Water Productivity Journal

Received: 12 September 2020 Accepted: 8 November 2020 WPJ, Vol. 1, No. 1, Summer 2020

Evaluating Irrigation and Drainage Sub-Network Management (Case Study: Khodaafarin Network)

Hamid Darabi a*, Sohrab Asadi b, Mahdi Sarai Tabrizi c, Amin Esmaeilzadeh Hanjani b a* Ph.D. Candidate, University of Oulu, Faculty of Technology, Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, Oulu, Finland. b M.Sc. Student of Water Resources, Department of Water Engineering and Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. c Assistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering and Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the quantitative effect of management of public institutions in promoting optimal water consumption and reducing operating and maintenance costs. For this purpose, two farms with of 48 and 49 (ha) area, which cultivated with an approved cultivation pattern (40% autumn + 60% spring) were selected in two separate canals. The selected farms are irrigated by a rotating sprinkler irrigation system (center pivot). The water requirement of the mentioned systems was estimated using Netwat software and the operation of these machines was done in accordance to the relevant instructions and network design principles. The legal organization (Rural Production Cooperative) in charge of the farm #1 (48 ha) complied with the management and technical rules in relation to the second organization (in charge of the farm #2 with 49 ha) with a regular structure. Necessary calculations of irrigation efficiency were carried out according to the values recorded in the input meters of both devices and the cost of operation, maintenance, repairs and protection. Finally, the irrigation efficiency of the first and second farms were obtained 75% and 55%, respectively. Operating and maintenance costs were also reduced by 30%. The results indicated that the human and structural management have an important role in the irrigation and drainage sub-network planning.

Keywords: Irrigation Efficiency; Optimal Water Management; Netwat Software; Water Productivity.

INTRODUCTION1 attention to environmental needs and Food security depends on increasing reduced water resources in agriculture due agricultural production versus increasing to declining quality. The only way to food demand due to population growth. On respond to the growing demand for food is the other hand, increasing agricultural to make better use of the resources production through the development of extracted for agriculture and produce more agricultural lands faces serious limitations in exchange for less water. Of course, the in water supply. Lack of the renewable control of losses in the process of water resources, high cost and complexity production and consumption of agricultural of new water supply projects, the products should not be overlooked emergence of new competitors in the terms improving water consumption management of water consumption and reducing the of surface and groundwater resources is an share of water in the agricultural sector due important and effective step in optimal to increased drinking, industry, more water consumption and increasing efficiency in irrigation and agricultural production. Improving management in the *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Water Productivity Journal

Hamid Darabi et al./ WPJ, Vol. 1, No. 1, Summer 2020 use of surface resources in terms of poor water consumption in Iran and the world, condition of operation and maintenance of can be very effective and instructive. It is irrigation and drainage networks will have very clear that in order to achieve this a deeper impact on increasing agricultural important issue, identifying the main efficiency and performance (Pourzand, indicators of water consumption 2002). management and determining these In recent decades, governments around indicators in appropriate ways is an the world have focused on the physical inevitable necessity. Irrigation efficiencies development of irrigation networks, and are one of the most important key the issue of operation management and indicators in macro planning of water maintenance of networks, especially supply, allocation and basic consumption operation planning, has received less in various sectors, including agriculture attention. In principle, the significant (Abbasi et al., 2016). Irrigation efficiency development of irrigation networks has not as one of the criteria for evaluating the been in line with the slow process of performance of irrigation networks, development and financing, operation explains the relationship between product management and maintenance of networks. yield and water input, and its high does not The result is a reduction in irrigation necessarily mean that it is effective. Water efficiency of 25 to 30 percent in transfer, distribution and use efficiencies developing countries. In general, are other forms of this criterion that do not increasing productivity and increasing show the effect of factors other than water efficiency in irrigation and drainage on the quantitative performance of networks in the future in which networks (Ajdari and Hedayat, 2016). competition for water consumption is Nehtani et al. (2013) investigated the increasing, is possible by carrying out role of transferring the management of optimal planning to use the unit of water irrigation networks to consumers in order volume from supply to consumption, and to optimally manage irrigation networks. from this perspective, management The results showed that poor maintenance Optimal operation of irrigation and of irrigation networks is not just a financial drainage network is important problem. This problem is rooted in (Pouriamanesh and Kanuni, 2015). management issues. Management of Drought and water scarcity in Iran is a irrigation networks is the most important climatic reality and due to the increasing factor in their optimal use. Exploitation of need for water in different sectors, it will the network and providing services to become more acute in the coming years. farmers, continuous maintenance of the According to the International Water network based on the criteria of optimal management Institute (IWMI), Iran must operation and management practices at the be able to add 112 percent to its lowest possible cost are the goals of recoverable water resources by 2025 to network management. maintain its current status. Given the Abbasi et al. (2016) in a study to growing potential and needs of agriculture, prepare a database of irrigation efficiencies drinking, industry and the protection of in the country, summarized the results of other biological resources, this is very studies related to irrigation efficiencies. difficult and even impossible to achieve. In The results of field studies in different this situation, one of the effective and irrigation systems and networks practical solutions is the optimal use and (traditional and downstream dams) in the saving of water consumption. managing country during the years 1370-1394 were water consumption in the agricultural collected and analysed. The results of the sector, which includes a major part of analysis showed that the efficiency of

