FOREIGNMARCH 1994 SERVICE$3.50 JOURNAL □

FORMER SENIOR OFFICER Appointed To Assist Colleagues At State

George Mattis, who served as both Foreign Service and Civil Service senior officer during his 30 year career in the Department of State, has been named vice president for Foreign Affairs Services Department of CAMRAN Corp. After completing his public service in 1992, Mattis joined CAMCO Mortgage Bankers, a subsidiary of CAMRAN Corp., as a mortgage executive.

The appointment was announced on February 2, 1994, Refinancing with No Points and No Closing Costs by Mr. Camran Mostofi, President and Chief Executive Officer Program: Lower the interest rate on an existing mortgage an of CAMRAN Corp. at the company's headquarters in Falls reduce your monthly payment. Last year, Mattis personally 1 Church, Virginia. Mostofi stated, "Mr. Mattis principal assisted home owners to reduce their payment an average of responsibility will be to assist both employees and retirees of $118 a month through this program. When interest rates State and other foreign affairs agencies in purchasing, dropped, many refinanced a second time, and some financing and refinancing their personal residences refinanced a third time, without paying one cent in points or expeditiously and economically. His extensive work closing costs. He can testify to the benefits of this program. experience with both Foreign Service and Civil Service His own mortgage was refinanced three times to reduce the personnel and his first-hand knowledge of their special payment by $259 a month, making the total savings over the housing needs makes him the best choice for this important life of the loan: $93,240. He has paid nothing in points or assignment." closing costs. You are eligible for this outstanding program if: you owe $125,000, or more; your interest rate is 8.0%, or Mattis outlined the two innovative programs developed to higher, your home is in DC, Maryland, or Virginia; and, you meet colleagues needs: are now residing in the home. (Even if your personal residence is rented out but you plan to move back into it * Purchase/Financing Package within three months, you may qualify.) * Refinancing with No Points and No Closing Costs Financing for both programs is offered by CAMCO Mortgage Purchase/Financing Program: Purchase a home and obtain Bankers, and real estate is handled by CAMRAN Corp., its financing in a single package and receive a rebate of up to parent company. CAMRAN Corp. has earned a solid 1% of the purchase price, and up to $800 toward closing reputation for integrity, innovation and superior client service costs, depending on the price of the home and the amount of for more than 10 years in business. the loan. This joint transaction simplifies and shortens the home buying process, cuts costs, and passes time and money savings on to you. The home must be a personal residence in Virginia that costs $150,000, or more.

Over 10 Years of Soli CAMCO Mortgage Bankers Service to the Washin Metropolitan Communi Mortgage companies may all be the same to you until you visit us. To apply for either program contact George Mattis: Cameo is committed to fast and dependable service, education and all around hassle free application processing. Up front, you will be told if your case can (703)237-6 Telephone (703) 237-6666 or (703) 536-1649 be done at Cameo. You will know how your case is progressing via phone calls Pager (703)715-1900 & weekly update malls once your case Is accepted at Cameo. FAX (703) 533-2030 • Fuffy computerized system with i touch of dm & understanding staff - 7 days a week • Evening & weekend appointments; our offloe or youra Address CAMCO/CAMRAN Corp. • Approval letter leeued In 60 minutes for purchase & refinancing mortgage loan applications • Home of *no points & no dosing costs* mortgage loans A Landmark in Falla Chore' 6540 Arlington Blvd. • Free dally dasses In our state of art training center for Public: Know what options you have in todays mortgage market & how much you can borrow before shopping 6540 Arlington Blvd Arlington, VA 22042 Real Estate Agents: Learn how you can qualify your customers via different mortgage tools & oroducts. Update your Falls Church, VA. 220 J Knowledge at our cost The more you know the more cases you can put together & service your clients & customers well. Residential & Comme

This is a paid advertisement. Is your insurance policy “Greek” to you? Then buy American.

Don’t assume you have to buy any In many circumstances, local policies are The bottom line is, at Clements and insurance locally without checking with grossly inadequate, both in coverage and Company all our insurance policies Clements & Company first. limits. Many Americans living abroad provide the most comprehensive OUR PRIMARY PRODUCTS INCLUDE: have expressed their dissatisfaction with coverage available, are written in plain • Automobile the service and claims settlements they English and clearly state the amount • Household Effects receive from local companies. of coverage in U.S. dollars. In addition, • Personal Liability you will receive the unexcelled service • Life, Health and Disability synonymous with Clements & Company. • Stateside Coverages • Embassy Associations and Schools Our reputation was built on client referrals, so we invite you to ask any of During our embassy travels, one of the our clients about us. We know you’ll like most frequent comments made to us is: “1 what you hear. can’t read my local insurance policy and I don’t know how much coverage I have.” CLEMENTS Cf COMPANY Specialists in Insurance for the Foreign Service at Home and Abroad 1730 K Street, NW, Suite 701, Washington DC 20006

Phone (202) 872-0060 Fax (202) 466-9064 Telex 64514 Coble Clements/Washington Destination Washington, D.C.? Let Long & Foster, the Area's Largest Real Estate Company,

Lead the Way Long & Foster, 'the leading real estate firm in the nation's capital, is noted for customer satisfaction and has been helping people buy and sell homes for over 25 years. If you are being assigned to the Washington, D.C. area, put Long & Foster's expertise, experience lets* and market knowledge to work for you. Serving the real estate needs of the Foreign Service community is our speciality. If you're interested in buying a home, we can provide you with all the details of available housing alternatives. Or, if you are leaving the area, we can help you sell your home quickly and at the best price possible. For up-to date information on living in the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan area, fax or mail the coupon below.

EVELYN COTTERMAN will give you the benefit of LONG & FOSTER' over 18 years of specialized experience. REALTORS® Buyer or Seller Agent Phone: (703) 573-2600 Fax: (703) 641-9524

DESTINATION WASHINGTON, D.C./ ATTENTION EVELYN COTTERMAN

Name I'm interested in: Address □ Information on buying a home in Virginia Maryland D.C. Q Selling my present home Phone □ Free Home Buyers Guide Expected Date of Arrival □ Free Home Sellers Guide

FAX OR MAIL TO: EVELYN COTTERMAN, LONG & FOSTER, 3918 PROSPERITY AVENUE, FAIRFAX, VA 22031 FOREIGN SERVICEVOL. 71, NO.3 MARCH 1994 JOURNAL

Editorial Board Chairman BRANDON GROVE

JANET BOGUE KATHLEEN BRJON JOHN ERIKSSON PHYLLIS DICHTER-FORBES Discussing Diversity 24 Vietnam Opens for Business .... SUSAN KEOGH-FISHER DANIEL O. NEWBERRY DONALD R. NORLAND COVER: DIPLOMACY’S FOCUS ON BUSINESS PHYLLIS OAKLEY ROBERT TOTH Laying a Firm Foundation 3 HANS N. TUCH Should US Foreign Policy Promote Democracy or Market Economies First? BY SIDNEY WEINTRAUB The Independent Voice of the Foreign Service Expanding US Markets 3

