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Lutte Biologique Contre Le Parasite Apicole Varroa Destructor À L’Aide De L’Acarien Prédateur Stratiolaelaps Scimitus

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Lutte Biologique Contre Le Parasite Apicole Varroa Destructor À L’Aide De L’Acarien Prédateur Stratiolaelaps Scimitus Lutte biologique contre le parasite apicole Varroa destructor à l’aide de l’acarien prédateur Stratiolaelaps scimitus Mémoire Sabrina Rondeau Maîtrise en biologie végétale - avec mémoire Maître ès sciences (M. Sc.) Québec, Canada © Sabrina Rondeau, 2018 Lutte biologique contre le parasite apicole Varroa destructor à l’aide de l’acarien prédateur Stratiolaelaps scimitus Mémoire Sabrina Rondeau Sous la direction de : Valérie Fournier, directrice de recherche Pierre Giovenazzo, codirecteur de recherche II Résumé En se nourrissant de l’hémolymphe et des corps gras de l’abeille domestique (Apis mellifera L.) et en lui transmettant de nombreux virus, l’acarien parasite Varroa destructor (Acari : varroidae) constitue la principale cause de mortalité des colonies d’abeilles. Les traitements chimiques présentement utilisés pour lutter contre le varroa comportent plusieurs désavantages, tels que le développement de résistance de l’acarien aux acaricides de synthèse et une toxicité variable pour l’abeille. Via l’utilisation d’ennemis naturels du parasite, la lutte biologique pourrait représenter une avenue durable et sécuritaire pour la santé des colonies. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de tester l’efficacité de l’acarien prédateur Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari : Lealapidae) comme moyen de lutte biologique contre le varroa. Une étude du comportement alimentaire du prédateur a d’abord été réalisée afin d’évaluer le risque de prédation du couvain d’abeille (œufs, larves et pupes) par S. scimitus, ainsi que son potentiel de prédation envers les varroas phorétiques (se trouvant sur le corps des abeilles adultes). Des essais in vivo ont ensuite permis d’évaluer l’efficacité de deux doses d’introduction du prédateur (6 250 ou 12 500 acariens/colonie) à contrôler les populations de varroa dans les colonies d’abeilles en septembre (en comparaison avec l’acaricide biologique Thymovar®) et en novembre (en comparaison avec l’acide oxalique). Bien que S. scimitus soit capable de s’alimenter sur tous les stades de développement de l’abeille en laboratoire, nos résultats suggèrent que le prédateur ne représente pas une menace pour le couvain lorsqu’il est introduit dans la colonie. Par contre, nos résultats démontrent que le prédateur n’est pas en mesure de contrôler les populations de varroas dans les colonies d’abeilles sous les conditions testées, c’est-à-dire lorsqu’il est introduit à l’automne selon la dose actuellement recommandée par certains distributeurs. Cette inefficacité est probablement liée à l’incapacité du prédateur à s’attaquer aux varroas phorétiques. III Abstract By feeding on the hemolymph and fat bodies of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and transmitting many viruses, the parasitic mite Varroa destructor (Acari: varroidae) is considered as the main cause of honey bee colony losses. The use of chemicals in varroa control shows many disadvantages, such as the development of mite resistance to synthetic acaricides and a variable toxicity for bees. Through the use of natural enemies, the biological control of varroa mites could represent a sustainable and safe avenue for colony health. The main objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of the predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Lealapidae) as a means of biological control against varroa mites. A study of the predator’s feeding behaviour was first performed to evaluate the risk of predation of bee brood (eggs, larvae and pupae) by S. scimitus, as well as its predation potential upon phoretic varroa mites (varroa parasitizing adult bees). In vivo trials were then carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of two predator introduction rates (6,250 or 12,500 mites / colony) to control varroa populations in honey bee colonies in September (compared to the organic acaricide Thymovar®) and in November (compared to oxalic acid). Although S. scimitus is able to feed on all bee developmental stages in the laboratory, our results suggest that the predator does not pose a threat to the bee brood when introduced into the colony. On the other hand, our results demonstrate that the predator is not able to control varroa populations in bee colonies under the tested conditions, that is, when it is introduced in fall according to the rate currently recommended by some biocontrol suppliers. This ineffectiveness is probably related to the inability of the predator to attack phoretic varroa mites. IV Table des matières Résumé ........................................................................................................................ III Abstract ....................................................................................................................... IV Table des matières ........................................................................................................ V Liste des tableaux ........................................................................................................ VII Liste des figures .......................................................................................................... VIII Remerciements ............................................................................................................. X Avant-propos .............................................................................................................. XII Chapitre 1 : Introduction générale ................................................................................. 1 1.1. Importance de l’abeille domestique ........................................................................... 2 1.2. Régie et cycle de production apicole au Québec .......................................................... 2 1.3. Menaces et pertes de colonies ................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Situation sur la perte de colonies d’abeilles ...................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Maladies et organismes nuisibles de l’abeille domestique ................................................ 5 1.4. Varroa destructor ...................................................................................................... 7 1.4.1 Historique et répartition géographique ............................................................................. 7 1.4.2 Caractéristiques morphologiques et cycle de vie .............................................................. 8 1.4.3 Impact de la varroase sur la santé des colonies d’abeilles ................................................ 9 1.4.4 Dynamique des populations de Varroa destructor .......................................................... 14 1.4.5 Lutte intégrée contre la varroase ..................................................................................... 17 1.4.6 Surveillance et dépistage du varroa ................................................................................. 17 1.4.7 Méthodes de contrôle et options de traitement ............................................................. 20 1.5. Stratiolaelaps scimitus ............................................................................................. 26 1.5.1 Description ....................................................................................................................... 26 1.5.2 Biologie et écologie .......................................................................................................... 27 1.5.3 Stratiolaelaps scimitus comme agent de lutte biologique ............................................... 29 1.5.4 Stratiolaelaps scimitus comme agent de lutte contre le varroa ...................................... 30 1.6. Objectifs et hypothèses de recherche ....................................................................... 31 1.6.1 Objectif général ................................................................................................................ 31 1.6.2 Premier volet .................................................................................................................... 31 1.6.3 Deuxième volet ................................................................................................................ 32 1.6.4 Troisième volet ................................................................................................................. 32 1.7. Approche méthodologique ....................................................................................... 33 Chapitre 2 : Risk assessment and predation potential of Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Laelapidae) to control Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in honey bees ................... 34 Résumé .............................................................................................................................. 35 Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 36 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 37 Materials and Methods ....................................................................................................... 39 Livestock sources and maintenance.......................................................................................... 39 In vitro assessment of S. scimitus predation upon V. destructor and bee brood ..................... 39 Prey preference test .................................................................................................................. 40 V In vivo assessment of S. scimitus predation
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