Guarding

United States Department of Protecting from Predators Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Agriculture Information Bulletin Number 588 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326–W, Whitten Building, 14th and Indepen- dence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250–9410 or call (202) 720–5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity provider and employer.

This bulletin supersedes Agriculture Information Bulletin Number 455, Guarding Dogs Protect Sheep From Predators, prepared by Extension Service and Agricultural Research Service and published in 1983.

Issued March 1990 Slightly revised September 1996

2 Livestock Guarding Dogs

Jeffrey S. Green Acknowledgments Wildlife Biologist—Livestock Guarding Specialist The authors acknowledge the contribu- Wildlife Services, APHIS, USDA 12345 W. Alameda Parkway, Suite 204 tions of Robinette Harman and Robin Lakewood, CO 89228 Van Horn. Their services as dog handlers in the care, training, and Roger A. Woodruff evaluation of dogs were vital to the Wildlife Biologist—Livestock Guarding Dog Specialist success of the guarding dog research Wildlife Services, APHIS, USDA at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station in 720 O’Leary Street, N.W. Dubois, ID. Many people responded to Olympia, WA 98502 questionnaires which benefited the research. Cooperating sheep producers who worked with dogs from the project also added information to the study. R. Coppinger, C.V. Hulet, A. Knight, and J. McGrew provided helpful reviews of the manuscript. R. Beach and W. Paul provided helpful comments on a previous edition.

Cover photo: An dog, watching over sheep on Idaho rangeland.

Photos on pages 7 and 19 were provided by the American Sheep Industry Association.

3 Contents

Introduction 5 Managing Dogs on Rangeland Sources of Additional The Guarding Dog Concept 7 and Pastures 20 Information 31 Considerations in Fenced Pasture Selecting the Right Dog 7 Operations 20 Bibliography 32 Characteristics of an Effective Dogs on Rangeland 22 Guarding Dog 7 Kennelling Dogs Through Winter 23 Considerations 7 Transferability 23 Selecting an Appropriate Breed 8 Behavioral Evaluation 9 Owner Responsibilities 24 Male or Female? 14 Dogs and Human Welfare 24 How Many Dogs? 15 and Care 24 Dog Safety 25 From to Guarding Dog 12 by the Livestock Dog Rearing and Socialization 12 Producer 26 Training and Obedience 14 Economic Considerations 26 Dog–Sheep Interactions 16 Benefits and Problems 27 Dog Age and Effective Guarding 16 Effectiveness Against Various Daily Routine and Behavior 17 Predators 28 Dog Response to Frightening Integrated Livestock and Predator Experiences 17 Management 29 Extent of Human Contact 17 Guarding Dogs During Lambing 17 Interactions Between Herding and Guarding Dogs 18

4 Introduction suited to the task, and what are the There have been some dogs raised costs and risks involved? as that were later trained by In the late 1970’s, there began a resur- A sheep producer who has signifi- dedicated people to become good gence in the use of an ancient form of cant losses to predators may be willing guardians. Other exceptional dogs sheep protection, the guarding dog. to deal with the potential problems have suddenly shown a desire to be Several factors contributed to this involved with raising and using a guard with sheep despite not having been phenomenon, including Federal dog. If losses are low, the producer may raised under ideal conditions. Instances restrictions on the use of substances to not find it worth the effort to raise and such as these are rare, and most dogs kill predators, the relative inability of train a dog. will require some degree of appropriate existing techniques to provide adequate Some think that the purchase of a socialization and experience with sheep relief from in certain situa- will immediately solve their to become reliable guardians. tions, and a desire by some to use predator problems. Unfortunately, this is In general, acquiring a guarding nonlethal methods of reducing the loss rarely the case. There may be an dog does not offer immediate relief from of livestock to predators. apparent lack of any immediate benefits predation since mature and effective The use of guarding dogs to from using a dog, or a young dog may guardians are not available to most protect livestock1 can be traced to many not seem as aggressive or protective as producers. Considerable time, effort, centuries B.C. in and Asia, but the producer expects it to be. The owner and good fortune are required to bring a little was recorded about how the dogs and herder should both express commit- puppy to maturity. In some situations, a were actually used. Only recently have ment to the guard dog concept when dog may be ineffective. In others, a dog researchers begun to find answers to attempting to establish a dog in the flock. may be all that is necessary to stop pertinent questions about livestock Guard dogs cannot be turned on and predation. Between these two extremes, guarding dogs. off at will, and possible benefits offered dogs may be used to supplement electric There is no doubt that some dogs by the dog are generally not realized fencing, trapping, aerial hunting, or can protect sheep, but under what without an initial investment of time and other forms of control. conditions is a guarding dog a good patience. There are few hard-and-fast rules choice or an unwise choice for deterring We have raised numerous dogs with respect to dogs and sheep. Many predation? If a guarding dog is a under similar conditions. Most became variables interact to produce successful reasonable choice, how does the owner good livestock guardians, but some did guarding dogs. This bulletin presents acquire, raise, train, and effectively use a not. Instinctive ability must be present information based on experiences of the dog with a flock? Which breeds are best in the successful dog, and no amount of authors, various researchers, and a proper training and early exposure to growing number of ranchers who have 1Although this publication speaks specifically about sheep, the concepts also relate to most other livestock will guarantee that a dog will successfully used dogs as part of their species of livestock (e.g., , , and swine). become a good guardian. program of predator management. 5 The Guarding Dog Concept A livestock guarding dog is one that generally stays with sheep without harming them and aggressively repels predators. The dog chooses to remain with sheep because it has been reared from puppyhood with them. Its protec- tive behaviors are largely instinctive, and there is relatively little formal training required other than timely correction of undesirable behaviors (e.g., chewing on ears, overplayfulness, and excessive wandering). The guarding dog is not a but rather a full-time member of the flock. Success of the dog is a result of a quality genetic background with an emphasis on proper rearing. Success may be enhanced by viewing a livestock guarding dog as a tool to be incorporated into the overall management of a sheep operation. Dogs do not perform automatically like a piece of machinery, and their behavior is variable. Producers who successfully use These guarding dogs, a Great Pyrenees and an Akbash dog, stay close to the flock, a dog may need to slightly alter their causing no harm to the sheep but aggressively repelling predators. management routine to take advantage of the traits of the dog. This may include grazing sheep in different pastures, separating or grouping sheep, moving supplemental feed or sources of water, changing fence design and configuration, or altering schedules of checking the flock.

6 Selecting the Right Dog Considerations The behavior displayed by a Characteristics of an Effective mature guarding dog is a result of Guarding Dog heredity (genetic factors) and how the An ideal guard dog is intelligent, dog was raised. Most important are alert, and confident. It must act indepen- experiences during the dog’s first few dently and react instinctively while months of life. (See section on “Dog protecting the flock. It will investigate Rearing and Socialization.”) and aggressively confront intruders, but Generally speaking, livestock above all, it must be attentive to sheep guarding dogs mature slowly. and not harm them. An investigative and Komondorok and Anatolian aggressive dog is of little benefit if it will seem to reach a degree of behavioral not stay near its flock. The dog should maturity at 18 to 30 months of age, be physically sound and of good while Great Pyrenees appear to mature . It should be free from earlier. During maturation a dog serious genetic defects such as hip experiences rapid physiological and dysplasia or a poor bite. behavioral changes. The young dog It is important to understand the may show strong desires for playful distinction between herding dogs and activities and seemingly irrational guarding dogs. Herding dogs (border behavior. A puppy or adolescent dog , Australian shepherds, and should not be expected to match the others) move sheep from one area to performance of a mature, experienced another by biting, chasing, or barking at guardian. During the first several This border , a herding dog, is bred to the sheep. Herding dogs work according months with sheep, a young dog will “bunch” and move sheep from one area to to signals (verbal and hand) from a almost certainly make mistakes. another on command from its owner. handler, and they are generally not left Another trait common to the guarding alone with the sheep. Guarding dogs breeds is a predisposition for independent usually do not herd sheep, are discour- behavior. Some dog breeds are selected aged from biting, chasing, and barking at for their responsiveness to humans, but sheep, and act independently of people. the guarding breeds have been historically (Also see section on “Interactions selected for their ability to act indepen- Between Herding and Guarding Dogs.”) dently in their guarding role. This trait