Editor More Than Ever, Embassies’s Day-to-Day Work Means Business as Usual KAREN KREBSBACH BY WILLIAM B. MILAM Managing Editor NANCY A. JOHNSON Spook Speak 38 Advertising Manager Economic Espionage Grows As Threat TINA M. DREYFUS BY SAMUEL D. P0RTE0US Editorial Assistant LIZ ALLAN Business Booms 39 Design MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS A US Company Snags New Clients BY THOMAS E. JOHNSON FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL (ISSN 0015-7279), 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990, is FEATURES published monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit organization. Managing Diversity in the Workplace 24 Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent Three Foreign Service Officers Tell Their Stories the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries are invited. JOURNAL subscription: AFSA Members -$9 50 COLUMNS included in annual dues: others - $40. Overseas subscription (except Canada) - $50 per year. Airmail President’s Views . 4 not available. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. Diversity, Yes, But with Ground Rules and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send BY TEX HARRIS address changes to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 2101 E Street, N.W.. Washington. D.C. 20037-2990. Despatch . 7 Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Services, Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106 (October Moving Ahead, Looking Back 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs BY KAREN KREBSBACH Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries invited. The appearance of advertisements herein 18 does not imply the endorsement of the services or Speaking Out goods offered. FAX: 202/338-6820 or 202/338- The Foreign Service: An Endangered Species? 8244 • TELEPHONE: 202/338-4045 or 338-4054. BY SHERMAN FUNK

© American Foreign Service Association 1994 Printed in the U.S.A. Postcard from Abroad 60 Amid War, A Celebration of Peace Send address changes for the Foreign Service Journal to AFSA, 2101 E Street NW BY STEVENSON MCILVAINE Washington, DC 20037-2990 DEPARTMENTS Cover Illustration: Letters 8 Annual Report Pull-out Section Michael Daniels Clippings and Comment 12 Books 42 AFSA News Pull-out Section Index to Advertisers 59

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 3 PRESIDENT’S VIEWS

DIVERSITY, YES, BUT WITH GROUND RULES AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION Governing Board We at AFSA support Secretary Warren Christopher's commitment to President: F.A. (TEX) HARRIS State Vice President: TODD STEWART ensuring that the Department of State and the Foreign Service reflect the AID Vice President: JOHN A. PATTERSON diversity and the values of America. Under his leadership, with the support USIA Vice President: RAZV1GOR BAZA1.A Retiree Vice President- DONALD R. NORLAND of the under secretary for management, the director general and the legal Secretary: CATHERINE BARRY Treasurer: ANNE WOODS PATTERSON adviser, the department has initiated serious efforts to deal positively with State Representatives: CHRISTINE FULENA charges of discrimination in the personnel system. DENNIS KUX JOHN MARIZ It is clear to us at AFSA that the department is subject to valid criticism SUE SAARiMO DAVID H. SHINN for its failure to recruit, retain and promote outstanding representatives from AID Representatives LEE ANN ROSS JAMES R. WASHINGTON all elements of American society. This failing must be corrected, but we USIA Representative: MICHAEL HOULAHAN believe that the extent of the problem and the proposed corrective measures Retired Representatives: KATHRYN CLARK-BOURNE SAMUEL F, HART must be explained to the members of the Foreign Service and endorsed by M. BRUCE HIR5HORN EDWARD L. PECK them, acting through AFSA, their elected representative. FAS Representative. WAY LAND BEEGHLY The department's long delay in dealing with discrimination lawsuits and PCS Representative: BARRY FRIEDMAN Staff in developing clear, open proposals to rectify the problems of the past is, in Executive Director: SUSAN REARDON my judgement, very regrettable. Now, however the department is moving Business Department Controller: KARA HARMON vigorously with AFSA participation to settle the discrimination lawsuits. The Office Manager: JUDY SHINN Executive Assistant: MEIKE MEISSNER remainder of the diversity agenda should be approached in the same fashion Accounting Assistant: SHEREE E. BEANE - vigorously, without vacillation or dissembling and in the context of our Administrative Manager: MICHAEL DAILEY Administrative Assistant: DIANNA DUN BRACK labor-management partnership. labor Management The secretary and his colleagues have done more than previous leaders General Counsel: SHARON PAPP Director: JAMES YORKE to explain the issues and the department's responses in the 17-year-old Palmer Staff Attorney: COLLEEN FALLON Representative: PETER GAASERUD suit (women officers) and the more recent Thomas suit (black officers). Yet Law Clerks. EDWIN GANT A MEGAN CHUN much more remains to be done. Member Services Many - probably most - officers do not understand the Bureau of Director: JANET HEDRICK Representative: NORAJ AN E McINTYRE European and Canadian Affairs' recent ad hoc efforts to recruit minority USIA Representative. JULIE SMITH LINE Grievance Counselors. DEREK TERRELL officers for the bureau because these efforts were never adequately explained. Director of Development: LORI DEC In the senior ranks, many male officers have complained of their perceived Professional Issues: RICHARD S. THOMPSON inability to compete fairly against women and minority officers for attractive Retiree Liaison. WARD THOMPSON positions. Here again, the department's policy has not been clearly enunciated. Congressional Liaison: RICK WEISS Legislative Affairs The AFSA Governing Board is deeply concerned that the department is Coordinator: ROBERT Cl IATTF.N undertaking pro-diversity actions independent of an agreed-upon diversity Scholarship Coordinator and program that has been adequately explained. A continuation of these actions Systems Administrator: THERESA Al RRICCHIO can only engender further resistance by Foreign Service officers who feel Speakers Bureau and International Associates: GIL KL'LICK disadvantaged. If this situation continues, we fear that these officers will soon Conferences. JOHN J. HARTER seek their remedies in court. Without further delay, the State Department's The American Foreign Service Association, founded in 192-1. is the profes¬ sional association of the Foreign Service and the official representative of all management should begin through the partnership process to develop an open Foreign Service employees in the Department of State, and the I ,'nited States information Agency and the Agency for International Development underthe and transparent diversity enhancement program that can both promote terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or Retired membership in AFSA is open to all current or retired employees of the I'.S. foreign affairs President Clinton's goals and gain employee support, without undermining the agencies. Associate membership is open to persons having an interest in or close association with the Foreign Serv ice. Annual dues: Active Member*— morale and esprit de corps of the Foreign Service. 585-188; Retired Memlxrv—$45-62: Associate Members—$50. All AFSA members are members of the Foreign Service Club, l’leasc note: AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may lx- deductible as an ordinary and necessary business expense for federal income tax puiposes. Schiilarship and —Tex Harris AFSA Fund donations are deductible as 'charitable contribulioas. AMI HICW FORM* A SPKVIU- AWXIVIIOV 2101 H Street NYU Washington. D.C. 20037. Executive offices, memlxrrship. professional Issues, scholarship pro¬ grams. insurance programs. JOURNAL offices (202) 338-1045. Governing Board, standing committees, general counsel, labor-management relations, member.services, grievances: (202)647-8160 • FAX: (202) 047-0205 • I 'S1A Member Services (202) 401-6*105 • Foreign Service Club 1202) 338-5730.

