanites to become more involved in bird conservation and other environmental activities.

Best Practices Gaps in Knowledge  Identify charismatic urban bird species that  How can charismatic flagship bird species be used can serve as a flagship species for bird to promote habitat creation and restoration efforts conservation and habitat efforts in cities. in cities?  Promote the conservation of these iconic bird species in ecologically and culturally appropriate urban settings.

URBAN IBA’S & RESERVES BirdLife partners and affiliates report many Important Bird Areas within or adjacent to urban areas, though there is a wide array of approaches to identifying IBAs as urban. The establishment of IBAs in or adjacent to urban areas creates opportunities for urban dwellers to more easily become involved in IBA management and support, and can serve as a gateway to involvement with more distant or regional landscape and habitat conservation efforts.

Best Practices Gaps in Knowledge  Establish criteria for identification of IBAs as  How to determine if an IBA is an urban IBA— urban IBAs. location within matrix of urban habitats or proximity  Establish affinity of friends groups to conduct to urban habitats? bird monitoring and conservation efforts in  How many urban IBAs are already established? urban IBAs.  How can urban IBAs serve as flagship efforts  Link work in urban IBAs to efforts in more leading to urban renewal, as well as additional bird distant rural IBAs. conservation efforts in rural areas?  Use urban IBAs to attract a wider urban audience to bird conservation. Urban IBA efforts revealed In this report: Africa  AAO, BirdLife Botswana, BirdLife South Africa,  Nature Kenya, Nature Uganda, Nigerian Conservation Foundation, WECM Americas  Asociación Guyra Paraguay, Aves Argentinas, Aves Uruguay, Bird Studies Canada, National Audubon Society, Sociedad Audubon Panama Asia  Haribon Europe  Czech Society for Ornithology, Doga Dernegi, DOPPS, Estionian Ornithological Society, NME, OTOP, SEO Middle East  The Royal Society for Conservation of Nature (Jordan) Pacific  Birds Australia, Forest & Bird, Palau Conservation society

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MIGRATION POSTS Few BirdLife partners or affiliates report conducting migration studies from bird observatories or other migration monitoring posts in cities, though these efforts can create additional opportunities to engage city dwellers in bird monitoring and conservation, and to educate urbanites about bird migration and other aspects of bird ecology and conservation.

Best Practices Gaps in Knowledge BirdLife organizations with urban migration posts  How do migratory birds use different urban landscapes as identified in this report: for navigation or as stopover sites? Africa  What impact do urban landscapes and hazards have on migratory birds?  AAO, Nigerian Conservation Foundation, WECM Americas

 Asociación Guyra Paraguay, Bird Studies Canada, Sociedad Audubon Panama Asia

 Nature Society (Singapore) Europe

 Doga Dernegi, Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society, OTOP, SPNI

TOOLS ON MIGRATION MONITORING STATION: BINOCULARS, COUNTER, COUNT FORM, CLOCK, FIELD GUIDE PHOTO: JIP LOUWE KOOIJMANS

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URBAN BIRD MONITORING [BREEDING & WINTER] BirdLife organizations report a wide variety of urban bird monitoring in both breeding and non- breeding seasons. In order to sustain bird populations in urban and urbanizing landscapes, increased monitoring will be needed. Bird monitoring provides an opportunity to collect needed data, as well as engage urban dwellers in meaningful conservation activities.

Best Practices Gaps in Knowledge  Determine what types of information are  What types of monitoring are needed to best needed to best monitor and sustain urban bird support urban bird conservation efforts? populations.  How can the public be most effectively engaged in  Within appropriate social and funding assisting with bird monitoring efforts? parameters, create monitoring schemes to  Are there additional ways to better fund or conduct collect needed data. bird monitoring?  Use data to adapt management of urban  How can bird monitoring better engage the public in habitats for birds as needed. urban bird conservation awareness and activities?  Engage the public in collecting data and  How can the results of monitoring be used to inform celebrating the results of monitoring. the public about bird conservation and to celebrate BirdLife organizations with urban bird positive results of management? monitoring programs as indicated in this report: Africa

 Nature Uganda, WECM Americas

 Asociación Guyra Paraguay, Bird Studies Canada Asia

 Bird Conservation Nepal, Chinese Wild Bird Federation (Taiwan), Nature Society (Singapore) Europe

 Czech society for Ornithology, Doga Dernegi, Estonian Onrithological Society, LNVL, Natuurpunt, NME, SPNI, Vogelbescherming Nederland Pacific

 Palau Conservation Society

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AWARENESS BirdLife organizations report a wide array of awareness activities in urban areas, including bird fairs, printed brochures and technical reports, and other online or broadcast media efforts. BirdLife partners and affiliates can take advantage of social media and other emerging technologies, as well as traditional media, to promote awareness and conservation of birds in urban areas.

 Bird fairs in urban areas can promote  How can bird fairs best promote local bird conservation of urban birds, and conservation and engage city dwellers in engage urban dwellers in the conservation efforts? appreciation and conservation of local  What types of popular brochures or birds. technical fact sheets best engage and  Popular brochures and technical fact inform urban residents and local officials? sheets can educate citizens and provide  What other media outlets (television, assistance to local officials and city internet, etc.) can be utilized to promote planners. bird conservation and awareness in urban areas?

GARDEN BIRDS COUNTS A growing number of BirdLife organizations are conducting garden bird counts or similar citizen-science urban bird surveys. In addition to the efforts reported in this survey, there are additional examples (especially in western Europe--such as RSPB, LPO & NABU) of garden bird counts from BirdLife partners that did not respond to the survey. Current counts reflect a wide variety of methodologies and protocol, which can be adapted to local cultures and conditions.

GREAT TIT (PARUS MAJOR) A TYPICAL GARDEN BIRD IN LARGE PARTS OF EUROPE AND ASIA PHOTO: JIP LOUWE KOOIJMANS

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Best Practices Gaps in Knowledge  Conduct an annual (or ongoing) count of birds  How can citizen science efforts best engage urban in gardens and other urban spaces. dwellers in collecting bird data from their yards and  Use counts as a way to engage additional gardens? audiences in bird awareness and conservation.  What are the operational and data limitations of  Use count results to inform conservation these efforts? planning and additional outreach activities in  How can garden bird count results be used to inform cities and beyond. conservation planning in cities and beyond? BirdLife organizations with garden bird counts as indicated in this report: Africa

 WECM Americas

 Bird Studies Canada, National Audubon Society Asia

 Bird Conservation Nepal Europe

 DOPPS, Estonian Ornithological Society, LNVL, Natuurpunt, OTOP, Vogelbescherming Nederland Middle East

 Nature Iraq Pacific

 Birds Australia, Forest & Bird

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BIRD FRIENDLY GARDENING Many BirdLife organizations support bird-friendly gardening practices. Partners and affiliates may consider providing recommendations for private bird habitat creation in a full range of available urban habitats (see Audubon At Home poster series and Neighborhood Bird Conservation handbook).

Best Practices Gaps in Knowledge  Create programs and resources to support  How can bird-friendly gardening efforts be tailored target bird species and conservation goals in to the full range of urban habitats across the each type of urban landscape or land use gradient of urban landscapes? type across the urban gradient.  How can bird-friendly gardening efforts be tied to iconic local bird species? BirdLife organizations supporting bird-friendly gardening  How can urban bird habitats be created that will as indicated in this report: serve as population sources, rather than merely as Africa sinks for local bird populations?  How much bird-friendly gardening will be needed  AAO, BirdLife South Africa, Nature Kenya, to sustain populations of various bird species in Nature Uganda, WECM urban landscapes?  How can bird-friendly gardening be used to create Americas habitat buffers and corridors across the urban landscape mosaic?  Aves Argentinas, Aves Uruguay, Bird Studies Canada, Falkland Conservation, National Audubon Society Asia

 Haribon Europe

 Azerbaijan Ornithological Society, BirdLife Cyprus, Czech society for Ornithology, Doga Dernegi, DOPPS, Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society, LNVL, Natuurpunt, NME, SEO, SPNI, SVS, Vogelbescherming Nederland Middle East

 Nature Iraq Pacific

 Birds Australia, Forest & Bird

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ADVICE ON CITY PLANNING Many BirdLife partners and affiliates support local urban planning efforts with advice on how to make cities better for birds and their habitats. This advice can be most useful when tied to larger bird conservation goals and strategies, and targeted to appropriate urban landscapes and land uses.

Best Practices Gaps in Knowledge  Base city planning advice on a comprehensive  How much city planning advice is being provided strategic plan for sustainable urban habitats only as solicited vs. offered as part of a larger and bird populations. regional or comprehensive strategic plan for urban  Create guidelines for each type of urban bird habitats and populations? landscape or land use category in cities.  How can each type of urban landscape provide maximal bird habitat value within its prescribed BirdLife partners and affiliates providing advice on city human land use? planning in this report:  How can BirdLife organizations best engage local officials, planners, developers, and land users to Africa promote best practices?  AAO, ABO, BirdLife South Africa, Nature Uganda, Nigerian Conservation Foundation Americas

 Asociación Guyra Paraguay, Aves Argentinas, Aves Uruguay, Bird Studies Canada, Falkland Conservation Asia

 Wild Bird Society of Japan, Haribon, Nature Society (Singapore) Europe

 BirdLife Cyprus, Doga Dernegi, DOPPS, Estonian Ornithological Society, Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society, LNVL, Natuurpunt, NME, OTOP, SEO, SPNI, Vogelbescherming Nederland Pacific

 Birds Australia, Forest & Bird, Palau Conservation Society

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CONSERVATION OF URBAN BIRDS AT THE SPECIES LEVEL Most BirdLife efforts are focused on natural habitats away from dense human settlement, many BirdLife organizations do have programs targeting the conservation of specific urban birds. There appears to be a large opportunity to further develop and expand these types of programs to better manage urban areas or birds, as well as to better engage the growing urban population in meaningful engagement and conservation of the environment.

Best Practices Gaps in Knowledge  Identify birds that need targeted efforts in  What species need targeted bird conservation urban areas—including iconic bird species, efforts in cities? red-listed species, and other vulnerable  How can iconic bird species, red-listed species, and common bird species. other vulnerable common birds be best sustained in  Identify landscapes that these birds depend cities? on, and strategies for creating or maintaining  What landscapes and habitats do these bird species habtats in these landscapes. require and how can they be managed to best  Identify actors—such as local officials, support these birds? developers, land owners, etc.—that impact or  What actors control these lands and their control these landscapes and habitats. management, and how can they be best engaged in  Develop appropriate strategies for engaging managing these lands to support birds? these actors in targeted habitat creation or  How can the wider urban public support these management efforts. efforts, and what strategies can best engage them  Engage the wider public in targeted in supporing these birds and bird conservation conservation and awareness efforts for these programs? species. BirdLife organizations with targeted urban bird species efforts identified in this report: Africa

 AAO, Nature Uganda Americas

 Aves Argentinas, Sociedad Audubon Panamá, Bird Studies Canada Asia

 Bird Conservation Nepal Europe

 BSPB, Czech Society for Ornithology, DOPPS, LNVL, Natuurpunt, SEO, SPNI, Vogelbescherming Nederland

As identified in this survey, there are a great many current and potential strategies and opportunities for bird conservation in urban areas. By engaging urban bird populations and city dwellers, BirdLife organizations can make their efforts more visible and relevent to the majority of the people in their program areas. This can increase membership and involvement in conservation programs, as well as improve the prospects for birds in the urban areas they share with us. As the world becomes increasingly urbanized in the future, urban habitats and expanding urban development will need to be managed for birds. Rather than see birds as species and populations to be preserved away from human settlement, birds will increasingly survive only as we manage to protect and preserve their prospects across a wide range of urbanizing landscapes and habitats. While increasing urbanization and other intensive landscape uses may appear threatening to bird populations, they in reality point towards the future of bird conservation—the need to manage and

Page 56 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation sustain birds in landscapes shared with people. To the degree that we improve our ability to sustain birds in urban areas, we improve our ability to sustain them in all environments that we both depend on. As we begin to see the opportunities and challenges of urbanization in the larger conservation landscape, we can begin to chart a brighter future for both our cities and birds alike.

