SPRING 2018 #65

EEuroCpean ACivil AC viatioNn ConEferenWce MagaS zine

DIGITALISATION Shaping Aviation’s Future CONTENTS

1 EDITORIAL Digitalisation, an essential driver of change in aviation Salvatore Sciacchitano 3 Digitalisation in Swedish aviation Ingrid Cherfils 4 Digital transformation at EASA Patrick Ky 7 SESAR and the digitalisation of Europe’s skies Florian Guillermet 11 ECAC Cyber Security Study Group: Time for an update Helena Hallauer 14 The Digital Tim Grosser 18 Alliances in the digital era Mauro Oretti, Alessandro Fusaro 21 ’s data revolution with Skywise ECAC NEWS Frédéric Sutter #65 – Spring 2018 Publication Director 24 Smarter at Every Step: Salvatore Sciacchitano Customer experience and biometrics Editorial Committee Sherry Stein Salvatore Sciacchitano, Patricia Reverdy, Gabrielle Hubler 30 ECAC Spotlight: Editor The Legal Task Force at your service Gabrielle Hubler [email protected] Susanna Metsälampi Designer ECAC in brief Bernard Artal Graphisme 32 Cover: © kwanchaift - Fotolia.com Ph: © CEAC 34 CASE in brief

ECAC News welcomes feedback 36 Eap/CA in brief and content ideas from interested parties. 37 News from the JAA Training Organisation Subscription and distribution (JAA TO) requests should be made to [email protected] The opinions printed in ECAC News are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of ECAC or its Member States.

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Digitalisation, an essential driver of change in aviation

Salvatore Sciacchitano Executive Secretary of ECAC

he progress of digitalisation is already showing its Safety, security, flight and operations, Ttremendous impact on today. Our facilitation and the environment are all subject to sector, while being one of the most advanced in the digital transformation. And all stakeholders – whether process, is yet to face further developments resulting , , air navigation service providers, from this deep transformation. New technologies are manufacturers, maintenance companies or regulators crafting new opportunities for all those involved – are called to play an active role in this transformation. in air but also creating new challenges that Therefore, at its latest Forum in December 2017, must be understood. Operators, as well as regulators, ECAC chose to reflect on what this transformation all need to keep pace with the fast transformation already involves and how it will shape the future driven by innovation and digitalisation. evolution of civil aviation. With insights from experts A first glance at the matter already demonstrates from various backgrounds, ECAC Directors General the complexity of the topic. Terms such as ‘digitisation’, engaged in lively discussions on the opportunities – ‘digitalisation’ (a two-letter difference!) and ‘digital and the risks – that this digital transformation transformation’ are often confused. Let me set the represents to our sector. scene. In this issue of ECAC News, we have invited some ‘Digitisation’ is the process of converting of the speakers at the ECAC Forum to share their information into a digital (i.e. computer-readable) organisation’s approach to maximising the value of format which can then be used by a computing system digital aviation. Each contribution presents the latest for numerous possible reasons. It is the automation of innovations in one component of air transport and existing manual and paper-based processes, enabled some of the prerequisites to successful digital by the digitisation of information. transformation – from the European ‘Digitalisation’ is the use of digital technologies and Agency to SESAR Joint Undertaking, from airlines to of data in order to change a business model and manufacturers. provide new revenue and value-producing opportunities. Digital transformation offers many opportunities It is the process of moving to a digital business, and the for civil aviation but its challenges must be addressed digital information is at the core of this process. today in order to unlock the substantial benefits it can ‘Digital transformation’ relates to the profound offer the industry and society at large. It requires change in business and organisational activities, concerted action from regulators, policymakers and processes, competencies and models. It aims at fully the industry, presenting our sector with a unique leveraging the changes and opportunities of a mix of chance to shape the future. digital technologies and their accelerating impact across society in a strategic and prioritised way, with present and future shifts in mind. In light of these clarifications, it becomes even more obvious that digitalisation is happening now, everywhere, in every sector, and the future is heading in this direction. Digitalisation is an extremely wide topic that affects, in different terms and at different levels, all the various aspects of aviation.

ECAC NEWS # 65 1 Views of the annual ECAC Directors General Forum

Director General for Civil Aviation Rob Huyser (Netherlands) and EASA Executive Director Patrick Ky

2 ECAC NEWS # 65 Digitalisation in Swedish aviation

Ingrid Cherfils ECAC President and Director Strategic Development and Management Department, Swedish Transport Agency

In June 2017, the Swedish government adopted a digital strategy for sustainable digital transfor - mation in Sweden. The overall objective is for Sweden to become the world leader in harnessing the opportunities of digital transformation (1) . A clearer central government leadership in this trans - formation is necessary and aviation is no exception.

igitalisation reshapes the whole challenges, one of them being the port Agency will take in the coming Daviation sector and several management of cyber security. years. One of our main activities is initiatives have been taken to im - How policymakers and regula - related to blockchain and big data. prove daily operations for airlines, tors enable and facilitate this tech - To enable us to evaluate our airports and air navigation service nical evolution in a safe and secure progress, we regularly monitor our providers. The aim is to provide to environment is one of the most performance with an e-index, the consumers a safe and secure air challenging tasks ahead. It requires which measures services provided transport sector which they can a shift of mind set, which is easy to to citizens, digital steps in our inter - rely on. It is aviation´s “raison d´être”. say but not always easy to do. nal processes and the degree of One of the most recent techni - In 2017, the Swedish Transport data shared with other authorities. cal innovations in Sweden is the Agency adopted a digital agenda The index gives us a better under - development of remote tower, a which defines the following princi - standing of the needs of citizens functional system which comprises ples: and businesses, it raises awareness technology, safety procedures and • Think digital first. and helps us prioritise our efforts. human factor. In 2015, the first • Assume citizens´ and business The digital transformation re - flight was operated at Örnsköldsvik requirements. quires people, businesses and or - Airport using a remote tower • Use and develop common digital ganisations to have trust and service in Sundsvall. Now remote infrastructure. confidence in the digital services tower operations are conducted in • Think new to create added value. provided. The effective, safe and Sundsvall and, in the future, in secure use of new technologies will Linköping. Based on these principles, we also identified three focus areas: require adaptive rule-making and The Swedish air navigation ser - the citizen at the centre, internal new skills but above all the ability vice provider, LFV, plans to provide efficiency and security and, lastly, to adapt even faster to the rate of remote digital air traffic control to innovation. An action plan for the change. We need to combine bigger and more complex airports period 2018-2020 also defines the knowledge in a new way but also – Malmö, Östersund, Umeå and concrete steps the Swedish Trans - to think new. I Kiruna. The future brings more ad - vanced technical features, the dig - ital revolution creates additional (1) Government offices of Sweden

Ingrid Cherfils was elected as President of ECAC and Focal Point for External Relations in December 2014. She was appointed Director Strategic Development and Management of the Swedish Transport Agency in June 2017 and additionally became its Deputy Director General last September. Ms Cherfils began her career in aviation in 1998 as an advisor within the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration, where she dealt with bilateral agreements, competition and consumer protection issues. She became head of the market analysis section in the Swedish Civil Aviation Authority in 2005, and in 2009 she was appointed head of the legal unit within the Civil Aviation Department in the Swedish Transport Agency. Ms Cherfils then became Director of the Swedish Civil Aviation Authority in 2010 and Director of the Civil Aviation and Maritime Department between 2013 and 2017. Ms Cherfils has a master’s degree in law from Lunds University, as well as in international and European Law from the University of Paris Assas II.

ECAC NEWS # 65 3 Digital transformation at EASA

Patrick Ky Executive Director, European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

What is digitalisation? Digitisation simply means converting analogue or physical data into digital data. The role of this digital technology is rapidly shifting, from being a driver of marginal efficiency, describing the automation of processes and business models, to an enabler of fundamental inno - vation and disruption, so-called digitalisation. Digitalisation enables access to a wealth of infor - mation and knowledge which can fundamentally drive major improvements in the aviation sector, in particular on safety issues. For instance, by giving a better understanding of ‘low noise signals’ which, when aggregated, can lead to safety loopholes; or systematising and organising access to product history and contextual information.

The access to large amounts of Impact on the regulatory framework decentralised aviation-related data as well as the increased capability he aviation industry has been at Overall, the infusion of digital to process it will allow authorities Tthe forefront of the digital trans - technologies in aviation manage - to better identify weaknesses and formation, changing the way peo - ment has had a positive impact for take action where it is most ple travel. These changes have all stakeholders by supporting: efficient. “Digital Twins” of aircraft been mostly dealing with effi - • process optimisation and indus - and products aggregating data ciency and costs issues, such as try 4.0; and records from manufacturers, digital maintenance organisations, • enhancement of non-aeronauti - operators and maintenance organ - or digital cards. Regula - cal revenue streams, which are isations. Data and record manage - tors have not so far been associ - now becoming commercially sig - ment requirements will need to be ated to most of these changes, nificant; reconsidered across the regulatory creating a risk of disconnect be - • introduction of new business op - silos. portunities (e.g. total care pack - tween the regulatory and opera - The increased connectivity will ages, Uber-type aviation services, tional frameworks. Now that change the way flight safety is unmanned aircraft delivery ser - digitalisation is likely to profoundly managed with real time access to vices, etc.); change processes and operational key open source data and informa - • overall improvement in the pas - activities, regulatory authorities tion. The database required by the senger experience. can no longer distance themselves new Basic Regulation could include from this topic. new technologies much more information, in a se - new business models Digitalisation is now widely ac - cure environment, where anyone, Over the past ten years, a num - cepted as a disruptive force that including authorities, could have ber of business terms have come changes management mind sets, access to the information they are into common usage in the aviation business processes and business entitled to, thanks to the use of industry. All of these terms relate to models. The concept is defined blockchain technology. the ongoing digital transformation around three separate, but inter - Also, numerous elements will of aviation, which is not really a twined, drivers: digitisation, con - be dematerialised. Already the use new trend but something which nectivity and data. of RFID technology (radio fre - has been evolving for decades. Digitalisation does not only quency identification technology) Since the first automated have a huge impact on the flight is becoming common in aviation. sorting systems appeared in the experience of passengers, on cost Soon, all information will be digi - 1990s and the first e-ticket was is - reductions and on flight efficiency, tised, rendering the old manuals sued in 1994, it has affected both but there will also be improve - and forms obsolete. Improved con - the passenger journey and internal ments within flight safety and an nectivity will even allow real time processes. important transformation of the collection of vast amounts of oper - role of regulators in the near future. ational and technical data.

4 ECAC NEWS # 65 Digital transformation at EASA

lenge for our certification process, Examples of digital transformation at EASA which is fundamentally determin - istic. dAtA4sAfety vulnerabilities in the system across The more widespread use of Data4Safety (also known as terabytes of data. complex numerical tests instead of D4S) is a data collection and analy - EASA has now set up a pilot physical tests in the certification of sis programme that will support phase in D4S, in cooperation with new aircraft and products is also the goal to ensure the highest a group of pioneer partners, includ - expected to create new challenges, common of safety and envi - ing aircraft operators, authorities, in particular in a context of artificial ronmental protection for the Euro - manufacturing industry and, last intelligence where numerical test pean aviation system. but not least, social partners. This beds can increasingly complexify The programme aims at col - pilot phase will enable to prove the the scope and range of tests, sub - lecting and gathering all data that concept of sharing information in a mitting machines to an enhanced may support the management of secure, confidential framework, virtual reality. safety risks at European level. This and is expected to show the power electronic pilot licences – includes safety reports (or occur - of big data analysis. eleAp rences), flight data (i.e. data gener - The electronic Licences for EU ated by the aircraft via the flight AdAptive systems And Aviation Pilots (eLEAP) Programme data recorders), surveillance data ArtificiAl intelligence is presented in the context of the (air traffic data), weather data… The next generation of aircraft EU digital public services as part of But those are only a few from a will embed artificial intelligence or the EU eGovernment Action Plan. much longer list. adaptive systems. The aim of the aircraft manufacturers introducing The objective of eLEAP is to replace As for the analysis, the pro - these technologies is to improve the current paper-based licences gramme’s ultimate goal is to help the aircraft autonomy and safety by a fully digital licence. It is a very to “know where to look“ and to “see gains. good example of how far a digital - it coming“. In other words, it will isation project can go, not limiting However, such systems have support the performance-based itself to pure replacement of ana - specific characteristics that might environment and set up a more logue data with digital but also, predictive system. be incompatible with the current and foremost, enabling full access certification requirements: non- More specifically, the pro - to all ancillary data and information gramme will allow a better under - determinism, no possible nor com - through an interoperable, real-time standing of where the risks lie plete specification of the behaviour, platform. The project is expected to (safety issue identification), deter - not complete verifiability, etc. start with a pilot phase, for which mine the nature of these risks (risk As through artificial intelli - four countries have already volun - assessment) and verify whether the gence, machines are supposed to teered (Austria, Ireland, Italy and safety actions are delivering the learn continuously during their life - Norway). If successful, and on the needed level of safety (perfor - time. And because how and what basis of a thorough cost/benefit mance measurement). It aims to they learn determine part of their analysis, the project could then be develop the capability to discover behaviour, this constitutes a chal - extended to other European States. m o c . a i l o t o F