4 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 Your Home Away from Home

NEW LUXURY HIGHRISE BUILDING • FULLY FURNISHED APARTMENTS ONE BLOCK FROM BALLSTON METRO STOP ONE MILE TO NFATC NEW CAMPUS • ON BUS ROUTE'S 22B/23B MICROWAVES, WASHERS AND DRYERS IN EACH APARTMENT BASIC CABLE • ALL UTILITIES • LOCAL PHONE CALLS PROVIDED FULLY EQUIPPED FITNESS CENTER RETAIL SHOPS AND GOURMET MARKET ON SITE ONE FREE UNDERGROUND PARKING SPOT SCORES OF RESTAURANTS AND SHOPPING NEAR BY OUTDOOR POOL • BRICK TERRACE • THREE BARBECUE GRILLS ARLINGTON LIBRARY • Six TENNIS COURTS • PARK — ONE BLOCK UNDER PER DIEM

CALL FOR YOUR RESERVATION S 703-243-8595 FAX 703-243-8644

850 N. RANDOLPH STREET, ARLINGTON, VA 22203

FULLY FURNISHED CORPORATE APARTMENTS Maid Service Available • 30 Day Minimum Stay jog For Those Of \bu In Washington Who Want Shorter Terms... Fully Furnished Apartments 1 Bedroom or Large Executive Suites Starting from $1050 Available for 30 days or more/Pro-rates available • Security Underground Parking • Roof Top Pool • 25" Color T.V. • Fitness Room • Aerobics Classes • Daily Newspaper Delivery • 2 Telephones and Answering Machine 2525 N. l Oth Street • Welcome Gifts North Arlington, VA (703)525-2600 DESPATCH BY KAREN KREBSBACH Moving Ahead, Looking Back

Observe always that everything is the result of a change, sity, dissent, budget-slashing and the promotion and assignment process. and get used to thinking that there is nothing Nature loves so well The enclosed newsletter, AFSA as to change existing forms and to make new ones like them. News, will continue to be the — Meditations, IV organization’s service arm, keeping members up to date on union news othing is more enduring than But as always in determining a and lobbying efforts and including N change, and yet nothing en¬ course for the future, it is wise to look reports from the elected vice presi¬ dures like the unchanging to the past. The Foreign Service Jour¬ dents’ of the five foreign affairs agen¬ steadfastness of tradition. nal of today evolved cies, retiree activity Incorporating change while main¬ from a newsletter, The news, and information taining the long, remarkable tradition American Consular on AFSA speakers, con¬ of a magazine such as the Foreign Bulletin, first published ferences, awards and Service Journal is the greatest chal¬ in March 1919 by The scholarships. lenge before me as I take over the American Consular As¬ But the Journal also editorship in the magazine’s 75th year sociation, a precursor expects to address some of publication. to the American For¬ of the readership’s larger This position allows me to blend eign Service Associa¬ foreign policy concerns: and apply my professional and educa¬ tion of today. A glance political restructuring in tional background and personal inter¬ through its seven and a the former Soviet Union, ests. I come to the Journal with 11 half decades of publi¬ ethnic conflicts in Bosnia, years of Boston newspaper experi¬ cation provides a his¬ peace in the Mideast, ence and nearly three years of journal¬ torical perspective on a Karen Krebsbach NAFTA’s effects on world ism work for Caracas publications, Foreign Service that has trading blocs, the role of including the editorship of the monthly been continually evolving, continu¬ military intelligence and the press in magazine, Business Venezuela, I also ally improving itself. The same has diplomatic affairs, successes and fail¬ hold a double bachelor’s degree in held true for the Journal itself. ures of economic development efforts, journalism and English from the Univer¬ And so, the tradition continues. and U.S. strategies to fight drug traffick¬ sity of Wisconsin and received a master’s In the months to come, the Journal’s ing and solve the world’s environmental degree from Harvard University’s pages will take on a more sophisti¬ problems. Kennedy School of Government, where cated look, spurred by a redesign and And the third — but critically im¬ I focused on Latin American studies and expanded color and artwork. Yet, its portant — aspect of the magazine is U.S. foreign policy. editorial standards will remain high, the voice of its readers, who offer their I believe that the Journal’s voice in as the Editorial Board and editors opinions in the often controversial shaping foreign policy and reflecting continue to choose the best-quality “Speaking Out” column and the “Let¬ public opinion has never been more and most diverse contributions. We ters to the Editor” forum. vital, as tire globe realigns itself politi¬ hope our cooperative efforts will make These voices are invaluable, be¬ cally in the transition to the 21st century. the magazine more relevant, more cause the Foreign Service Journal’s The Journal’s readers and contribu¬ lively, more insightful and more pro¬ readers, in sharing their thoughts and tors are among the best educated, the vocative — and more importantly — knowledge, contribute to the contin¬ best informed and the most influential will make a difference in the foreign ued evolution and improvement of in the foreign affairs arena and, there¬ policy arena and in the Foreign Ser¬ the Foreign Service and U.S. foreign fore, among the most intellectually vice itself. policy itself. The Journal becomes demanding. Satisfying that demand The Journal hopes to tackle some of bolder facing the inevitable changes requires a new direction and a new the changing issues facing the Foreign of the future by drawing on the rich strategy. Service today: Tandem couples, diver¬ tradition of its past.

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 7 LETTERS

Clear Policy Wanted inquiiy struck me as evasive and dis¬ to the concerns of most Americans. To the Editor: ingenuous at best.... I urge manage¬ Recognition of the very marginal I commend AFSA for publishing an ment and the director general’s office perspective we represent does not exchange with department manage¬ to approach the complex interrela¬ mean that we should give up the good ment on EUR’s alleged reservation of tionship between diversity concerns, fight. After all, Americans finally certain positions for minority officers. the lawsuits, and the personnel pro¬ learned to prefer professional to ama¬ I support the encouragement of diver¬ cess in a transparent and straightfor¬ teur football players. However, maybe sity in the Foreign Service, and am ward manner, keeping AFSA fully in¬ we should try to seek some new per¬ aware of the department’s need to formed. I hope that all involved in these spectives, arguments and proposals. respond to court decisions affecting issues will bear in mind the Foreign Two proposals come to mind; personnel issues. I believe, however, Service’s commitment to merit (not to probably neither is very new but I that AFSA raised a serious concern of mention the national interest) as well as have not seen any mention of them many officers when it asked the depart¬ the imperatives of promoting genuine in recent times. ment to state whether bureaus are re¬ equality of opportunity for all officers. First of all, we should begin to use serving certain positions for some groups I note in closing that at a time when more of the real language of Wash¬ of officers at the expense of others. many observers of our society decry ington and American politics. I mean I am myself a white male, although the general unattractiveness of careers money and budgets. Is it not time for I have never identified as part of a in government for the best students at us to point out that each political group based on these attributes, nor our universities, I believe that the appointment means another mouth do I believe that my race and gender Foreign Service will do great harm to at the public trough? The Service have provided me with any advan¬ itself if it decides to treat its enor¬ recruits, trains and promotes officers tages vis-a-vis other groups during my mously talented people in terms of to fill all of its positions including the Foreign Service career. I believe AFSA’s race, gender and ethnicity rather than most senior.... The filling of any of interest in the question of bureaus’ as individuals. these positions by a political ap- reserving positions for certain groups Marc J. Sievers and not others is appropriate, in part NEA/IAI because there are many wildly contra¬ Washington, DC dictory descriptions about the impli¬ cations of the department’s diversity Fighting the Good Fight policy. In my view, not enough has To the Editor: been done to clarify the department’s AFSA’s effort to oppose the position on the issue. appointment of Larry Law¬ During the last bidding cycle, a rence of San Diego for the number of my white male colleagues ambassadorship to Bern pro¬ told me that when they inquired about duced a very interesting pub¬ bidding on various positions they were lic defense of Mr. Lawrence told by several bureaus that the posi¬ and the tradition of appoint¬ tion would go to a woman or a minor¬ ing political ambassadors in ity bidder. While I recognize that this general. An article written by sort of information is anecdotal, the a close personal friend of Mr. department should realize that many Lawrence [shows] why so officers now believe that white males many Americans in fact favor are at a real disadvantage in the bidding a continuation of the spoils process if there are any viable women system for ambassadorial ap¬ or minority candidates. Some officers pointments. That we as pro¬ allege the existence of similar reverse fessionals recommend a dif¬ bias in the promotion process, although ferent set of criteria, and that the department firmly denies it. we as American Foreign Ser¬ Given the sensitivity of this issue, vice officers have a special sense the department’s response to AFSA’s of deprivation, is not relevant “Who needs it?!”