URBAN BIRD CONSERVATION: THINK OUT OF THE BOX PHOTO: ROB FERGUS

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APPENDICES

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A. COUNTRY PROFILES AND SURVEY RESPONSES Argentina Continent: South America Population: 40,000,000 Population Density: 14 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 70%

BirdLife Partner: Aves Argentinas Contact Person: Andrés Bosso, International Director Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 6 Species: House Sparrow, Common Starling, Rock Pigeon, Rufous-bellied Thrush, Grey-breasted Martin, Monk Parakeet Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 2 nesting site) Species: Rock Pigeon, House Sparrow Number of urban species that are Red Listed Not calculated yet Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 3 Species: Rock Pigeon, Common Starling, House Sparrow Number of acknowledged pest species 2 Species: Rock Pigeon, Shiny Cowbird Iconic urban bird Rufous-bellied Thrush Number of urban IBAs 11 Reserva Ecológica Costanera Sur (Buenos Aires City) Martín García (Buenos Aires province) Ramallo (Buenos Aires province) Vuelta de Obligado (Buenos Aires province) Otamendi (Buenos Aires province) National Reserve Punta Lara (Buenos Aires province), Laguna Salada Grande (Buenos Aires province) Bahía Blanca, Bahía Falsa, Bahía Verde (Buenos Aires province) Mar Chiquita (Córdoba) Laguna Nimez (Santa Cruz province) Number of official city reserves 50+ 40 belongs to provinces or municipalities and 10 are private, we are producing the information. Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds None Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds none Produces a report on the state of urban birds No

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Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Our Ornithological Meetings work as a bird fair. Moreover, Aves Argentinas promoted and sponsored two BirdFairs last year. We publish fact sheet about Urban Reserves that include Urban Birds. And we published and sponsored checklist of Urban Sites. Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Support bird friendly gardening? Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: We have a volunteer group that is called Native Trees, that produces factsheets about this issue. Moreover, we have a section in our magazine focused in Native Plantas and their use. And we have an 80 m2 backyard in our headquarter fully planned with native plants that is a show for all our visitors. We dictate several courses about native plants in Aves Argentinas. Are you undertaking any specific conservation measures on Yes urban birds? Urban species addressed: We are working on sites, not focused on species Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: We run an school for naturalists that most of its practical activities are undertaken in urban places. Additional Comments: More information at http://www.avesargentinas.org.ar/12/04-reservas_naturales.php#

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Australia Continent: Pacific Population: 22,953,070 Population Density: 2.8 people/km2 (varies from 0.15 in the northern territory to 137.5 in ACT) Urban Population (%): 68.4% in major cities, 29.2% in regional centres

BirdLife Partner: BirdLife Australia Contact Person: Holly Parsons, Birds in Backyards Program Manager Contact Person for Urban Birds: Holly Parsons, Birds in Backyards Program Manager

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat > 50 Species: taken as species that are as common or more common in urban and regional habitats than in their natural habitats Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 8 nesting site) Species: Common Myna, Common Starling, Common Blackbird, Rock Pigeon, Spotted Dove, Laughing Dove, Welcome Swallow, Peregrine Falcon Number of urban species that are Red Listed ? Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 14 Species: Common Myna, Common Starling, House Sparrow, Eurasian Blackbird, European Greenfinch, European Goldfinch, Scaly-breasted Munia, Red-whiskered Bulbul, Spotted Dove, Laughing Dove, Rock Pigeon, Mallard, House Crow (not established), Rose-ringed Parakeet (aviary escapees - not established) Number of acknowledged pest species 6+ Species: Common Starling, Common Myna, Eurasian Blackbird, A number of native birds can also be classified as pests in some regions especially parrots such as the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Galah, Rainbow Lorikeet, Long-billed Corella etc. Iconic urban bird We have quite a few that can be picked depending on the area (as there are few species that occur Australia wide): e.g. Superb Fairywren and Splendid Fairywren, Powerful Owl, Tawny Frogmouth, Spotted Pardalotes, Striated Pardalotes

Number of urban IBAs Unknown Depends on urban classification Number of official city reserves Too many to count Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds None Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds None Produces a report on the state of urban birds No

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Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. Yes Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: BirdLife Australia has EagleCAM - a camera on a White-bellied Sea-eagle nest located in remnant habitat in Sydney. We also regularly attend bird and environmental themed events and conduct workhops and talks for a range of groups. Conducts a garden bird count Yes Year first started 2005 Frequency On-going, always Number of 15,000 open Participants Support bird friendly gardening? Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: We have our Birds in Backyards website with garden related information and videos - also hold workshops for local councils and other groups and we are currently developing a national expansion for Birds in Backyards on the ground groups. Are you undertaking any specific conservation measures on Yes urban birds? Urban species addressed: Conducting a Powerful Owl project in Greater Sydney which involves volunteers monitoring Powerful Owl territories during breeding season and coordinating conservation measures across land managers. Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Guidelines for Enhancing Urban Bird Habtiats, workshops, event attendence, work with various local councils, BirdLife Australia's Answering the Call School Program Additional Comments:

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Azerbaijan Continent: Europe Population: 9,500,000 Population Density: ~110 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): ~60%

BirdLife Partner: Azerbaijan Ornithological Society Contact Person: Elchin Sultanov, Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Elchin Sultanov, Director

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 11 Species: Common Kestrel, Lesser Kestrel, Laughing Dove, Eurasian Collared-dove, Common Swift, Eurasian Blackbird, European Greenfinch, European Goldfinch, House Sparrow, Rose-ringed Parakeet Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 6 nesting site) Species: Northern House-martin, Barn Swallow, Lesser Kestrel, Common Kestrel, Rock Pigeon, Common Swift Number of urban species that are Red Listed 1 Species: Lesser Kestrel (no longer listed) Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 3 Species: Eurasian Collared-dove, Laughing Dove, Rose-ringed Parakeet Number of acknowledged pest species 1 Species: Carrion Crow Iconic urban bird None listed Number of urban IBAs None listed Number of official city reserves 1 Names: Baku Boulevard National Park Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds None Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds None Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants

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Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds None Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning No Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

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Belgium

Continent: Europe Population: 6,252,000 Population Density: 462 people/km2 Urban Population (%):

BirdLife Partner: Natuurpunt (Dutch speaking part of Belgium, branch of BirdLife Belgium) & Natagora (French speaking part of Belgium, branch of BirdLife Belgium) Contact Person: Gerald Driessens (Natuurpunt), Jean-Yves Paquet (Natagora) Contact Person for Urban Birds: Gerald Driessens (Natuurpunt), Jean-Yves Paquet (Natagora)

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 8 Species: Black Redstart, House Sparrow, Common Swift, Northern House-martin, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Eurasian Collared-dove, Rock Pigeon, Peregrine Falcon Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 8 nesting site) Species: Barn Owl, Barn Swallow, Black Redstart, House Sparrow, Common Swift, Northern House-martin, Rock Pigeon, Peregrine Falcon Number of urban species that are Red Listed 1 Species: Northern House-martin Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 2 Species: Rock Pigeon, Rose-ringed Parakeet (other species not primarily in urban areas Egyptian Goose, etc.) Number of acknowledged pest species 1 Species: Rock Pigeon Iconic urban bird Common Swift Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Quite a few, number unknown Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Yes Produces a report on the state of urban birds Yes Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count Yes

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Year first started 2000 Frequency Annual Number of Around 15.000 for Participants Natagora+Natuurp unt (increasing) Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes

Urban species addressed: Common Swift, Northern House-martin, Peregrine Falcon Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

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Botswana Continent: Africa Population: 2,000,000 Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%):

BirdLife Partner: BirdLife Botswana Contact Person: Keddy Mooketsa, Project Officer Contact Person for Urban Birds: Kabelo Senyatso

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat ~100 Species: Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 3 nesting site) Species: Barn Owl, Southern Masked-weaver, House Sparrow Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 1 Species: Common Myna Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Iconic urban bird Number of urban IBAs 1 Phakalane Sewage Ponds Number of official city reserves 2

Names: Gaborone Game Reserve Maun Educational Game Reserve Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: BirdLife Botswana celebrates World Migratory Bird Day annually with about 500 school children from Gaborone and surrounding villages

Conducts a garden bird count No

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Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening No Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds No Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning No Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

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Bulgaria Continent: Europe Population: 7,360,000 Population Density: 718 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 73%

BirdLife Partner: Bulgarian Society for the Protection of birds / BirdLife Bulgaria Contact Person: Iordan Hristov, Monitoring Officer Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 9 Species: Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Barn Owl, Little Owl, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, Common Swift, House Sparrow, White Stork Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 3 nesting site) Species: House Sparrow, Northern House-martin, Barn Swallow Number of urban species that are Red Listed Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Species: Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Iconic urban bird White Stork Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves 0 Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: BSPB takes part in fairs organised by other organisations or holds events organised by itself. Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants

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Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Within a project recently started we initiated a campaign to involve more people in bird feeding. The activities included setting up bird feeders in a city park by the parliament, outdoor classes 'how to make your own bird feeder', materials in printed and electronic media.

Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes Urban species addressed: White Stork Provides advice on city planning No Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Yes We envisage development of birdwatching routes and awareness campaigns. Additional Comments: We recently started a project that is focused on the wilderness of urban environment. Within that project there were a few awareness campaigns. In the near future in the project is envisaged development of birdwatching routes in the capital's parks and more awareness campaigns.

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Burundi Continent: Africa Population: 7,800,000 Population Density: 282 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 11%

BirdLife Partner: Association Burundaise pour la protection des Oiseaux-ABO Contact Person: Dieudonne Bizimana Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat No studies Species: Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime nesting site) Species: Number of urban species that are Red Listed Unknown Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 1 Species: House Sparrow Number of acknowledged pest species Unknown Species: Iconic urban bird Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening No

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Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds None Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments: Urban birds conservation is a good programme that, with support of experienced people, our organisation is interested in .

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Canada Continent: Americas Population: 33,739,900 Population Density: 3.41 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): > 80 (2006 Census)

BirdLife Partner: Bird Studies Canada Contact Person: Kerrie Wilcox, Coordinator, Project FeederWatch and Great Backyard Bird Count Contact Person for Urban Birds: Kerrie Wilcox

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 1 Species: Chimney Swifts Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 1 nesting site) Species: Number of urban species that are Red Listed 1 Species: Chimney Swift Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Rock Pigeon, Common Starling, House Sparrow Species: Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Iconic urban bird Chimney Swift Number of urban IBAs <40; Examples: Boundary Bay, BC; Lac Deschênes, ON; Niagara River Corridor, ON Number of official city reserves Unknown Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: McGill Bird Observatory, Ste. Anne-de-Belevue, QC Tommy Thompson Park Bird Research Station, Toronto, ON Inglewood Bird Banding Station, Calgary, AB Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Breeding Bird Atlas projects cover all environments, including urban, but are not designed specifically for urban areas. Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Christmas Bird Count monitors urban birds, but not exclusively Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general A brochure will be produced as part of public the Toronto Urban Birds project Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds A factsheet will be produced as part of the Toronto Urban Birds Project

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Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Project FeederWatch, Ebird and Great Backyard Bird Count monitor urban birds but not exclusively. Conducts a garden bird count – Project FeederWatch is a survey of winter backyard feeder birds Year first started 1987 Frequency Weekly, Nov thru Number of 2600 in Canada Apr Participants Supports bird friendly gardening The Project FeederWatch kit includes a handbook with advice on gardening for birds and bird feeding. Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Yes to the cities of Toronto and Vancouver, as part of the Toronto and Vancouver Urban Birds Project Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Bird Studies Canada has plans to start a Nighthawk Migration Monitoring Program in Toronto as well as Urban Owl Monitoring.

A pilot Urban Atlas has been initiated in Vancouver, building on the current, province-wide atlas. The pilot project will drill down to a much finer scale than its provincial counterpart. It will examine micro scale patterns of bird distribution and abundance as they relate to landscape features and neighbourhoods; assess relationships among birds and human health and well-being; characterize the value of urban parks and biodiversity; and tie into local scale planning. Additional Comments: Bird Studies Canada has a Chimney Swift monitoring program and a Chimney Swift school program.

A Shorebird Festival is being planned in Nova Scotia, with the goal of building community awareness and economic benefits of bird-related tourism.

Page 74 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Cook Islands Continent: Pacific Population: 15,000 Population Density: 62 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 70%

BirdLife Partner: Te Ipukarea Society Contact Person: Jacqueline Evans, Programme Manager Contact Person for Urban Birds: Jacqueline Evans, Programme Manager

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 8 Species: Pacific Reef Heron, Red Junglefowl (feral), Pacific Golden Plover, Bristle-thighed Curlew, Wandering Tattler, White Tern, Cook Islands Fruit Dove, Common Myna Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 0 nesting site) Species: Number of urban species that are Red Listed Species: Bristle Thighed Curlew (Vulnerable), Cook Islands Fruit Dove (Vulnerable), Pacific Reef Heron (Least Concern), Red Junglefowl (Least Concern), Pacific Golden Plover (Least Concern) Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 1 Species: Common Myna

Number of acknowledged pest species 1 Species: Common Myna

Iconic urban bird Common Myna Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No

Page 75 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening No Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds No Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning No Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

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Cyprus Continent: Europe Population: 800,000 Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 65%

BirdLife Partner: BirdLife Cyprus Contact Person: Clairie Papazoglou, Executive Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Lilia Kapsali, Development Officer

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 15

Species: Common Kestrel, Peregrine Falcon, Barn Owl, Rock Pigeon, Common Wood-pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, Cyprus Wheatear, Olivaceous Warbler, Eurasian Jackdaw, Carrion Crow, House Sparrow, European Goldfinch, European Greenfinch

These are species which include urban areas among their prime habitat, although most of them also inhabit other habitat types as prime habitat.

Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 7 nesting site)

Species: Common Kestrel, Peregrine Falcon, Barn Owl, Rock Pigeon, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, House Sparrow

Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0

Species:

Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 0

Species:

Number of acknowledged pest species 2 listed legally as ‘non-protected’ pest species, but pest status is questionable in the case of House Sparrow.

Species: Rock Pigeon, House Sparrow

Iconic urban bird House Sparrow and Common Swift (if we are allowed two!)