7 makes them relatively hardheaded and several breeds of dog from Europe and of these breeds. Work at the USSES unresponsive to verbal commands. Asia including the Maremma (), the involved the (Hungary), the Some training as a pup and familiariza- Shar Planinetz (Yugoslavia), the Anatolian Great Pyrenees ( and ), tion with the handler can help eliminate (Turkey), and various crosses and the Akbash (Turkey). problems in the mature dog. The young guarding dog will respond in various ways to novel stimuli, and certain responses may be problematic. Some guarding dogs may chase wildlife (rabbits, deer, elk, antelope). This behavior should be discouraged if the chasing continues beyond a short distance. Harassing big game is illegal in most States, and it removes the dog from the sheep the dog is supposed to protect. It is difficult to generalize on how each dog will respond to each new experience. Most dogs will be sprayed by a skunk or get a nose full of porcupine quills if they encounter these particular animals. Each situation must be evaluated by the dog owner and handled appropriately.

Selecting an Appropriate Breed Dog research in the United States was conducted primarily at two locations, Hampshire College’s New Farm Center (NEFC) in Amherst, MA, and the At about 7 to 8 weeks of age, these Great Pyrenees pups will be separated and placed U.S. Sheep Experiment Station (USSES), in close contact with sheep so that they will become bonded to them. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricul- tural Research Service, Dubois, ID. Researchers at NEFC worked with 8 Other breeds of dog with a history In a recent evaluation of yearling bloodline. It is also conceivable that of protecting livestock include the livestock guarding dogs, Great Pyrenees certain breeds or lines can be matched of Hungary and the of France. were rated significantly higher than to specific guarding situations (pastures Only a limited number of these dogs are Anatolian shepherds (83 percent of 59 or open range). available. Several other breeds have Pyrenees versus 38 percent of 26 Ranch operators should purchase been used in the past with livestock, but Anatolians rated as good). Anatolian a dog of a recognized guarding breed from it is not certain whether their primary shepherds were rated lower primarily a reputable breeder who knows the dog function was one of protection. In because of their higher tendency to he or she sells. With a little research, addition to distinct breeds, some Navajo injure or kill sheep. you can determine which kennels have Indians use dogs to protect their Most dogs in the 1986 U of I survey supplied good dogs in the past. Many sheep and flocks. These dogs are were aggressive to predators and other breeders offer some type of guarantee not the result of a specific breeding dogs, although Great Pyrenees seem to with their working dogs. The details of program. Their success appears to be be somewhat less aggressive to dogs the guarantees vary, but some provide related to the manner in which they are than other guarding breeds. We for replacing a dog that doesn’t work reared and trained. observed a difference in the rate of satisfactorily. These guarantees In 1986, the University of Idaho behavioral maturation in Great Pyrenees certainly are a benefit, but they don’t (U of I) conducted a survey of approxi- and Komondorok at the USSES. Great absolve the livestock producer of the mately 400 people who used livestock Pyrenees (26 dogs from 11 different prime responsibility of properly rearing guarding dogs. They reported on 763 breedings) exhibited behavioral maturity and caring for the dog. (See section on dogs, 95 percent of which were recog- at a younger age and displayed puppy “Economic Considerations” for informa- nized guarding breeds. Great Pyrenees behaviors (playfulness and exuberance) tion on purchase price.) (57 percent) and Komondor (18 percent) less frequently than USSES Komondorok were the most common, followed by (26 dogs from 10 different breedings). Behavioral Evaluation Akbash (8 percent), Anatolians (7 percent), In our recent work with several breeds, It would be advantageous to be able Maremmas (3 percent), and others Anatolians exhibited a delay in behav- to select a pup from a litter based on key (7 percent). The rate of success among ioral maturity similar to Komondorok. behavioral characteristics and have a the breeds was not different, but behavioral Certain blood lines of dogs may reasonable assurance that, with proper differences were noted. More Komon- prove to be better than others, and rearing, the dog would perform the dors bit people than did Great Pyrenees, guarding ability varies among dogs of a guarding task well as an adult. One Akbash, or Anatolians, and fewer Great specific breed. There is no guarantee researcher determined that the basic Pyrenees injured livestock than did that a dog will be successful merely temperament of young pups remains , Akbash, or Anatolians. because it is of a particular breed or with them throughout their lives, and that

9 general temperament can be assessed Male or Female? ness. (See section on “Dog Breeding at 6 to 8 weeks of age. However, it has In the 1986 survey of 763 guarding by the Livestock Producer.”) also been observed that temperament dogs, there was no difference between can vacillate and be unstable in the 4- to the success of males and females. How Many Dogs? 18-month-old dog. Making a selection on the sex of the pup The characteristics of each sheep Pups at the USSES were observed is a matter of personal preference. operation will dictate the number of dogs periodically from 8 weeks of age to However, to avoid future problems, required for effective protection from maturity (20 to 30 months of age). Several consider the sex of other dogs used in predators. The performance of indi- points concerning puppy behavior merit the livestock operation. If all dogs are vidual dogs will differ. Some experi- attention. We recommend selecting a neutered, the latter factor may not be enced dogs may effectively patrol pup that is not timid but appears self- important. several hundred acres containing confident and alert. A pup should Our survey revealed no significant hundreds of sheep, while younger dogs as an expression of aggressiveness or differences between the rate of success may not cover as much territory. suspicion but not fear. A dog that is shy of intact versus neutered dogs. We The type and number of predators around people may show appropriate strongly recommend spaying females at and the intensity of predation help aggression to predators and have a about 6 months of age before the first dictate how many dogs are needed. If strong bond with sheep, but the chances heat cycle and neutering males at about predators are scarce, one dog will be for success are probably greater by 9 months of age. There is no indication sufficient for most pasture operations. selecting a self-confident pup. that neutering is detrimental to the Range operations often use two dogs, Observe the pup’s behavior both guarding dog. Indeed, neutering is more but if the predator is a grizzly bear, even with and apart from people and litter- likely to be beneficial. The regular heat several dogs may not be able to deter it. mates. We observed one Akbash periods of the bitch can cause problems. (See section on “Effectiveness Against female that was submissive to people, Dogs attracted to a bitch in heat may Various Predators.”) but she was aggressive to other dogs add to the predator problem. If a female The topography and habitat of the and had an affinity for sheep. A shy is kenneled during heat periods, late pasture must also be considered. pup may gain confidence when placed pregnancy, whelping, and nursing, she is Relatively flat, open areas can be with another dog. not out protecting the flock. Neutering adequately covered by one dog. When All successful dogs at the USSES probably lessens the usually undesirable brush, timber, ravines, and hills are in displayed positive traits within the first 3 to behavior of wandering in some male the pasture, several dogs may be 8 months of life. Although some traits may dogs and perhaps females. We have required, particularly if the sheep are develop with maturity, most good guarding seen no evidence that neutering males scattered. However, at noted later, dogs will show promise at a young age. significantly decreases their effective- problems may be encountered when