8 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 ‘Experience tfe comforts of Home away from Home.

pointee adds one additional and un¬ — the president’s need to have his necessary person to the department’s own men or women in policy jobs. roll, and the cost of that person to Edward Marks the department’s budget. That addi¬ Institute for National Strategic Studies tional monetary expense does not Fort McNair include the cost of not employing 50 Washington, DC or so senior FSOs trained at great expense over the years by the tax¬ More Info Needed payers. To the Editor: Perhaps we can also redefine the While there certainly can be di¬ vided opinions about Congressman question of political appointees by Luxury (winy at its finest utilizing the old management dis¬ Christopher Shays’s proposal to raise tinctions between line and staff. If the retirement age from 55 to 65 over ••SHORT OR LONG TERM STAY** we view ambassadors as essentially a 20-year period, I personally believe a line managers, the argument for pro¬ more detailed analysis of the ramifica¬ Furnished one and two bedroom apartment homes fessionals has greater weight. More tions of such a revision should be 0 important, it enables us to deal with presented to AFSA members before the Fully equipped with washer and the president’s right and need for organization rushes in to take a negative dryer in each apartment like-minded policy staff by pointing stance on behalf of its membership. 9 Garage parking available out that the appropriate place for In the 21st century, the aging of the ❖ such appointments is in the Wash¬ population will require major shifts in 24-hour front desk attendant ington headquarters. In the case of our attitude and thinking on social 0 the Department of State, therefore, and economic structures. These are Fully equipped exercise center with dressing rooms and saunas one reasonable approach to the ques¬ the very subjects which our members 0 tion of choosing would be to use are especially equipped to review and Richly decorated library and senior headquarters policy staff po¬ analyze. They should therefore have entertainment suite sitions (specifically, all assistant sec¬ an opportunity to do so prior to AFSA 0 On-site deli, dry cleaners and retaries of state) for political ap¬ taking a position on their behalf, par¬ beauty salon pointments, and all senior field man¬ ticularly where time is not of critical 0 agers (i.e. ambassadorships) for se¬ importance. Attractive rooftop sundeck with nior career appointments. Naturally, My plea for 1994 is to allow the lounges 0 the senior policy people in head¬ members to play a larger role in deter¬ Short walk to Farragut West, Foggy quarters would and could draw on mining AFSA’s position on policy is¬ Bottom Metro, Dupont Circle career personnel for their own staffs. sues. 9 Such an approach would differenti¬ Kurt H. Teil Nearby shopping, grocery, restaurants, ana theaters ate staff from line, and possibly even Retired FSO 9 make the president’s life easier by USAID Attentive, service-oriented staff making it clearer where he will want to pamper you 9 and where he will need the particu¬ Don’t Block Appointments Under per-diem rate lar talents of the political appointee. To the Editor: 9 Obviously, this approach does not I strongly object to AFSA meet all of the real motivations be¬ leadership’s decision to “block” am¬ The Winston House hind the appointment of political bassadorial appointments. Testifying 2140 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 ambassadors, either on behalf of the in opposition to the “spoils system” — Tel. (202) 785-2200 given administration or of many of¬ yes; using AFSA’s resources and tal¬ Fax. (202) 785-5185 fice-seekers. Still, it would narrow ents to promote the maximum num¬ the field of argument by making it ber of career ambassadors — yes. But more difficult to use at least one of singling out ambassadorial nominees the most prevalent formal arguments as unqualified, and actively seeking to XhZHftSn JBG PROPERTIES in favor of the political ambassador block Senate confirmation — hold on!

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 9 THE ONLY CALL YOU NEED LETTERS

TO MAKE! In the January 1994 issue of the “preventive diplomacy” but goes on to Foreign ServiceJournal, President Tex claim that the CSCE “has no major Harris announced AFSA’s success in success stories to its credit.” He fails to -s (temporarily) blocking the appoint¬ understand that the very nature of pre¬ ment of M. Larry Lawrence as U.S. ventive diplomacy — which keeps bad ExecuStay, Inc. ambassador to Switzerland. AFSA tes¬ things from happening — assures that tified against the nomination because its successes rarely make the front pages 1-800-735-7829 “in our view he lacks the necessary of American newspapers. Strangely, Mr. qualifications.” Mr. Harris also stated Shorr praises the stabilizing role played - 301 251-2771 AFSA’s intention to challenge “future by the CSCE’s mission in Macedonia and The Experts In Furnished Larry Lawrences” to ensure that “the notes the CSCE high commissioner for Short & Long-term Housing best qualified persons, career or non¬ national minorities’ breakthrough in career” head up American missions. defusing tensions between Estonia and These actions go far beyond AFSA’s its Russian-speaking minority — but are mandate as I understand it, and raise these not successes? a number of important questions, in¬ More comprehensive research cluding: would have shown many more ex¬ • On what basis will AFSA decide amples of the CSCE’s success in defus¬ who are the best qualified persons? ing tensions and precluding prospective • How far is AFSA’s so-called “height¬ crises through low-key action. These ened credibility” on the Hill going include the diplomatic initiatives of the The ExecuStay Advantage to carry in dealing with the inevi¬ CSCE’s chairman-in-office (especially in ■ Hundreds of locations in the table fall out of its actions (which, the former Soviet Union) and the long¬ city or suburbs, for thirty days or longer. as described by Mr. Harris, includes term programs of the Office for Demo¬ ■ Rates below per diem. the hold on 27 senior USAID pro¬ cratic Institutions and Human Rights, ■ Flexible short and long-term motions which were before the which organizes election monitoring, leases. Senate at the same time)? investigates human rights problems, and ■ One, two and three bedroom Mr. Harris announced that “win or has helped foster democratic (and there¬ apartments. lose, AFSA is in this for the long haul.” fore, stable) societies. The ODIHR’s suc¬ ■ Townhouses. I suggest that he consult more closely cesses have am the gamut from ensur¬ ■ Private homes. ■ Fully furnished to meet your with membership before taking AFSA ing that the Turkish minority in Bulgaria lifestyle. members on this particular trip. was not disenfranchised before the 1991 ■ Quality housewares including Lucy Tamlyn elections to, most recendy, providing linens, fully outfitted kitchens EB/STA expert assistance to Moldova to help and decorative accessories. Washington, DC resolve the controversial “Ilsecu case” in ■ All expenses including utilit¬ Tiraspol. ies, phone service and cable While these successes may not have television, on one bill. Success of the CSCE ■ Maid service upon request. To the Editor: been dramatic, they have not gone ■ Fitness centers at most locales. David Shorr’s Foreign Service Jour¬ unnoticed in the new (and potential) ■ Pets accepted at many locales. nal article on the CSCE (December democracies of the region. As a result, ■ Washers and dryers. 1993) calls welcome attention to an these countries have consistently asked ■ Close to shopping and enter¬ international entity that is often misun¬ the CSCE to broaden the scope of its tainment. derstood because it has changed as activities and assistance. Long-term ■ Many locations on public dramatically in the last three years as missions have increased and the man¬ transportation routes. ■ Concierge service at some has the Eurasian political environ¬ dates of CSCE institutions have ex¬ locations. ment. What used to be a club of panded. It is the appreciation for the ■ Major credit cards accepted. diplomats meeting occasionally to talk CSCE expressed by the countries of Most Importantly... at each other is now an organization Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet with permanent institutions. As an Union that is perhaps the best measure ■ You make the decisions, we provide the service. American FSO seconded to the CSCE of the organization’s success. ■ We meet your budget. in 1991, I know that the CSCE is not Jack Zetkulic without its shortcomings, but then Deputy Director 932 Hungerford Drive Suite 12B neither is Mr. Shorr’s article. CSCE Office for Democratic Institu¬ Rockville, Maryland 20850 Mr. Shorr correctly observes that tions and Human Rights the CSCE’s main concentration is on Warsaw