Number of urban IBAs 0 (but lots of IBAs contain small villages)

Number of official city reserves 0

Names:

Migration Monitoring Stations 0 in urban areas

Names:

Page 77 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No

Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No

Produces a report on the state of urban birds No

Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds:

Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general public No

Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No

Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No

Additional comments on awareness and urban birds:

Conducts a garden bird count No

Year first started Frequency Number of Participants

Supports bird friendly gardening Yes, but not actively

Additional comments on garden bird relates issues:

Specific conservation measures on urban birds No

Urban species addressed:

Provides advice on city planning Not specifically on city planning, but yes on land-use planning which includes urban planning.

Additional activities or programs on urban birds:

Additional Comments:

Page 78 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Czech Republic Continent: Europe Population: 10,526,685 Population Density: 131 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 71%

BirdLife Partner: Czech Society for Ornithology Contact Person: Zdenek Vermouzek, Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Lukas Viktora, conservation manager

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 19 Species: Rook, Lesser Whitethroat, European Gold finch, Eurasian Collared-dove, Common Redstart , European Serin, White Stork, Little Owl, Northern House-martin, European Greenfinch, Common Kestrel, Rock Pigeon, House Sparrow, Eurasian Linnet, White Wagtail, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Eurasian Jackdaw Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 10 nesting site) Species: Black Redstart, White Stork, Little Owl, Barn Owl, Northern House-martin, Common Kestrel, Rock Pigeon, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Eurasian Jackdaw Number of urban species that are Red Listed 8 Species: Rook, White Stork, Little Owl, Barn Owl, Northern House-martin, House Sparrow, Barn Swallow, Eurasian Jackdaw Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 0 Species: Number of acknowledged pest species 0 Species: Iconic urban bird Common Swift, Barn Owl, Common Kesrel, Rock Pigeons Number of urban IBAs 0 Number of official city reserves Names: There are big parks, enclaves of forests in the area of municipality etc. No City Reserves as a parts of towns with buildings protected for nature conservancy purposes. Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public

Page 79 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds:

Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Gardening - only occasional recommendations in our magazine and on the website. No systematic approach. Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes Urban species addressed: Common Swift (and Eurasian Jackdaw and Northern House-martin benefit as a byproduct) Provides advice on city planning No Additional activities or programs on urban birds: None Additional Comments: Currently we have no capacity to develop any programme on urban birds, however we plan to start a wide bird feeder project in the horizon of two or three years.

Page 80 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Ecuador Continent: Americas Population: 13,000,000 Population Density: 5078 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 40%

BirdLife Partner: Aves y Conservacion Contact Person: Adrian Soria, Director del Programa de Conservación Llanganates Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 45 Species: Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime nesting site) Species: Number of urban species that are Red Listed Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Species: Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Iconic urban bird Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Produces a report on the state of urban birds Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening

Page 81 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

Page 82 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

El Salvador Continent: Population: 6,500,000 Population Density: 317 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 70%

BirdLife Partner: SalvaNATURA Contact Person: Alvaro Moisés, Executive Director Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 250+ Species: Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime nesting site) Species: House Wren, Rufous-naped Wren, Chimney Swift, Barn Owl, Clay-coloured Thrush, White-winged Dove

Number of urban species that are Red Listed Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Species: Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Iconic urban bird Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Produces a report on the state of urban birds Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count Year first started Frequency Number of Participants

Page 83 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Supports bird friendly gardening Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

Page 84 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Estonia Continent: Europe Population: 1,300,000 Population Density: 30 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 70%

BirdLife Partner: Estonian Ornithological Society Contact Person: Jaanus Elts, Project Manager (JE) Meelis Uustal (UM) Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 16 (UM) Species: Herring Gull, Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Common Swift, Northern House-martin, White Wagtail, Black Redstart, Common Redstart, Northern Wheatear, Spotted Flycatcher, Great Tit (?), Eurasian Jackdaw (?), Hooded Crow, Common Starling, House Sparrow, Eurasian Tree Sparrow Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 9-12 (UM) nesting site) Species: Herring Gull, Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Common Swift, Northern House-martin, White-wagtail, Black Redstart, Northern Wheatear, Spotted Flycatcher, Eurasian Jacksaw, House Sparrow, Barn Swallow Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 1 Species: Rock Pigeon Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Herring Gull, Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Jackdaw, Hooded Crow (all are nuisance rather than pests) Iconic urban bird Characteristic urban birds are House Sparrow and Rock Pigeon, but they are not exactly flagship species.

Number of urban IBAs There are a few IBAs bordering some towns, but these IBAs are natural areas and do not have any urban characteristics Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Yes Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public

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Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count Yes Year first started 2010 Frequency Annual (last week of Number of 1,000 January) Participants Supports bird friendly gardening No Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds No Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Surveys have been conducted in Tallinn residential and green areas to find out the densities and composition of bird species. Urban bird (and biodiversity) conservation checklist for Estonian cityplanners and developers will be developed in 2012 (UM). Additional Comments: Advice on the urban bird conservation checklist and other urban bird matters would be much appreciated (UM).

Page 86 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Falklands/Malvinas Continent: Americas Population: 3,500 Population Density: 0.3 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 90%

BirdLife Partner: Falklands Conservation Contact Person: Craig Dockrill, Chief Executive Officer Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 1 Species: House Sparrow Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 1 nesting site) Species: House Sparrow Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 1 Species: House Sparrow Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Debatable: Farmers identify birds of prey (Turkey Vulture, Southern Caracara) as pests, and control permits are attainable. Iconic urban bird Number of urban IBAs 0 Number of official city reserves 0 Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants

Page 87 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds No Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments: Urban areas are so limited that a program on urban birds seems unnecessary. Many species of bird are seen daily within the town of Stanley, ranging from House Sparrow (common) to Upland Goose to Red-backed Hawk (occasional) to King Penguin (uncommon).

Page 88 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Gibraltar Continent: Europe Population: 28,000 Population Density: 4,000 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 95%

BirdLife Partner: Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society Contact Person: Keith Bensusan, Strait of Gibraltar Bird Observatory Contact Person for Urban Birds: Keith Bensusan

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 4 More species occur, but not prime habitat. Species: House Sparrow, Pallid Swift, Common Swift, Eurasian Collared-dove Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 4 nesting site) Species: House Sparrow, Pallid Swift, Common Swift, Spotless Starling Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 0 Species: Number of acknowledged pest species 1 Species: Yellow-legged Gull Iconic urban bird House Sparrow Number of urban IBAs 0 Number of official city reserves 0 Names: Migration Monitoring Stations 0 urban Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Yes Produces a report on the state of urban birds Yes, as part of annual Gibraltar Bird Report Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants

Page 89 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes Urban species addressed: Encouraging provision of nest sites for swifts in new buildings Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: No Additional Comments:

Page 90 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Greece Continent: Europe Population: 11,000,000 Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%):

BirdLife Partner: Hellenic Ornithological Society Contact Person: Elina Sarantou, Media and Communications Officer Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat Species: Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime nesting site) Species: Number of urban species that are Red Listed Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Species: Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Iconic urban bird Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Produces a report on the state of urban birds Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening

Page 91 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

Page 92 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Hungary Continent: Europe Population: 10,045,400 Population Density: 108 people/ km2 Urban Population (%):

BirdLife Partner: Hungarian Ornithological and Nature Conservation Society (MME) Contact Person: Károly Nagy, Head of Monitoring Centre Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 8 Species: White Stork, Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Barn Owl, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, House Sparrow Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 6 nesting site) Species: Rock Pigeon, Barn Owl, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, House Sparrow

Number of urban species that are Red Listed 1 Species: Barn Owl Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Species: Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Iconic urban bird White Stork (villages), Barn Swallow (villages), Northern House-martin (villages, cities, town)

Number of urban IBAs 1 Öreg Lake of Tata Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Yes Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. Yes

Page 93 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: White Stork Online Database: www.golya.mme.hu Swallows Online Database: www.fecskefigyelo.mme.hu Additional Comments:

Page 94 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Indonesia Continent: Asia Population: Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%):

BirdLife Partner: Burung Indonesia Contact Person: Fahrul Amama, Communication and Media Relations Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat Species: Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime nesting site) Species: Number of urban species that are Red Listed Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Species: Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Iconic urban bird Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Produces a report on the state of urban birds Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds

Page 95 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

Page 96 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Iraq Continent: Middle East Population: 29,000,000 Population Density: unknown Urban Population (%): perhaps 50%

BirdLife Partner: Contact Person: Mudhafar Salim & Richard Porter Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 9 Species: Eusrasian Collared-dove, House Sparrow, Laughing Dove, Rock Pigeon, Common Starling (in winter), White Wagtail (in winter), Barn Swallow, Barn Owl, Himalayan Bulbul

Nine species in different cities. Of course this number differs from city to other, and from season to season. Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 7 nesting site) Species: Eusrasian Collared-dove, House Sparrow, Laughing Dove, Rock Pigeon, Barn Swallow, Barn Owl, Himalayan Bulbul Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Laughing Dove Species: Number of acknowledged pest species 0 Species: Iconic urban bird House Sparrow Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No

Page 97 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Support the idea, but don’t conduct any activity in this field. Specific conservation measures on urban birds None Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning No Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

Page 98 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Israel Continent: Europe Population: 7,000,000 Population Density: 239 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 60-70%

BirdLife Partner: SPNI Contact Person: Amir Balaban, Urban Wildlife Cordinator and Co-Director of the Jerusalem Bird Observatory Contact Person for Urban Birds: Amir Balaban

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 60 Species: Black-crowned Night-heron, Cattle Egret, Little Egret, Glossy Ibis, Mallard, Common Kestrel, Lesser Kestrel, Eurasian Hobby, Chukar, Eurasian Thick-knee, Spur-winged Lapwing, Yellow-legged Gull, Rock Pigeon, European Turtle-dove, Laughing Dove, Eurasian Collared-dove, Great Spotted Cuckoo, Tawny Owl, Long- eared Owl, Barn Owl, Little Owl, Common Scops-owl, Common Swift, Eurasian Hoopoe, White-throated Kingfisher, Syrian Woodpecker, Barn Swallow, Red-rumped Swallow, Northern House-martin, Rock Martin, White-spectacled Bulbul, Eurasian Blackbird, Sardinian Warbler, Graceful Prinia, Spotted Flycatcher, Great Tit, Palestine Sunbird, Eurasian Jay, Eurasian Jackdaw, Hooded Crow, House Crow, Tristram’s Starling, House Sparrow, European Goldfinch, European Greenfinch, European Serin, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Monk Parakeet, Common Myna, Vinous-breasted Starling Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime nesting site) Species: House sparrow, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, Rock Pigeon, Laughing Dove, Common Kestrel, Lesser Kestrel Number of urban species that are Red Listed 1 Species: Lesser Kestrel, Black-eared Wheatear Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 5 Species: Rose-ringed Parakeet, Monk Parakeet Indian, Common Myna, Vinous-breasted Starling, House Crow

Number of acknowledged pest species 2 Species: Cattle Egret, House Sparrow Iconic urban bird Lesser Kestrel, White-spectacled Bulbul, Palestine Sunbird

Number of urban IBAs About 20 Number of official city reserves About 20 Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Eilat international bird center, Ashdod Lachish stream, Jerusalem Bird Observatory Names:

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Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Yes Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes Urban species addressed: Lesser Kestrel, Common Swift Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: We are currently working on a national urban biodiversity survey Additional Comments:

Page 100 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Japan Continent: Asia Population: 128,000,000 Population Density: 343 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 65.2%

BirdLife Partner: Wild Bird Society of Japan Contact Person: Seiji Hayama, Manager of Conservation Division Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 3 Species: Little Swift, Barn Swallow, Jungle Crow Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 2 nesting site) Species: Little Swift, Barn Swallow Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 1 Species: Rock Pigeon Number of acknowledged pest species 1 Species: Rock Pigeon Iconic urban bird Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: We have a publication for an educational program that involves urban bird watching. Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants

Page 101 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Supports bird friendly gardening No Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds None Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: None Additional Comments:

Page 102 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Jordan Continent: Middle East Population: 6,100,000 Population Density: 68.8 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 82.6%

BirdLife Partner: The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature Contact Person: Tariq Qaneer, Bird Researcher- Research & Survey Section Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 19 Species: Laughing Dove, White-throated Kingfisher, Syrian Woodpecker, Barn Swallow, Red-rumped Swallow, Northern House-martin, White-spectacled Bulbul, Eurasian Blackbird , Graceful Prinia, Great Tit , Palestine Sunbird, Eurasian Jay, Hooded Crow, House Crow, House Sparrow, European Greenfinch, Common Kestrel, Rock Pigeon, Rose-ringed Parakeet Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 7 nesting site) Species: House sparrow, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, Rock Pigeon, Laughing Dove, Common Kestrel Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 3 Species: Rose-ringed Parakeet, House Crow, Laughing Dove Number of acknowledged pest species 1 Species: House Crow Iconic urban bird House Sparrow, Palestine Sunbird, White- spectacled Bulbul Number of urban IBAs 1 Number of official city reserves 0 Names: Migration Monitoring Stations No Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No

Page 103 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds No Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning No Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

Page 104 BirdLife International global survey on the status of urban bird conservation

Kenya Continent: Africa Population: Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%):

BirdLife Partner: Nature Kenya Contact Person: Mercy Ndalila, Programmes Assistant Contact Person for Urban Birds: Fred Barasa

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 2 Species: House Crow, House Sparrow Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 1 nesting site) Species: House Sparrow Number of urban species that are Red Listed Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 2 Species: House Crow, House Sparrow Number of acknowledged pest species 2 Species: Red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea), Speckled Mousebirds Iconic urban bird House Crow Number of urban IBAs 3 Dandora ponds, Nairobi National Park, Lake Naivasha Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations No Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds Yes Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: We conduct Wednesday morning birdwalks and 3rd Sunday of the month Potluck; We do bird ringing at National Museums of Kenya every Tuesdays; We have produced fact sheets on Lake Naivasha. Conducts a garden bird count No

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Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: The Bird Committee of Nature Kenya has been discussing how to initiate such a program in Kenya, recognising that other parners such as the RSPB has used the approach to attract the public to be members. Specific conservation measures on urban birds No Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning No Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

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Liberia Continent: Africa Population: 3,500,000 Population Density: 34 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 47%

BirdLife Partner: ociety for the Conservation of Nature of Liberia (SCNL) Contact Person: Michael F. Garbo, IBA Officer/National Project Coordinator Contact Person for Urban Birds: Michael F. Garbo

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat

Species:

Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime nesting site)

Species:

Number of urban species that are Red Listed

Species:

Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species

Species:

Number of acknowledged pest species

Species:

Iconic urban bird

Number of urban IBAs

Number of official city reserves

Names:

Migration Monitoring Stations

Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds

Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds

Produces a report on the state of urban birds

Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds:

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Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general public

Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds

Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc.