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Evaluating Irrigation and Drainage Sub-Network Management (Case Study: Khodaafarin Network) irrigation water application in the country under the management of Khanlar Rural varies from 22 to 80% and its average is Production Cooperative with CenterPout 56%. The mean of this efficiency in Irrigation System ( Z19-CP3), was Cretaceous, strip and brood systems were performed. The lands of both cooperatives 55.3%, 52.9% and 52.5%, respectively. belong to the first development unit (east of Among the sprinkler methods, the roller Horud), one of the four development areas method (rolling geyser) and the classical of Khodaafarin irrigation and drainage fixed method had the highest (66.9%) and network in Ardabil province (the other part lowest (52.1) efficiency, respectively, and of Khodaafarin irrigation network with in drip irrigation this quantity was 71.1%. reservoir dam and diversion dam is located The average efficiency of irrigation in East Azarbaijan province) in Aslanduz application in pressurized and surface city. Noor Mohammad Kennedy Rural irrigation systems was 66.6% and 53.6%, Production Cooperative Company of respectively since the 1970s, total Dasht-e Moghan has been established in irrigation efficiency has grown by about the first development zone (east of one percent each year. Al-Ghobari (2006) Darrood) and in Aslandooz city. This evaluated six contribute sprinkler irrigation cooperative is in Noor Mohammad systems in Saudi Arabia and provided Kennedy village, which is about 55 km solutions to improve the condition of the away from Parsabad city and about 8 km systems. The results showed that proper away from Aslandooz city. The study is maintenance of the studied systems located at 39° 28′ 13′′N; 47° 30′ 19 E. The improves the uniformity coefficients and mentioned cooperative was finally ultimately increases their performance. registered on 20.10.2019 in the registration Chirico et al., (2013) conducted research office of companies and non-commercial on the relationship between hydraulic institutions of Parsabad city, whose criteria for irrigation and drainage and registration number is 2658 and it has a management of Italian irrigation and national ID number 14008708786. Table 1 drainage networks and simulated the shows the amount of land covered by characteristics of plant water requirements, different modern irrigation systems within soil hydrology, soil solubility transfer and the management of the said rural plant water reuse. irrigation efficiency production cooperative, which have been could be increased by simulating flow, implemented in various ways according to standardizing valves, and designing the topography of the region and soil support systems for irrigation management. condition. According to the researches, it can be This research has been accomplished in concluded that the main innovation of this two farms, with an area of 48 hectares of research is to study the effects of human Noor Mohammad Kandi Rural production management through legal organizations of cooperative lands with center pivot irrigation networks on the improvement of irrigation system (z15- cp1 specifications) irrigation management indicators and and 49 hectares of Khanlar Rural network economy. production cooperative lands with center pivot irrigation system (z19-cp3, MATERIALS AND METHOD specifications). First civil unit( sharq This study was carried out in two farms darreh rood) one of the quadruplet civil with an area of 48 hectares related to lands units of KhodAfarin irrigation and under the management of Noor drainage network in Ardebil province, Mohammad Kennedy Rural Production (another part of the Khodafarin irrigation Cooperative with Center Pivot Irrigation network, including the storage dam and System (Z15-CP1) and 49 hectares of lands diversion dam is located in East Azerbaijan