10 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • MARCH 1994 KEEPING YOU ON TRACK! WITH THE PROVEN TRACK RECORD OF THE SlMUNEKS

The Prudential (£ Preferred Properties'^ An independently owned and operated member of the Prudential Real Estate Affiliates. Inc.

STRETCH YOUR REAL ESTATE DOLLAR THE FSO HOME BUYERS SEMINAR

SESSION I (1 Hour) • Understanding the home buying process • Minimum down payment loan programs • Reducing closing costs • The home inspection • Buyer Brokerage

SESSION II Successful LandLording! (1/2 Hour) • 5 easy steps for renting quickly • How to process a rental application ZORITA & RICHARD SIMUNEK • Understanding the property management business Top 25 Company Agents • Managing your property manager DC, VA, and MD Capital Region

1211 North Glebe Road 2550 M Street, NW RESERVATIONS REQUIRED Arlington, VA 22201 Washington, DC 20037 Sorry! Limited seating capacity (703) 243-6300 (202) 659-5900 requires reservations. Please call Direct office line: (202) 296-4304 (202) 296-4304 to confirm space Direct fax line (202) 659-0998 and location. MAKING TRACKS TO WASHINGTON?

SEMINAR TIME ! Wednesday, March 16, 5:30 PM □ I would like to know how much hone I can afford to buy. Wednesday, April 6, 11:45 AM □ FREE MARKET ANALYSIS of how much my home is worth J Wednesday, April 20, 5:30 PM Property address: [ I am interested in the following information: Wednesday, May 4, 11:45 AM Area? □ District of Columbia □ Maryland □ Virginia [ Wednesday, May 18, 5:30 PM Type of home? □ Detached house □ Townhouse □ Condo [ Wednesday, June 1, 11:45 AM Bedrooms? Neighborhoods? Price Range? $ Wednesday, June 15, 5:30 PM Name i Address Session II immediately follows Session I City State ZIP ! Push for Diversity Goes Beyond Gender and Race “State Department ini¬ males understandably initiatives. In April, a tiatives designed to in¬ feel most threatened,” senior White House aide crease the number of Carroll said. “But if we complained that a State women and minorities in haven’t staffed an area Department list of its Foreign Service ranks well with respect to candidates for ambassa¬ are fueling a growing diversity, we have to dorial posts did not controversy over how di¬ consider more diverse contain enough women. versity goals should be applicants. But it’s done The list was returned for achieved,” Ruth Larson with qualifications in reconsideration. In late reported in the Jan. 14 is¬ mind.” November, rumors that sue of The Washington The Washington Times women’s names were Times. When Warren piece noted that the added to a senior promo¬ Zimmermann announced Zimmermann incident is tion list at the White that he was resigning as only the latest in a series House’s request head of the Refugee Bu¬ of Foreign Service prompted Director reau, his concerns over clashes over the White General Genta Hawkins U.S. policy in Bosnia House’s role in diversity Holmes to send a cable grabbed the head¬ to all overseas lines, overshad¬ posts denying any owing his re¬ 6 impropriety. ported frustration T Richard Cohen, at not being JLt is one thing, however, to in a Jan. 14 Wash¬ ington Post col¬ named assistant seek diversity and quite another secretary of state umn, also com¬ to reject a qualified individual on for population mented on the and refugee mi¬ account of race or sex. Diversity Zimmermann gration affairs, is a worthwhile goal. But it is not resignation. Cohen she wrote. so worthwhile that what amounts wrote, “Both the The New York to a quota can be established or White House and the State Depart¬ Times reported that a qualified person should be that White House ment are on a rejected simply on the basis of officials have diversity kick, and insisted — and sex and gender. If nonwhites and it was preferred State Department women were once treated that the new post officials have unfairly... things cannot now be be given to either agreed — that the made right by treating white a woman or a non white. ... For new position be males the same way.’ nine months given to a woman —Richard Cohen or a minority. The Washington Post Zimmermann sat “There are no Jan.14 and waited while reserve positions, the administration per se, but if all looked at candi¬ applicants are date after candi¬ equal, then, yes, date. In the we certainly view of his encourage them superiors, to consider none was women and found better minorities,” qualified said Alfred Q.. than Carroll III, a Zimmer¬ personnel mann. His management name was specialist at sent to the the State White House — Department. and from there “Non-minority into limbo.”