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ECAC NEWS # 65 5 Digital transformation at EASA

General considerations and conclusion

igitalisation is already taking of safety issues. It is also the duty of Dplace in aviation at a rapid regulators to think strategically pace. It has an impact on opera - about the evolution of careers, so - tions, on vehicles and systems, and cial and societal aspects of this dig - on the ability of the community to ital journey. It is also the duty of learn from a very large amount of authorities to build the proper safe - information. Digitalisation will guards that will ensure interoper - moreover have a deep impact on ability, but also protection of data jobs, skills profiles for aviation pro - and appropriate use of such data. fessionals, possibly also offering Authorities in general, and EASA new perspectives and opportuni -

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© aviation with all its promises of in - creased quality of service, safety opportunities but also minimise and efficiency. But not at all costs, the potential embedded new risk. in particular on the human- This is the start of a new era, full machine/system interfaces which of promises, challenges and inter - are well known to be a major cause esting work! I m o c . a i l o t o F

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Patrick Ky became Executive Director of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) on 1 September 2013. His mission is to further consolidate the role and responsibilities of the Agency to become a worldwide reference in aviation and to make the European aviation regulatory system a fully consistent, efficient and reliable framework. Prior to leading EASA, Mr Ky was in charge of the SESAR programme, Europe’s ATM modernisation programme. He also held different managerial positions in the French Civil Aviation Authority, in a consulting company and in E UROCONTROL. In 2004, he joined the European Commission to work on SESAR. In 2013 Mr Ky was the recipient of the The Glen A. Gilbert Memorial Award of the Air Traffic Controllers Association as a recognition of his achievements in the field of aviation and for being an advocate of innovation and change in . In 2015, he was designated “Industry Leader of the Year” by the German publication Fliegermagazin for his commitment to develop simpler, better and lighter rules for general aviation. In total, Mr Ky has more than 24 years of work experience in civil aviation. A graduate from the Ecole Polytechnique and the Civil Aviation Engineering School in France, Mr Ky also holds degrees in economics from the University of Toulouse and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

6 ECAC NEWS # 65 SESAR and the digitalisation of Europe’s skies

Florian Guillermet Executive Director, SESAR Joint Undertaking

European aviation has been at the forefront of innovation for many decades. Some might think that our industry has reached its zenith and that it is now just a matter of operating and fine-tuning the system. Florian Guillermet, Executive Director, SESAR Joint Undertaking, does not share this belief. He sees the opportunity and potential for the aviation industry to soar to even greater heights. The key to unlocking this potential is digitalisation. In this article, he explains how SESAR is harnessing digital technologies to transform the European aviation and air traffic management systems and infrastructure.

ifty years ago European leaders frontier in aviation, which presents creasing need for transportation Fanticipated that the develop - many opportunities but also chal - within and between them. This ment of was lenges for the European aviation growth opens up possibilities for about to literally take off and industry – let me spell out just European aviation players or new change the world forever. With it some of the factors shaping the entrants to create markets, such as would come new opportunities debate. urban mobility, with drones in par - and challenges requiring individual ticular positioned to provide new States to go beyond their own na - Air traffic growth services across industries. New tional interests and to team up on infrastructure (e.g. new airport very strategic and ambitious deci - models, traffic management sys - sions. These decisions would bring n average, global air traffic tems for drones, communication together the brightest minds from Odoubles every 15 years, and is and network technologies) and the across the continent to build ex - expected to continue its natural appropriate level of regulation will traordinary aircraft and gradually growth reaching up to four times be needed to support these new (1) the tools and operating environ - its current level by 2050 . Air traffic markets. ment to make them fly – the launch management will need to adapt to of the A300 and subsequent cre - this increased traffic and the move ation of Airbus is a case in point. from thousands of conventional Technological These decisions led to what avia - aircraft in the sky every day to po - tion is today, the lifeblood of our tentially hundreds of thousands of disruption economy, the key to mobility in Eu - highly connected and automated rope and a driver of connectivity air vehicles or devices, offering ad - he top five companies in the with the rest of the world. vanced data-driven services and Tworld today are digital plat - (2) But the world of aviation is operating in all environments. forms . With their access to finan - changing, starting with the aircraft cial capital and skilled people, itself. In the not-so-distant future, these companies have become in - air vehicles are set to become more Urban mobility and novation frontrunners, along with autonomous, more connected, the creation of new an emerging ecosystem of tech more intelligent. That’s not all: start-ups, in advanced technolo - there will be all sorts of new vehi - markets gies that are now overlapping with cles, such as drones, not to men - traditional aviation. And it is these tion balloons or even sub-orbital n the future, two-thirds of the advanced technologies (i.e. big aircraft. All these vehicles are edg - Iglobal population will reside in data, automation, artificial intelli - ing in, claiming their share of the urban areas, which will foster the gence, connectivity/smart devices, skies. This is nothing short of a new creation of megacities with an in - Internet of Things, autonomous

(1) Airbus Global Market Forecast 2017-2036: http://www.airbus.com/aircraft/market/global-market-forecast.html (2) World Economic Forum White Paper “Digital Transformation Initiative Aviation, Travel and Tourism Industry”, January 2017: http://reports.weforum.org/digital-transformation/wp-content/blogs.dir/94/mp/files/pages/files/wef-dti-aviation-travel-and-tourism-white-paper.pdf

ECAC NEWS # 65 7 SESAR and the digitalisation of Europe’s skies B A A S

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vehicles, augmented reality, virtual ness and leisure travel will be trans - vacy, data protection and other so - reality, etc.) that are revolutionising formed by travelling-on-demand cietal challenges that will result the business landscape. European and door-to-door service capabilities. from this digital transformation. aviation needs to embrace this change and engage in its digital transformation based on data, con - Safety and security Automation nectivity and automation. s the number of manned air - he recent and rapid evolution of Acraft and drones grow, the Tautomation beyond routine High customer future infrastructure needs to pro - work and its expansion (in combi - expectations vide robust enablers for ensuring nation with artificial intelligence) collision avoidance and safety. into machine learning and mobile robotics have opened new busi - he expectations of a sophisti - Equally, with the digital transfor - mation will come increased con - ness opportunities in many indus - Tcated customer base living in tries. Digital transformation smart megacities will be reshaped nectivity and data sharing, which will open the system up to cyber demands a different skill set from by hyper or ‘always-on’ connectiv - workers in today’s economy, and threats. Mitigating cyber security ity, and personalisation stemming will create new types of jobs. Chal - risks in systems will require the es - from data-driven customer insights lenges such as balancing automa - tablishment of a sustainable frame - and the imperative to save increas - tion and the human factor, and work in which high-level security ingly valuable time. Connectivity reskilling the workforce for the requirements in each of the tech - and innovation are driven by tech digital economy will need to be nological solutions are defined. At actors setting new standards in all tackled collaboratively by industry, industries (e.g. retail, broadcasting, the same time an integrated oper - regulators and policymakers. automotive, consumer goods), rais - ational and technical architectural ing the bar of customer expecta - approach is required, leading to tions and adding impetus for increased operational resilience Global competition digital transformation within tradi - against cyber attacks. There will tional industries. Traditional busi - also be a need to address the pri - urope is not alone in its efforts Eto generate value from digitali - sation. The United States, South A N S

D Korea, Japan and China are signifi -

© cantly investing into technology and innovative businesses. The EU Innovation Scoreboard report (3) shows that while the innovation performance of the EU is improv - ing, progress must accelerate. Many of our global competitors are increasing their innovation perfor - mance at a much faster pace, and within the EU performance gaps must be addressed.

(3) European Innovation Scoreboard 2017: https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/ 24829/attachments/1/translations/en/rendi - tions/native

8 ECAC NEWS # 65 SESAR and the digitalisation of Europe’s skies

Delivering Aviation 4.0

o deliver this new era of air age the airspace. Ttravel, digitalisation is key – • high-tech video, synthetic and whether it’s through harnessing enhanced sensor technologies the Internet of Things, big data, to operate air traffic services for artificial intelligence, augmented airports or to enable aircraft to reality or quantum computing. We land in low-visibility conditions. need to embrace the technologies • big data analytics and open on offer to build an aviation ecosys - source data usage to encourage Growing momentum tem that can handle the growth the creation of new services and and diversity of traffic efficiently, to allow for better integrated trans - for digitalising safely and with minimum environ - port delivery for the passenger. Europe’s skies mental impact. In doing so, we will • system modularity to allow for be able to deliver the best possible scalable and easier upgrades and passenger experience while also greater interoperability. ut this is only the start, as digi - unlocking tremendous economic • system flexibility to handle in - Btalisation will play an increas - value for Europe. creasing number of air vehicles, ingly important role in the future safety and efficiency of the aviation This future aviation ecosystem such as drones. industry, not to mention ensuring is characterised by: The SESAR Joint Undertaking greater air connectivity with the • higher levels of autonomy and is exploiting investment in these lowest carbon footprint. Realising connectivity of all (air) vehicles technologies. In 2016 we delivered this ambition cannot be achieved coupled with a smarter, more au - a first set of technologies or solu - by any one organisation alone as tomated management of the traf - tions for which deployment plans fic, and enabled by an “intranet of are underway. These have been val - the infrastructure is shared and flight”. idated by all stakeholders, includ - needs to rely on homogeneous • mobile, terrestrial and satellite- ing air traffic controllers. With these standards to foster innovation. based communications, which solutions, we have set in motion That’s why the SESAR collaborative are used to provide real-time the digital transformation of avia - model is so critical to achieving this vehicle trajectory information, tion, enabling better information digital transformation as it breaks shared between vehicles and with sharing and synchronisation, and down silos and brings together the ground infrastructure. the delivery of a high-performing both established aviation players, • digital and automated tools aviation and air traffic manage - and new entrants, such as digital provided on board the air vehicle ment system. With SESAR 2020, the start-ups, SMEs, academia, research itself, or as part of the ground- next wave of research and innova - centres, as well as other industries. based infrastructure. tion, we are progressively integrat - The result is a mode of public-pri - • virtual technologies to decou - ing into the programme digitally vate partnership which blends cor - ple the physical infrastructure enabled solutions, in line with EU porate and academic values, new such as sensors, communication Aviation Strategy and with stake - talent, expertise and capital, giving or navigation devices from the holders’ needs both now and in the rise to fresh ideas that are fed into services that are provided to man - future. the innovation pipeline. w o r h t a e H

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ECAC NEWS # 65 9 SESAR and the digitalisation of Europe’s skies

There is clearly growing mo - ing the aspirations of the EU Avia - mentum among all stakeholders to tion Strategy and Flightpath 2050. go digital. In November 2017, Euro - The 2018 edition will bring to - pean industry leaders representing gether aviation stakeholders for a manufacturers, solutions providers, 12-month consultation to further airspace users, airports and air nav - investigate the potential of techno - igation service providers published logical advances and identify the a signed declaration (4) , committing key development and deployment to creating a “Digital European Sky” activities needed to bring Europe’s by working collaboratively to trans - aviation infrastructure into the dig - form their business processes, ital age. The results of this consul - services and systems to enable tation will be published in the more connected aviation and with fourth edition of the European ATM that, seamless travel and transport Master Plan (December 2018). for all. SESAR has set in motion the An important means to ensur - digital transformation of aviation ing that digitalisation is mapped, and its infrastructure. New innova - developed and effectively de - tions will continue to be delivered, ployed by these stakeholders will increasing the pace of change be through the European ATM towards this new era in aviation. I Master Plan, the European roadmap for ATM modernisation in line with > read more about sesAr and the performance goals of the Sin - (4) Joint Industry Declaration Towards the Digital the digital transformation: European Sky: Airlines for Europe, CANSO, gle European Sky. The 2015 edition www.sesarju.eu/letsgetdigital Airports Council International, EBAA, ASD flagged this digital shift, referenc - Europe, IATA and the EHA (November 2017).