10 establishing more than one dog in the pastures, each containing several These behaviors may include being flock. hundred sheep. aggressive to the sheep, being inatten- The behavior of the sheep is With a range band (usually 1,000 tive to the sheep, and roaming, the important also in determining the number ewes plus their lambs), some operators most common potential problem with of dogs needed. Sheep that flock and have reduced predation with a single multiple dogs. Roaming may be more form a cohesive unit, especially at night dog; others have used up to four or common with multiple dogs than single (a typical time of predation), can be more dogs per band. However, we dogs and clearly can be a significant protected by one dog more effectively generally recommend starting with a problem in many situations. Early than sheep that are continually scattered single dog and adding a second dog appropriate training and neutering can and bedded in a number of locations. after the first is well established. Once help reduce roaming. We recommend For example, at the USSES a young the experienced dog has developed an that first-time users of a guarding dog Komondor effectively protected 600 effective working pattern, it can become begin with a single pup. No amount of ewe lambs in a 125-acre pasture. In a role model for an untrained (but reading and studying the manuals can another situation, a young Komondor previously socialized to sheep) dog. take the place of hands-on experience. was unable to eliminate predation in a The younger dog will mimic the older, If additional dogs are needed, they can flock of 600 ram lambs in a 160-acre more experienced dog and learn the be added later. pasture. The ram lambs grazed in a routine of protecting the flock. scattered fashion, and the pasture A pair of guarding dogs at USSES contained rock outcrops and brush that exhibited behaviors that were comple- provided cover for coyotes. An older, mentary. One dog was aggressive and experienced dog may have protected routinely patrolled a wide area around the lambs more effectively than the the sheep. The second dog usually young dog, but in this situation, two remained close to the band and dogs would have been more desirable. responded aggressively only when the In another instance, a 7-month-old flock was directly confronted by a Great Pyrenees eliminated predation predator. It is rather common for two effectively in 4 adjacent 160-acre dogs to exhibit complementary behav- pastures, each containing approxi- iors in this manner. mately 30 sheep. The dog was Adding additional dogs to the flock observed with each of the four groups may also cause problems. If one of the of sheep on different occasions. He dogs displays inappropriate behaviors, later guarded seven different 160-acre the second dog may adopt them also.

11 From Puppy to Guarding Dog

Dog Rearing and Socialization The goal with a new puppy is to channel its natural instincts to produce a mature guardian dog with the desired characteristics. This can best be accomplished by early and continued association with sheep to produce a bond between the dog and sheep. If this bond is not developed, the dog may not stay with the sheep. The optimum age to bring the pup home is between 7 and 8 weeks of age. Place the pup immedi- ately in the pen you have prepared as described below. The following discus- sion describes rearing one pup with sheep. Some people report success rearing two pups together with sheep. The ideal place to rear a pup is in a small pen or corral from which it cannot escape. A pup that has been removed recently from littermates and the frequent association of humans may not want to remain in a pen with lambs. If the pup is able to leave its designated area, the inclination of the pup to escape and Rearing this Great Pyrenees pup with sheep creates a bond that will be important in return to the kennel, home, and people determining the dog’s future success as a protector. becomes progressively stronger. If the pup is unable to escape, the bond with sheep may develop more easily. Later, as the dog is placed in larger pastures

12 where it can leave, the tendency to removed and replaced with another experience, which, in effect, places them return to the farm house is minimized. sheep. During these daily checks it is at the top of the social ladder, can The pup’s pen need not be much permissible to pat the dog, but excessive encourage the development of confidence. larger than about 150 ft2, although a handling should be avoided. During this Some pups exhibit “pack” behavior bigger area is more desirable as the pup socialization process, the emphasis is in groups of three or more. A pack will grows. The pen should contain three to on the dog-to-sheep association. The often include sheep in its play; and torn six sheep, preferably lambs (orphans are dog-to-human association should be ears, pulled wool, and even more ideal). If lambs are not available, pick minimized. serious injuries can result. Rough play is sheep that will not be aggressive to the Socialization in dogs is a develop- detrimental to the sheep, and it promotes young pup, for example, replacement mental phase during which permanent highly undesirable pup behavior. It is a ewe lambs. The sheep can be rotated emotional attachments are easily and potentially serious problem and must be through the pup pen, thereby exposing a rapidly formed. Data from one study closely monitored. However, some number of sheep to the dog that will suggest that the process begins at gentle play behavior with sheep can be eventually be living among them. 3 weeks, peaks at 6 to 8 weeks, and tolerated and may even enhance the The pup should have a small area in levels off by 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, bond of the dog to sheep. the pen to which it can retreat to be socialization may never be satisfactorily If a pup plays too much or becomes away from the sheep. This area should achieved. A dog left in kennels beyond too aggressive with the sheep, several contain the dog’s food and shelter (if the this time may be permanently shy and corrective measures should be taken. pen is outside) and can be partitioned may have difficulty adjusting to later Pups learn rapidly at an early age, and a from the rest of the pen by wooden changes in its environment (a syndrome brief shaking by the scruff of the neck panels such that the dog can crawl often termed kennelosis). and the command “NO” can be an through but not the sheep. It is desirable Some breeders allow 4-week-old effective reprimand. Excessive playful- to have the water in an area common to litters to be in the company of young ness can sometimes be controlled by both the pup and sheep so that some lambs with good results. Body contact using larger lambs that will not tolerate mingling is forced. between dog and sheep enhances the as much playful puppy behavior. If a The pup should be checked several formation of a strong bond. Separating pup can’t be trusted alone with sheep, times a day for the first few days and littermates soon after 7 weeks is another alternative is to separate the pup then at least daily thereafter to ensure desirable. The lone pup seeks compan- from the lambs in a nearby pen. This that it can find food and water easily and ionship from the sheep, and it is also should be viewed as a temporary measure that the sheep and the dog are interact- removed from the intralitter hierarchy. lasting from several days to several weeks. ing properly. If a particular sheep is For pups that have been continually During this period, the pup can be released overly aggressive to the pup, it should be dominated by littermates, this solitary with sheep under supervision.

13 After the initial socialization period circumstances, a dog that can negotiate vehicle, and jumping on a person). You (pup should be at least 16 weeks old), fences and protect a buffer area around want the command to be heeded the pup and the sheep it was raised with the pasture will be a more effective promptly, so don’t use it carelessly. can be put into a larger area or with the guardian than one that is completely A dog should also be taught to rest of the flock in a pasture operation. contained within the pasture. In some come when it is called or at least remain Again, monitor this change to ensure situations a dog must stay within the where it is so you can catch it. There that the other nonsocialized sheep don’t fenced area. This is a critical factor in are few things more annoying to you and injure the dog. The dog will respond to more urbanized settings. (See section potentially more dangerous for the dog this new freedom with enthusiasm and on “Owner Responsibilities.”) than being unable to catch the dog when will “check out” the new territory. Most As a dog matures, there will likely you need to. Maintaining proper health likely, the fencing in the larger pasture be changes in its behavior with respect (i.e., vaccinations) and properly manag- will not hold a small dog, and the dog will to staying with sheep. Some pups that ing the sheep depends on being able to probably go through the fence here and do not stay in one pasture may readily get your hands on the dog when there as it explores. The dog should stay in another. Other dogs have necessary. If you expect the dog to always return to the sheep within a difficulty in adjusting to frequent moves consistently respond to “Come,” make reasonable time. If it doesn’t, the dog to different pastures. At the USSES, sure the dog receives a pleasant should be taken back and encouraged to some dogs gained interest in sheep and experience when it obeys. Don’t use the remain. Repeat this process as often as guarding suddenly in the course of command to call the dog to you so you necessary. If the early socialization was maturation. Some pups display a can reprimand it for some other misbe- done properly, the dog should prefer to greater sense of responsibility when they havior. If you need to reprimand the be in the area where the sheep are. It is are removed from a small barn or pen dog, go to it and give the correction. important that the dog not be allowed to to a large pasture with sheep. We recommend that a dog be hang around the house, the kids, or any taught to walk on a leash. There are area where the sheep aren’t. If the and Obedience times when you need to tie a dog, persists in staying away from where it is Teaching some obedience to dogs usually temporarily, while sheep are supposed to be, return it to its small is important. A dog should understand moved or loaded, or to take the dog to a escape-proof area with sheep for the what “NO” means and should cease different location. A dog should always night and try again the next day. whatever it is doing when the command be restrained when it is riding in the back Once the dog has a strong bond to is given. Use this command (or one of a truck. (See section on “Dog Health.”) sheep and remains with them routinely, it similar to it) whenever the dog does Some owners teach their dogs may include peripheral areas around the something that is definitely wrong (e.g., additional commands. However, it is pasture in its scouting. Under some chewing on a sheep, chasing a sheep or important to remember that by nature