12 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 Cohen noted the need well as anatomy and for different voices at all complexion. Judged by 50 years ago levels of government — these criteria, the Clinton and especially at State, foreign policy team is for too long a white male strikingly monolithic. ... Interred AFSA President preserve with a European Despite their race, focus. gender, and talent, the Didn’t Mean to Take It Easy “It is one thing, minorities who have 'The following is an exchange of correspondence be¬ however, to seek diver¬ been appointed to senior tween Acting AFSA Executive Chairman Foy D. Kohler sity and quite another to foreign policy positions and Consul General Nathaniel P. Davis, AFSA president, reject a qualified indi¬ do not offer this kind of leader of the American Foreign Service officer who were vidual on account of race diversity.” interned at Manila during WWII. or sex,” wrote Cohen. Most principal foreign Deputy Secretary of policy figures have been On board the l/IS Gripsholm State Strobe Talbott could friends for 30 years; Oct. 24,1943 have a decisive impact many have served in the Dear Sir [Kohler]: on U.S. foreign policy, if Foreign Service and From January 5, 1941 until my arrival at Mormugao he can broaden his focus graduated from eastern [Portuguese India] on the Japanese repatriation ship Teia beyond his Russian establishment schools, he Maru on October 15, 1943,1 was hennetically sealed so specialty, Michael Clough noted. But, he continued, far as departmental news is concerned. Upon the depar¬ commented in the Jan. 4 it is not clear, given their ture of this vessel this morning, mail was delivered to us, Los Angeles Times. uniform backgrounds and and it was only then that I received a letter ... infonning Clough noted that narrow range of experi¬ me of my election as president of the Association for the Secretary of State Warren ence if these people year commencing October 1, 1942. Christopher, in first understands America well That year has passed and I have the doubtful history of appointing Clifton enough to develop a being the first president of the Association who held office Wharton to the deputy global vision that can for a year without perforating a single service for the Asso¬ secretary position, was gain the public’s confi¬ ciation or even knowing that he occupied the position. 1 pressed by the adminis¬ dence or imagination. He am sorry the fortunes of war prevented me serving the tration to bring a black pointed out that a black members of the Association in die office to which they into the top levels of the who recognizes the elected me. Nevertheless, 1 gready appreciate the honor State Department. concerns of the Congres¬ done me by my colleagues and thank them sincerely for The position Christo¬ sional Black Caucus the confidence implicit in their choice. pher wanted for Wharton about NAFTA, or an Very sincerely yours, — the U.S. ambassador¬ American of Asian Nathaniel P. Davis ship to the United descent who appreciates American Consul General Nations — was given to the importance of per¬ Jan.15,1944 Madeleine Albright sonal networks would Dear Mr. Davis: following pressure by add an important voice It w-as a source of real regret to die entire membership of women’s groups, Clough to policy formation. Just die Association that we could not have the benefit of your ac¬ pointed out. Conse¬ as important, Clough tive leadership during the tenn of your presidency. quently, “Wharton was wrote, is the diversity of The committee realized, of course, that the circumstances the wrong man in the individuals, irrespective of your enforced isolation would mean that you might not wrong spot at the wrong of race or gender, who learn of your election for an indefinite time and tbit the Asso¬ time,” said Clough. did not attend eastern ciation might not have the advantage of your guidance and as¬ “Now, more than ever, universities or spend sistance during the tenn of your presidency. While this pros¬ Washington needs the their professional lives pect was a source of real regret, the desire was unanimous insights and unconven¬ toiling in government. that your name be placed at die top of the Association’s Mast. tional thinking that Paradoxically, wrote A copy of your letter, expressing your congratulations and genuine diversity can Clough, Talbott could good wishes to your successor, has been transmitted to die provide. But true com¬ take the lead in creating president of die Association, the Honorable Robert D. mitment to diversity must an American foreign Muiphy. go beyond questions of policy community that Sincerely yours, race and gender. It could accommodate this Foy D. Kohler requires sensitivity to kind of diversity — in Acting Chairman background, life experi¬ spite of his establishment Executive Committee ence and perspective, as roots. Sx

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL *13 clippings and comment

State’s Glass Ceiling Hard to Break Embassies Doing More with Less Women hold nearly 44 of senior jobs, second only to Secretary of State Warren Christopher said morale is “very percent of all federal gov¬ the Defense Department. high” at U.S. embassies, despite large workloads and doing ernment jobs, but only 13 Lynn Revo-Cohen, the “more with fewer resources,” Elisa Tinsley reported, in the Jan. 6 percent of the top jobs, The founder of a management USA Today. Interviewed for the same article, AFSA President Tex Washington Post reported consultant company that Harris claimed that doing more with less “is a myth.” Harris said on Jan. 3- Minorities hold specializes in pay equity that morale has been low in many locations.” The social contract nearly 28 percent of federal and diversity, blames much between Foreign Service employees and the department is being jobs, but only 8 percent of of the problem on cultural eroded by cutbacks in basic services, while at the same time the the top jobs. The profes¬ differences at the agencies staffs are being asked to do more.” sional progress in promo¬ and cultural differences Christopher ended his talk to the USA Today editorial board tions and assignments among white men, women by saying that he was most proud of the increased role of em¬ made by women and mi¬ and minorities. “The cultures bassies in promoting American business abroad. S>< norities varies dramatically don’t want to change,” she was quoted as saying in among agencies. The De¬ Talbott’s Star Rising at State Department fense and Energy depart¬ Judy Mann’s Jan. 7 Wash¬ ments have terrible records, ington Post column. “They The Washingtonian operating within channels. while State ranks in the see [women and minorities] magazine’s February issue As a certified “Friend of Bill middle for women and lower as inferior.” She said the portrayed Strobe Talbott as (FOB),” he could take his for minorities, according to most difficult obstacle is “to a fast-rising star who may views directly to the presi¬ the Post. Women hold ap¬ persuade the majority cultures be the next secretary of dent. But Talbott knows proximately 44 percent of that the other cultures are not state. Barbara Matusow re¬ that would undercut his boss, all jobs at State and 11 per¬ inferior, they are just different, ported that within the State Warren Christopher. “I com¬ cent of senior jobs. Minorities and that difference will en¬ Department Talbott “has municate with Bill Clinton al¬ hold 24 percent of all State hance their standards of ex¬ developed a reputation for most entirely through the jobs, but less than 6 percent cellence, not diminish it.” loyalty, discretion and secretary of state,” he said. ► Where in the world will your paycheck be on payday? Managing your family’s finances, at home or while living abroad, depends on getting your paycheck into the right accounts quickly and efficiently. Arrange to have your entire paycheck, or a portion, deposited to your State Department Federal Credit Union checking account or other account automatically. Either way, you’ll have the security of knowing your paycheck is deposited to your account the morning of payday—every pay¬ day—like clockwork. Sign up for direct deposit by visiting your payroll office today. Contact us for your free “Overseas Service Guide” or “Member Service Guide” today. If you’re calling from overseas, please let our staff know and you’ll receive priority service. If you’re an embassy or consulate employee, cable the credit union or see your SDFCU liaison. Our financial services will make a world of difference to you and your family.

State Department i «o King street ^ . . J, . Alexandria, VA22314 Federal Credit Union 703-706-5000 800-296-8882 A tradition of service for over 55 years. 703-684-1613 (fax)

14 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 PRIORITY ASSIST THE WAYCAR BUYING SHOULD BE.

AN EXCEPTIONAL CAR PURCHASE PROGRAM FOR DIPLOMATS.