Additional comments on awareness and urban birds:

Conducts a garden bird count

Year first started Frequency Number of Participants

Supports bird friendly gardening

Additional comments on garden bird relates issues:

Specific conservation measures on urban birds

Urban species addressed:

Provides advice on city planning

Additional activities or programs on urban birds:

Additional Comments:

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Luxembourg Continent: Europe Population: 511,840 Population Density: 194 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 30%

BirdLife Partner: BirdLife Luxembourg Contact Person: Birgit Gödert-Jacoby Contact Person for Urban Birds: Patric Lorgé or Mikis Bastian, COL

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 9 Species: Barn Owl, Rook, Eurasian Jackdaw, Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Black Redstart, House Sparrow, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 5 nesting site) Species: Rock Pigeon, Black Redstart, House Sparrow, Common Swift, Northern House-martin, Barn Swallow Number of urban species that are Red Listed 5 Species: Barn Owl, House Sparrow, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 0 Species: Number of acknowledged pest species 0 Species: Iconic urban bird Number of urban IBAs 0 Number of official city reserves 0 Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Yes Produces a report on the state of urban birds Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Long-term study on the birds of Luxembourg-city Park Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count Yes Year first started 2004 Frequency Annual (January) Number of 400-600 Participants

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Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: We consult and produce some factsheets to bird- friendly gardening practice, promote hedge planting in gardens etc. Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes Urban species addressed:

Nest boxes, monitoring Falco peregrinus in urban areas, nest boxes for Barn Owl Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: spring alive Additional Comments:

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Macedonia Continent: Europe Population: 2,000,000 Population Density: 79 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): >60%

BirdLife Partner: Macedonian Ecological Society Contact Person: Metodija Velevski, Executive Director Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 7 Species: Common Swift, Rook, Hooded Crow, House Sparrow, Eurasian Collared-dove, Black-billed Magpie, Northern House-martin Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 1 nesting site) Species: Northern House-martin Number of urban species that are Red Listed Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Species: Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Iconic urban bird Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants

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Supports bird friendly gardening No Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds None Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning No Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

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Malawi Continent: Africa Population: 13,000,000 Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%):

BirdLife Partner: Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi Contact Person: Tiwonge I Mzumara, Conservation Officer Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 5 Species: House Sparrow, Common Bulbul, Blue-breasted Cordonbleu, White-browed Robin-chat, Pied Crow Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 1 nesting site) Species: House Sparrow Number of urban species that are Red Listed 1? Species: Lanner Falcon Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 0 Species: Number of acknowledged pest species 1 Species: Red-billed Quelea Iconic urban bird House Sparrow Number of urban IBAs 0 Number of official city reserves 3 Names: Michiru Conservation area (Blantyre City) Lilongwe nature sanctuary (lilongwe City) Mzuzu nature sactuary (Mzuzu City) Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Yes Produces a report on the state of urban birds Yes Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count Yes Year first started 2010 Frequency Annual Number of 30 Participants

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Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds None Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning No Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

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Nepal Continent: Asia Population: 26,494,505 Population Density: 181 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 17.7%

BirdLife Partner: Bird Conservation Nepal Contact Person: Ishana Thapa, Senior Conservation Officer Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 17 Species: Rose-ringed Parakeet, Little Swift, Barn Owl, Spotted Owlet, Rock Pigeon, Black Kite, Cattle Egret, House Crow, Oriental Magpie-robin, Asian Pied Starling, Common Myna , Jungle Myna, Barn Swallow, Red- rumped Swallow, Common Tailorbird, House Sparrow, Eurasian Tree Sparrow Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 11 nesting site) Species: Eurasian Tree Sparrow, House Sparrow, Barn Swallow, Red rumped Swallow, Barn Owl, Little Swift, Rock Pigeon, Oriental Magpie-robin, Common Myna, House Crow, Spotted Owlet Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 0 Species: Number of acknowledged pest species 2 Species: , Rock Pigeon, House Crow, Iconic urban bird Oriental Magpie-robin Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Yes Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds:

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Conducts a garden bird count Yes Year first started 2000 Frequency Annual Number of 200 Participants Supports bird friendly gardening No Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes Urban species addressed: Nest box installation for House Sparrows and Oriental Magpie-robin Provides advice on city planning No Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Bird Watching, street exhibition, poster and booklet publication, urban bird song CD, radio and talk programme, school visits Additional Comments:

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The Netherlands Continent: Europe Population: 16,686,684 Population Density: 401,4 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 70%

BirdLife Partner: Vogelbescherming Nederland / Birdlife Netherlands Contact Person: Jip Louwe Kooijmans, Programme Coordinator Urban Enviroments Contact Person for Urban Birds: Jip Louwe Kooijmans

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 8 Species: Peregrine Falcon, Common Swift, Crested Lark, Eurasian Collared-dove, Eurasian Blackbird, Eurasian Jackdaw, Magpie, House Sparrow Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 8 nesting site) Species: Common Swift, Northern House-martin, Barn Swallow, Black Redstart, House Sparrow, Peregrine Falcon, Common Starling, Barn Owl Number of urban species that are Red Listed 5 Species: Peregrine Falcon, Crested Lark, Northern House-martin, House Sparrow, European Serin Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 8 Species: Rock Pigeon, Rose-ringed parakeet, Muscovy Duck, Mandarin Duck, Greylag Goose (feral), House Crow, Canada Goose, Egyptian Goose Number of acknowledged pest species 0 Species: Locally Rock Pigeon & roof nesting gulls are considered a nuisance Iconic urban bird House Sparrow, Common Swift Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations No Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Yes Produces a report on the state of urban birds Yes Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. Yes

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Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Published book on urban bird conservation, Conduct bianual conference on urban birds, webcams: www.beleefdelente.nl Birdfair: not anual. Conducts a garden bird count Yes Year first started 2001 Frequency Annual Number of 30.000 – 50.000 Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Conduct official garden bird program containing: website, volunteers, publications and more. Lso cooperate with other NGO’s on urban birds Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes Urban species addressed: House sparrow, common swift, Norhern House-martin, Barn Swallow, Peregrine Falcon, Barn Owl, Eurasian Oystercatcher, Sand Martin and garden birds in general.

Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Checklist for bird-friendly building & cityplanning. Urban bird prize: contest for municipalities. Local expert meetings Additional Comments: Network of volunteers giving advice and surveys, support of local species conservation working groups

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New Zealand Continent: Pacific Population: 4,400,000 Population Density: 16.4 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 86%

BirdLife Partner: Royal Forest & Bird Protection Society of NZ Contact Person: Mark Bellingham, North Island Conservation Manager Contact Person for Urban Birds: Mark Bellingham

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 0 Species: Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 4 nesting site) Species: Welcome Swallow, House Sparrow, Common Starling, Common Myna Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 16 Species: House Sparrow, Common Starling, Common Myna, Australian Magpie, European Greenfinch, Yellowhammer, European Goldfinch, Eurasian Chaffinch, Common Redpoll, Eurasian Blackbird, Song Thrush, Hedge Accentor, Eastern Rosella, Spotted Dove (local), African Collared-dove (local), Mallard Number of acknowledged pest species 2 Species: Australian Magpie and Common Myna are recognized by some Regional Councils as pest species Iconic urban bird Not a definite yes, but indigenous species like Tui, Grey Fantail or Grey Gerygone could be 'used' as an iconic urban bird species.

Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Several There are some that could be listed here, especially Karori Wildlife Reserve in Wellington e.g. Karori (Zealandia) in Wellington Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: New urban wildlife programme starting in Auckland,

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where the public provide bird species sightings to a website, so F&B can track the progress of urban forest restoration and animal pest control. This is our new Gardens for Wildlife programme. Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds In preparation Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count Yes Year first started 2010 Frequency Annual (July) Number of 1000+ Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds None Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: We write about bird friendly practices in our magazine. In our advocacy role we discuss bird-friendly options with planners and developers. Additional Comments:

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Nigeria Continent: Africa Population: 150,000,000 Population Density: 134 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 48.7%

BirdLife Partner: Nigerian Conservation Foundation Contact Person: Ruth Akagu, Coordinate all matters related to species and IBA activities within the technical programme department Contact Person for Urban Birds: Oluwabunmi Jegede

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat >20 Species: Common Bulbul, Laughing Dove, Cattle Egret, Variable Sunbird, Village Weaver, Northern House-martin, Pied Crow, Western Grey Plantain-eater, Speckled Pigeon, Northern Grey-headed Sparrow, Bronze Munia, Woodland Kingfisher, Black Kite, African Jacana, Common Kestrel, Hooded Vulture, Red-cheeked Cordonbleu, Red-billed Firefinch, Piacpiac Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 3 nesting site) Species: Northern Grey-headed Sparrow, Speckled Pigeon, Laughing Dove Number of urban species that are Red Listed 1 Species: Hooded Vulture Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Unknown Species: Number of acknowledged pest species 2 Species: Red-Headed Quelea, Village Weavers Iconic urban bird Common Bulbul, Laughing Dove, Speckled Pigeon, Pied Crow, Piacpiac Number of urban IBAs 2 Amurum Woodland (NG020) the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) (NG011) Number of official city reserves 1 Names: Lekki Conservation Center Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public

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Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: The Lekki Bird Club (LBC) under the auspices of Nigerian Conservation Foundation goes on monthly bird walk pulling together data on urban birds as most sites visited are in the city. This is mostly reported in an e-bulletin circulated mostly to members. Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening No Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds None Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

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Palau Continent: Pacific Population: 20,000 Population Density: 40 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 80%

BirdLife Partner: Palau Conservation Society Contact Person: Anuradha Gupta, Conservation and Protected Area Program Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Anuradha Gupta

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 7 Species: Micronesian Myzomela (regionally-restricted, also in forest), House Sparrow(introduced), Chestnut-breasted Mannikin (introduced), Palau Scops-owl (endemic, also in forest), Palau Swiftlet (endemic, also in forest, Micronesian Starling (regionally-restricted, also in forest), Collared Kingfisher (also in forest) Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 1 nesting site) Species: House Sparrow Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 2 Species: House Sparrow, Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Number of acknowledged pest species 0 Species: Iconic urban bird Number of urban IBAs 1 Peleliu - encompasses entire island including village Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds:

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Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening No Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds None Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: If we run a field trip or morning birdwatching activity, it is usually at the urban location of Ngermalk because people can easily drive to it. But it provides views of all birds.

Additional Comments: Not really relevant to Palau

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Panama Continent: Americas Population: 3,100,000 Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%):

BirdLife Partner: Sociedad Audubon de Panamá Contact Person: Rosabel Miro, Executive Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Rosabel Miro

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 300 in Panama City Species: Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime ? nesting site) Species: Swifts, swallows, and pigeons Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 2 Species: House Sparrow, Saffron Finch Number of acknowledged pest species 0 Species: Iconic urban bird House Sparrow, Great-tailed Grackle, Tropical Mockingbird, Rock Pigeon Number of urban IBAs 2 Bay of Panama, Metropolitan Nature Park Number of official city reserves 3 Names: Ancon Hill, the Metropolitan Nature Park, the Bay of Panama Wildlife Refuge Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Hold a World Bird Festival for school kids every year Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of

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Participants Supports bird friendly gardening No Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes Urban species addressed: We have just put together a Conservation Plan for the Bay of Panama wetlands, mostly to protect migratory shorebirds. Provides advice on city planning No Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

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Paraguay Continent: Americas Population: 6,348,917 Population Density: 16 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 60%

BirdLife Partner: Asociación Guyra Paraguay Contact Person: Cristina Morales, Species Coordinator Contact Person for Urban Birds: Silvia Centrón

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat Species: Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime nesting site) Species: Number of urban species that are Red Listed Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Species: Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Iconic urban bird Glittering-bellied Emerald, Picui Ground- dove, Yellow-rumped Marshbird, Rufous Hornero, Gilded Hummingbird, White- tipped Dove, Monk Parakeet, Great Kiskadee, Rufous-collared Sparrow, Sacaya Tanager Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Yes Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds:

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Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments: Estamos apoyando el Plan de Manejo que es una Reserva vecina a la ciudad [We support the Plan de Manejo which is a reserve near the city].