14 guarding dogs are independent and are In some instances a verbal repri- and will need to be taught or shown without human supervision during most mand is not sufficient to get the dog’s what, where, and when they are to guard. of their working life. Although they can attention. A light swat with a rolled-up The guarding dog is a working be obedience trained, we question the newspaper may be in order. The intent animal and should be treated as such. It value of teaching commands that may is to get the dog’s attention, not hurt it. is not a , and making this distinction have little utility for the . Once a correction is given, the dog at the outset is important. One dog should be shown the correct and desired owner said that “all you have to do is Excessive or unnecessary obedience behavior, then praised when it responds love the dog and it will guard whatever is training may tend to strengthen the dog- properly. The handler should ensure yours.” It is true that a guarding dog, to-human bond and disrupt the dog-to- that a pleasurable experience (where lavished with human attention, becomes sheep bond. praise can be given) follows a reprimand. very protective of its master and its Some owners teach their dogs no An important concept of correcting master’s property. And if the sheep commands. We feel this is a mistake. You misbehavior has been revealed in happen to be in the back yard, they will should at least be able to catch your dog. several studies. If punishment is to be be protected as much as the children, Various methods of teaching effective, it must be given within seconds the car, and the house itself. But if the obedience may provide satisfactory of the undesired behavior. Reprimands sheep are kept any distance from the results. Several points are noteworthy. given hours or even minutes after a master’s home, it becomes difficult to Owners should be consistent and misdeed has occurred are meaningless keep the dog with the sheep because it decisive when giving commands and to the dog. Also, punishment must be knows that it can get human attention expect a consistent response from the given at a high enough level to immedi- where its master is, and that is most dog. Dogs are praised for correct ately stop the offensive behavior. frequently at the house. behavior and, rather than verbally or Training should continue as the dog How much human affection should physically reprimanding a puppy for an matures, but formal training need only you give the guarding dog? If a dog incorrect response, praise is withheld. persist as long as it is necessary. recognizes as praise a pat on the head This positive approach will often achieve Guarding behavior is largely and words “Good dog,” it will work to the desired results and will avoid the instinctive. It would be difficult to train a receive that praise. Giving it no more possibility of causing the pup to become dog without the guarding instinct to affection should not be considered cruel shy or fearful of people. Some dogs do perform some of the necessary func- or unkind. Dogs become confused when not take harsh punishment well. Proper tions, such as patrolling, barking, and they have been allowed to stay at the corrections will not cause even the most scent marking. Nevertheless, dogs will house as a pet and then are suddenly subordinate pup to become shy as long likely need direction in their development placed in a pasture with sheep and as the pup is praised more than it is expected to remain there. reprimanded. 15 Dog–Sheep Interactions There are several criteria that may the dog may mark and patrol more than Most pups are submissive toward indicate a dog’s readiness to assume the it would if they were not. As a dog lambs, particularly during their first guarding role. The following behaviors becomes more familiar with its area and encounters. Later, as the pups and tend to increase in frequency as the normal activities that occur there, lambs become accustomed to each guarding maturity is reached: (1) male random barking may occur less fre- other, some pups solicit play from the dogs (and sometimes females) use quently. Some dogs seldom bark. lambs. The lambs respond either by raised-leg urinations rather than squat Successful guarding dogs have an moving away or by briefly butting or urinations to scent-mark, (2) scent marking appropriate mix of physical and behav- romping with the pups. (urination and defecation) becomes more ioral maturity, combined with experience Some dogs show a great deal of deliberate and marks are concentrated with sheep. Dogs may respond with interest in grooming lambs and may near the periphery of a pasture, (3) barking uncertainty or even fear during their first spend several minutes licking them, at novel stimuli becomes more predict- encounter with a predator. At the especially around the face, ears, and able and direction oriented, (4) dogs are USSES a coyote chased a physically urogenital region. This grooming active more frequently and for longer mature guarding dog three times its size. behavior of the dog may strengthen the periods, (5) dogs become more inter- During this first experience with a dog-to-sheep bond. ested in the sheep than in the handler, coyote, the dog exhibited immature and (6) deliberate patrolling activities behavior and ran away. The following Dog Age and Effective Guarding increase in frequency and duration. day the dog chased the coyote and did Mature, experienced, and effective Dogs exhibit much of this behavior so in all succeeding encounters. Other guarding dogs are generally not avail- as young as 4 1/2 months of age. dogs may have reacted differently in this able to most sheep producers. Although However, before a young puppy is situation, but experience is necessary for there are exceptions, most ranchers placed where sheep losses to predators all successful guardians. purchase their guarding dogs as inexperi- are high, it should have attained a certain In most situations, we recommend enced pups and are obliged to assist in level of physical maturity. This level is moving the pup along with the sheep it directing their development. When the difficult to define specifically, but the dog was reared with out to the main flock or dog reaches a certain level of maturity, it should at least be large enough to band as soon as the dog is able to will begin to display territorial and protective defend itself if confronted by predators. physically keep up and defend itself if behaviors toward predators threatening As a dog becomes more experi- necessary. If people err on this point, it the flock. This level of maturity can vary; enced, it may display certain behaviors is usually by not putting the dog out there is no predetermined age when an (barking, scent marking, and patrolling) with the flock soon enough. adolescent dog can be expected to more or less often, depending on various become an effective guardian. factors. If coyotes are frequently near,