Through the Priority Assist Car Buying quoted is what you’ll pay. These low FULL SERVICE. FULL SATISFACTION. Program, it's simple to purchase a new car prices are usually available only while We guarantee satisfaction at delivery, or before you head Stateside, at a guaranteed you're overseas, so contact us now for we’ll refund your payment. Priority low price. We handle all the details for more details. Assist is simply the easiest and most con¬ you—from car selection and financing, to venient way to purchase a car before registration and final delivery. There are ONE CALL DOES IT ALL. heading Stateside. Call or fax us today! no hassles, and your new car will be ready For complete details, call or fax a Priority and waiting when you arrive. Assist Personal Advisor at the numbers listed below. There’s no obligation. We’ll GUARANTEED LOW PRICES. answer your questions and give you a All of our low prices are based on price quote in writing. Because we work “Factory Invoice Prices” in U.S. dollars— with the State Department Federal Credit and we’ll guarantee you the lowest price Union, we can also handle your loan on most American-built cars. All applica¬ application. Our Personal Advisors are ble rebates are included and the price there to help you.

CALL: 1-800-877-7083 OR 516-496-1806 FAX: 516-677-3701

GERMANY Tel. (0228) 376 550 Fax. (0228) 371 420 BELGIUM Tel. (02) 716 4860 Fax. (02) 716 4760 FRANCE Tel. (1) 44 71 36 78 Fax. (1) 44 71 36 96 All guarantees are subject to terms and conditions. Call today for details. clippings and comment

State Department sources indicate that Talbott won’t Senators Spar Over Radio Free Asia be saddled with too many Sen. Russell Feingold larly China, over the VOA. He is managerial duties. But in the (D-Wis.) and Sen. Joseph years? Ander¬ quoted in foreign policy community Biden Jr. (D-Del.) are on son says that Anderson’s there is concern about his opposite sides of the Sen¬ VOA’s column: narrow focus. One joke mak¬ ate debate on whether to broad¬ “I think ing the rounds is that Christo¬ authorize $30 million to casts dur¬ a sig¬ pher has no compass and that create Radio Free Asia ing the nificant Talbott’s compass is stuck. (RFA), Columnists Jack 1989 num¬ AFSA supported the ap¬ Anderson and Michael Tiananmen ber of pointment of Talbott with Binstein said in The Wash¬ Square people, AFSA President Tex Harris ington Post on Jan. 10. demon¬ and I quoted in the Jan. 4 Wash¬ Feingold has made bud¬ strations include ington Times-. “Mr. Talbott is get-cutting a priority while were its fin¬ myself in just the sort of person that Biden has backed Radio est hour, when that group, the Foreign Service would Free Europe and Radio students, peasants have become a like to see named to all Liberty and the creation of and workers gathered to little more skeptical about non-career diplomatic posts. RFA, despite the high cost. listen to VOA and broad¬ Radio Free Asia.” He has a lifelong vocation Critics cite redundancy: casts were transcribed and Biden contends that in international relations and Why is Radio Free Asia posted on city walls. broadcasters would lose is extremely knowledgeable needed when the Voice of Joseph Duffey, USIA di¬ their “independence about the culture and poli¬ America (VOA) has con¬ rector, is dubious about and credibility” if they tics of vital areas of the sistently broadcast into what RFA could offer that were under the VOA world.” closed societies, particu¬ wouldn’t overlap with umbrella. S><

We have secured an exception for Foreign Service members to use owner- Stationed occupied rates to refinance your home overseas? even if you are overseas and it is currently being rented.

You do not have to be in the States. We will DHL all papers for you to sign, both Refinance your home application and closing papers.

with From England to Togo, to Brazil to El OWNER-OCCUPIED RATES!! Salvador, you have been pleased with our services.

THIS EXCEPTION IS TEMPORARY - - HURRY BEFORE IT IS GONE1.!!

Call or fax for information.

CARL OR GEORGIA RIVENBARK McLean Mortgage Services, Inc.

Office 703 242-0206 2527 Hunter Mill Road Oakton, VA 22124 FAX 703 242-0207

16 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 REFRIGERATORS. FREEZERS. ICE MACHINES WASHERS. DRYERS. RANGES. MICROWAVE OVENS TOASTERS. BLENDERS. DEHUMIDIFIERS. CEILING FANS. AIR CONDITIONERS. VACUUM CLEANERS GENERATORS. LAWN MOWERS. SAWS. HAMMERS LADDERS. AUTO PARTS. TIRES. COMPUTERS. LASER PRINTERS. MONITORS. SCANNERS. VIDEO BOARDS HARD DRIVES. FLOPPY DRIVES. OPTICAL DRIVES MODEMS. MICE. BLANK DISKETTES. TELEPHONES

GREENLINE FORWARDING 'Ifyou can't get it overseas, get it from us.

Your complete Stateside source for goods and services Prompt, personal service •No minimum quantities; obligation-free quotes • MasterCard, Visa, and purchase orders accepted • Free catalogs available for all overseas personnel and agei • Personal orders welcome

9495 N.W. 12 Street, Miami, Florida 33172 Telephone (305) 593-6862 Facsimile (305) 593-6865 Telex 49617950 GRN LN

VIDEO CASSETTE RECORDERS. COMPACT DISC PLAYERS. STEREO COMPONENT SYSTEMS. BLANK TAPE. HEADPHONES. SPEAKERS. CAMERAS. PENS PENCILS. COPIERS. FACSIMILE MACHINES. DESKS CHAIRS. STAPLERS. PAPER PUNCHES. DIAPERS DOG FOOD. CAT FOOD. CONSUMABLES. LIGHT BULBS. ELECTRICAL WIRE. TRANSFORMERS PLUMBING SUPPLIES. CONDUIT. HAND TOOLS POWER TOOLS. ROOFING MATERIALS AND MORE SPEAKING OUT BY SHERMAN M. FUNK The Foreign Service: An Endangered Species?