About SESAR > As the technological pillar of the Single European Sky initiative, SESAR aims to modernise and harmonise air traffic management in Europe. The SESAR Joint Undertaking (SESAR JU) was established in 2007 as a public-private partnership to support this endeavour. It does so by pooling the knowledge and resources of the entire ATM community in order to define, research, develop and validate innovative technological and operational solutions. The SESAR JU is also responsible for the execution of the European ATM Master Plan which defines the EU prior - ities for research and development, and implementation. Founded by the European Union and EUROCONTROL, the SESAR JU has 19 mem - bers, who together with their partners and affiliate associations rep - resent over 100 companies working in Europe and beyond. The SESAR JU also works closely with professional staff organisations, regulators, airport operators, airspace users and the scientific community.

Florian Guillermet, was appointed as Executive Director in April 2014. Mr Guillermet is responsible for leading the SESAR JU public private partnership, which is modernising Europe’s air traffic management system. Mr Guillermet has worked in the civil aviation field for 20 years. He is an engineer and graduate of the École polytechnique and Civil Aviation Engineering School in France. He holds a master’s degree in aeronautics and airport management.

10 ECAC NEWS # 65 ECAC Cyber Security Study Group: Time for an update

Helena Hallauer Chair of the ECAC Study Group on Cyber Security in Civil Aviation

Optimal digitalisation strategies are accompanied by well-designed cyber resilience frameworks. Including such a framework in the civil aviation sector requires a progressive update of existing safety and security policies.

journey by air brings passen - that are required to ensure contin - The process of further digitali - Agers from one continent to the ued safety and security of opera - sation in civil aviation is a process next overnight, as the aircraft flies tions while addressing cyber risks. of numerous upgrades of systems over mountain ranges and vast and procedures. It is a mid-term bodies of water to a faraway land. process and not an overnight oc - Temperatures at arrival and depar - Supporting the po - currence. And just as this process ture might span between 50 de - tential of digitalisation will lead to adaptations in opera - grees, and not only passengers but tions, where – as an example – also crew are probably tired upon irst of all, it is important to note electronic flight bags have already arrival. Fthat measures put in place to paved the way to reduce the use of On a long 12-hour trip a num - minimise cyber risks should be paper, this process of digitalisation ber of risks could occur. From designed to accompany the advan - also calls for updates in security weather influences to technical is - tages of digitalisation. The objec - and safety policies. sues, from human error to medical tive is to minimise risks as systems emergencies, many worst-case sce - progress, and not to stop progres - Updating security narios have been thought of and sion of systems or innovation. are actively anticipated by the civil The aviation sector has always and safety policies – aviation community. Designs, cer - been a global and integrated sec - joining forces tification, training and examina - tor. Information has been transmit - tions across the globe reflect these ted internationally for years, by risks and the right response to he first step to updating security telex from departure to arrival sta - them. and safety policies is making tions, from ground to air to inform T sure to use the best available From time to time, bad sur - the flight deck about significant in - know-how. prises awaken the civil aviation formation, or from air to ground in community with a jolt to new risks. cases requiring immediate sup - Every day, the aviation sector The community finds itself having port. Simply put, without interna - employs a large and diverse set of to find solutions under time pres - tional transmission of information, experts. Experts on de-icing, air - sure and with intense public flying would not be as safe as it is port bird population and mainte - scrutiny. today, and it certainly would not be nance experts, for example, each Hopefully, the cyber risks that as well coordinated. play their own specific role and accompany increased digitalisation Further digitalisation of these contribute their valuable expertise will not have this effect, but can communication processes there - to ensure safe and secure flights. In rather be managed in a step-by- fore, does not change the way the addition, coordinating roles exist step approach. The civil aviation sector works – it just integrates it that allow the system to function as sector’s long-standing experience even more. This digitalisation and a whole. with risk management will allow it integration can bring significant Including cyber aspects into to move forward with ambitious safety benefits, e.g. allowing for the civil aviation sector now means projects for digitalisation, as long coverage of aircraft where before welcoming one more category as safety and security policies are this was not possible. But it also of experts into the exciting world updated in parallel. comes with risks as more integra - of aviation. Together, know-how This article provides a short tion may imply more “single points will be built and resilience will overview of the types of updates of failure”. develop.

ECAC NEWS # 65 11 ECAC Cyber Security Study Group: Time for an update

Meeting of ECAC Cyber Security Study Group, September 2017, Paris

But just as digitalisation does between safety and security man - erations, but asking themselves not happen overnight, gaining ex - agers and national/sectoral CERTs what the potential impact of cyber perience on cyber risks and re - (Computer Emergency Response attacks could be on flights, and on silience for civil aviation is also a Teams) allows for an updated civil aviation as a whole. It is not a slow process. However, a number threat picture. question of “What effect could a of procedures can be put in place updated vulnerability regis - cyber attack have on my business or within a short timeframe to allow ters are also required. Increased systems?”, but rather “What effect for the right conversations to hap - and improved information sharing could a cyber attack have on aircraft pen. One priority would be to en - regarding relevant IT system vul - in flight and on aviation operations sure up-to-date risk registers. nerabilities will allow for improved as a whole?”. As we mentioned in the intro - risk management. Just as the avia - As we ask these questions and duction to this article, a flight en - tion sector shares information about join forces to find the best answers, counters numerous potential risks technical vulnerabilities in aircraft it is important to bear in mind the along the way. From weather, to or operational hazards, it should basics already implemented by the birds, to fatigue in the cockpit, a also improve information sharing aviation sector for many years. whole array of risks is encountered about technical vulnerabilities in IT while flying. systems, especially those common Keeping the basics In updating our systems and to the aviation sector. procedures to allow for further dig - updated assessment methods – and updating them italisation, it is important that in With updated and improved threat as digitalisation parallel, risk registers are updated and vulnerability information avail - to include cyber risks. We must able, the assessment of the corre - moves forward understand the potential impact sponding hazards to civil aviation a cyber attack can have on our must also be updated to take into s one of the most international systems and flights, and especially account the three different per - Aand well-connected industries, the increased impact that can come spectives synonymous with cyber civil aviation has all the tools it from increased integration. We must resilience: needs to move forward on digitali - also consider other risks to our dig - • confidentiality: What are the risks sation, and to do so while address - ital infrastructure and analyse their to civil aviation when confiden - ing new risks in parallel. potential impact on the safety and tiality is breached? Aligning core concepts security of operations. • integrity: What are the risks to As we start combining aviation updated threat registers are civil aviation when aircraft or know-how with IT security experts, required. Existing information- pilots and other staff base their we find common core concepts in sharing processes must be updated action on data that is incorrect or the worlds of aviation security, avi - to make sure that current informa - incomplete? ation safety and IT security. These tion regarding cyber threats reaches • Availability: What is the effect on core concepts allow us to align and the right persons in our civil avia - aircraft or on the civil aviation integrate implementation, and tion system. It is a matter of con - system as a whole when critical even to coordinate regulation. necting the right people to ensure functions are no longer available? Examples of such core concepts are: that information on cyber threats The challenge here is combin - • the importance of designated can be taken into account on a ing individual risk registers with a points of contact; daily basis. Much like the weather, holistic perspective of civil aviation. • the importance of incident re - cyber threats evolve and a static These questions need to be asked porting and information sharing picture is only part of the picture. by authorities and operators not to inform risk analysis; Putting in place the right links only with respect to their own op - • the analysis of risks;

12 ECAC NEWS # 65 ECAC Cyber Security Study Group: Time for an update

• the management of these risks within a systemic approach; • and the existence of coordinated public-private cooperation. When we discuss with cyber or IT security experts regarding the implementation of these concepts to address cyber risks, it is impor - tant to highlight that these basics already exist in the civil aviation sector. Solid mechanisms for inci - dent reporting and risk manage - m o

ment have been in place for many c . a i l o years and these do not need a full t o F

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overhaul. Rather, they just require e t i r w an update that integrates cyber t h g i l _ risks into existing mechanisms. e h t updAting regulAtory © frAmeworks The above-mentioned core updAted ecAc doc 30, pArt concepts are existing basics in the ii And guidAnce mAteriAl Conclusion civil aviation sector. They are well- The ECAC Cyber Security Study embedded in our daily business Group, in 2017, provided ECAC s the digitalisation of civil avia - and of course in our regulatory members and observers with an Ation moves forward even more frameworks. Even though risk types updated Chapter 14 of Doc 30, Part rapidly, the updates of aviation risk might be new, and some of the II related to the management of registers, risk management strate - gies and measures must progress technical protection measures might cyber threats. In addition, a consol - in parallel. require know-how from outside of idated guidance material docu - our sector, the regulatory tools re - ment was created to share existing In doing so, let us take to heart main the same. They are the tools best practices. In doing so, the the notion of “update” – integrating aviation has been using effectively study group took care to combine one more type of risk into a well- for numerous years, and they do aviation security, aviation safety working risk management frame - not have to be reinvented. and IT security know-how. The work is what is required of the civil aviation sector. Nothing more, Rather, civil aviation regulators available documents provide ECAC nothing less. need to ensure that alignment and members and observers with a integration of existing concepts are consolidated view and further ref - The ECAC Cyber Security Study prioritised when updating regula - erences. Group looks forward to continuing its work in assisting ECAC members tory frameworks for civil aviation In 2018, this consolidation is and observers with this update. I to include cyber elements, or being further developed, with a when implementing horizontal focus on specific topics such as cyber frameworks for the civil avia - combined guidance on contin - tion sector. gency and resilience planning. In Properly aligned regulatory re - addition, the members and ob - quirements will allow the aviation servers of the ECAC Cyber Security industry to update their existing Study Group actively participate in processes with only slight tweaks ongoing initiatives at European where necessary, and to continue and international levels in order to safeguarding a more digitalised continue to progress on the topic aviation sector. of cyber resilience in the civil avia - tion sector.

Helena Hallauer holds a Master of Arts in International Relations from the Graduate Institute in Geneva, where she specialised in international law. Her professional experience includes multiple years in the aviation sector, more precisely in the field of ground handling process management and aviation security regulation. She is currently the chief negotiator for air services agreements at the Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA). Following her former position as security coordinator, she is the current chair of the ECAC Cyber Security Study Group. In addition, Ms Hallauer represents Switzerland in numerous international and European civil aviation committees and working groups.

ECAC NEWS # 65 13 The Digital Airline

Tim Grosser Head of Digital Transformation, International Air Transport Association (IATA)

The airline industry, like other industries, is being impacted by the digital wave. This pressure is being compounded be - cause the industry needs to double the capacity in the next 20 years, passengers continue to demand a higher level of ser - vice through personalisation and trans - parency, and new digital business models continue to provide innovative solutions. To best understand this digital trend, we have broken down different aspects of the ecosystem to better understand the true impact.