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Hamid Darabi et al./ WPJ, Vol. 1, No. 1, Summer 2020 province, Aslanduz county). and National ID of 14008708786 on 21 NoorMohammad kandi Rural October 2019 at ParsAbad Company production cooperative Company, Moghan Registration Office. Table 2 illustrates the plain; has been established in Aslanduz amount of land that according to the soil county area. This cooperative is in state and topography of the area is under NoorMohammad Kandi village, 55 cover of various new irrigation systems kilometers distance from ParsAbad city (NoorMohammad Kandi Rural and 8 kilometers distance from Aslanduz Cooperative Company management city. The mentioned cooperative has been scope/range) registered with registration code of 2658

Table 1. Summary of farms and specification of study area

Area Type or method of Name Location coordination Owners (hectares) irrigations s38 region at 39 degrees, 28 CenterPout First Noor Mohammad minutes and 14 seconds north Irrigation System development Kennedy Rural Production 48 latitude and 47 degrees, 30 (Z19-CP3) unit (east of Cooperative (NRC) minutes and 19 seconds east irrigation and Horud longitude drainage by NoorMohammad Kandi Rural Production

Cooperative Company (NRCC)

Table 2. Cooperative specifications and status of irrigation systems implemented

Number of Fixed classic Center pivot Drip irrigation Cooperative area operators (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) 33 27 117 288 432

Fig. 1. view of center pivot system of Noor Mohammad Kandi area (Anonymous, 1994)

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Evaluating Irrigation and Drainage Sub-Network Management (Case Study: Khodaafarin Network)

Kosar Sabz Rural production Cooperative 48 hectares of land that according to the Company, Aslanduz plain, (Khanlar) has soil state and topography of the area is been established in Aslanduz area. This under cover of various new/modern cooperative is located in Khanlar village irrigation systems (Kosar Sabz Rural (Mahbub Kandi) with 45 kilometers Production cooperative Company distance from ParsAbad and 10 kilometers management scope/range). from Aslanduz cities (39° 28′ 26′′N; 47° Tables 3 and 4 illustrate the specs of the 30′ 33 E). The mentioned cooperative has center pivot machines. Center pivot system been registered with registration code of consist of the pivot legs, viser pipe, pivot 2661 and National ID of 14008719627 at swivel, control panel, j pipe and collector ParsAbad Company Registration Office on rings. 13 November 2019. Table 2 illustrates the

Fig. 2. view of Khanlar area, center pivot system (Anonymous, 2020)

Table 3. Cooperative specifications and status of irrigation systems implemented

Number of Cooperative Fixed classic (ha) Center pivot (ha) Drip irrigation (ha) operators area (ha) 149 _ 490 108 598

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Table 4. Specs of center pivot machines (Anonymous, 2020) Device Number of Length of Length of the Area Flow rate Sprinkler Typ name spans overhung (12) device (m) (ha) (L/S) distance (m) e R_3 z15_cp1 8 12 390 48 74 3 000 R_3 z19_cp3 8 12 396 49 76 3 000