16 Daily Routine and Behavior routine on the dog. The dog should be it varies depending on the temperament How should a new owner of a free to develop its guarding behaviors of the dog. The dog should be visited guarding dog expect the dog to behave within the restrictions dictated by each daily in the pasture. If food is not provided during a 24-hour period? Some people particular livestock operation. in a self-feeder, it can be given to the are surprised that a dog that appears to dog each day. (We recommend using a sleep most of the time still can be an Dog Response to Frightening self-feeder.) The daily visit can also effective guardian. Some guarding Experiences provide an opportunity to observe the dogs, especially immature dogs, seem to Certain conditions may cause even health of the dog and to briefly praise the spend a large part of their time sleeping. effective guard dogs to leave the for remaining with the sheep. If the sheep are active (moving and or otherwise temporarily interrupt their As the dog matures, less human feeding), the dog may also be active. guarding behaviors. Intense rain contact may be required. Good manage- However, dogs are not necessarily with storms or continual rain for one or more ment practices dictate, however, that the the sheep constantly. The dog may days has resulted in dogs leaving the livestock and the dog be regularly visited. sleep during the day while the sheep sheep and returning to the ranch. This Too little human contact can cause are feeding, or the dog may be away problem may be less likely to occur in a dog to be shy or fearful of people. Such from the sheep investigating adjacent pasture where a dog may retreat to a dogs are difficult to handle for physical areas. With experience, the dog will shelter during prolonged rains. In a examination and are hard to control. learn when disturbances from predators range operation where no shelter is They cannot be moved readily to other are likely to occur (evening and early provided, a dog may leave the sheep in pastures and cannot be kenneled. morning hours) and will be actively search of a dry place. Some dogs with this type of tempera- patrolling or on alert at a selected We have observed a small percent- ment are effective guardians and may fit location. A dog will often bed with the age of dogs abandon the sheep into some livestock operations. How- sheep but is usually quickly aroused by because of thunder and other loud ever, it is almost essential to be able to any disturbance. Some sheep appear noises such as gun shots. Some noise- handle and work with the guarding dog. to learn to return to the dog when they shy dogs will become familiar with are threatened by a predator. these sounds over time, but others may Guarding Dogs During Lambing A guarding dog uses its senses and continue to leave the sheep despite What should be done with a new experience to know when and where to their experience with frightening noises. guarding dog during lambing? There patrol and how best to keep predators are no definite rules to follow, but away from the sheep. Some people Extent of Human Contact several suggestions may be helpful. have mistakenly attempted to impose There is an appropriate level of The ewe is more defensive and their own conceptions of the guarding human contact with a guarding dog, but subject to stress during lambing than at

17 any other time. The antics and playful decide how much freedom the dog dogs should be familiar with each other behavior of a puppy or immature dog should be given at this time. Even but should be discouraged from playing could be detrimental to sheep before, proven dogs can make mistakes. together. In range bands, the herding during, and immediately following lam- Should the dog be allowed to eat dogs remain with the herder and work bing. Young dogs, therefore, should not afterbirth and docked tails or feed on at his direction. Social bonds between generally be in direct contact with the dead lambs or sheep? Most dogs will the guarding dog and the herding dogs ewes but should perhaps be kept in an eat sheep remains, afterbirth, and tails. could cause the guarding dog to leave adjacent area. In our experience, this does not make the sheep and follow the herder to Once lambing is completed and the them inclined to kill sheep, but it may camp. ewes and lambs have been turned into detract from their effectiveness be- The guarding dog should be taught mixing pens and are “mothered up,” cause some dogs become possessive that its role is different from that of the introduce the young dog under human of dead sheep. Where it is practical, herding dog. Immature guarding dogs supervision. Lambs will quickly become we recommend removing carcasses may attempt to mimic the herding dog accustomed to the dog, and the ewes and not allowing a guarding dog to feed as it moves the sheep. This should not will soon learn that the dog poses no on them. There are potential parasitic be allowed. Juvenile guarding dogs threat to them. If the dog acts calmly, it and bacterial health hazards associated can interfere with a working herding can be left alone for longer periods with with dogs eating sheep carcasses, dog and sometimes must be restrained the sheep until it remains with them particularly carcasses of sheep that (tied or held). As the guarding dog permanently. Care should be taken to have died from disease. In addition, matures, it will learn that there are ensure that the young dog does not the presence of sheep carcasses may times when the herding dog is in charge make any serious mistakes. Here, as in attract predators. (when the sheep are moved), but that it other situations, prevention of a problem assumes the dominant position at all is better than finding a cure. Interactions Between Herding and other times. Brief fights may result Once the dog experiences a Guarding Dogs between the herding and guarding dogs lambing season and proves it can Herding dogs are an integral part while they learn their respective roles. behave correctly, it may be allowed free of most sheep operations, particularly On rare occasions, guarding and access to the entire lambing operation. range operations. Can the herding dog herding dogs may be incompatible, and Owners report some guarding dogs and the guarding dog coexist, and if so, a change of dogs may be warranted. take a great deal of interest in lambing, what is their relationship? Many people ask if sheep still protect lambs from inclement weather, Generally, guarding and herding respond to a herding dog once they are and even assist the ewe in cleaning dogs are able to work on the same accustomed to the presence of a guard newborn lambs. The dog owner must operation. The guarding and herding dog. Sheep recognize individual dogs

18 and respond according to each dog’s behavior. Therefore, they learn to ignore a guarding dog that quietly approaches the flock but will bunch and run from a dog that chases them. Unrestrained nonworking dogs are found on many farms and ranches. These dogs can present a problem to a guarding pup that is being trained to protect the flock. They are a source of distraction and at worst can involve the pup in learning inappropriate behaviors. In some instances a choice has to be made between rearing a good guarding dog and having unrestrained pets.

These sheep are responding to the herding actions of this .

19 Managing Dogs on Rangeland and Pastures

Management practices on pasture and range operations differ and affect the overall concept of using guarding dogs. Pastures have fenced boundaries which provide a clearly defined, stationary territory for a dog to defend. There is little chance that the sheep will be lost if they scatter within a pasture, so a full- time herder is usually not needed. Fences are rarely encountered on most rangeland, and a herder tends the flock, controls the grazing pattern, and provides some degree of protection from predators. A dog on the range must learn to identify the sheep and the ever- changing area they occupy as a defend- able territory. A dog must adapt to new areas as the herder implements the grazing plan, and since the dog remains unsupervised with the sheep much of the time, its behavior must not cause the flock to scatter.

Considerations in Fenced Pasture To protect large numbers of sheep on open rangeland or pastures, more than one dog Operations may be required. These two Great Pyrenees guard a large rangeland flock. More than 80 percent of the people who raise sheep in the United States maintain their flocks in fenced pastures during all or part of the year. This

20 represents more than half of the feeder in the pasture. Also include any much earlier. Nation’s sheep. It is predicted that the objects familiar to the dog. The handler If repeated efforts fail to keep the greatest growth in the sheep-raising should then walk the dog (on a leash if dog in the pasture, several other industry will come from pastured flocks necessary) around the perimeter. This methods can be tried. The dog can be of sheep. Although the magnitude of activity should be repeated daily until chained to an area near its house, food, predator losses is often smaller on the dog learns the area. Most dogs are and water (and preferably the sheep) pastures than in open range operations, enthusiastic when exploring new terrain for prescribed periods of time. These the result of losses can be severe. The and will scent-mark during the patrolling periods can be as short or long as use of dogs to protect fenced livestock activity. The dog should initially be left necessary and will vary in each is a workable technique and is currently alone with the sheep in the pasture for situation. Some owners have attached being used successfully by hundreds of short periods of time (1 to several a tire on a chain (approximately 10 feet producers. hours), but the time should be progres- long) to the collar of the dog. This A major concern for many guarding sively extended to longer intervals. The permits the dog to move within the dog users at one time or another is how dog should be checked frequently and pasture but prevents it from jumping to get the dog to remain with the sheep given praise when it remains in the over or crawling through the fence. in the pasture. As was stated in the pasture. The dog should be returned Another technique has been used section on “Dog Rearing and Socializa- promptly each time it leaves and should at the USSES to encourage a dog to tion,” correct handling of a puppy can not be reprimanded until it knows remain in a designated area. If a dog eliminate many potential problems. It is clearly what it is expected to do. leaves its pasture and returns to the vital to immediately place the new An appropriate command (“Stay” or headquarters, it is immediately ken- puppy with or near sheep away from something comparable) may be given neled in relative isolation for 1 to the house and people. If the dog to the dog when it is left in the pasture. several days. The dog is then returned develops a strong bond to sheep at the One producer yelled “SHEEP” and to the pasture. Repetitions of this outset, corrective measures may be chased his dog back to the sheep every process have been successful in needed only infrequently as the dog time it strayed too far from them. discouraging several dogs from matures. Patience is required, as it is in almost returning to the headquarters. If a newly acquired dog or a puppy all phases of working with young Some dogs will leave a designated requires additional encouragement after guarding dogs. One successful pasture for short periods to explore and socialization to remain in an area, the Komondor owner said it may take up to return shortly thereafter. If it does not following techniques may be effective. 1 year to see certain aspects of training conflict with neighboring farms or When introducing a dog to an unfamiliar become effective. However, some residences, a dog may be a more pasture, place the dog’s shelter and positive results should be apparent effective guardian if it can patrol the