Industry trends

ir traffic is forecast to double in Athe next 20 years from 3.8 bil - lion passengers to 7.8 billion pas - models across industries. The avia - seamless and customer-orientated sengers per year. This growth tion industry is no different and is real-time communication culture. forecast is based on a “constant not able to influence this consumer Today is a world of ‘mobile first policies scenario”, and there are an behaviour. On the contrary, avia - and always on’. Consumers are estimated additional 3 billion pas - tion must adapt to the new be - connected 24/7 via their mobile. sengers if the most favorable sce - haviour. 29.7% of e-commerce is now per - (1) nario is taken into account . The most striking change is formed via the mobile device, up Global revenue passenger kilo - that consumers are now more from 24% in 2014 (4) . Mobile com - metres (RPKs) increased by 7.6% knowledgeable. Consequently, they merce is seeing growth rates of year on year in 2017 as a whole, are more demanding and more 53.4% (5) . which was another year of above- empowered. They expect a greater The average consumer’s atten - trend growth and well ahead of the level of transparency. This trans - tion span is getting shorter and ten year average of 5.5% (2) . This parency has a direct impact on shorter. An extreme example is the growth was faster than capacity at how we should communicate with video-sharing application called 6.3%, resulting in a load factor the passenger. Should we commu - Vine. Vine hosted a service where increase of 0.9 percentage points nicate to them the real-time status users could share a six-second-long to 81.4%, a record high for a calen - of a flight? Should we communi - looping video clip. Six seconds is an dar year (3) . cate to them when their baggage incredibly short time to tell a story is not on the connecting flight? with a start, a middle and an end. The modern The passenger of today expects However, by 2015, they had 200 to know this information in real million active users, before it was consumer time. Putting the systems in place acquired by Twitter and its features is the first step to ensure we can disabled. he “everyday consumers” are communicate in real time, but the Customers are being more col - Tchanging in the way they con - next and more important capabil - laborative. As they increasingly sume technology. This is having a ity is to ensure we have the right bring their own devices, applica - profound impact upon business supporting processes to ensure a tions and other tools from outside

14 ECAC NEWS # 65 The Digital Airline

the ecosystem of the service However, currently the critical provider, they increasingly deter - Digital technologies path is not installing the sensors mine not just what services they and collecting data but rather wish to consume but exactly how hilst there are many digital being able to interpret this data in they wish to consume them. Wtechnologies in the market - a meaningful and timely manner. place today, the really interesting The latest Airbus A350 has 50 000 ones are those which have a direct sensors on board collecting 2.5 ter - Digital business impact on business models. These abytes of data every day (6) . can be categorised into two areas: model consumer experience and ability to This brings us to the next cate - run the business. gory of digital technologies, and he importance of digital tech - perhaps currently the most impor - Consumer experience tech - nologies on the traditional tant: artificial intelligence. How can T nologies enable the consumption business models cannot be under - airlines use all of this newfound of a business service to be more estimated. Digital technologies data to help make better decisions personalised and easier. Aug - - decisions which impact the cus - have the capacity to change busi - mented or virtual reality, and per - tomer experience, improve rev - ness models. Previous technology sonalisation of content are key enue opportunities and optimise waves such as web, e-commerce or areas to watch out for. ERP systems did not have this ca - operations faster and more reli - Ability to run your business pacity to change business models. ably? Aviation inventory is a perish - technologies cover many different Those “pre-digital” technologies able asset: once the flight has areas; however, two main areas enabled operational efficiencies departed, that product has “ex - stand out. Firstly, the Internet of and incremental revenue opportu - pired”. How can airlines maximise Things (IOT) which, in a physical nities and provided a more effec - revenue before the product has ex - business, allows one to track the tive channel to sell to the customer. pired? location of remote objects, such (See box below). as people, bags or assets. If a com - Underlying all of these tech - The famous technology exam - pany can place a sensor in this nologies is the need to share data ples of transformation such as object, then they can read informa - between entities in a trusted, effi - Airbnb, Uber, Netflix and many oth - tion from this sensor (such as tem - cient and timely manner. ers have been so successful be - perature, humidity and location) The above technologies drive cause they were able to transform and then make actions from these the consumer’s ability to transact the business model. decisions. without friction, be fully aware, en -

DIGITAL BUSINESS MODEL EXAMPLE A THE TOOTHBRUSH

Currently, a toothbrush used. Now, assume that the In this example, we have is manufactured by the toothbrush has a life of 300 been able to significantly supplier, then sold to the minutes of brushing. Once change the business model wholesaler, who sells it to the consumer has registered so that the middle man is the retailer, and then it is their account, the manufac - no longer needed, the sup - finally sold to the customer. turer can now automatically plier now has a direct rela - The manufacturer has no send out a new brush to tionship with the customer, relationship with the cus - arrive the day before the enabling additional revenue tomer and therefore the current toothbrush hits 300 opportunities. We have cre - manufacturer’s influence is brushes. In addition, we can ated a new revenue model restricted to traditional offer to send the brushing of a data subscription and marketing and pricing history to the customer’s increased our likelihood of models. dentist for $5 per month. repeat sales via a friction - Now, let us overlay digital Plus for an extra $5 per less process. We have been technologies onto this busi - month, we can provide a able to directly increase the ness model to see what is detailed analysis of the customer satisfaction and possible. The customer’s brushing history for the engagement by gamification first toothbrush is still sold whole family. We could even and greater transparency. in the retail store. But this gamify toothbrushing for the This is a very simple example toothbrush has an embed - children. Would insurance of how digital technologies ded Internet of Things (IoT) companies offer rebates to can radically change busi - sensor which counts how families who could prove their ness models. many minutes it has been brushing history?

ECAC NEWS # 65 15 The Digital Airline m o c . a i l o t o F

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able personalisation and keep the to play a key role. Can we use IoT to nentially over the next 20 years. customer in control with full trans - better manage the passenger flow Corporations that are able to effec - parency. Perhaps this is one reason and predict disruptions to further tively gather, store, keep safe and why Uber is so successful. The pas - increase airport capacity? Is there a use for commercial and non-com - senger transacts in a frictionless possible scenario where each pas - mercial purposes will come out on way (the application knows the lo - senger has their own personalised top. Will airlines eventually have cation, the payment is automatic), journey which is seamlessly com - more data scientists than baggage and they are aware of the status at municated to them? For example, handlers? all times (who the driver is, where the passenger looks up at the large The issue of sharing data flight status screen and rather than the car is, where the passenger is, will also grow with the additional seeing every flight, he has a per - they can even share the ride de - data. How can all entities in the sonalised view and only sees his tails). Ultimately, the passenger is in value chain share data in a trusted flight and the directions to his . control of their experience through and efficient manner? IATA is work - The person standing next to him the use of technology. ing on an Open API concept (9) looks at the same screen and she where we encourage each party to only sees her flights. Future of aviation share key operational data via an Flight disruptions continue to Open API. This allows an open data cause headaches to airports today. sharing ecosystem. Underpinning report recently released by Can we make better use of technol - IATA regarding the future of this concept is the Aviation Indus - A ogy to predict disruptions, then try Data Model (AIDM) which en - aviation (7) found 11 key themes make better and faster decisions that were important when under - sures everyone has the same about what needs to change, and definitions enabling sharing at a standing what aviation could look then quickly re-communicate this? scale possible (10) . like in 2035. There were two Imagine if an airport could predict themes in particular that are di - whether a flight in two-days’ time rectly impacted by the digitisation will arrive late (perhaps due to the Passenger of the of the aviation industry: infrastruc - weather forecast in two days). It ture and data. could then use artificial intelligence future Lack of infrastructure develop - to realign the gates, staff rosters or ment is already a major challenge connections to minimise the im - he passenger of the future is for the travel and tourism industry. pact – and all this is in advance of Talso taking all of these changes When the forecasted growth of the incident occurring. Since Jan - on board. According to the annual passenger traffic doubles in the uary this year, Google has been IATA Global Passenger Survey, pas - next 20 years, then this problem offering this feature: “Using historic sengers want to use more technol - will not be going away. How can flight status data, our machine ogy to improve their experience. airports become more efficient and learning algorithms can predict some Passengers want more, and to effective to manage this additional delays even when this information deliver these services airlines and growth by using digital technolo - isn’t available from airlines yet.” (8) airports will need to potentially gies? Technologies such as IoT and It is inevitable that the impor - rethink their existing model and artificial intelligence should be able tance of big data will grow expo - look to various digital solutions. For

16 ECAC NEWS # 65 The Digital Airline

From left to right: Tim Grosser (IATA), Mauro Oretti (SkyTeam), Sherry Stein (SITA Lab), David Beardmore (Open Data Institute) and Piotr Samson (Poland) example, 26% would like to have their bag picked up from home and In conclusion delivered to the airport. 24% would drop off bags in locations other irlines should look to use rele - to explore what opportunities are than the airport. Avant digital technologies to en - available to either improve the able them to meet the growing customer experience or improve Communication with the pas - demand from the customer and revenue. senger is perhaps one of the most continually strive for efficiencies requested features. This is not a sur - Airlines should look to see how and revenue opportunities. More they can open their data to allow prise. As we can see from the global importantly, they should look at sharing in a trusted and secured consumer trends earlier, the aver - new business models which will way. This will enable everyone to age consumer is more demanding enable them to better leverage the have the tools available to drive and more empowered. Within avi - new digital technologies. customer personalisation, use data ation, 61% of passengers would Continually improve the usage to make smarter decisions faster, like to track their bag throughout of the data currently within the and optimise revenue opportuni - the journey. 85% would like to airline. Understand what data they ties at every stage of the journey. I know of any flight status changes, have within the business and start and 60% would like to know the baggage status and the waiting REFERENCES time on delivery. Passengers are (1) http://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2017-10-24-01.aspx willing to share their data if it (2) http://www.iata.org/publications/economics/Reports/pax-monthly-analysis/passenger-analysis- makes their journey smoother. dec-2017.pdf (3) http://www.iata.org/publications/economics/ Reports/pax-monthly-analysis/infographic-economics- air-passenger-demand.pdf (4) https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/d27b1c65-986e-4a4f-a491- 5e8eb23980be/entry/Ecommerce_Statistics_ Technology_Trendsetters_for_20171?lang=en (5) https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/2016/08/12/2017-mobile-500-next-generation-mobile-commerce/ (6) http://publicaffairs.airbus.com/default/public-affairs/int/en/our-topics/Innovation/Data-revolution- in-aviation-.html (7) https://www.iata.org/policy/Documents/iata-future-airline-industry.pdf (8) https://www.blog.google/topics/travel/get-help-cheaper-flights-and-potential-flight-delays-winter/ (9) https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/stb/Documents/OpenAPI.pdf (10) http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/passenger/Pages/industry-data-model.aspx

Tim Grosser is Head of Digital Transformation at IATA. His responsibilities include using digital technology to help drive product innovation and process improvements within IATA and across the industry. Mr Grosser is a member of several IATA innovation work groups, which aim to transform the entire passenger journey through the implementation of innovative solutions. His areas of specialisation include digital strategy, corporate innovation, design thinking, Open API strategy, and artificial intelligence. In addition, Mr Grosser hosts the annual IATA CIO (chief information officer) Forum. The CIO Forum brings together airline and airport CIOs, key suppliers and research organisations to drive digital transformation for the aviation industry.

ECAC NEWS # 65 17 Alliances in the digital era

Mauro Oretti Vice President Sales and Marketing, SkyTeam

Alessandro Fusaro Coordinator Digital Marketing and Innovation, SkyTeam

How will new technology benefit alliances, their members and their passengers? How will alliances evolve in the digital era and how will this impact the customer experience? Established around 20 years ago, the three main airline alliances were created to open up the world by building extensive networks through a web of connecting members. SkyTeam was founded by Delta Air Lines, , Aeroméxico and Korean Air to do precisely that; the alliance was built upon a customer-centric vision, symbolised by its main claim ‘Caring More About You’. Today, SkyTeam has grown to become a 20-member coalition.

viation is ever changing. Al - well in the past – often in silos – is Aliances are no exception: to - no longer enough in the ever- gether with their member airlines changing digital sphere. Some of they have been evolving and shift - the issues currently faced by al - ing their focus. In today’s land - liances originate from technologies scape, now that routes and that are not necessarily effective networks have been established, at facilitating digital communica - customer experience is at the fore - tion among airlines. Different air - front of any alliance offering. lines use different technologies and a multitude of challenges arise from this, which no airline alone A digital world can solve. This is where alliances step in. e live in a digital world, one Win which technology is play - ing an increasingly important role. Customer-centric If alliances are to stay relevant, they digital solutions need to relentlessly pursue a streamlined end-to-end journey for o address these obstacles, by using open APIs (Application their passengers, developing ser - TSkyTeam is working on a range Programming Interfaces), adding vices and solutions dedicated to of customer-centric digital solu - a “SkyTeam Inside” (or “SkyTeam ‘closing the seams’. The airline busi - tions, which reside and are made Across”) component to their digital ness is hampered by legacy tech - available on its shared IT platform proposition. nology, often the basics from a called SkyLink. This platform works SkyLink – the IT infrastructure – customer perspective (such as the as an aggregator, meaning that is slowly but surely walking the possibility to easily check in online each member may connect to for a multi-airline, multi-city trip) another through it, irrespective of VCH (Value Creation Hub, as de - are complex and tricky to solve. their individual IT systems used. fined by travel and transportation analyst and guru Henry Harteveldt) Legacy technology, such as Simply put, SkyLink acts as a trans - talk, enabling applications that can GDSs (Global Distribution Systems) lator, a transformer. be used by a wider array of mem - which have so far been used for Moreover, all the SkyTeam- distribution and airport operations, powered services offered on its bers’ customers. is still essential for enabling digital platforms (website and ap - Third-party providers, namely smooth travel across different air - plications) can be integrated in the retailing platforms external to the lines. However, what used to work digital touchpoints of the members airline world offering data aggrega -