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Philippines Continent: Asia Population: 94,000,000 Population Density: 313 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 48%

BirdLife Partner: Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources Contact Person: Don Geoff Tabaranza, Research Specialist Contact Person for Urban Birds: Nikki del Castillo

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 4+ Species: Eurasian Tree Sparrow, White-spectacled Bulbul (possibly the 2nd most abundant bird species in urban areas in the Philippines), Asian Glossy Starling, Rock Pigeon (domesticated varieties / races). Many more species have adapted to living in green spaces in urban areas but are not using urban areas as prime habitat. Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 4+ nesting site) Species: Eurasian Tree Sparrow, Rock Pigeon (Columba livia - domesticated varieties / races – raised by humans in cages & bird houses in many urban areas), Glossy Swiftlet (nests are also found in eaves of houses & buildings), Pacific Swallow (nests are also found in eaves of houses & buildings) Number of urban species that are Red Listed 4+ Species: Chinese Crested Tern (migrant, recorded in Manila Bay 1905), Chinese Egret (migrant, frequently recorded in coastal areas near built-up areas such as Manila Bay), Java Sparrow (introduced, has established small populations built-up areas and surrounding agricultural areas such as Metro Manila), Philippine Duck (endemic; a population of at least 80 individuals have taken up residence in the coastal lagoons of the Las Pinas – Paranaque Critical Habitat & Ecotourism Area in Manila Bay). Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 6-7 Species: Eurasian Tree Sparrow, Java Sparrow, Crested Myna, Chinese Francolin, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Rock Pigeon, Zebra Dove Number of acknowledged pest species 3+ Species: Eurasian Tree Sparrow (in very large numbers can devastate rice fields during harvest period with munia species), Asian Glossy Starling (roosts in large flocks and can easily foul buildings and other human structures), Rock Pigeon (large flocks can easily foul buildings and other human structures). Iconic urban bird Eurasian Tree Sparrow— Probably found on every human inhabited island of any size in the Philippines (Kennedy et al 2000). Locally called “Maya” or “Mayang-bahay”, the most widely recognized and probably the most widely distributed bird species in urban areas in the Philippines. Often mislabelled as the former National Bird of the Philippines, which is also locally called “Maya” - the Tricoloured Munia or Chestnut

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Munia. Number of urban IBAs 29 In or adjacent to cities: PH006 Camp O'Donnel PH007 Candaba Swamp PH008 Bataan Natural Park and Subic Bay Forest Reserve PH009 Mariveles Mountains PH010 Manila Bay PH011 Mts Palay-palay – Mataas na Gulod National Park PH19 Angat Watershed PH022 Mt Makiling Forest Reserve PH023 UP Land Grants (Pakil and Real) PH024 Mt Banahaw – San Cristobal National Park PH026 Pagbilao and Tayabas Bay PH031 Mt Isarog National Park PH038 Puerto Galera PH050 El Nido Managed Resource Reserve Protected Area PH052 St. Paul's Subterranean River National Park PH053 Victoria and Anapalan Ranges PH060 North-west Panay (Pandan Peninsula) PH062 Mt. Silay and Mt. Mandalagan PH063 Mt. Canlaon National Park PH068 Tabunan PH070 Mactan, Kalawisan and Cansaga Bays PH082 Siargao Island Protected Landscape and Seascape PH084 Mt Diwata Range PH086 Bislig PH097 Lake Lanao PH101 Mt. Apo Natural Park PH107 Mt. Malindang National Park PH109 Mt. Sugar Loaf PH112 Pasonanca Natural Park Number of official city reserves 0 Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: HF has a field guide for frequently observed birds in urban areas. Haribon participates in Bird Fairs organized by the Wild Bird Club of the Philippines Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of

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Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Haribon promotes Bio-Intensive Gardening (BIG) which is suitable for gardening in areas with limited spaces. Specific conservation measures on urban birds None Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds:  NUVALI Evoliving - Ayala Land's Urban Cornerstone in the South Biodiversity Survey Recommendations for Bird & Wildlife Sanctuary Establishment, Bird Eco-tour Guide Training,  United Coconut Planters' Bank – Coconut Industry Investment Fund Foundation Biodiversity Survey at UCPB Reforestation Site in Antipolo City, Recommendations for improved reforestation site management −improvement of nursery structures −advocated use of native tree species for reforestation  Shangri-La Boracay Resort and Spa Biodiversity Survey at Boracay Island (densely populated tourism destination) Development of Wildlife Management Program Establishment of Wildlife Sanctuary and Nature & Bird watching trails Tree Species Tagging and Inventory Bird Monitoring Survey  Introduction to Bird Watching & Birdwatching Course, Bird Watching Orientation, Bird Watching Trips include Green Spaces within Urban Centers (particularly Metro Manila)  Municipal Bird Eco-tourism Program in Municipality of Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro, Bird Eco-tourism Planning Workshop , Bird Eco-tour Guide Training Program , Identification of Bird Watching Sites  Buhay Punlaan: A Haribon Nursery of Native Tree Species (Caliraya Lake, Laguna) - a nursery to raise native tree species to support rainforestation activities and the ROAD to 2020 - also serves as a rainforestation training center and biodiversity conservation education center  ROAD to 2020 Campaign - a campaign to restore 1 million hectares of Philippine forests using native tree species by the year 2020 - Million Hectare Walk (2007, 2008 and 2009) – an awareness and fund-raising event for ROAD2020 - Advocating use of native tree species in all reforestation activities Additional Comments: Haribon provides assistance to many Local Government Units and private land developers in Land Use Planning.

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WHITE STORK (CICONIA CICONIA) PHOTO: JOUKE ALTENBURG

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Poland Continent: Europe Population: 38,2000,037 Population Density: 12,092 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 61%

BirdLife Partner: Ogólnopolskie Towarzystwo Ochrony Ptaków (OTOP) Contact Person: Antoni Marczewski, Communication Officer Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 4 Species: Common Swift, Northern House-martin, Eurasian Jackdaw, House Sparrow Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime ~12 nesting site) Species: Eurasian Collared-dove, Rock Pigeon, Little Owl, Barn Owl, Common Swift, Eurasian Jackdaw, Northern House-martin, House Sparrow, Starling, Common Kestrel, Black Redstart, Peregrine Falcon Number of urban species that are Red Listed 1 Species: Peregrine Falcon Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 2 Species: Canada Goose, Egyptian Goose (Canada Goose breeds in one city – Gdańsk, Egyptian Goose breeds outside cities) Number of acknowledged pest species 0 Species: Iconic urban bird Common Swift Number of urban IBAs At least 3 That are the fragments of bigger IBAs, esp. in Warsaw - the river Valley within the city is also treated as IBA. There are no IBAs that are situated totally within urban areas. They are situated fragmentarly within Warsaw, Kołobrzeg and Toruń. Number of official city reserves There are lots of city reserves in Poland. In the capital city - Warsaw we have 12 of them: Each big city in Poland has at least several city reserves. Names: In Warsaw: - Bagno Jacka - Jeziorko Czerniakowskie - Kawęczyn - Las Bielański - Las im. Jana III Sobieskiego - Las Kabacki - Las Natoliński - Lawice Kiełpińskie - Olszynka Grochowska - Morysin - Skarpa Ursynowska - Wyspy Zawadowskie. Migration Monitoring Stations 1 Names: Stacja Badania Wędrówek Ptaków (Bird Migration Research Station) (works as a part of Gdansk University). Migrating birds are monitored mainly outside cities. The Station has two ringing camps on Polish seacoast. There is also one NGO (“Drapolicz”) counting migrating birds from one point of Wiślana Split (also seacoast, close to border with Kaliningrad). Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No specific programme (some grids from Common Breeding Birds Scheme are

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localized within urban areas) Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Yes Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general There are plans to do it (for different public target groups, grant from government is expected) Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds A leaflet about Common Swift and its protection has been prepared by one of local groups of OTOP with the city council Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. Not own (a video from German nest of Common Swifts was promoted through the website of Spring Alive project). Other webcams from Common Swift nests were prepared and managed by other Polish NGOs in Szczecin and Warsaw. There was also a webcam from Kestrel nests from Pruszków, close to Warsaw (other NGO responsible). Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: There is a very big and serious problem with renovation of building on urban areas, where nests and habitats of birds (especially Common Swifts, Eurasian Jackdaws and House Sparrows) are destroyed. Many NGOs are involved in promoting knowledge about this group of birds, about legal activities which can be done against people who destroy habitats. Many materials (educational, technical, scientific) is accessible in PDF form online. OTOP is being prepared for a new educational project about birds in towns and cities. The project has been approved to be granted by National Fund for Environment Protection and Water Industry. Conducts a garden bird count Yes Year first started 2005 Frequency Annual Number of ~2700 Participants Supports bird friendly gardening No Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: The count is rather a mass event and has no scientific methodology, so data received is rather impossible to be used to show trends of changes among birds. The count is organized each year in the last weekend of January. Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes Urban species addressed: mainly nestboxes for Common Swifts and Eurasian Jackdaws. Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: OTOP and other NGOs take part in procedures when some habitats of urban birds are destroyed or when there are public consultations about green areas in towns and cities. Generally it’s really hard to protect birds on urban areas, where many people are against them. The situation and public attitude changes slowly. Additional Comments: Perhaps OTOP will lead local conservation project for Eurasian Jackdaws in Bydgoszcz (western Poland) where nestboxes are planned to be placed in parks. We know that Eurasian Jackdaws, in contrary to Swifts, easier and faster inhabit nestboxes both on buildings and trees. Nestboxes on trees can be easier to placed and will generate less amount of conflicts between birds and people.

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Rwanda Continent: Africa Population: Population Density: 407 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 17%

BirdLife Partner: ACNR(Association pour la Conservation de la Nature au Rwanda) Contact Person: Serge Nsengimana, Executive Director Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat Unknown Species: Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime nesting site) Species: Number of urban species that are Red Listed Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Species: Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Iconic urban bird Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening No

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Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds None Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning No Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

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Singapore Continent: Asia Population: Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%):

BirdLife Partner: Nature Society (Singapore) Contact Person: Lim Kim Keang Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat Species: Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime nesting site) Species: Number of urban species that are Red Listed Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Species: Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Iconic urban bird Number of urban IBAs 4 Number of official city reserves 3 Names: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Sungie Buloh Wetland Reserve, Labrador Nature Reserve Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Yes Produces a report on the state of urban birds Yes Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening No

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Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes Urban species addressed: Purple Swamphen, Common Moorhen, Lesser Whistling-duck, White-browed Crake and Little Grebe Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Yearly Parrot counts. Monitoring of movement of resident forest species. Field studies of Grey-headed Fish- eagles and Changeble Hawk-eagles. Additional Comments: The Bird Group of the Nature Society ( Singapore) is the most active NGO studying, monitoring and protecting bird life in Singapore

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Slovenia Continent: Europe Population: 2,048,000 Population Density: 101 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 44%

BirdLife Partner: DOPPS - Birdlife Slovenia Contact Person: Jurij Hanžel, Volunteer Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 2 Species: Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Jackdaw Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 5 nesting site) Species: Rock Pigeon, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, Black Redstart Number of urban species that are Red Listed 3 Species: Common Kestrel, Yellow-legged Gull, Eurasian Jackdaw Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 0 Species: Number of acknowledged pest species 0 Species: Iconic urban bird 0 Number of urban IBAs 1 Skocjanski zatok Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations No Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. Yes Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: With our stands we are frequently participating in several fairs which are mostly held in urban areas around the country. Conducts a garden bird count Yes Year first started 2009 Frequency Annual, end of Number of 200-500

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January Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes Urban species addressed: Common Kestrel Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds:  Common garden bird species (mounting of nestboxes, establishment of birdwatching trails in city parks)  Common Kestrels (mounting of nestboxes, webcam)  Eurasian Jackdaws (mounting of nestboxes)  Mute Swan (protecting urban nests of this species in Maribor)  "Ornithophone" (special phone number for questions concerning birds) Additional Comments:

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South Africa Continent: Africa Population: 49,990,000 Population Density: people/ km2 Urban Population (%): ~51%

BirdLife Partner: BirdLife South Africa Contact Person: Ernst Retief, IBA Programme Data Manager and Regional Conservation Manager Contact Person for Urban Birds: Ernst Retief

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 30 Species: Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 30 nesting site) Species: Black-collared Barbet, Crested Barbet, Cape Bulbul, House Crow, Ring-necked Dove, Laughing Dove, Red- eyed Dove, Rock Pigeon, Common Fiscal, Fiscal Flycatcher, Grey Go-away-bird, Eurasian Hoopoe, Hadada Ibis, Blacksmith Lapwing, Crowned Lapwing, Rock Martin, Red-faced Mousebird, Speckled Mousebird, Common Myna, Speckled Pigeon, Cape Robin-chat, Cape Sparrow, House Sparrow, Red-shouldered Glossy-starling, Red-winged Starling, White-breasted Sunbird, African Palm-swift, Karoo Thrush, Common Starling, Rose-ringed Parakeet Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 7 Species: House Sparrow, Common Myna, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Common Starling, House Crow, Rock Pigeon, Mallard Number of acknowledged pest species 0 Species: Iconic urban bird Number of urban IBAs ~11 IBAs that also include built up areas Number of official city reserves Many Names: I do not have this number - but most cities in South Africa have reserves, parks or a green belt of some sort Too many to mention - must be 100s