21 area around a pasture to create a buffer Planning is the key to successful dogs with range sheep result from the zone devoid of coyotes or other use of a livestock guarding dog on the sheep being frightened of dogs. In a predators. Furthermore, it may be range. Several months are required to small pasture, sheep cannot escape desirable for dogs to be able to negoti- socialize and prepare a pup for range- from a dog and become accustomed to ate fences. Most pups crawl through or land use. An appropriate time to place its presence as they learn that it will not over, whereas older dogs often jump a Great Pyrenees on the range is between harm them. On rangeland, sheep fences as high as 6 feet. Depending on 4 and 6 months of age. There-fore, a unaccustomed to a dog respond by individual dogs and particular needs, producer should purchase a 7- to 8-week- running from it whenever it attempts to dogs could be trained to jump fences or old pup 2 to 4 months prior to incorpo- approach them. Repeated attempts by pass through fences using special rating the dog into the range flock. the dog to approach the sheep scatter sheep-proof crossings. Other breeds that mature more slowly the flock. The dog may become discour- In some situations it is best for the may not be ready to go to the range as early aged and eventually ignore the sheep. dog to remain exclusively within a as Great Pyrenees. The key factor is It is important that the sheep are fenced pasture, especially if heavily whether the dog acts calmly around the accustomed to the presence and traveled roads or highways parallel the sheep. A range band is no place for a activities of the guard dog before pasture or neighbors will mistreat a dog dog that wants to play continually. leaving the pasture (this can take from that trespasses. These conditions may An ideal time to place a dog with 1 to 6 weeks). This is one of the most be common in urbanized areas and range sheep is when the sheep are important steps in integrating a dog particularly in the Eastern United States. confined in a pasture or fenced area. successfully into a range operation. Sheep producers can incorporate a dog Some sheep operations use only Dogs on Rangeland into the flock shortly after lambing when the open range, and this may make Grazing livestock on range and the main flock is being formed. How- incorporation of a guard dog into the forest lands is a traditional method of ever, any period of confinement lasting flock difficult. The sheep must learn to sheep production in the Western United a week or more can be used. During accept the presence of a dog without States. Range sheep often suffer this period the herder can get to know the benefit of an enclosed area. In greater exposure to coyote predation the dog and emphasize the commands such a situation, it is essential that the than pastured sheep. Increasing “No” and “Come” discussed previously. dog be controllable and remain calm numbers of people are using guarding This period will also allow the herder to around the sheep. The attitude and dogs to protect range sheep because observe how the dog and sheep ability of the herder play an important some methods of reducing predation in interact before going on the range. role in the success or failure of this pastures are ineffective or impractical Many problems initially experi- process. The temperament of the dog on unfenced lands. enced by producers who use guarding and the sheep and the type of terrain

22 being grazed are other factors that The dog could normally be found near scent and trails off in the direction of should be considered. the sheep the next morning. the sheep. The bond between dog and A trait exhibited by an ideal sheep is established as the pup is livestock guardian is a desire to remain Kennelling Dogs Through Winter raised with lambs and appears to with or near the flock most of the time. At the outset of our research, we endure even though the dog is sepa- However, this behavior usually needs to were concerned with the possible rated from the sheep for up to be reinforced by the herder. Guard adverse effects of kennelling dogs for a 6 months. dogs should not be allowed to loiter or prolonged period during winter when sleep around camps. The dogs must the sheep were in a feedlot. Since we Transferability be taught and encouraged to stay with used up to 10 dogs at a time, it was If a dog is properly socialized to the sheep at all times. Feeding the dog impractical to give them free access to sheep, there is a high probability that it near the sheep rather than at camp will the sheep pens. Other sheep produc- will successfully guard sheep in a help in this endeavor. A description of ers who have only one or two dogs variety of conditions. Such a dog can a mature guarding dog that is success- would likely leave the dogs loose most be moved from one area to another, ful includes the statement that the dog of the time. However, if kennelling is even with strange people and surround- continually accompanies the sheep. deemed appropriate, the following may ings, and its bond to sheep will help Each situation is unique in some be of interest. make the transfer successful. In small respects, and there may be some We speculated that the relatively farm-flock conditions where the sheep instances when predation may be long period of removal from the sheep are not far removed from the headquar- reduced even if a dog routinely leaves would result in a decrease or loss of the ters and people, the bond of the dog to the sheep. One herder regularly tied a dog’s bond to sheep. Ten years of sheep may not need to be as strong for young guarding dog to his camp during experience with this situation has success to be realized. the day and released it each evening. revealed that, for most dogs, the bond Although we have observed that The dog was tied because it followed to sheep remains and may even be transferring dogs from one situation to him on his rounds during the day. By intensified with periods of separation. another is practical, the success of a evening the dog was too tired to patrol The period of isolation in the kennel dog is enhanced as it becomes more and spent the night sleeping. Tying appears to enhance the dog’s desire familiar with a particular set of condi- forced the dog to rest during the hours and enthusiasm for the freedom of tions. If a dog is moved to a location of least predation. The dog had little being with sheep. Almost without that contains unfamiliar livestock (i.e., a desire to stay at the camp when exception, when we release a dog after species the dog has not associated released and actively patrolled at night. it has been apart from the sheep for with), it may initially react aggressively any length of time, it quickly seeks the to them.

23 Owner Responsibilities A guarding dog will likely include The successful, mature dog is not peripheral areas in its patrolling. This easily or quickly replaceable. Appropri- Dogs and Human Welfare activity should be discouraged. Neigh- ate concern for health and safety, Ownership of a guarding dog bors should be alerted to the fact that a therefore, is an important consideration. implies certain responsibilities. The dog may roam onto their property and Consult a for keeping traditional guarding breeds are large, that some predator control devices vaccinations current and for recommen- powerful, and protective of their (e.g., traps, snares, and M-44’s) dations about worming. Breeders perceived territory. This territory should present a danger to the dog. (See should have administered puppy primarily include the livestock to be section on “Integrated Livestock and vaccines and sometimes worming guarded, but it may also include the Predator Management.”) Many medication. New owners should owner’s house, yard, and family counties enforce stringent laws regard- periodically check teeth for soundness members, particularly if the dog was ing owner responsibility for damage and proper bite, and ear canals should allowed access to these areas during done by roaming dogs. It is in the best be kept free from a buildup of hair. the rearing process. interest of the owner, community, and Examine dogs routinely for cuts, How likely is it that a livestock dog to train the dog to stay in its abscesses, bone conformation, and guarding dog will bite someone? Much designated area. muscle development. Any change in is dependent upon where the dog Dogs used with herded or behavior, eating habits, or stools should spends its time, and also on breed unherded range bands or in expansive be investigated immediately. Serious differences. In the survey of 763 pastures such as those found in some health problems can develop with dogs livestock guarding dogs, 7 percent of Western States may also roam at belonging to even the most conscien- the dogs had bitten people (17 percent times. Under these circumstances, a tious and experienced people. of the Komondors, 9 percent of the roaming dog may pose little threat to The coat of the working dog may Anatolian shepherds, 6 percent of the safety and property. However, a dog require attention. The Komondor’s Akbash dogs, and 4 percent of the roaming over a wide range provides coat, for example, must be clipped or Great Pyrenees). Some dogs show little or no protec- tion to the livestock it corded (hand separated) as the dog more protective and aggressive traits is supposed to be guarding. matures. Many owners of working than others, and it becomes the Komondoroks prefer to clip them each owner’s responsibility to protect people Dog Health and Care spring since cording can be laborious, who may be at risk. Neighbors and Purchase of a guarding dog and a long coat tends to collect burrs. guests should be alerted, and if represents a significant financial Contact the Komondor dog clubs listed necessary, signs or other appropriate investment. The value of the dog in “Sources of Additional Information” warnings should be displayed. increases as it matures and is trained. for details on coat care. Other long-