18 ECAC NEWS # 65 Alliances in the digital era

tion (meta-search engines, OTAs potentially puts their loyalty to test an enhanced customer experience [Online Travel Agencies], vacation and threatens revenue generation. and solid value creation for mem - package platforms such as Kayak, Alliances can help by providing bers. Skyscanner, Expedia, Ctrip, Alitrip, additional aggregated options, tai - When booking an interline (aka Priceline at al.), are making it easy lored to each customer’s specific multi-carrier) itinerary on any air - for customers to shop by offering a travel needs. line’s website, customers can only broad range of information and SkyTeam’s ‘Find Flights’ – a purchase ancillaries on the legs op - options in one single digital loca - schedule search tool – is one of the erated by that airline; adding the tion. Thus, customers can stay on most-used services on the alliance ancillaries of another partnering those specific sites without the website. Currently the tool displays airline is not possible. Again, al - need to go elsewhere. Airlines and results by leveraging the powerful, liances can help to overcome this alliances need to adapt and follow expanded alliance network, provid - by developing technologies that suit, or they risk losing these cus - ing the most convenient itineraries can bridge these gaps, allowing tomers altogether. and best connectivity available. their member airlines to offer ancil - Traffic data to .com laries across the whole itinerary, Reigniting the show that customers like to plan irrespective of which carrier is op - their with an alliance. erating the flight. conversation with the By creating platforms that can customer operate as transformation and The next digital translation engines, the differences in each member’s IT and distribu - y creating a comprehensive and steps for alliances tion capabilities are neutralised, so compelling set of services, air - B that the exchange of seat maps lines and alliances can claim back n the future, alliances will likely and ultimately the cross selling of the relationship with the customer, move towards providing one dig - I ancillaries between different air - adding value and “owning” the con - ital destination with simple, clear lines is made possible. This is a versation throughout the whole and effective information. Price, powerful way to reduce customer journey, from trip planning to ar - availability, product data, all dis - confusion and generate incremen - rival at destination. Success will played in one space, reducing tal revenues. come through information sharing confusion and speeding up the and integration. shopping process, while at the As previously mentioned, an - same time supporting customer other area of frustration for passen - A ‘one stop shop’ for ancillary loyalty, engagement and retention. gers is check-in. Due to the legacy services, both air and non-air (seats, By providing all details for each technologies this industry has bags, meals, lounge access, wifi, flight within the same search result, grown accustomed to, often pas - etc., but also hotels, insurance, car customers can save time and sengers cannot check in on the rental et al.), plus all the additional resources, and are more likely to same airline website that they used useful information that a customer book then and there. for booking their flight. needs, will help to make sure that airlines don’t become just a metal Another area that alliances are The challenge is to provide cus - tube that takes passengers from exploring is the cross-selling of an - tomers with a multi-carrier check- one place to another – and only cillaries, both in the reservation in portal, something that does not that! and the check-in window. This ap - exist today (for clarity: some appli - pears to be a priority, as it allows for cations do that, but bypass entirely Nowadays, passengers can plan their travel via their preferred carriers’ direct digital channels, in most cases both for operated and code-shared flights. Booking directly with the airline of choice works for straightforward itineraries, such as those involving just one carrier and one destina - tion. However, when the journey includes multiple carriers and con - nections, customers are not able to leverage the wider alliance network without using a different (external) channel, for example a travel agent, a meta-search engine or an OTA. The moment they leave the airline’s web page, they are in the hand of third-party providers. This

ECAC NEWS # 65 19 Alliances in the digital era

needed, the lounges they are granted access to and, most impor - tantly, their departure gates. Travelling to a foreign country in which airport signage can be unclear – due to language barriers or iconographic differences – will be easier, since navigation and cus - tomer positioning in the terminals will be provided by the map. Pas - sengers will not need to connect to data to use the service, which will be available on the SkyTeam digital the whole ancillary offering, thus making it easier to find their way to platforms first and then rolled out creating a suboptimal experience). the right concourses and gates. We across the 20 member airlines. There is need for a digital solution expect that the number of success - capable of identifying on which ful connections with tight transfer In conclusion… DCS (Departure Control System) times will grow. In addition, cus - check-in can occur, regardless of tomers will be able to make their t SkyTeam, we are convinced the platform or website used for time at the airport more enjoyable, that aggregation is the key to booking. This would get rid of a by quickly locating their restaurant A alliance success in the digital world, crucial pain point, one where cus - of choice, the brands of preference, where products and services walk tomers can get frustrated quickly. the transfer and assistance desks hand in hand. The alliance role is to According to SkyTeam’s research help members in closing the seams data, a smooth web/mobile check- and bridging the gaps that still in can be a key enabler towards exist. Alliances can enable a better higher CSAT (customer satisfaction) multi-carrier travel experience, scores. reclaiming the direct airline- On a different note, in the com - customer interaction by investing ing months SkyTeam will launch in - in shared technology hubs that teractive airport maps. The service allow data collection, processing, will help customers to have a transformation and sharing: pow - smoother experience while at the erful, strategic platforms that can airport. In particular, it will help to create incremental value to their increase the number of successful members. I connections. Passengers travelling through airport terminals will have a better understanding of their location,

Mauro Oretti has over 30 years’ experience to his name and a career that has spanned the globe. Before joining SkyTeam, Mr Oretti held positions with Valeo and Alitalia, before moving to Amsterdam in 2009 to join the global . In the position of Vice President of Sales and Marketing at SkyTeam, he is responsible for both the commercial and customer areas of the alliance, including customer experience, brand and communications, loyalty, digital and commercial synergies. Mr Oretti is co-author of the book “Airline Choices for the Future: from Alliances to Mergers” (Ashgate, 2007). A native Italian, Mr Oretti taught the international partnership and joint ventures course at the Luiss Business School in Rome as part of its Aviation MBA in 2009 and 2011.

Alessandro Fusaro joined SkyTeam in 2017 as Coordinator, Digital Marketing and Innovation. Based in Amsterdam, he oversees all the digital touchpoints of the leading airline alliance, working to enhance the seamless travel experience through technology. Bringing a decade of experience to the role, Mr Fusaro has previously held positions within the communications, branding and product development areas at both Edison Energy and Backroads travel. Mr Fusaro studied media technologies engineering at the Polytechnic University of Turin, and completed an MBA at the Collège des Ingénieurs in Paris, Munich and Turin.

20 ECAC NEWS # 65 Airbus’s data revolution with Skywise

Frédéric Sutter Digital Transformation Programme Director, Airbus

WHY YOU SHOULD BELIEVE IN THE DATA REVOLUTION THAT AIRBUS WANTS TO BRING WITH SKYWISE Every plane is the sum of millions of physical parts. For these parts to work well and fly together, you need experience, a deep and fine engineering knowledge. You need to have the right high-level view and you need to have a robust platform well anchored in the right environment. Bringing all these parts together, despite their complexity and high-tech nature, has been Airbus’s well- mastered mission for the past 40 years or so.

ow all this expertise is moving ronment, from design to support, each user and will include scalable Nfrom a purely industrial field and an increased digital integration services (such as analytics, applica - to a less physical one, which hap - with suppliers and customers. tions and Advance Passenger Infor - pens to require similar approaches, The expected benefits are ex - mation) which can be used by mindset and set-up: data analytics. tremely promising and, by nature, Airbus, customers and suppliers – Airbus launched its new avia - very diverse. They include improv - ensuring complete data continuity tion data platform Skywise in ing industrial performance, short - with benefits across the entire collaboration with Palantir Tech - ening development cycles, value chain. nologies – pioneers in big-data in - improving products and develop - The platform extends the work tegration and advanced analytics – ing new services. It is important to of Airbus’s digital transformation during the Paris Air Show in June remember that this value-creating office. “Internally, we saw that we 2017, after experimenting substan - transformation is not only a tech - needed digital continuity across tial benefits when applying its nological challenge. It must be sup - sites and systems so that we could technologies to its own internal ported by a change management see what was going on aircraft by processes for two years. approach, new processes and new aircraft, and connect the dots “As the aircraft ‘architect’ and ways of cooperating across the across the lifecycle,” Matt Evans, integrator, we naturally thrive in value chain. who is Skywise’s business architect, our role of building digital continu - Airbus envisions that such a explains. “The success of this ap - ity across the aviation ecosystem. data gold mine can change how proach showed us that a huge What we want to do with Skywise the aviation sector works, eliminate amount of insight could be gained is really to bring together the differ - its inefficiencies, and enable new from connecting the supply chain ent actors of the industry, breaking levels of performance at every and operators.” the silos within and outside each point along the aviation industry “The core platform is starting organisation – and this is a real rev - ecosystem. In other words, opera - off in the services sector but our am - olution”, Airbus digital transforma - tors of Airbus aircraft will be in a bition is much broader,” Mr Evans tion officer Marc Fontaine says. position to leverage the power of says. “We want our aircraft to be “We’ve seen the power of data an - its deep reservoir of engineering 100% reliable. We can achieve that alytics in our own operations, and expertise and to follow the perfor - through having access to the right Airbus is convinced of its huge po - mance of each MSN – Manufac - data and the ways to use it to elim - tential to bring value to our cus - turer’s Serial Number – (for a “tail- inate root causes and fix any issues.” tomers and industry partners.” centric” approach) over its entire Everyone – from Airbus’s own In 2015, Airbus made a strate - operational life. suppliers, plants and engineers, gic choice to put data at the heart skywise aims to become the right through to airline customers, of its digital transformation pro - platform of reference used by all airworthiness authorities, air navi - gramme. Physical products remain major aviation players to improve gation service providers, airports core, but data continuity and in - their operational performance and and service providers – can poten - sights allow for better efficiency as business results and to support tially use it. Long-term, Skywise will well as innovative services offer - their own digital transformation. be deployed companywide for ings based on an integrated envi - The deliverables will be tailored for helicopters and military aircraft.

ECAC NEWS # 65 21 Airbus’s data revolution with Skywise

Early adopters are cooperating viously be recorded on an A320, operations through access to Orig - on its development, collaborating compared with roughly 24 000 inal Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) on projects including event track - from an aircraft equipped with it. expertise and global fleet context. ing and resolution, turnaround- The sheer quantity of informa - For airlines who have not yet time analysis, operations analytics, tion that Skywise can unlock for selected the premium predictive predictive maintenance, reliability each aircraft equipped with the services, Airbus offers Skywise Core analysis and benchmarking, and new module will be used by air - under a “shared value“ arrange - maintenance decision support. lines to gain deep insights, create ment: airlines that agree to share “The feedback is really good so far,” bespoke recommendations and operating data from their Airbus says Laurent Martinez, who is lead - apply state-of-the-art Skywise ana - fleet can access the platform at no ing Airbus Services business unit. lytics applications for enhanced cost. Airbus has recently signed “Airlines are really excited by the decision-making. In turn this will several agreements with airlines project. There are several levels of allow them to anticipate, with around the world to join Skywise services available and the platform higher levels of accuracy, the need Core, including Bangkok Airways, is very flexible meaning they can for maintenance before an event LATAM and WOW air. These latest integrate their existing tools and happens, and thus maximise the subscribers bring the total number also develop customised dash - operational reliability and utilisa - of airlines now connected to the boards and applications.” But this is tion of their assets. Skywise Core platform to nine – not just an application, Mr Martinez In addition to the new pre - including previously announced adds. “We really want to be their mium predictive maintenance con - Peach Aviation, easyJet and Emi - life-long partner in transforming tracts outlined above, AirAsia, rates – representing more than one their operations.” Asiana Airlines and Etihad Airways thousand aircraft. AirAsia, Asiana Airlines and will gain access to Skywise Core, “I really want to thank our air - Etihad Airways have become the providing them with a cloud-based line customers for their trust, for first airlines to use full aircraft data platform offering unparalleled vis - their forward-thinking approach and advanced predictive analytics ibility into their fleet operations. and for sharing our vision in this on Airbus’s open aviation data Airlines using Skywise Core can adventure,” Marc Fontaine com - platform Skywise, with each sign - integrate their own operational, mented. “If ‘information is power’, ing a premium subscription con - maintenance and aircraft data into then clearly we are all becoming tract covering Skywise Predictive the Skywise cloud so they can more powerful, together.“ Maintenance. store, access, manage and analyse Laurent Martinez said: “Just like The agreements cover the selected Airbus data together with the industry was disrupted by Air - retrofit of their respective A320 and their own data and global bench - bus’s “Fly-by-Wire“ concept back in A330 Family fleets with FOMAX* – marks without the need for addi - the days, we are now bringing the a new on-board data-capture / tional infrastructure investments. full benefits of “Fly-by-Data“ to our transmission module which pro - This resulting value will give them customers. These deals we are vides greatly expanded volumes of new insights at aircraft, fleet, announcing are the result of years recorded aircraft data – only about company and global level while of strong co-innovation with our 400 aircraft parameters could pre - allowing them to enhance their customers, and I am very proud to

From left to right: Frédéric Sutter (Airbus), Patrick Gandil (France), Neil Hickey (), Florian Guillermet (SESAR JU) and Robert Baltus (EBAA)

22 ECAC NEWS # 65 Airbus’s data revolution with Skywise

see that our customers, our reason for being, are confirming the fact What benefits? that Skywise is meant to become a leading data platform in the indus - • Improved fleet operational relia - try.“ Skywise provides all users with bility through predictive and one single access point to their en - preventative maintenance. riched data by bringing together • Improved operational efficiency aviation data from multiple sources for legacy fleets. across the industry into one secure, • Rapid root-cause analyses of cloud-based platform physically in-service issues. hosted in Europe. The more data that airlines or OEMs share into the • Optimising each aircraft’s perfor - Skywise Core platform, the more mance through flight operations accurate the predictions and mod - data analytics. els for anyone connected. • Tracking maintenance effective - We are putting data privacy at the ness over time. heart of the platform. All data is • One-click reporting workflows, anonymised so knowledge and including complex reporting to lessons learnt are shared and data regulatory bodies. I confidentiality is ensured.