Migration Monitoring Stations None Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: BirdLife South Africa and the Animal Demography Unit at the University of Cape Town have started a project called MyBirdPatch where people can submit data for their gardens (see mybirdpatch.adu.org.za)

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Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: We are trying to create a garden bird membership category. Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Published in the BirdLife South Africa magazine Africa Birds and Birding Specific conservation measures on urban birds None Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Through our club structures and magazine articles we do promote gardening for birds etc. Additional Comments:

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Spain Continent: Europe Population: 46,951,532 Population Density: 91 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 90%

BirdLife Partner: SEO/BirdLife Contact Person: Virginia Escandell, Breeding Bird Survey Coordinator Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 8 Species: Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 8 nesting site) Species: Group A: Big cities: House Sparrow, Common Swift, Rock Pigeon, Northern House-martin, Monk Parakeet, Rose-ringed Parakeet Group B: Small cities: White stork, Barn Swallow, Lesser Kestrel, Spotless Starling, Tree Sparrow, Eurasian Collared-dove Number of urban species that are Red Listed 1 Species: Lesser Kestrel Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 2 Species: Monk Parakeet, Rose-ringed Parakeet (they are in gardens inside urban areas) Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Iconic urban bird House Sparrow Number of urban IBAs ~5 Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes, Vitoria Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. Yes Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: We ran a census of Delichon urbicum in the city of Madrid in 2007 Conducts a garden bird count No

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Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes Urban species addressed: Strategy for biodiversity conservation in the city of Santander Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Bird Festival in Madrid in 2008 and 2009 Banding birds in two gardens in Madrid Additional Comments: During the international day of birds a lot of activities take place in cities and other urban areas

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Switzerland Continent: Europe Population: 8,000,000 Population Density: 195 people/ km2 But this is very different between the Alps and the lowlands (more than 380 people/ km2) Urban Population (75%):

BirdLife Partner: SVS/BirdLife Switzerland Contact Person: Werner Müller, Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Christa Glauser

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 10 Species: Eurasian Collared-dove, Barn Owl, Alpine Swift, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House- martin, White Wagtail, Black Redstart, Eurasian Blackbird, House Sparrow Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 8 nesting site) Species: Barn Owl, Alpine Swift, Common Swift, Barn Swallow, Northern House-martin, White Wagtail, Black Redstart, House Sparrow Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 0 Species: Number of acknowledged pest species 1 Species: Rock Pigeon Iconic urban bird Common Swift Number of urban IBAs 0 Number of official city reserves ? Names: There are many types of reserves in the country and no overview exists,. Migration Monitoring Stations 0 Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds There are some inventories of birds in cities (e.g. for Zurich). Monitoring schemes include urban areas but are not especially designed for them. Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds N Produces a report on the state of urban birds N Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Y public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Y Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. N Additional comments on awareness and urban birds:

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Conducts a garden bird count In earlier years Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Y, with advice, not financially Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Y Urban species addressed: Barn Owl, Alpine Swift, Common Swift, Northern House-martin Provides advice on city planning Y Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Biodiversity in urban areas is an important part of the Swiss Biodiversity Strategy. This will be concretised in the Biodiversity Action Plan (SVS/BirdLife Switzerland is influencing this process) Additional Comments:

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Taiwan Continent: Asia Population: 23,000,000 Population Density: 640 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 60%

BirdLife Partner: Chinese Wild Bird Federation Contact Person: Dabby Ding, Research Conservation Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 51 Species: Little Grebe, Yellow Bittern, Little Egret, Cattle Egret, Striated Heron, Black-crowned Night-heron, Malaysian Night-heron, Black Kite, Crested Serpent-eagle, Crested Goshawk, Besra, Black Eagle, Peregrine Falcon, White-breasted Waterhen, Ruddy-breasted Crake, Common Moorhen, Kentish Plover, Little Ringed Plover, Black-winged Stilt, Pheasant-tailed Jacana, Barred Buttonquail, Greater Painted-snipe, Little Tern, Ashy Wood-pigeon, Oriental Turtle-dove, Red Collared-dove, Spotted Dove, Emerald Dove, White-bellied Green-pigeon, Lesser Coucal, Mountain Scops-owl, Collared Scops-owl, Collared Owlet, Brown Wood-owl, Brown Hawk-owl, Savanna Nightjar, Fork-tailed Swift, Little Swift, Common Kingfisher, Taiwan Barbet, Grey-capped Woodpecker, Grey-faced Woodpecker, Grey-chinned Minivet, Oriental Skylark, Plain Martin, Pacific Swallow, Collared Finchbill, Light-vented Bulbul, Asian Black Bulbul, White Wagtail Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 13 nesting site) Species: Java Sparrow, Society Finch, Zebra Finch, Gouldian Finch, Long-tailed Finch, Chestnut Munia, White-headed Munia, White-throated Munia, Orange-cheeked Waxbill, Common Waxbill, Red Avadavat, Zebra Waxbill, Black-rumped Waxbill Number of urban species that are Red Listed 3 Species: Peregrine Falcon, Black-naped Oriole, Black Eagle Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 11 Species: White-vented Myna, Jungle Myna, Vinous-breasted Starling, Asian Glossy Starling, Black-collared Starling, White-throated Munia, African Sacred Ibis, Indian Peafowl, Common Pheasant, Blue Magpie, White- rumped Shama, Zebra Dove, Village Weaver, Pin-tailed Wydah, Chestnut-tailed Starling, Azure-winged Magpie, Orange-cheeked Waxbill, Common Waxbill, Black-throated Laughingthrush, Common Myna Number of acknowledged pest species 4 Species: White-vented Myna, Common Myna, Black-collared Starling, White-throated Munia Iconic urban bird Eurasian Tree Sparrow, Japanese White- eye, Light-vented Bulbul Number of urban IBAs 15 TW001, TW002, TW003, TW004, TW011, TW013, TW025, TW026, TW027, TW028, TW029, TW030, TW031, TW035 TW037 Number of official city reserves 5 Names: TW002, TW003, TW004, TW013, TW029

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Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Yes Produces a report on the state of urban birds Yes Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds None Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning No Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

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Tunisia Continent: Africa Population: 10,500,000 Population Density: 67 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 66%

BirdLife Partner: Association "Les Amis des Oiseaux" (AAO) Contact Person: Claudia Feltrup-Azafzaf, Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Hichem Azafzaf

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 12 Species: White Stork, Common Swift, Pallid Swift, Northern House-martin, Common Bulbul, European Robin, Eurasian Blackbird, Blue Tit, Common Starling (roosts in winter), Spotless Starling, Spanish Sparrow, House Bunting Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 7 nesting site) Species: White Stork, Common Swift, Pallid Swift, Northern House-martin, Spotless Starling, Spanish Sparrow, House Bunting Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 0 Species: Number of acknowledged pest species 2 Species: Common Starling, Spanish Sparrow Iconic urban bird Spanish Sparrow and Pallid Swift (in the North) House Bunting (in the South)

Number of urban IBAs 4 TN009 Lake Tunis, TN010 Sebkhet Sedjoumi, TN014 Lagune de Korba, TN027 Salines de Thyna Number of official city reserves 0 Names: There are no city reserves in Tunisia, only urban parks Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public

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Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: AAO ran an annual programme on garden birds with environment clubs in 2008 and 2009. Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes Urban species addressed: Common Swift, Pallid Swift, Northern House-martin, Barn Swallow Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Bird walks in urban IBAs and Parc du Belvédère in Tunis Additional Comments:

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Turkey Continent: Europe Population: 73,722,988 Population Density: 95 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 66%

BirdLife Partner: Doga Dernegi Contact Person: Süreyya İsfendiyaroglu, Conservation Manager Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 14 Species: Common Swift, Carrion Crow, Black-billed Magpie, Alpine Swift, Pallid Swift, Rose-ringed Parakeet, House Sparrow, Common Starling, Alexandrine Parakeet, Eurasian Collared-dove, Laughing Dove, Eurasian Jackdaw, Yellow-legged Gull, Common Myna, Rock Pigeon Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 12 nesting site) Species: Common Swift, Alpine Swift, Pallid Swift, Rose-ringed Parakeet, House Sparrow, Common Starling, Eurasian Collared-dove, Laughing Dove, Eurasian Jackdaw, Yellow-legged Gull, Common Myna, Rock Pigeon Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 3 Species: Rose-ringed Parakeet, Alexandrine Parakeet, Common Myna Number of acknowledged pest species 3 Species: Rose-ringed Parakeet, Alexandrine Parakeet, Common Myna Iconic urban bird Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) Number of urban IBAs 8 Antalya plains, Bosphorus, Büyükcekmece Lake, Küçükcekmece, Lake Prenses Islands, Mogan Lake, Sapanca Lake , Uluabat Lake Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No

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public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds None Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

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Uganda Continent: Africa Population: 33,000,000 Population Density: 140 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 25%

BirdLife Partner: Nature Uganda Contact Person: Achilles Byaruhanga, Executive Director Contact Person for Urban Birds: Dianah Nalwanga-Wabwire, Research & Monitoring Coordinator

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 300 Species:

Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 30 nesting site) Species: Number of urban species that are Red Listed 5 Species: Grey Crowned-crane, Hooded Vulture, Grey Parrot, Papyrus Gonolek, Papyrus Yellow Warbler Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 2 Species: House Sparrow, Fischer’s Lovebird Number of acknowledged pest species Species: Iconic urban bird House Sparrow, Northern Grey-headed Sparrow, Pied Crow, Rock Pigeon, Speckled Pigeon, White Wagtail Number of urban IBAs Number of official city reserves Names: Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Yes Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds Yes Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conduct nature walks, participate in big birding festivals and conduct public talks Conducts a garden bird count No

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Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: Specific conservation measures on urban birds Yes Urban species addressed: Hooded Vulture, Marabou Stork, Grey Crowned Crane

Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Ringing of some urban species, Common Birds Monitoring Programme in urban sites Additional Comments: We do conduct annual Vulture counts in areas around the city including abatours and rubbish bumps. This encompasses all scavenging birds around the city and has been done since 2009.

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United States of America Continent: Americas Population: 312,000,000 Population Density: 34 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 82%

BirdLife Partner: National Audubon Society Contact Person: Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 2 Species: Chimney Swift, Common Nighthawk Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 1 nesting site) Species: House Finch Number of urban species that are Red Listed 1 Species: Chimney Swift (NT) Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 3 Species: Rock Pigeon, Common Starling, House Sparrow Number of acknowledged pest species 1 Species: Monk Parakeet Iconic urban bird Chimney Swift (Eastern US) Number of urban IBAs Unknown Number of official city reserves Names: We don’t have these, but we do have urban nature centers in many US cities Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: We often use the term "urban birds" for species that persist in the face of urbanization because we have so few that do better in urban areas than in rural. Even so, it is hard to define urban birds. Some cities do monitor urban birds, but not every year. We include many urban areas in our Christmas Bird Count, Great Backyard Bird Count and local citizen science efforts. Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general Yes public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds Yes Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds:

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Conducts a garden bird count Yes Year first started 1997 Frequency Annual Number of Over 60,000 Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: We have the Great Backyard Bird Count, Audubon at Home and Hummingbirds at Home programs. Specific conservation measures on urban birds No Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning No Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Urban oases initiative works to identify and improve habitat used by migrating birds in urban areas. Additional Comments: We do some work with city planners, but much more with regional planners focused on IBAs rather than city habitats.