24 haired breeds such as Great Pyrenees repeatedly, the dog may become may also need coat care. Mats and possessive of the food and spend its burrs should be removed periodically, time guarding the feeding area. With especially around the toes and ears. A herded sheep, the herder has responsi- matted coat may lead to serious skin bility for taking food to the dog at least infections especially in, but not re- once a day. stricted to, warm or moist climates. Livestock guarding dogs are hardy Again, clipping is an option for resolving animals and often do not use a dog chronic skin or coat problems. house or shelter even in inclement Guarding dogs may weigh 100 weather. They generally prefer to sleep pounds or more and, particularly as in the open where they can easily pups, need proper nutrition. Generally, observe their surroundings. However, a high-quality dry dog meal (puppy some form of shelter should be pro- meal for pups) will meet nutritional vided for dogs in pastures. Some dogs requirements. However, supplements regard their house and the surrounding as recommended by a veterinarian, are area as their territory. The dog house sometimes used. Although growing may serve as a point of contact for the pups require large quantities of feed, dog and enhance the tendency to remain they usually eat only 2 to 4 pounds of in that area. The use of a dog shelter food daily once they are fully grown. on range- land where sheep move Working dogs expend a great deal continually is usually not practical. of energy patrolling and investigating. Food must be readily available or they Dog Safety cannot be expected to function prop- Although a guarding dog may erly. Self-feeders are often used for provide up to 10 years of productive dogs working in pastures. A barrier is service, there is a reasonable chance As demonstrated by this dog handler separating mats of hair, the coat of the constructed around the feeder to the dog will die prematurely. During a Komondor requires special care and prevent sheep from eating the dog’s 5-year period of study at the USSES, attention. food. If this precaution is not taken, the 32 percent of the working guard dogs sheep may quickly empty the feeder, died before reaching adulthood. The and consequently, the dog may go major causes of death were as follows: hungry for several days. If this occurs hit by vehicle, 23 percent; maliciously

25 shot, 23 percent; health problems, chaining practices when hauling a dog was no longer out protecting the flock 18 percent; accident in field, 9 percent; in the open bed of a pickup truck. because of her pregnancy. untrustworthy (destroyed), 4 percent; Premature death of a good guarding To properly raise a litter of pups and and unknown, 23 percent. The mortality dog can be a significant loss to the then sell them to appropriate buyers by rate from to 4 years of age was livestock producer who relies heavily the time they are 8 weeks old is not a 41 percent. In a study from NEFC, upon it. In addition to losing a primary simple matter. Often, several pups go 50 percent of livestock guarding dogs source of protection, the producer must unsold for many months and if not kept used on ranches were dead by 18 months expend money and time to acquire, raise, with sheep during that time, the pups are of age, while 50 percent of dogs used and train a new dog. Some producers beyond the point of being easily social- on farms and farm/ranches were dead who depend on dogs for predation control ized to sheep. Dog breeding should be by 38 months of age (mortality rates should consider keeping a second dog entered into only after careful consider- included dogs removed due to culling). as a backup in the event one dog dies. ation, research, and definite commitment These statistics show that livestock This option should be examined from to the welfare of the dogs. guarding dogs are susceptible to both a practical and economic stand- numerous hazards, some of which are point for each situation. Economic Considerations within control of the owner. A little The economics of using a livestock forethought and some preparation can Dog Breeding by the Livestock guarding dog are dependent upon a help to avoid the accidental and untimely Producer number of factors including the annual death of a dog. To this end, the owner Some of the dogs most eagerly rate of predation, the ability and longev- should: (1) alert neighbors that the dog sought after for use in livestock protec- ity of the dog, and the cost of purchase may wander onto their property and tion are those bred, whelped, and raised and maintenance. Purchase price varies enlist their aid in preventing roaming, by livestock producers. Few people according to age of the dog, breed, (2) post their property as to the pres- would know better what type of dog is bloodline, breeder, and other factors. ence of a dog, (3) keep the dog off roads, preferred and what traits the good We purchased approximately one hundred (4) be alert to the presence of poison guardian should have than the livestock 7- to 8-week-old guarding dog pups of baits, rodenticides, traps, and snares, producer. However, relatively few various breeds during 1987 and 1988. and take appropriate precautions (see ranchers have the time, inclination, or The pups came from dog breeders through- section on “Integrated Livestock and facilities to breed and raise dogs, out the United States, and the average Predator Management”), (5) not chain especially dogs that require special care price including air freight to Idaho was the dog next to a fence or other obstruc- and consideration. In several instances, $443 per dog. Since Great Pyrenees tion where it can get entangled and die ranchers found themselves “stuck” with dogs were the most readily available, of strangulation, and (6) use safe six or eight and a bitch who they were usually less costly than the

26 other breeds. However, in the long run, identified “peace of mind” as a benefit 09. Protection for family members and purchase price is probably one of the of using a guarding dog. Although farm property least important factors in the economics peace of mind is perhaps not a tangible 10. Peace of mind of using a livestock guarding dog. benefit, it is one with some intrinsic Although the majority of dogs that In 1983, 70 livestock producers who value. are reared to protect sheep are used guarding dogs were surveyed. ultimately successful, there are poten- Average first-year cost for one dog, Benefits and Problems tial problems during the adolescent including shipping, feed, health care, In the course of our research we period of the dog as well as problems travel associated with care and mainte- identified the following potential that may develop with an experienced nance of the dog, damage caused by benefits associated with using a dog. Some of the problems are consid- the dog, and miscellaneous expenses, guarding dog. ered minor by producers; others are totaled $834. Subsequent average 01. Reduced predation annual expenses totaled $286. Produc- 02. Reduced labor (i.e., no longer ers reported an average of 9 hours/month confining or corralling sheep nightly, to care for a dog, and 89 percent of the sheep graze in a tighter flock, thus producers considered dogs to be an are easier to monitor) economic asset. Twenty-seven of 37 03. If night confinement is discontinued, producers (73 percent) experienced pastures can be more efficiently estimated average annual savings rang- utilized and condition of sheep may ing from $180 to $14,487, and 10 of 37 improve (27 percent) experienced average annual 04. Increased utilization of acres where losses ranging from $95 to $3,405. predators made grazing prohibitive In the 1986 survey of about 400 prior to the use of dogs producers with guarding dogs, 82 percent 05. Increase in grazable acres may reported that the use of dogs repre- provide opportunity to increase the sented an economic asset. Nine size of the flock percent said dogs were a break-even 06. Improved potential for profit investment, and 9 percent considered 07. Dog alerts owner to disturbance dogs an economic liability. (predators) near the flock Clearly, dogs that are effective and 08. Increased self-reliance in managing long-lived represent a significant predator problems economic value. Many producers have