* FOMAX (Flight Operations and maintenance exchanger): an integrated & secured data pathway from the Airbus aircraft to Skywise

Frédéric Sutter was appointed Digital Transformation Programme Director in May 2015, reporting to Group Digital Transformation Officer, Marc Fontaine. Mr Sutter joined Airbus in 2012 as Vice President, Services Development, with responsibility to coordinate strategic projects and to develop recommendations for aerospace market disruptions. Previously, he worked for 15 years at Alcatel-Lucent in strategy and services leadership positions. In 1992, he began his career as an information systems architect at the Sema Group and as a consultant at KPMG Peat Marwick. Mr Sutter is an auditor of the French Institute for National Defence Studies (IHEDN). He holds a master’s degree in international business (EM Lyon) and a telecommunications engineering degree (ENST-Bretagne).

ECAC NEWS # 65 23 Smarter at Every Step: Customer experience and biometrics

Sherry Stein Senior Manager of Projects and Innovation, SITA Lab

Imagine the possibilities of an airport where you can simply walk, at pace, without having to stop and show your or ; where your bags are already delivered to the designated location; where problems are prevented before they occur. An experience that is Smarter at Every Step, a truly frictionless airport experience. Seems a long way off, doesn’t it? Not so! The future is now. Technology is evolving faster than ever before and adoption is accelerating changes in process, technology and customer expectations as today’s digital natives become tomorrow’s highly valued consumers and investors.

estimates that passenger In 2017, 89% of airports in - vice solutions continue to be core I A T A volumes will nearly dou - vested more than USD 33 billion in to our everyday lives, the demand ble by 2036 to more than 7.8 billion self-service and cyber security- for continued investments will rise. air travellers annually (1) . This requires related initiatives (2) to continually airport operators and airlines to improve the terminal experience seriously consider investments in and keep pace with the ever- (1) http://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/ 2017-10-24-01.aspx self-service solutions that stream - changing demands of the industry. (2) https://www.internationalairportreview.com/ line the traveller experience while As digital technologies and self-ser - news/38292/airlines-airports-invest-it-2017/ also providing the ability to scale infrastructure and operations to keep pace with the ever-growing travel volumes. All without com - promising security.

24 ECAC NEWS # 65 Smarter at Every Step: Customer experience and biometrics

Self-service requires identity assurance

o meet regulatory requirements against the investment in biomet - older generation? Are we listening Tfor safety and security, self-ser - ric solutions for travel. to the voices of the customers we vice solutions still require that an are trying to serve? airline agent or government official According to the 2017 SITA must inspect a traveller’s passport Passenger IT Trends Survey, 92% of and compare the face on the doc - global travellers who were inter - ument to the face of the person viewed suggested that they would standing at the counter, bag-drop, consider or be willing to use bio - security checkpoint or boarding metric solutions for air travel if they gate. This inspection can be done were available (3) . There has never manually, by an agent physically been a better time to explore and looking at the person and making trial new solutions; yet, less than a judgement call about how closely 30% of airlines and airports cur - the presented person resembles rently plan to invest in end-to-end the provided passport photo. Alter - solutions that would offer this ca - natively, traveller identity verifica - pability by 2020 (4) . Here lies a huge tion can be done using biometric opportunity gap: if we agree that technology and sophisticated algo - self-service solutions require iden - rithms to programmatically per - tity assurance and that customers form the matching process and Yet, look outside of our indus - are ready and willing to share their grant approval to proceed. try and to the likes of Facebook, In - information, how do we move Whether low-tech or high-tech, stagram, Apple, Google. Refer to a more quickly to accelerate adop - each implementation model has “selfie” or “Face ID” or “Touch ID” tion and transformation of the cus - implications for cost (time, money, and suddenly the fear is gone. So - tomer experience? quality) and experience, for the op - cial media, technology and the rise erator as much as for the traveller. of the digital natives continues to But is the use of biometric tech - change expectations of the avail - nologies “scary”? This is an often- ability of service and the inherent debated topic, particularly among trust and acceptance of convenient (3) https://www.sita.aero/resources/type/sur - privacy advocates, and can be solutions. Are we constrained by veys-reports/passenger-it-trends-survey-2017 among the leading arguments our own ideas and concerns of our (4) https://www.sita.aero/insights-2017

ECAC NEWS # 65 25 Smarter at Every Step: Customer experience and biometrics

The exploration of digital identity to improve security, AND customer experience

aintaining safety and security our approach to innovation and paid enrolment programme that Mis of the utmost importance improved customer experience in allows travellers to undergo exten - in our industry. This cannot be the air travel industry. sive background checks to gain compromised in the race to imple - Of particular interest are the access to expedited screening and ment new, innovative self-service digital identity initiatives led by travel privileges. At present, these solutions. There are many initia - governments for the creation of na - programmes tend to be regional tives and trials underway across tional identity programmes. These and are limited in implementation. multiple industries and geogra - tie biometric and biographic infor - However, consortiums, like the phies, which include the evaluation mation to a state-run enrolment World Economic Forum (WEF), are of biometric modalities (iris, finger - programme to help manage social promoting the idea of a global print, facial recognition, odour, and civil programmes, as well as re - trusted traveller programme. This DNA) and technologies to deter - duce voter fraud. Fundamental to could provide a great opportunity mine effectiveness and acceptance identity assurance and verification to reduce risk in the travel space. All by customers. is the authenticity of the identity member travellers would become The financial industry has been itself. The source of identity must ‘known travellers’, allowing for bet - one of the early leaders, working to be of the highest quality and trust ter risk-based systems implemen - find ways to reduce the ever-grow - to be accepted by others in the tation and staffing models that ing impacts of fraud in a digital value chain. These programmes would allow travellers to be pre- world, which accounts for more than can provide quality sources of iden - vetted before arrival. This would set USD 16 billion stolen in 2016 (5) . tity assurance in airport self-service the foundation for the vision of the Of course, the risk of fraud in the when integrated with airline and frictionless airport experience. financial industry is quite different airport solutions. That said, the creation of these than in the air industry – the eco - Building on this, there are a enrolment programmes raises con - nomic impact of 9/11 alone is nearly number of government-led and cerns about cyber security and USD 2 trillion (6) , excluding loss of privately managed trusted traveller data privacy and the need to avoid life and residual impact on global programmes. These link biographic a global database where every - markets. We can, however, use the and biometric information to a one’s information is stored and knowledge from activities in other industries to learn, adapt and apply (5) https://www.cnbc.com/2017/02/01/consumers-lost-more-than-16b-to-fraud-and-identity-theft- similar models that can meet our last-year.html unique needs and help guide us in (6) http://www.iags.org/costof911.html

26 ECAC NEWS # 65 Smarter at Every Step: Customer experience and biometrics

The passport is the universal identity standard of the air transport industry

ith all this disparate activity, Whow does one decide what to do? Which approach and solu - tion is “right”? First, one must agree on a base - line standard. The universal stan - dard document across the industry is the passport, which is based on potentially subject to vulnerabili - biographic detail and a photo - for each. However, when looking ties. This is where the promise of graph. Facial recognition is used to for the widest opportunity for new technologies, such as ‘match’ the passport holder to the global adoption, the passport and blockchain, hold attraction. They photograph to grant access to sys - facial recognition technologies offer the promise to allow data tems. The e-chip is based upon a offer the greatest immediate sharing between parties without digital copy of the photo. The use promise. As national identity pro - requiring a central database, allow - of any other biometric (such as iris grammes and/or trusted traveller ing participants to easily opt in or or fingerprint) requires access to, programmes gain adoption, this opt out, and addressing key privacy collection of, and storage of an can certainly change, depending concerns. As of today, more than 30 alternative biometric to provide a on which biometric modality each start-ups claim to have blockchain- reference source for future compar - State or entity chooses to imple - based identity solutions at various ison and matching. This limits im - ment. There is no doubt that bio - stages of maturity and usage. It is plementation to a small subset of metric technology is continually certain that as the technology con - selected travellers who choose to advancing and any investment in tinues to advance and converge, opt in and allow their biometric to today’s solutions must consider a we will see promise of an enter - be collected and stored. design that is future-proof, able to prise solution for the air transport That is not to say that other keep pace with the evolution of industry. biometric modalities will not be ac - technology and provide the ability Certainly, as the number of cepted or supported, possibly with to create a consistent customer ex - technology providers and solutions higher levels of accuracy as tech - perience across providers and net - continues to evolve, so too will the nology evolves at a different pace works. need for consortiums and associa - tions to help foster collaboration across industries on design and de - velopment of solutions and stan - dards. Key initiatives are already Single token travel underway through organisations and the ONE Identity initiative such as Open Identity Exchange (OIX), Fast Identity Online (FIDO), International Air Transport Associ - Simplify the Business ation (IATA), International Civil Avi - I A T A ’ s (StB) Think Tank col - ation Organization (ICAO), Airport laborated in 2016 on defining a Council International (ACI), World strategy for single token travel and Economic Forum (WEF). the “Travel Identity of the Future” (7) . The focus of implementation con - siders whole journey management and single-token travel: combining biometric, biographic and trip in - airline), and borderless (beyond one formation into a single form factor country, government) capabilities. to create a seamless process for all IATA ONE Identity white papers and stakeholders in the journey. One the NEXTT programme, in partner - that is highly secure, involves re - ship with ACI (8) , will continue to duced administration and improves drive that emphasis with a push to - the passenger experience. wards standards and industry Beyond the obvious security guidelines. Mobile and blockchain and privacy considerations, the key technologies are seen as key en - objectives of “Travel Identity of the ablers for a global solution and Future” emphasise the need for per - represent a core area of ongoing (7) http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/stb/Docu - ments/2016-White-Paper.pdf sistence (beyond one trip), interop - strategic industry research and pro - (8) http://nextt.iata.org/ erability (beyond one airport or ject use cases.

ECAC NEWS # 65 27 Smarter at Every Step: Customer experience and biometrics

Key challenges and considerations for industry

s the industry continues to Adevelop self-service solutions and deploy biometric technolo - gies, it is important to remember a few key considerations to avoid investment in solutions that may not meet industry expectations and regulatory requirements: • All self-service solutions must meet essential core criteria to foster adoption and achieve success. • Regulation will continue to change. business tools & core opt out • Safety and security will ALWAYS competency As important as the choice to “opt be the primary consideration. The ability to deliver and continu - in” is the ability to opt out and pro - ally meet objectives is critical. To vide assurance that data is perma - All self-service solutions succeed, the project requires ac - nently removed from the system(s). must meet essentiAl core cess to the right organisational re - privacy by design criteriA to foster Adoption sources: people, partners, tools, Have policies to ensure that data is And Achieve success technology, process and funds that only used for its intended purpose, customer value proposition allow the team to create success. held for its intended time, accessed To gain adoption and create the This, more than anything, is the only by authorised personnel, and willingness for customers to partic - “secret sauce”. It is difficult to repli - protected in accordance with best ipate (opt in), there must be a clear cate, unique to each organisation, practices and controls. message and customer value and creates the key opportunity for proposition. Are you offering VIP differentiation in the solution de - sAfety And security will service? Shorter wait times? Mem - sign and implementation. AlwAys be the primAry con - bership perks? A fun experience? siderAtion The chance to be an early adopter regulAtion will continue We operate in highly regulated envi - (some people just like to be first!)? to chAnge ronments. Deterring bad actors from stakeholder acceptance General Data Protection Regulation choosing airports for their activities is In addition to the customer value (GDPR) is the latest example; how - at least as high a priority as traveller propo sition, the needs of ALL stake - ever, all systems and processes convenience. The use of innovative holders must be met. Clearly ad - should abide by at least the same concepts and technologies to in - dress how the solution meets the minimum core principles: crease security, enhance screening needs for airline, airport, govern - traceability and improve access controls will lead ment and traveller stakeholders. Clearly understand and document to the creation of efficient, safe, end- Continue to revisit this at various what, where and why data is col - to-end solutions. These will support stages since needs may change as lected, processed, stored and/or the continued growth of the industry new information becomes available. deleted. and improved customer experience.