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Uruguay Continent: Americas Population: 3,340,000 Population Density: 19 people/ km2 Urban Population (%): 91%

BirdLife Partner: Aves Uruguay Contact Person: Agustin Carriquiry, Executive Director Contact Person for Urban Birds:

Number of species with city or urban areas as prime habitat 72 Species: White-tufted Grebe, Pied-billed Grebe, Great Grebe, Neotropic Cormorant, Whistling Heron, Snowy Egret, Cattle Egret, Striated Heron, Black-crowned Night-Heron, Bare-faced Ibis, White-faced Ibis, Yellow- billed Pintail, Yellow-billed Teal, Silver Teal, Brazilian Teal, Harris’s Hawk, Roadside Hawk, Southern Caracara, Chimango Caracara, Peregrine Falcon, American Kestrel, Giant Wood-rail , Grey-necked Wood-rail, Red-gartered Coot, White-winged Coot, Common Moorhen, Southern Lapwing, Greater Yellowlegs, Lesser Yellowlegs, Kelp Gull, Brown-hooded Gull, Snowy-crowned Tern, Royal Tern, Picazuro Pigeon, Rock Pigeon, Eared Dove, Picui Ground-dove, Monk Parakeet, Guira Cuckoo, Barn Owl, Tropical Screech-owl , White-throated Hummingbird, Glittering-bellied Emerald, Gilded Hummingbird, Campo Flicker, Green-barred Woodpecker, White-spotted Woodpecker, White Woodpecker, Rufous Hornero, Cattle Tyrant, Great Kiskadee, Tropical Kingbird, Fork-tailed Flycatcher, White-crested Tyrannulet, Small- billed Elaenia, Grey-breasted Martin, Brown-chested Martin, White-rumped Swallow, Blue-and-White Swallow, House Wren, White-banded Mockingbird, Chalk-browed Mockingbird, Creamy-bellied Thrush, Rufous-bellied Thrush, House Sparrow, Tropical Parula, Saffron Finch, Rufous-collared Sparrow, European Greenfinch, European Goldfinch, Screaming Cowbird, Shiny Cowbird Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime 27 nesting site) Species: American Kestrel, Southern Lapwing, Picazuro Pigeon, Rock Pigeon, Eared Dove, Picui Ground-dove, Monk Parakeet, Barn Owl, Tropical Screech-owl, White-throated Hummingbird, Glittering-bellied Emerald, Gilded Hummingbird, Rufous Hornero, Great Kiskadee, White-crested Tyrannulet, Grey-breasted Martin, Brown-chested Martin, White-rumped Swallow, Blue-and-White Swallow, House Wren, Creamy-bellied Thrush, Rufous-bellied Thrush, House Sparrow, Tropical Parula, Saffron Finch, Rufous-collared Sparrow, European Greenfinch Number of urban species that are Red Listed 0 Species: Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species 4 Species: Rock Pigeon, House Sparrow, European Greenfinch, European Goldfinch Number of acknowledged pest species 4 Species: Rock Pigeon, Eared Dove, Monk Parakeet, House Sparrow Iconic urban bird House Sparrow Number of urban IBAs 1 Playa Penino y Humedales del Santa Lucía (UY012) Number of official city reserves 1 Names: Playa Penino

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Migration Monitoring Stations Names: Monitoring census for urban breeding birds No Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds No Produces a report on the state of urban birds No Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general No public Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds No Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. No Additional comments on awareness and urban birds: Conducts a garden bird count No Year first started Frequency Number of Participants Supports bird friendly gardening Yes Additional comments on garden bird relates issues: We have frequent talks about garden birds at 2 bird clubs. Specific conservation measures on urban birds No Urban species addressed: Provides advice on city planning Yes Additional activities or programs on urban birds: Additional Comments:

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B. RESPONSES FROM INDEPENDENT AUDUBON CHAPTERS (USA) In the United States, the National Audubon Society is organized into migratory flyways staffed by 26 state offices. In addition, there are nearly 500 local Audubon chapters affiliated with the national organization. Four states are represented by independent Audubon organizations that are not associated with the national society. The online survey collected 41 responses from 38 chapters and one state Audubon office. Most responses provided little more than a contact name, but more detailed responses were received from 17 chapters and one Audubon state office (see table).

Organization Location

Audubon Montana Montana Audubon Society of the Capital Region Upstate New York Bucks County Audubon Society Bucks County, Pennyslvania Buffalo Audubon Society Buffalo, New York Cape Arago Audubon Society Coos Bay, Oregon Central New Mexico Audubon Society Albuquerque, New Mexico Choctawhatchee Audubon Society Walton County, Florida Discovery Coast Audubon Society Long Beach, Washington Forsyth Audubon Winston-Salem, North Carolina Fort Collins Audubon Society Fort Collins, Colorado Maricopa Audubon Society Phoenix, Arizona Palomar Audubon Society Northern San Diego County, California Piedmont Audubon Spartanburg, South Carolina Redwood Region Audubon Society Arcata, California San Diego Audubon Society San Diego, California Snake River Audubon Society Idaho Falls, Idaho Wisconsin Metro Audubon Society Milwaukee, Wisconsin Yuma Audubon Society Yuma, Arizona

SPECIES WITH CITY OR URBAN AREAS AS PRIME HABITAT Audubon chapters reported up to 250 species (San Diego Audubon) in their local urban environments. Most chapters that responded to this question provided a number of species regularly found or reported within their local cities or towns. Audubon Society of the Capitol Region reported 61 species breeding in the most urban local blocks of their recent state breeding bird atlas. Choctawatchee Audubon reported 37 common urban species, but 131 species recorded in the residential yard of their local bird count coordinator. At least 142 species were reported from Idaho Falls, Idaho. In the mostly rural state of Montana, the state Audubon office listed only eight species considered to be using cities as prime habitat.

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Species: 85 listed by name. Canada Goose, Wood Duck, American Black Duck, Mallard, Wild Turkey, Double-crested Cormorant, Great Blue Heron, Green Heron, Sharp-shinned Hawk, Cooper’s Hawk, Red-tailed Hawk, Red-shouldered Hawk, Killdeer, Spotted Sandpiper, Rock Pigeon, Mourning Dove, Eurasian Collared-dove, Great Horned Owl, Barred Owl, American Kestrel, Peregrine Falcon, Common Nighthawk, Chimney Swift, Vaux’s Swift, Belted Kingfisher, Red-bellied Woodpecker, Downy Woodpecker, Hairy Woodpecker, Northern Flicker, Pileated Woodpecker, Costa’s Hummingbird, Anna’s Hummingbird, Eastern Phoebe, Great Crested Flycatcher, Eastern Kingbird, Yellow-throated Vireo, Warbling Vireo, Red-eyed Vireo, Blue Jay, American Crow, Fish Crow, Tree Swallow, Northern Rough-winged Swallow, Sand Martin, Barn Swallow, Verdin, Black- capped Chickadee, Carolina Chickadee, Tufted Titmouse, White-breasted Nuthatch, Brown Creeper, Carolina Wren, House Wren, Eastern Bluebird, Veery, Hermit Thrush, Wood Thrush, American Robin, Grey Catbird, Northern Mockingbird, Common Starling, Cedar Waxwing, Black- throated Green Warbler, Pine Warbler, Yellow Warbler, American Redstart, Ovenbird, Louisiana Waterthrush, Common Yellowthroat, Eastern Towhee, Chipping Sparrow, Field Sparrow, Song Sparrow, Scarlet Tanager, Northern Cardinal, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Indigo Bunting, Red-winged Blackbird, Common Grackle, Great-tailed Grackle, Brown-headed Cowbird, Baltimore Oriole, House Finch, American Goldfinch, House Sparrow. Number of species breeding in/on houses (houses as prime nesting site) Responses ranged from two to six species. Species: 13 species listed Rock Pigeon, Mourning Dove, Chimney Swift, Northern Flicker, Eastern Phoebe, American Robin, Eastern Bluebird, Barn Swallow, Cliff Swallow, Carolina Wren, Common Starling, House Finch, and House Sparrow. Number of urban species that are Red Listed Two chapters each listed one species, and one reported two species. There appears to have been a wide range of interpretations to this question, based again on definitions of urban as well as local red list classifications. While most chapters did not report any urban red list species, San Diego Audubon indicated that the list was too long to include in the survey, and would depend on “where the ‘cut-off’ should be on the continuum of how commonly a given species (particularly a migratory one) is encountered in local prime habitat.” Species: Peregrine Falcon, Chimney Swift, Willow Flycatcher, Yellow-billed Cuckoo Number of exotic (non-native) invasive species Most chapters listed three or four species. The most commonly listed species were Eurasian Collared- dove (4), Common Starling (7), and House Sparrow (10). Interestingly, the nearly ubiquitus Rock Pigeon was only listed by three chapters, while the newly invasive Eurasian Collared-dove was given notice by four chapters. Species: Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Red-crowned Parrot, Lilac-crowned Parrot, Red- masked Parakeet, Back-throated Magpie Jay, Common Starling, Northern Cardinal, Brown-headed Cowbird, Great-tailed Grackle, House Finch, House Sparrow, Number of acknowledged pest species Most frequently listed species were Rock Pigeon (4), Common Starling (8), and House Sparrow (6). Species: Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-dove, Common Starling, Brown-headed Cowbird, Great- tailed Grackle, House Finch, House Sparrow.

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Iconic urban bird 11 chapters indicated listed iconic urban bird species. Species listed ranged from the Greater Roadrunner found in and around Albuquerque, to Brown Pelicans found in coastal San Diego, and the ubiquitous exotic Common Starling and House Sparrow. Species: Brown Pelican, Red-tailed Hawk, Rock Pigeon, Greater Roadrunner, American Crow, Blue Jay, Northern Mockingbird, American Robin, Common Starling, House Finch, House Sparrow. Number of urban IBAs Seven Audubon chapters listed the presence of urban IBAs, with most listing one IBA and San Diego Audubon listing a high of four urban IBAs. Names: Coos Estuary IBA (Oregon), Gilbert Riparian Institute IBA (Arizona), Owen Sowerwine Natural Area (Montana), San Pasqual Valley-Lake Hodges (California), North San Diego Lagoons (California), Mission Bay (California), San Diego Bay (California), Tijuana River Reserve (California). Number of official city reserves Most chapters (12) left this question blank. The rest gave a wide diversity of interpretations of this question—ranging from none, to unknown, and Central New Mexico Audubon including mention of 25 city parks that are declared open space, and Fort Collins Audubon reporting 20 parks with significant wildlife habitat. San Diego Audubon only listed the Mission Trails Regional Park. Migration Counting Posts Migration monitoring stations were reported by only three Audubon chapters, Piedmont Audubon, Forsyth Audubon, and Central New Mexico Audubon. In addition, Choctawhatchee Audubon reported countywide spring and fall migration counts. Monitoring census for urban breeding birds Two chapters reported urban breeding bird censuses—Central New Mexico Audubon and Forsyth Audubon. Monitoring Census for urban wintering birds Six chapters reported wintering bird surveys—Cape Arago Audubon, Central New Mexico Audubon, Forsyth Audubon, Fort Collins Audubon, Snake River Audubon, and Wisconsin Metro Audubon. Produces a report on the state of urban birds Fort Collins Audubon was the only chapter indicating that hey produce a report on the state of urban birds. Additional comments on monitoring and urban birds: Four chapters indicated that their wintering bird census was part of the annual Audubon Christmas Bird Count. Central New Mexico Audubon reported weekly monitoring at the Rio Grande Nature Center Park. Publishes popular brochures on urban birds for the general public Four chapters indicated they publish popular brochures on urban birds for the general public—Fort Collins Audubon, Maricopa Audubon, Piedmont Audubon, and San Diego Audubon.

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Publishes technical factsheets on urban birds None reported by any of the responding chapters. Bird Fairs Eight chapters indicated that they hold some sort of bird fair or festival—Fort Collins Audubon, Redwood Regional Audubon, San Diego Audubon, Snake River Audubon, Wisconsin Metro Audubon, and Yuma Audubon. Streams webcams at particular nests, sites, etc. None reported by any of the responding chapters. Conducts a garden bird count Forsyth Audubon was the only chapter to indicate that the conduct a garden bird cont. Supports bird friendly gardening Ten chapters and one state Audubon office reported supporting bird-friendly gardening—Cape Arago Audubon, Choctawatchee Audubon, Discover Coast Audubon, Fort Collins Audubon, Audubon Montana, Palomar Audubon, Piedmont Audubon, Redwood Regional Audubon, San Diego Audubon, Snake River Audubon, Wisconsin Metro Audubon. Specific conservation measures on urban birds Four chapters reported conservation measures on urban birds. Cape Arago and Wisconsin Regional Audubons reported work on Purple Martin colonies. Central New Mexico Audubon reported working with their state Audubon office on a new urban wildlife refuge, and San Diego Audubon reported work on endangered and threatened subspecies and populations including California Least Terns, Western Snowy Plover, Light-footed Clapper Rail, Belding's Savannah Sparrow, Coastal Cactus Wren. Provides advice on city planning Eight chapters and one state office indicated that they provide advice on city planning—Central New Mexico Audubon, Choctawhatchee Audubon, Fort Collins Audubon, Maricopa Audubon, Audubon Montana, Redwood Regional Audubon, San Diego Audubon, Snake River Audubon, Yuma Audubon. Additional activities or programs on urban birds: San Diego Audubon reported working with the zoo to raise awareness and to develop collaborative efforts to reduce bird collisions as part of a lights out program. Wisconsin Metro Audubon provides informational booths to cities interested in becoming certified in a statewide Bird City Wisconsin effort. Maricopa Audubon reported occasional field trips to urban locations and bird identification classes for the public.

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C. LOCAL URBAN REDLIST SPECIES BY CONTINENT PACIFIC

Australia Cook islands IUCN Pacific Reef Heron X LC

Red Junglefowl X LC

Bush Thick-knee X NT

Bristle-thighed Curlew X VU

Pacific Golden Plover X LC

Wandering Tattler X LC

White Tern X LC

Cook Islands Fruit Dove X VU

Superb Parrot X VU

Regent Honeyeater X EN

Common Myna X LC

X House Sparrow LC introduced

AFRICA

Nigeria Uganda Malawi IUCN Hooded Vulture X X EN

X Grey Crowned-crane VU National bird

Grey Parrot X NT

Papyrus Gonolek X NT

Papyrus Yellow Warbler X VU

Lanner Falcon ? LC

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ASIA Philippines Taiwan IUCN

Chinese Egret X EN

Philippine Duck endemic VU

Peregrine Falcon X LC

Black Eagle X LC

Chinese Crested Tern X CR

Black-naped Oriole X LC

Java Sparrow introduced VU

EUROPE IUC Azerb Belg Czech Hung Israel Lux NL Pol Slov Spain N Common Swift NT LC

Little Owl EN VU LC

White Stork NT LC

Rook VU LC

Eurasian Jackdaw NT X LC

Northern House-martin VU NT NT NT LC

Lesser Kestrel X X X LC

Peregrine Falcon NT X LC

Common Kestrel X LC

Crested Lark CR LC

Barn Swallow LC NT NT LC

Yellow-legged Gull X ?