27 serious. We identified the following Of the dogs in our survey, 14 percent intruding dog will leave after a brief potential problems: injured or killed sheep. period of investigation. The end result is 01. Dog harasses sheep (usually a It is unlikely that one person will usually the same as with coyotes, no play behavior) resulting in injury or experience all of the potential problems predation. However, some guarding death or all of the potential benefits of using a dogs, particularly immatures, may stand 02. Dog does not guard sheep dog. For most, the benefit of reduced by while intruding dogs harass the 03. Dog is overly aggressive to people predation is sufficient, and for others a sheep. Occasionally, guarding dogs 04. Dog harasses other animals single problem may be one too many. have joined intruding dogs and injured (livestock or wildlife) or killed sheep. 05. Expenditure of labor to train and Effectiveness Against Various Foxes probably respond to guarding supervise the dog Predators dogs as do most coyotes, by avoiding a 06. Dog destroys property (chewing Most of the research and practical confrontation and thus staying a objects and digging) experience with guarding dogs has reasonable distance from the flock. 07. Dog is subject to illness, injury, or focused on the dogs’ ability to reduce Several encounters between and premature death predation by coyotes and domestic dogs, guarding dogs have been documented, 08. Dog roams beyond farm boundaries the two principal predators of sheep in but the results are not very predictable causing problems with neighbors the United States. Coyotes, about one- at this point. Some wolves avoid or (critical in urban settings) third the size of an adult guarding dog, bypass the area occupied by a guard- 09. Financial expenditure with no usually avoid a direct encounter with a ing dog, others investigate and posture guarantee of the dog being guarding dog; and as our survey as described previously for domestic successful revealed, 95 percent of the guarding dogs, and others fight with the guarding 10. Dog interferes when sheep are dogs were aggressive to predators, dog. Wolves are likely more frustrated moved or interferes with herd dog primarily coyotes. Fewer of the guarding by the presence of a guarding dog than 11. Dog affects the use of other dogs were aggressive to domestic dogs intimidated by them. predator control activities. (74 percent), but encounters between We gathered information about Predation may occur even with a guarding dogs and intruding dogs guarding dog–bear encounters. In a guarding dog at work. Whenever this usually differ from those between typical encounter with a black bear, the happens, the prudent livestock producer guarding dogs and coyotes. Whereas dog would bark repeatedly and approach will first determine whether the dog was most coyotes avoid a confrontation, to confront the bear. The bear would involved in the killing. Suspect the dog intruding dogs may spend time smelling usually respond by retreating from the until it is clear that it was not at . and posturing around the guarding dog. dog. There was usually no physical Fights may occur, but more likely the contact between the dog and the bear,

28 and the dog would continue pursuit for shed lambing, routine inspection of tion with the guarding dog be compat- several hundred meters or until the bear livestock, removal of dead animals, ible with the dog’s behavior. Toxicants was headed away from the sheep. The clearing natural cover adjacent to used to control various pest species dog typically returned to the sheep soon pastures, and avoiding the grazing of (including some insecticides and after the encounter. Although our young animals in pastures with a history rodenticides) can be extremely hazard- sample of guarding dog–grizzly bear of predator problems. Some of these ous to a dog and therefore are not encounters is small, it suggests that practices may not be practical for some compatible for use in areas where a grizzly bears are less readily deterred by producers. They have little application guarding dog is at work. guarding dogs than are black bears. in range sheep production. Nothing The M-44 toxicant delivery device There are few data describing the short of total confinement will guarantee used in control of coyotes is an ex- relationship between guarding dogs and complete protection. ample of a toxicant which is very feline predators such as cougars and For managing predators, a variety hazardous to dogs. Some people have bobcats. Intuitively, one would predict of control methods must be available successfully trained their dogs to avoid that the smaller bobcat would avoid an since there is not, nor will likely be, one M-44’s by allowing the dog to set off an area occupied by a guarding dog. method of predator control that will be M-44 filled with pepper, or by rigging Cougars are known predators of dogs effective for every producer. Some the device to a rat trap. This unpleas- and might not avoid contact with the have found that they need little to ant experience is meant to teach the dog. In many areas where sheep are protect their sheep, while most employ dog to avoid the M-44 should it encoun- raised, predation by cats is minimal or one to a dozen control techniques. ter one in the future. However, while site specific. The presence of preda- Those who are successful use an this training process may be successful tory cats should be considered in integrated approach, combining good for some dogs, it is not foolproof—one selecting and placing a dog in the field. husbandry practices with electric error by the dog and the result is fences, guard dogs, good herders (with usually fatal. Therefore, with the Integrated Livestock and Predator range bands), trapping, shooting, or exception of toxic collars (not legal in all Management mechanical scare devices and are States), it is recommended that Proper management of livestock flexible enough to use whatever toxicants not be used in areas where plays a role in minimizing the risk of combination of methods solves the guarding dogs are working unless the depredation. Many farm-flock opera- problem. dog is chained or confined while the tors practice one or more of the The use of a guarding dog does control takes place. following: night corralling of sheep, not eliminate the use of other control Dogs that have been on a leash using lighted corrals, keeping sheep methods. It is important, however, that may become conditioned not to fight if next to buildings occupied by people, the control techniques used in conjunc- accidentally caught in a snare set for

29 coyotes or foxes. Likewise, dogs caught in a steel trap set for predators are rarely injured. However, both devices can be fatal to dogs if they are not found and released within a reasonable period of time. If snares and traps are used where dogs are working, the producer should know where they are set so they can be checked if a dog is missing. This requires cooperation and communica- tion between the producer and the trapper. Producers should realize that ensuring the safety of the dog is largely their responsibility. Aerial hunting and calling and shooting coyotes should pose no threat to guarding dogs. Dogs may be viewed as a first line of defense against predators in many operations. Their effectiveness can be enhanced by good livestock manage- ment and by eliminating persistent depredating predators with suitable removal techniques. Animal Damage Control Specialists can provide information and quidance to the dog owner.

30 Sources of Additional Information

The Akbash Dog Association International, Great Pyrenees Club of America North American Jugoslav Shepherd Dog Inc. JoAnn Teems, Secretary Club The Akbash Dog Association of America, 9361 Cherry Avenue “Sharplaninac” Inc. Orangevale, CA 05662 Rev. V. M. Mrvichin David Nelson 18335 Aguiro P.O. Box 796 Komondor Club of America Rowland Heights, CA 91748 Middlebury, VT 05753 Sandy Hanson W359 S 10708 Nature Road Polish Tatra Sheepdog Club of America Akbash Dogs International Eagle, WI 53119 Betty Martin Carol Lynn Ecale P.O. Box 23512 P.O. Box 7711 Kuvasz Club of America Eugene, OR 97405 Columbia, MO 65205 Dan Altwell 838 Heron Road American Tibetan Association Cocoa, FL 32926 Valerie Bookman, Secretary 2607 Race Avenue Livestock Guard Dog Association Medford, NY 11763 Hampshire College Box FC Anatolian Shepherd Dog Club of Amherst, MS 01002 America Q. S. Harned Maremma Sheepdog Club of America P.O. Box 880 George McClellan, Secretary–Treasurer Alpine, CA 92001 P.O. Box 546 Lake Odessa, MI 48849 Anatolian Shepherd Dogs International, Inc. Middle Atlantic States Komondor Club, Kathy DesJardines Inc. P.O. Box 966 Joy Levy Clarksville, TN 37041 102 Russell Road Princeton, NJ 08540

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