28 ECAC NEWS # 65 Smarter at Every Step: Customer experience and biometrics

During this time, the team will collect Security and safety is the pri - Get started: conduct metrics and information to drive mary focus of the industry. Cus - a trial and build the the learning and help solidify the tomer experience gives airlines as investment business case. Due dili - well as airport operators the ability business case gence is critical during this period. to differentiate, add value and gen - practise adaptive learning. erate new revenues. With the right e operate in a risk-averse in - Monitor systems and behaviour, value proposition, passengers will dustry with high regulatory W conduct objective diagnostic anal - willingly share information that in - constraints and limited budget for creases security in exchange for ysis, assess performance, then innovation. With the seeming un - convenience and access to a faster, adapt your approach as you test certainty, changing regulation and easier process. The time has never and acquire new knowledge. Pivot innumerable options, how does been more right for airline, airport if you identify a new opportunity an airline, airport or government and government stakeholders to that you had not initially consid - agency choose a direction or get collaborate on integrated solutions ered. Be bold and stop the test if started? The important thing is to that delight customers, reduce risk performance expectations are not start with a trial or scientific ap - and improve efficiencies in opera - met or negatively impact opera - proach to find the right solution. tions and security. tions, staff or experience. be sure to have clear key per - When exploring new technolo - formance indicators (executive gies and evaluating the investment top five will do) and approach the Conclusions business case, choose to explore project as a scientific hypothesis – options through time-boxed trials, define expected results and objec - s we look towards the airport with clearly defined evaluation tives, what to measure, how to Aof the future and a seamless criteria and objectives. Take a measure – and commit to actively traveller experience, airlines and pragmatic approach and invest in monitor, measure and report airports will continue to rely upon phases that can increase in com - progress. This period should be used and invest in self-service solutions plexity and scale to address edge to define the criteria for developing to support the rapid growth of cases or potential areas of concern a business case and support deci - travel volumes, while minimising that could impact enterprise roll- sion-making for future investments. capital investment and expansion out. pick a simple use case, one where possible. Self-service solu - It is only through collaboration that is low risk and relatively tions and standards will ultimately and adaptation that we can find straightforward. This is often called include the use of biometric tech - opportunities that allow us to be the “happy path”, the basic, nologies to help scale existing in - Smarter at Every Step. I straight-line flow with no edge frastructure investments. Choosing cases, exceptions or “extreme” error solutions that meet today’s needs handling. Edge cases and excep - while also supporting future > The time has never been tions can be introduced over time growth helps ensure the infrastruc - more right for airline, as separate project phases. ture is future-proof and resilient to airport and government run a small experiment dur - meet the demands of changing stakeholders to collaborate ing a well-defined, time-boxed technologies and customer expec - on integrated solutions period (45 days, 90 days, 6 months, tations. Digital natives will soon be that delight customers, 2 years). Whatever the period that the industry’s primary customers reduce risk and improve you determine to be right for your and solutions must continually efficiencies in operations environment requires active imple - evolve to support the ever-chang - and security . mentation, support for data collec - ing expectations of our tech-savvy tion, monitoring and diagnostics. customers.

Sherry Stein has over 20 years in experience, with a passion for business transformation and technology innovation. In 2015, Ms Stein joined SITA Lab where she leads the identity management programme, focused on strategic research on behalf of SITA’s 450+ ATI members, to create a secure, frictionless travel experience through the applied use of emerging technologies and co-innovation with key industry stakeholders. Key world’s firsts and programme successes include Travel Identity of the Future, a world premiere blockchain-based mobile ID project, recognised at the 2016 IATA World Passenger Symposium to be the foundation for its One Identity initiative; Miami Airport’s FTE Award for Best Immigration Initiative 2017, for its mobile passport control implementation; and JetBlue’s “Boarding by Selfie”, noted by Popular Science as one of the 100 Greatest Innovations of 2017 and recognised across the world’s press and media outlets for its ground-breaking approach to supporting the United States Customs and Border Protection’s (CBP) biometric exit programme. Ms Stein holds her MBA from Georgia State University (GSU), J. Mack Robinson College of Business as well as a Certificate in Innovation and Design Thinking from GSU, hosted at Oxford University in England. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (RSA), focused on design thinking principles and creating an environment for social change by cultivating private and public partnerships.

ECAC NEWS # 65 29 ECAC SPOTLIGHT

The Legal Task Force at your service

Susanna Metsälampi Chair of ECAC Legal Task Force

The early years The reorganisation

he Legal Task Force was first established by the y that time, ECAC had a well-established practice TECAC Directors General in 1996, and it held its first Bon how to organise the work of preparatory and meeting on 12 December 1996 under the chairman - cooperative groups, bringing together Member State ship of Alan Jones (United Kingdom). The task force experts. Following the same format, terms of reference started by looking at the SAFA system and at a safety and rules of procedure were drafted, and Member clause proposed by the United Kingdom. The Euro - States were asked to nominate candidates for the pean Commission was invited to attend from the positions of chair and deputy chair of the task force. It beginning. was a great honour to be chosen to chair the group, with Frankie Deckers (Belgium) as deputy chair. Once the task force was established and running, it was quickly found to be useful for several purposes. It It is up to Member States to nominate members to join the group. was a group that Directors General (and other ECAC groups) could consult on any legal matter. It could be used to develop common positions for ECAC States on Diversity of issues, diversity international conventions prepared in ICAO, and also of expertise for legal matters being discussed in ICAO Assemblies. It could also serve to prepare the ICAO Legal Commit - n the last three years, the group has received requests tee meetings. And, as long as ECAC did not have a legal Ion issues pertaining to immaterial rights, liability and officer of its own, it could also provide assistance to the contractual law. Additionally, the task force has looked ECAC Secretariat on legal matters. into some of the legal aspects of safety, security and Mr Jones became a long-standing chairman of the environmental matters that had arisen in the past. group. In 2005, he was followed by Anders Gradin Fortunately, the group has benefitted from a wide (Sweden). The task force worked on the basis of its ini - range of expertise, as Member States have nominated tial assignment, meeting once or twice a year. It was legal experts with different kinds of backgrounds. only when Mr Gradin announced in 2014 that it was Some represent transport ministries, some work with time for him to retire that a discussion was held on how the national aviation authorities, some come from the the work should be organised in the future. ministries of justice.

The Legal Task Force subgroup at work in 2018. From left to right: Susanna Metsälampi, Laurent Noel, Frankie Deckers and Laurence Vincent.

30 ECAC NEWS # 65 ECAC spotlight

Meeting of the ECAC Legal Task Force, Paris, 2017

We meet two to three times a year at the ECAC which the issues related to RPAS and the application premises in Paris. Our group is well-supported by the of Article 21 of the Chicago Convention will be exam - ECAC Secretariat, in particular by its air transport offi - ined. cer who has been overseeing the group for over a year now. Between meetings, when necessary, task force members can be consulted via email. For specific Air law questions of the next issues, the task force has established subgroups to look decade deeper into the matters at hand. Over the past three years, the task force has ex - lobalisation and new business models guarantee plored some of the legal aspects relating to – among Gthat issues of responsibility and liability will re - other topics – Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems main high on the legal agenda of the aviation commu - (RPAS), the global market-based measure, State aircraft nity. The traditional way of looking at responsibilities obligations, the ECAC-EASA Cooperation Agreement and liabilities is no longer suitable in a world where and, lately, the application of Article 21 of the Chicago multinational businesses are being set up at an ever- Convention. increasing pace and where companies outsource their activities more and more. Currently under scrutiny RPAS operations also require totally new ways of regulating air traffic. It remains to be seen how RPAS rules will best fit with those applied to traditional urrently, the Legal Task Force is looking at two aircraft. Colder agreements, namely the Multilateral Agree - ment on Commercial Rights of Non-scheduled Air Among all global challenges, we must also not for - Services in Europe from 1956, and the International get about cyber threats, which may require a new legal Agreement on the procedure for the establishment of approach. I tariffs for scheduled air services from 1987. We are looking at their relevance and potential need for updating. The task force is also preparing for the ICAO Legal Committee scheduled in September 2018 during

Susanna Metsälampi started working at the Finnish Civil Aviation Authority in 1992, first as a legal adviser, then as head of unit and finally as head of department. During her career, she has worked with aviation rulemaking both at national and European Union level, with international cooperation at European and ICAO levels, and with air transport services negotiations. In 1999, she completed a training entitling her to act as a judge in the Finnish courts. After heading a Civil Aviation Authority unit responsible for the Finnish aircraft register from 1999 to 2001, she transferred to air transport issues. In 2006, she became head of the air law unit. Since 2012, she has been working as head of department in the Finnish Transport Safety Agency, responsible for rulemaking issues in all modes of transport. She was nominated representative of Finland in the ECAC Legal Task Force when it was established in 1996. In 2015, she was appointed chair of that task force. Ms Metsälampi has been representing Finland in aviation working groups of the Council of the European Union, and was the Finnish representative in the EASA Rulemaking Advisory Group from 2012 to 2016. Currently she represents Finland in EASA as member of the Member State Advisory Group and as the Alternate Member for Finland in the Management Board of EASA. Ms Metsälampi holds an LLM degree from Helsinki University.

ECAC NEWS # 65 31 ECAC IN BRIEF

Directors General gather for last meeting of 2017 • Paris, 7 December 2017

Directors General gathered in Paris ECAC’s on 7 December for their 149 th meet - ing, the last of the year. Addressing recent ICAO and EU developments, the discussions focused on review - ing further improvements to European coordination for ICAO events with Directors General identifying some key elements to address this issue. European pri - orities for the 13 th ICAO Air Navigation Conference to tance of analysing the programme on environment be held in October 2018 were examined and the meet - matters following the recent consultation of the newly ing looked at topics that could be considered for the established environment groups. development of European papers. In training matters, Directors General adopted the On environment matters, the importance of devel - new ECAC Training Policy Statement. This new state - oping capacity-building activities, in line with the ment focuses on strategic objectives Member States Bratislava Declaration, to clarify what was expected wish to pursue in the field of training, such as quality from Member States in the implementation of the training, effective oversight on training being deliv - Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for Interna - ered, and cooperation between training organisations. tional Aviation (CORSIA) was also underlined. And in the field of security, Carla Pinto was appointed Directors General also considered proposals for the as the new chair of the Security Forum. 2019-2021 Work Programme and related budget and The day concluded with a statement issued by acknowledged the need for coordination, for example Directors General to mark International Aviation Day. with EASA on cyber security and RPAS (Remotely Pi - loted Aircraft Systems) issues, as well as the impor -

Executive Secretary addresses the Hellenic Aviation Society General Assembly • Athens, 12 January 2018

xecutive Secretary Salvatore Sciacchitano joined a Enumber of distinguished guests at the Conference and Annual General Assembly of the Hellenic Aviation Society in Athens. In his keynote address to the Assem - bly, Mr Sciacchitano recognised the aviation sector’s contribution to the growth of European and interna - tional economies. Recalling that Greece is a founding member of ECAC, he underlined the achievements in the field of safety, security and sustainable air transport development in Europe and confirmed ECAC’s contin - ued commitment to support its 44 Member States in addressing the key issues affecting the European civil aviation sector. President of the Hellenic Aviation Society Ionna Papadopoulou and ECAC Executive Secretary Salvatore Sciacchitano

32 ECAC NEWS # 65 ECAC in brief

Focus on digitalisation in the aviation sector at the annual ECAC Directors General Forum • Paris, 6 December 2017

he event assembled over 70 participants and fea - spective on how innovation enables cost reduction, Ttured contributions from a number of guest speak - better data analysis and improved operational ers from ECAC Member States, academia and the efficiency (SESAR Joint Undertaking, Airbus, Ryanair, industry. Spread across three sessions, the discussions European Business Aviation Association).The final were moderated by Piotr Samson (DGCA Poland), session provided a more general overview of the im - Patrick Gandil (DGCA France) and Rob Huyser (DGCA pact of digital technologies and big data on aviation Netherlands). The first session focused on the cus - (EASA, Irish Aviation Authority, University of Glasgow). tomer experience, exploring new technologies and The three sessions provoked lively debate and offered how they are shaping a new travel experience for air much food for thought, especially on the challenges passengers (SkyTeam, IATA, SITA Lab). The second faced by regulators to keep pace with the rapid looked at the implications of digitalisation on opera - changes driven by the digital transformation of the tions and performance, offering the operators’ per - sector.