Table 5 illustrates the cultivation pattern preparation, statistics of the years from of Khodafarin networks first 1995 up to 1970 was used (Erfanian et al. civil/construction area/region. The 2010). In a research the plants/crops water networks main consultant (local consultant requirement was calculated with the use of company) has designed the present recent years and all years meteorological cultivation pattern according the water statistics for Khorasan Razavi province and resources capacity, susceptibility of soil, compared with the results in National crop rotation, marketing, sovereignty Document and reported the 47 to 48 policy storage capacity and inventory, percent increase in potential environmental considerations and etc. evapotranspiration of reference crop which which the most cultivated area is for wheat shows the National Water Document needs strategic product and the least cultivated an update. The NETWAT model has been area is for soy and corn fodder and 20 prepared in all parts of the country for percent is for second cultivation (spring various crops and used in many irrigation soy and fodder corn) that cultivates after schemes (Alizadeh and Kamali, 2007). Fig. cereal harvesting. 3 shows the pure water requirement of the Irrigation network optimal management Khodafarin irrigation networks first civil is not possible without estimating the pure areas cultivation pattern products. and impure water requirement of Fig. 4 shows the amount of impure/gross cultivation pattern products. In case of water requirement of the Khodafarin inattention network water is wasted or irrigation networks first civil area cultivation failure in supplying the water because of pattern products that according to the water deficit stress can damage the crops efficiency of the new irrigation systems so the NETWAT model was used. The especially center pivot machines has been mentioned model is famous as the National calculated 75 percent. Water Document and at the end the result Fig. 5 shows the gross water requirement and output of this project/scheme is “Iran’s of cultivation pattern products with pure water requirement of crops and efficiency of 75 percent, in cultivation garden products” which it has it has been pattern per hectare in term of percentage. For done by Iranian Ministry of Agriculture example, the impure water requirement for (IMA) and Iranian Meteorological cotton has been calculated 1400 cubic meters Organization (IMO). according to the 15 percent of it in Fast and uniform assessment of cultivation pattern. If the mentioned number volumetric distribution in the whole multiplied by every single one of the center country with cooperation of Ministry of pivots in downstream, total water agriculture, Ministry of Energy and requirement of the mentioned products for a Meteorological Organization was prepared year will be obtained. and after approval was implemented, for

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Evaluating Irrigation and Drainage Sub-Network Management (Case Study: Khodaafarin Network)

Table 5. The cultivation pattern of Khodafarin networks first civil/construction area/region (1994)

Whe Barl Lucer cott Mai Spring Can Fodder Summer Tre Tot Product at ey ne on ze Soy ola Corn Soy es al Agricultural 25 15 10 15 15 5 15 5 15 _ 120 (%) Garden (%) ______100 100

9000

8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000

Cubic Cubic Meters per Hectare 1000 0 Lucerne cotton Soy Maize Fodder Wheat Barley Canola Corn

Fig. 3. The net water requirement of the Khodafarin irrigation networks in first civil areas crop pattern products based on National Water Document of Iran

12000

10000

8000

6000

Cubic meters Cubic hectare meters per 4000

2000

0 Lucerne cotton Soy Maize Fodder Wheat Barley Canola Corn

Fig. 4. The amount of gross water requirement of the Khodafarin irrigation networks in first civil area crop pattern products with efficiency of 75% http://waterproductivity.net/ 79

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1600 Evaluating the cultivation patter products with NETWAT model

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400 Cubic meters Cubic meters per hectare 200

0 cotton Maize Lucerne Wheat Soy Barley Canola

Fig. 5. The gross water requirement of crop pattern products with efficiency of 75%

The soil in the case study areas has a make any issues in utilization, but it would sandy loam texture. Fig. 6 separately cause problems in spring. The permissible shows the consuming water volume of the water consumption with 60 percent center pivot (z15-cp1) irrigation system for irrigation efficiency according to gross Noor Mohammad Kandi legal organization water requirement of wheat and maize (Rural production cooperative company) products in mentioned cultivation pattern and center pivot (z19-cp3) irrigation (50% autumn + 50% spring) is 326000 system for Khanlar legal organization m3yr-1. Numbers shows that the z15_cp1 (Rural production cooperative company). irrigation system has consumed 330000 Cultivation of the all mentioned cubic meters which according to the cultivation pattern products with various following calculation the total irrigation water requirement, growth period and efficiency is approximately 60%: 60% (Ep) irrigation time in an irrigation network or = 75% (Ea) × 87% (Ed) × 92% (Ec). land with a center pivot irrigation system is And numbers show that the z19_cp3 not possible because of inflexibility, irrigation system has consumed 453807 rotating and continues motion of cubic meters which according to following mentioned systems, for preventing this calculation, the total irrigation efficiency is type issues the lands have been divided to 44%: 44% (Ep) = 55% (Ea) 87% (Ed) two semicircles and to observe the × × cultivation pattern, each semicircles have 92% (Ec) been allocated to spring and autumn Average crop yield for wheat and maize cultivation with 50 percent ratio, with that in cultivated area with z15_cp1 irrigation said in crop year (2019_2020) the system respectively is 7 and 7.5 ton per mentioned 48 and 49 hectare lands with hectare, while this numbers are 4 and 4.2 z15_cp1 and z19_cp3 center pivot to per hectare for cultivated areas with irrigation systems were allocated to wheat z19_cp3 irrigation system. In near/adjacent and maize by 50 percent ratio. It is worth farms of the Khodafarin irrigation and to be mentioned that because of low water drainage network, especially Moghan and requirement and long growth period, Pars Agricultural cooperatives which are increasing the cultivated area in autumn, Equipped with new irrigation systems including center pivot, the crop yield has compared to the intended share, it does not