House Sparrow LC NT NT LC

Barn Owl EN X VU LC

Status on local red list, X = on local red list, but no status mentioned

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D. ENGLISH AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF BIRD SPECIES MENTIONED As taxonomy and common names frequently vary around the globe, this report uses the English and scientific bird names currently listed in the BirdLife International taxonomic checklist.

Common Name Scientific Name African Collared-dove Streptopelia roseogrisea African Jacana Actophilornis africanus African Palm-swift Cypsiurus parvus African Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria Alpine Swift Apus melba American Black Duck Anas rubripes American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos American Goldfinch Spinus tristis American Kestrel Falco sparverius American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla American Robin Turdus migratorius Anna’s Hummingbird Calypte anna Ashy Wood-pigeon Columba pulchricollis Asian Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus Asian Glossy Starling Aplonis panayensis Asian Pied Starling Sturnus contra Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen Azure-winged Magpie Cyanopica cyanus Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula Bare-faced Ibis Phimosus infuscatus Barn Owl Tyto alba Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Barred Buttonquail Turnix suscitator Barred Owl Strix varia Belding's Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis beldingi Belted Kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon Besra Accipiter virgatus Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis Black Kite Milvus migrans Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros Black-billed Magpie Pica pica Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapillus Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus Black-collared Starling Sturnus nigricollis Black-crowned Night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica Black-naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis

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Common Name Scientific Name Black-rumped Waxbill Estrilda troglodytes Blacksmith Lapwing Vanellus armatus Black-throated Green Warbler Dendroica virens Black-throated Laughingthrush Garrulax chinensis Black-throated Magpie Jay Calocitta colliei Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata Blue Magpie Urocissa erythrorhyncha Blue Tit Parus caeruleus Blue-and-White Swallow Pygochelidon cyanoleuca Blue-breasted Cordonbleu Uraeginthus angolensis Brazilian Teal Amazonetta brasiliensis Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis Bronze Munia Lonchura cucullata Brown Creeper Certhia americana Brown Hawk-owl Ninox scutulata Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Wood-owl Strix leptogrammica Brown-chested Martin Progne tapera Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater Brown-hooded Gull Larus maculipennis Bush Thick-knee Burhinus grallarius California Least Tern Sterna antillarum browni Campo Flicker Colaptes campestris Canada Goose Branta canadensis Cape Bulbul Pycnonotus capensis Cape Robin-chat Cossypha caffra Cape Sparrow Passer melanurus Carolina Chickadee Poecile carolinensis Carolina Wren Thryothorus ludovicianus Carrion Crow Corvus corone Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Cattle Tyrant Machetornis rixosa Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum Chalk-browed Mockingbird Mimus saturninus Changeble Hawkeagle Nisaetus cirrhatus Chestnut Munia Lonchura atricapilla Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Lonchura castaneothorax Chestnut-tailed Starling Sturnus malabaricus Chimango Caracara Milvago chimango Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica

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Common Name Scientific Name Chinese Crested Tern Sterna bernsteini Chinese Egret Egretta eulophotes Chinese Francolin Francolinus pintadeanus Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina Chukar Alectoris chukar Clay-coloured Thrush Turdus grayi Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Coastal Cactus Wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus sandiegensis Collared Finchbill Spizixos semitorques Collared Kingfisher Todiramphus chloris Collared Owlet Glaucidium brodiei Collared Scops-owl Otus bakkamoena Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus Common Fiscal Lanius collaris Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor Common Pheasant Phasianus colchicus Common Redpoll Carduelis flammea Common Redstart Phoenicurus pheonicurus Common Scops-owl Otus scops Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris Common Swift Apus apus Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild Common Wood-pigeon Columba palumbus Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas Cook Islands Fruit Dove Ptilinopus rarotongensis Cooper’s Hawk Accipiter cooperii Costa’s Hummingbird Calypte costae Creamy-bellied Thrush Turdus amaurochalinus Crested Barbet Trachyphonus vaillantii Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus Crested Lark Galerida cristata Crested Myna Acridotheres cristatellus Crested Serpent-eagle Spilornis cheela Crowned Lapwing Vanellus coronatus Cyprus Wheater Oenanthe cypriaca

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Common Name Scientific Name Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens Eared Dove Zenaida auriculata Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius Eastern Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula Eurasian Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs Eurasian Collared-dove Streptopelia decaocto Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo Eurasian Hoopoe Upupa epops Eurasian Jackdaw Corvus monedula Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius Eurasian Linnet Carduelis cannabina Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus Eurasian Thick-knee Burhinus oedicnemus Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis European Greenfinch Carduelis chloris European Robin Erithacus rubecula European Serin Serinus serinus European Turtle-dove Streptopelia turtur Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla Fiscal Flycatcher Sigelus silens Fischer's Lovebird Agapornis fischeri Fish Crow Corvus ossifragus Fork-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus savana Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus Galah Cacatua roseicapilla Giant Wood-rail Aramides ypecaha Gilded Hummingbird Hylocharis chrysura Glittering-bellied Emerald Chlorostilbon lucidus Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Swiftlet Collocalia esculenta Gouldian Finch Erythrura gouldiae Graceful Prinea Prinia gracilis Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias

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Common Name Scientific Name Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus Great Grebe Podiceps major Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus Great Kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius Great Tit Parus major Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis Greater Roadrunner Geococcyx californianus Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca Great-tailed Grackle Quiscalus mexicanus Green Heron Butorides virescens Green-barred Woodpecker Colaptes melanochloros Grey Catbird Dumetella carolinensis Grey Crowned-crane Balearica regulorum Grey Fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa Grey Gerygone Gerygone igata Grey Go-away-bird Corythaixoides concolor Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus Grey-breasted Martin Progne chalybea Grey-capped Woodpecker Dendrocopos canicapillus Grey-chinned Minivet Pericrocotus solaris Grey-faced Woodpecker Picus canus Grey-headed Fish-eagle Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus Greylag Goose Anser anser Grey-necked Wood-rail Aramides cajaneus Guira Cuckoo Guira guira Hadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus Harris's Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus Hedge Accentor Prunella modularis Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus Herring Gull Larus argentatus Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys Hooded Crow Corvus cornix Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus House Bunting Emberiza striolata House Crow Corvus splendens House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus House Sparrow Passer domesticus House Swift Apus nipalensis House Wren Troglodytes aedon

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Common Name Scientific Name Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus Java Sparrow Padda oryzivora Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus Karoo Thrush Turdus smithi Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus Killdeer Charadrius vociferous King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis Lesser Coucal Centropus bengalensis Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni Lesser Whistling-duck Dendrocygna javanica Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes Light-footed Clapper Rail Rallus longirostris levipes Light-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus sinensis Lilac-crowned Amazon Amazona finschi Little Egret Egretta garzetta Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Owl Athene noctua Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius Little Swift Apus affinis Little Tern Sterna albifrons Long-billed Corella Cacatua tenuirostris Long-eared Owl Asio otus Long-tailed Finch Poephila acuticauda Louisiana Waterthrush Seiurus motacilla Malaysian Night-heron Gorsachius melanolophus, Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Marabou Stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus Micronesian Myzomela Myzomela rubratra Micronesian Starling Aplonis opaca Monk Parakeet Myiopsitta monachus Mountain Scops-owl Otus spilocephalus Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura Muscovy Duck Cairina moschata Mute Swan Cygnus olor

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Common Name Scientific Name Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus New Zealand Bellbird Anthornis melanura New Zealand Robin Petroica australis Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus Northern Grey-headed Sparrow Passer griseus Northern House-martin Delichon urbicum Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos Northern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe Olivaceous Warbler Hippolais pallida Orange-cheeked Waxbill Estrilda melpoda Oriental Magpie-robin Copsychus saularis Oriental Skylark Alauda gulgula Oriental Turtle-dove Streptopelia orientalis Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva Pacific Reef Heron Egretta sacra Pacific Swallow Hirundo tahitica Palau Scops-owl Otus podarginus Palau Swiftlet Collocalia pelewensis Palestine Sunbird Nectarinia osea Pallid Swift Apus pallidus Papyrus Gonolek Laniarius mufumbiri Papyrus Yellow Warbler Chloropeta gracilirostris Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus Philippine Duck Anas luzonica Piapiac Ptilostomus afer Picazuro Pigeon Patagioenas picazuro Picui Ground-dove Columbina picui Pied Crow Corvus albus Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus Pine Warbler Dendroica pinus Pin-tailed Wydah Vidua macroura Plain Martin Riparia paludicola Powerful Owl Ninox strenua Purple Martin Progne subis Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus

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Common Name Scientific Name Red Avadavat Amandava amandava Red Collared-dove Streptopelia tranquebarica Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus Red-backed Hawk Buteo polyosoma Red-bellied Woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea Red-cheeked Cordonbleu Uraeginthus bengalus Red-crowned Amazon Amazona viridigenalis Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus Red-faced Mousebird Urocolius indicus Red-gartered Coot Fulica armillata Red-masked Parakeet Aratinga erythrogenys Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica Red-shouldered Glossy-starling Lamprotornis nitens Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus Red-tailed Hawk Buteao jamaicensis Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged Starling Onychognathus morio Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza Phrygia Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola Roadside Hawk Buteo magnirostris Rock Martin Hirundo fuligula Rock Pigeon Columba livia Rook Corvus frugilegus Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Royal Tern Sterna maxima Ruddy-breasted Crake Porzana fusca Rufous Hornero Furnarius rufus Rufous-bellied Thrush Turdus rufiventris Rufous-collared Sparrow Zonotrichia capensis Rufous-naped Wren Campylorhynchus rufinucha Sacaya Tanager Thraupis sayaca Saffron Finch Sicalis flaveola Sand Martin Riparia riparia Sardinian Warbler Sylvia melanocephala Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata

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Common Name Scientific Name Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea Screaming Cowbird Molothrus rufoaxillaris Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis Silver Teal Anas versicolor Small-billed Elaenia Elaenia parvirostris Snowy Egret Egretta thula Snowy-crowned Tern Sterna trudeaui Society Finch Lonchura striata Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia Song Thrush Turdus philomelos Southern Caracara Caracara plancus Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis Southern Masked-weaver Ploceus velatus Spanish Sparrow Passer hispaniolensis Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus Speckled Pigeon Columba guinea Splendid Fairywren Malurus splendens Spotless Starling Sturnus unicolor Spotted Dove Stigmatopelia chinensis Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata Spotted Owlet Athene brama Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus punctatus Spotted Sandpiper Actitus macularius Spur-winged Lapwing Vanellus spinosus Striated Heron Butorides striata Striated Pardalote Pardalotus striatus Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus Taiwan Barbet Megalaima nuchalis Tawny Frogmouth Podargus strigoides Tawny Owl Strix aluco Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor Tricoloured Munia Lonchura malacca Tristram's Starling Onychognathus tristramii Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus Tropical Parula Parula pitiayumi Tropical Screech-owl Megascops choliba Tufted Titmouse Baeolophus bicolor

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Common Name Scientific Name Tui Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura Upland Goose Chloephaga picta Variable Sunbird Nectarinia venusta Vaux’s Swift Chaetura vauxi Veery Catharus fluscescens Verdin Auriparus flaviceps Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus Vinous-breasted Starling Sturnus burmannicus Wandering Tattler Tringa incana Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus Welcome Swallow Hirundo neoxena Western Grey Plantain-eater Crinifer piscator Western Snowy Plover Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus Whistling Heron Syrigma sibilatrix White Stork Ciconia ciconia White Tern Gygis alba White Wagtail Motacilla alba White Woodpecker Melanerpes candidus White-banded Mockingbird Mimus triurus White-bellied Green-pigeon Treron sieboldii White-bellied Sea-eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis White-breasted Sunbird White-breasted Sunbird White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus White-browed Crake Porzana cinerea White-browed Robin-chat Cossypha heuglini White-crested Tyrannulet Serpophaga subcristata White-faced Ibis Plegadis chihi White-headed Munia Lonchura maja White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus White-rumped Swallow Tachycineta leucorrhoa White-spectacled Bulbul Pycnonotus xanthopygos White-spotted Woodpecker Veniliornis spilogaster White-throated Hummingbird Leucochloris albicollis White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Munia Lonchura malabarica White-throated Seedeater Sporophila albogularis White-tipped Dove Leptotila verreauxi White-tufted Grebe Rollandia rolland White-vented Myna Acridotheres grandis

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Common Name Scientific Name White-winged Coot Fulica leucoptera White-winged Dove Zenaida asiatica Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii Wood Duck Aix sponsa Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechial Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Pintail Anas georgica Yellow-billed Teal Anas flavirostris Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis Yellow-rumped Marshbird Pseudoleistes guirahuro Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons Zebra Dove Geopelia striata Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata Zebra Waxbill Amandava subflava

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