ECAC contributes to the ICAO EMTO finalises ECAC 2019-2021 Study Group on the Universal Work Programme Security Audit Programme Vienna, 16 February 2018 Cape Town, 29-31 January 2018 haired by Urs Haldimann (Switzerland), the 53 rd meeting of the ECAC Medium Term Objectives Deputy Executive Secretary Patricia C Task Force (EMTO) focused on finalising the proposal Reverdy joined members of the ICAO ECAC for the ECAC 2019-2021 Work Programme. The task Study Group on the ICAO Universal Security Audit Pro - force also pursued its discussions on budget-related gramme (USAP) to discuss issues such as the prioriti - matters and on the concept of ECAC associated body, sation criteria for ICAO audits and the rules governing which is included in the ECAC Constitution . A set of the disclosure of USAP audit results, and to review the proposals will be presented to the next Coordinating questions used by ICAO auditors. Members also agreed Committee meeting on 28 March 2018. on some amendments to the group’s existing terms of reference with the aim of more accurately describing the actual activities of the study group.

ECAC Secretariat welcomes Thierry Barrière as Aviation Security Technical Officer

he ECAC Secretariat is delighted to welcome new team member TThierry Barrière as its Aviation Security Technical Officer. As from 1 March, Mr Barrière will be in charge of the ECAC Common Evaluation Process of Security Equipment (CEP) as well as other security-related activities, such as the Technical Task Force. Mr Barrière has over 22 years of experience in aviation security, gained with a European manufacturer as programme manager for the CEP compliance of equipments and as project leader for EDS deployment through the EMEA region (Europe, Middle East and Africa). He also took part in the activities of the working groups of the European Organisation for Security (EOS). Mr Barrière holds a master’s degree in international business and graduated from the ICAO Aviation Security Professional Management Course in 2017.

ECAC NEWS # 65 33 ECAC in brief

Events to come

mArch 1 55 th meeting of the Facilitation Working Group 9-13 CASE Project Best Practices for National (FAL/55), Paris Auditors – Level 1 training, Sal 6 21 st meeting of the ad hoc coordination group 18 33 rd meeting of the Legal Task Force on security, Brussels (LEGTF/33), Paris 6-7 EaP/CA workshop on cargo and mail security, 25 37 th meeting of the Common Evaluation Process Paris Management Group (CEP-MG/37), Paris 12-13 19 th meeting of the Behaviour Detection Study Group (BDSG/19), Paris mAy th 14 21 st meeting of the European ad hoc group 2-3 29 meeting of the Study Group on Cyber on economic regulation, Madrid Security in Civil Aviation (CYBER/29), Vienna nd 14-15 28 th meeting of AIRMOD (EAEG-AIRMOD/28), 7-8 2 meeting of the European Aviation and Brussels Environment Working Group (EAEG/2), Brussels 15 6th meeting of the Economic Working Group 8-9 CASE Project Regional Workshop on Security (ECO/6), Madrid in Airport Design (CASE-WSSAD-REG/1), Jeddah th 28 181 st meeting of the Coordinating Committee 10-11 38 meeting of the Training Task Force (CC/181), Paris (TrTF/38), Berlin 14-15 150 th meeting of Directors General of Civil April Aviation (DGCA/150), Paris 1-4 3rd Recurrent Training for National Auditors 22-23 44 th meeting of the Guidance Material Task (RTNA/3), Bulgaria Force (GMTF/44), Dublin 3-6 9th Vulnerability Assessment Training and 23-24 3rd meeting of the European Aviation and Certification (VATC/9), Paris Environment Working Group (EAEG/3), Brussels 5-6 24 th meeting of the Study Group on Explosive Detection Dogs (EDD/24), Madrid

CASE IN BRIEF

Training course for national auditors in Lebanon Beirut, 8-12 January 2018

Best Practices for National Auditors – A Level 1 training course was delivered by two ECAC instructors to seven Lebanese par - ticipants from 8 to 12 January. All the national auditors involved in this training are members of the Centre d’Entraînement pour le Renforcement de la Sûreté Aéroportuaire (CERSA), the national training centre for aviation security. CERSA is additionally the organisation with responsibility for compliance monitoring activities within Lebanon’s aviation security administration. The participants included CERSA’s director, General security audit at Rafic-Hariri in Ziad Chahine, and deputy director, Colonel Georges December 2016, was also the opportunity to remit Nader. This second national activity conducted for the a Standard Test Piece to CERSA, in order to further benefit of the Lebanese authorities, following a cargo reinforce its quality control activities.

34 ECAC NEWS # 65 CASE in brief

ECAC and AFCAC host CASE Project’s most attended workshop in Kenya Nairobi, 17-18 January 2018

he CASE Project’s first workshop on security culture, Theld in Nairobi, Kenya, from 17 to 18 January 2018, attracted the highest number of participants for any such event organised by the Project since its inception. Forty-nine African experts representing 27 Partner States – including, for the first time in the CASE Project, aviation professionals from Lesotho, Madagascar and Malawi – were sponsored by the Project to attend the workshop, which was jointly organised by ECAC and the African Civil Aviation Commission (AFCAC), with the support of the Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA). The event was opened by Jean-Pierre Bardoul, Regional Programme Manager of the European Exter - nal Action Service (EEAS) in Kenya and Mugambi moderator Yves Mabbe, from the air cargo industry, M’Nchebere, Director of the East African School of facilitated breakout sessions during which experts Aviation, acting on behalf of the KCAA. Dr M’Nchebere shared the reality of the security contexts in which they highlighted Kenya’s efforts to instil a security culture work and the obstacles they face in achieving buy-in not only in the field of aviation but across society as a to aviation security standards. Discussions on how whole. to best tackle these challenges were animated and During the two days that followed, seven highly generated a number of interesting and practical con - experienced aviation security experts from the appro - clusions. priate authorities of the Netherlands, United Kingdom, The very positive feedback from this first edition of Kenya and the United States, as well as Gatwick the workshop will be used to inform and further refine Airport, IATA and ECAC, invited participants to consider the planning of the Project’s second security culture key issues impacting the effective implementation workshop, which is due to take place in Morocco in of a security culture. Alongside these presentations, February.

Best practice training for national security auditors in Jordan Amman, 28 January - 1 February 2018

ight Jordanian aviation security auditors from the well as the strong support of staff at Queen Alia Inter - Enational Civil Aviation Regulatory Commission national Airport, which facilitated the organisation of (CARC), as well as the country’s airports and airlines, practical exercises. The trainees were keen to apply the participated in a level 1 best practices training course acquired expertise to their daily work, and the CASE from 28 January to 1 February. Project team will continue cooperating with CARC to The two ECAC instructors recognised the commit - support aviation security in Jordan, particularly in the ment, knowledge and operational experience of the field of quality control. trainees, which allowed for stimulating discussions, as

ECAC NEWS # 65 35 EaP/CA IN BRIEF

Cargo and mail security mentoring activity Armenia, 21-23 November 2017

he main objective of the mentoring activity organ - ments in this field, taking into consideration ECAC Doc T ised within the framework of the EU-funded Project 30 Recommendations. In the course of the activity, for Eastern Partnership and Central Asia Countries for ECAC also provided the General Department of Civil the General Department of Civil Aviation of Armenia Aviation with the ECAC Standard Test Piece and ex - was to review the legal framework in the field of cargo plained the best practices in its use to verify the image and mail security, and to provide proposals for amend - quality of x-ray equipment used to screen cargo and ing and further developing the regulatory require - mail.

Best Practices for Cargo Inspectors Poland, 5-7 December 2017

he EU-funded Project for Eastern Partnership and T Central Asia Countries (EaP/CA) conducted its sec - ond training course on best practices for cargo inspec - tors from 5 to 7 December. This three-day activity, hosted by the Polish Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) in Warsaw, allowed experts from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine to learn more about international and European cargo and mail security requirements and best practices in conducting over - sight activities in this field and to strengthen their com - opportunity to develop their expertise in monitoring petencies in audit/inspection techniques. the implementation of cargo and mail security mea - Thanks to the kind hospitality of the CAA and sures through practical activities conducted at a cargo Welcome Airport Services, participants also had the (regulated agent) facility.

Cargo and mail security audit Azerbaijan, 8-12 January 2018

he cargo and mail security audit organised under Tthe auspices of the EU-funded EASA/ECAC-imple - mented Project for Eastern Partnership and Central Asia countries (EaP/CA) took place from 8 to 12 January in Baku, Azerbaijan. The main objective of this audit was to assess whether existing aviation security legis - lation and operational procedures were compliant with international rules and best practice in the field. The audit was based on ECAC Doc 30, Part II Recom - mendations.

Ramil Mammadov, Deputy Chairman of the Board, State Inspectorate on Civil Aviation Flight Safety, SCAA, and Maciej Karwacinsky, ECAC

36 ECAC NEWS # 65 ASSOCIATED BODY OF ECAC

News from the JAA Training Organisation (JAA TO)

Editorial

Paula V. de Almeida , JAA TO Director

Dear readers of ECAC news, igitalisation in the aviation industry is a very excit - Ding topic for us! On a regular basis, JAA TO offers courses on advancing technology, contributing to industry compliance. From the use of new software to gadgets, there are many interesting implications of digitalisation in aviation. Below we present some JAA TO courses that reflect this evolution in several ways. Would you like to learn more? Visit our website: jaato.com. m o c . a i l o t o F

-

o t o h p _ n o t o h p

©

Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) – The Paperless Cockpit Training Course

is much more than a system or an electronic E F B flight bag, as the name suggests. “It started like that but nowadays the sky is the limit for EFB”, says the JAA TO- qualified instructor, Dominic, an experi - enced safety and compliance manager. “Since the iPad pushed the possibilities far, everybody has rushed into EFB and the technology keeps developing”, he says. In - terested? The next session is taking place on 20 march 2018. Register in time to save your seat!

ECAC NEWS # 65 37 News from the JAA Training Organisation (JAA TO)

Advanced Safety Management Systems (SMS) and Integrated Management Systems (IMS)

any aviation safety professionals struggle with Mtheir company’s SMS. It is a common wish to want to reduce overall operating costs, while improv - ing the SMS position within the organisation. Market leaders go further and integrate the several manage - ment systems inside their organisations in an IMS. But besides having it operating efficiently, one needs to understand how to be compliant with the respective regulations for SMS and IMS. If you also need to over - come those challenges in your organisation, the “Advanced Safety Management Systems (SMS) and Integrated Management Systems (IMS)” training Daniyar Bizhanov, Director and SMS Manager for JetQ S.r.l. San Marino course is for you. Daniyar Bizhanov, Director and SMS Manager for theory”, he said. “A lot of examples were given in this JetQ S.r.l. San Marino, attended the course in January course and I really enjoyed it. After you have taken the 2018. “I attended the SMS and IMS course and I found course, you really want to implement everything you it very helpful for every operator in aviation. It provides have learned”, concluded the CEO. The next session will a deeper understanding of the safety management take place on 25-26 April 2018. You can register system and it is very helpful if you implement all the online.

Flight Data Monitoring/Flight Data Analysis Programme (Intro)

o you know how to set up and run a Flight Data help, JAA TO has a course where participants can gain DMonitoring (Flight Data Analysis) Programme good knowledge of the requirements, process, practi - under the present ICAO and EU framework? It is impor - cal usage and benefits of an FDM/FDA programme. tant to know because it is a regulatory requirement You can learn more on the website. The next session is and an essential part of your SMS. In case you need taking place on 28-29 march 2018.

38 ECAC NEWS # 65 provides an overview of the ECAC NEWS activities of the European Civil Aviation Conference. ECAC makes no warranty, either implicit or explicit, for the information contained in this document, neither does it assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy or complete - ness of this information. Opinions expressed in signed articles are the author’s opinions and do not necessarily reflect those of ECAC. Reproduction in whole or in part of all unsigned material is freely authorised. For rights to reproduce signed articles, please contact the ECAC Secretariat. ECAC NEWS is published by the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC)

FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT: ECAC Secretariat 3 bis, Villa Emile Bergerat 92522 Neuilly-sur-Seine Cedex FRANCE Tel. : +33 1 46 41 85 44 Fax : +33 1 76 73 98 57 [email protected] www.ecac-ceac.org