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Evaluating Irrigation and Drainage Sub-Network Management (Case Study: Khodaafarin Network)

500000

- 450000 400000

350000

300000 250000 200000

150000 cubic meters cubic 100000 50000

0 water consumption volume volume consumption water Z19_CP3 Z15_CP1 Center pivot name

Figure 6- water consumption volume of cp1 and cp3 irrigation system been reported 8.5 ton/ha for wheat and 10 means 30 seconds movement and 30 ton/ha for maize. Utilization and seconds flag stop that because of this maintenance cost for subnet, pump age suitable adjustment, wastewater was very station and Z15_cp1 irrigation system for low and wheels movement were Noor Mohammad Kandi cooperative has convenient and also fixing possible bugs been reported 700000 tomans and for and intime maintenance has been done. Khanlar cooperative with z19_cp3 The main reason for inappropriate irrigation system 10000000 Rials per performance of the z19_cp3 machines was hectare. weakening the management position by participant operators. In this organization RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS (Rural Production Cooperative Company) The performance comparison of two same as (NRC), management of the z15-cp1 and z19-cp3 center pivots irrigation plan is managing director’s respectively used in two 48 and 49 hectares responsibility but operator’s intervention in farms which they are managed by legal irrigation time, changing the movement organizations (NRC) shows that the z15- direction and speed caused decreasing in cp1 center pivot performance in terms of water productivity and consuming water increasing the irrigation efficiency, reduce more than water requirement. lack of maintenance costs and increasing the unified management caused an uneven production per unit area of the farm is growth of products also in addition to more appropriate than z19-cp3 center pivot water waste, increase in operation and system. Unified management by managing maintenance costs and decrease in director/executive director and production rate per unit area can be seen, nonintervention of the participant operators although cohesive management of in the amount and time of the irrigation pressurized subnet and new/modern and movement speed of center pivot irrigation system by creating machine caused optimal water appropriate/suitable operating system, consumption and utilization based on water cooperation with main irrigation network requirement. Machines timer was adjusted management for integrated management in on number 50 during the irrigation, which all parts of the net. Observing the garden http://waterproductivity.net/ 81

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Hamid Darabi et al./ WPJ, Vol. 1, No. 1, Summer 2020 and agriculture optimal cultivation pattern, Development Fund, started working again observing basics of network design, with other internal projects and become attention to technical commitments, operational in 2019. Prolongation of believing in fair distribution of water, execution time period, in addition to attention to water and soil conservation, depreciation of some facilities caused observing environmental considerations discouragement and participants distrust of can promotes the utilization and project that its effects are tangible in maintenance condition of nets and leads to current phase (operation phase). optimal water consumption, decrease in The lands of the area are rangelands and utilization and maintenance cost and gain its transfer to the eligible nomads coincides in production rate per unit area but it’s not with the exploitation period. Social based enough. Nets optimal management is not on design, etc., realized the design, which achievable without technical and social is not unaffected by the management of the preparations prior phases/stages like operation. The technical one-dimensional feasibility, cognition, design, studies and view and inattention to social issues in the implementation, unfortunately due to project in question was evident in the intervention of politicians in performance design and implementation phase by the of capital asset acquisition plans especially contractors and consultants, and the result water resources development plans and not can be seen in the current phase. On the paying attention to land use planning, other hand, users' weak belief in technical view to the schemes, business participation, high cost of agricultural consideration of consulting engineers, lack inputs, high cost of maintenance and of peoples participation in prior operation of pressurized sub-network and stages/phases of operation period new irrigation systems and limited water peoples/public distrust of the authorities, resources due to reduced water quota of prolongation of execution time, lack of Moghan and Khodaafarin irrigation coordination between water and soil networks and its allocation to upstream management authorities in country, low provinces. The concern of the increased literacy among agricultural operators, operators and the stability of the new consulting engineers low level of exploitation systems threaten. knowledge of rural sociology. Technical and social preparations like applying CONCLUSIONS operation requirements in design and The amount of permissible volume of perform phase of the irrigation facilities, consumable water according to the attract participants to cooperate in percentage of designed cultivation pattern mentioned phases and paying attention to is 320880 cubic meters for cultivated areas social and environmental considerations of Noor Mohammad Kandi cooperative before operation phase has not been done with z15-cp1 center pivot irrigation so problems and issues are transferred to system, with an area of 48 hectares which operation phase. The case study the cooperative organization consumed (Khodafarin irrigation and drainage 330000 cubic meters in the crop year that network first civil area) is no exception to shows the appropriate management of the mentioned principles. Studies of the cooperative and the pleasant performance mentioned area with other Khodafarin of the machine/system. The amount of irrigation parts were started and ended in permissible volume of the consumable 1990s. executive operations started in 2004 water for 49 hectares lands of Khanlar which because of financial and credit Rural production cooperative company issues continued slowly and finally stopped with z19-cp3 center pivot irrigation system and in 2015 with support of the National is 327565 cubic meters but the mentioned

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Evaluating Irrigation and Drainage Sub-Network Management (Case Study: Khodaafarin Network) cooperative has used total of 446439 cubic Anonymous, (2020). Specifications of rotary meters in the crop year that indicates the geyser machines. Instructions for operation very poor management of the cooperative and maintenance of center pivot devices of Abyar Machine Pars Company, Volume 1, in operating the machine and machines 163 pp. inappropriate performance. Irrigation Chirico, G.B., Jourdan, P. and Danielo, J. efficiency for foresaid machine is about 55 (2013). Contribution of the portici group percent which is low. The cost of development of agricultural hydraulics. utilization and maintenance for the first Proceda Environmental Sciences, 19: 3-14. farm is 30 percent less than the second one Erfanian, M., Alizadeh, A. and Mohammadian, and average production of 48-hectare farm A. (2010). Investigation of possible changes in the current need for irrigation of plants is 43 percent more than 49 hectares farm, compared to the cultivars in the national per hectare. irrigation document (Case study: Khorasan Razavi province). Iranian Journal of Irrigation REFERENCES and Drainage, 4 (3): 478- 492. Abbasi, F., Sohrabi, F. and Abbasi, N. )2016(. Nehtani, M., Rifatpour, Sh. Soofi, A. And Assessment of irrigation water status in Iran. Abrahamian, P. (2013). Investigating the role Journal of Engineering Research on Irrigation of transferring the management of irrigation and Drainage Structures, 67 (17): 113-128. networks to consumers in order to optimally Ajdari, S. and Hedayat, N. (2016). Investigation manage irrigation networks. First National of irrigation performance indices in Dez Conference on Drainage in Sustainable irrigation and drainage network. National Agriculture. Iranian Irrigation and Drainage Conference on Water and Hydraulic Association. Tarbiat Modares University. Structures. Islamic Azad University of March 8, Iran. Dezful, Iran. Pouriamanesh. M. and Kanuni, A. (2015). Alizadeh, A. and Kamali A. (2007). Water needs Evaluation of Yamchi Irrigation System of plants in Iran. Imam Reza University Operation Performance in Water Delivery Publications, Publication No. 132, 145 pp. between Consumers by Production Al-Ghobari, H. M. (2006). Effect of maintenance Cooperatives. The second national conference on the performance of sprinkler irrigation on the protection of natural resources and the systems and irrigation water conservation. environment, Mohaghegh Ardabili Journal of Food Science & Agricultural University, Iran, March 4 and 5. Research Center, Research Bulletin, 141: 1- Pourzand, A. (2002). Management during 16. irrigation and drainage networks. The first Anonymous, (1994). Cultivation pattern of crops conference on management of irrigation and and horticulture in the first civil area of drainage networks, Chamran University of Khodaafarin irrigation network, synthesized Ahvaz, Faculty of Water Science and report of Tavan Ab consulting engineers, Vol. Engineering, Iran, 12-14 November. 1, 150-1.

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