will do a lot of generalizing today. with State. When I was briefed by the refer them to a forthcoming OIG in¬ I I am aware, of course, that I may auditors and read some of their inter¬ spection report on a major post, which be oversimplifying dangerously, view notes, I was appalled. Almost charitably will go nameless here. There that my proposed solutions will every career Foreign Service officer were two EPA scientists attached to rarely be as easy as I seem to make they interviewed thought it had been that post. They were virtually ignored them, and that some of my conclu¬ “good riddance” to turn the trade by the ambassador, the DCM, the sions are, to say the least, arguable. promotion function over to Commerce. political section, and had but marginal Also, many of my comments may ap¬ Clearly, diey believed that it was some¬ contact with the economics section. pear unduly negative. how beneath them, it wasn’t quite au Not only were they ignored but, when Indeed, it may seem that I have it in for fait, to engage in matters associated they protested their status, they were the [State Department] Foreign Ser¬ with marketing or some other esoteric placed for all intents and purposes in vice. Not so. My nearly seven years aspect of business. Clearly too, they Coventiy. Not surprisingly, EPA re¬ here have been a ball, largely because believed that officers who wanted to fused to replace either one. Given of the caliber of people in the depart¬ do that kind of thing were a lesser such examples, and given the ment with whom I’ve worked. I like breed, a breed which didn’t belong in department’s prolonged inattention to the people at State so much, in fact, the real Foreign Service. “We’re dip¬ the science function, do any of you that I have consistently violated one of lomats,” said one. “We manage our seriously doubt that it is just a matter the cardinal rules of inspector gener¬ foreign affairs. We don’t do trade.” of time before EPA, probably in con¬ als: Never, never, socialize with the I’m not speaking of Victorian En¬ junction with NSF and Energy, devel¬ people you review. So I assure you gland, mind you. I’m speaking of the ops — and Congress will enthusiasti¬ that my comments are professional, United States in late 1981 and early cally endorse — the creation of a new, not personal, and they apply, fortu¬ 1982, a country whose superpower say, Foreign Environment, Science and nately, to a relatively small part of the status, whose military and diplomatic Technology Service? And that State Foreign Service universe. I will say preeminence rested on the strength of will again complain about becoming now: I profoundly admire the sheer its economy, the strength of its trade. nothing more than an overseas con¬ talent, intellectual grasp, and abundant What appalled me was that I’d cierge for other agencies? courage of most of the FSOs with whom already heard the moans and whines The painful truth is that we have I’ve come in contact — but I am deeply from State that it had no constituency, been unable to demonstrate any clear troubled by die lack of career discipline, no lobbies to back the needs of State will or intent on our part to move evident even in your best and brightest. on the Hill, no countervailing groups beyond our traditional cone strengths. Let me tick off, in no special order, to oppose the alleged appropriation How can we? Where will a non-tradi- why I place the Foreign Service on the greediness of Defense and the civilian tional strength come from? We do not endangered species list. agencies. But here they’d given up — recruit scientists for our science pro¬ Very shortly after I was appointed they couldn’t wait to throw away — grams, economists for our economic inspector general of the Commerce American business interests, one of cone, or — in any real sense — Department in 1981, Secretary Mac the most powerful potential constitu¬ business majors for our administra¬ Baldrige asked me to audit the nascent encies available, and they were not tors. Rather, we continue to think that Foreign Commercial Service. Obvi¬ even aware of it. we can take some smart generalists, ously, this required extensive research To be sure, when I relate this story throw some FSI holy water on them, and many interviews of people [in to people in the department today, and convert them to science and tech¬ State], as well as in the Commerce they sort of grin sheepishly, and nology officers, economists and ad¬ Department, so a team of my auditors mumble something like, “Yes, we re¬ ministrators. Further, and an even more virtually camped in Foggy Bottom for ally blew that one, didn’t we? But it painful truth, FSOs who devote their several weeks. Except for the consul in was an aberration. We won’t make energies and talents to non-traditional Reykjavik who certified to my first that kind of mistake again.” fields, such as refugees, narcotics, marriage, this was my initial contact If any FSOs say that to me, I will business promotion, science and, I

18 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 might add, OIG, find their careers on designated positions, we cannot re¬ considerations are provided to compen¬ a short track and their chances for cruit for many of the specific skills we sate for the hardships and demands of promotion diminished. need, we cannot take advantage of the an overseas service. But if you cannot Too often, the Foreign Service does Civil Service skills readily available, demonstrate that you can live up to your not seem to understand that if you except through a condescending and own standards and precepts, then your want something, and don’t wish to lose patronizing system called “excursion rationale for claiming difference is badly, it, you have to advocate it — and you tours,” and we cannot even answer perhaps fatally, weakened. have to reward those who till the field in our correspondence and cables from As inspector general of the depart¬ it. Culturally, too many FSOs are akin to the field. Worst of all, perhaps, we ment, I would not want an assignment lapsed Unitarians — they would rather cannot take full advantage of the For¬ system that failed to take into reason¬ talk about heaven than fight to get there. eign Service talent we do have. able account the personal and profes¬ By watering down and not enforc¬ sional concerns of employees. But the Lack of Service Discipline ing our standards, we not only sacri¬ operative word here is “reasonable.” The second point I wish to make fice purpose and excellence, but we And the accusations I hear almost daily regards the continued watering down put into jeopardy the entire Foreign point in the other direction: that our of standards and lack of Service disci¬ Service personnel system. That system assignment system excessively indulges pline. The department cannot assign has very special perks and allowances Foreign Service employees. people where they are needed, we not available to Civil Service or other For example, a recent inspection of cannot fill the bulk of our language- government employees. These special ours called for an urgently needed

For full service hotel accommodadons %^\4lcome to Washington, D.C. The Rosslyn Westpark Hotel 1900 N. Ft. Myer Dr., Arlington, VA 22209 Where quality and luxury Our premier fully furnished 703-527-4814 • 800-368-3408 are standard features, residences include • Free garage parking with only minutes from NFATC, controlled access State Department, • Private balcony Pentagon, downtown D.C., • Washer/dryer in each unit and National Airport • Fitness center, indoor pool, sauna, and jacuzzi. Racquet- ball at Courdand Towers. • Free cable t.v. and local telephone calls • Weekly maid service • 24-hour attended front desk

Courtland Towers Randolph Towers 1200 N. Veitch Street 4001 N. Ninth Street Arlington, Virginia 22201 Arlington, Virginia 22203

- 703 528-2700 703-525-9000 One block from Courthouse Metro One block from Ballston Metro

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 19 SPEAKING OUT

GSO in Bratislava. We were told, how¬ Senior Foreign Service officers. This excess of senior officers may ever, that no FSO would bid on the Of the total FSO corps, 18 percent be contributing to the increased politi¬ position and that, as a result, general are seniors. And yet, at the beginning cizing of the Foreign Service. A num¬ services support must be provided out of this fiscal year, more than 100 ber of seniors have experienced some of Vienna. What kind of -Fortune 500 senior officers were unassigned. De¬ success in obtaining desired assign¬ company, what kind of military service, spite such a huge overcomplement, ments by going outside of the system would manage its business that way? there are now 81 stretch assignments to generate support. When I was in the How could die department defend such made into senior positions. This clearly Pentagon, several general and flag nonsense before a hostile Congress? suggests that seniors aren’t really neces¬ officers were booted into early retire¬ I therefore see a real threat to the sary to carry out these responsibilities. ment because they did exactly that. It institution because of the system’s But the plot thickens. Stretches, is a dangerous practice that will burn lack of backbone in making certain both up and down, are also prevalent the Foreign Service in the long run, that people are placed where they are within the senior ranks. Eighty-eight and perhaps even in the short run. The needed, as opposed to where they want FE-OCs are currently assigned to MC fact is that Congress doesn’t like it, not to be, or where they think it is most positions. On the other hand, ironi¬ even those members who participate. advantageous to their careers to be. cally, 77 MCs are assigned to OC At best, they feel used; at worst, they positions. If this situation continues will expect a quid pro quo, if it is A Bloated Senior Service next year, when my then-former shop nothing more than a visa for the nephew The third point concerns the senior will audit the assignment system, I of a favored constituent. I would like to service. The department has too many would suspect that the resulting re¬ see even lobbying of the D Committee senior officers. In the entire executive port will attract considerable attention [the personnel committee that chooses branch of the federal government, on the Hill — with the distinct likeli¬ ambassadors] placed off limits. there are only four times as many Senior hood of subsequent legislative intru¬ A related issue is the strange situa¬ Executive Service officers as there are sion into the system. tion faced by administrative officers, INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE When you’re over there,

or find you a . area's largest, oldest and most trusted property managers, with more than 50 years of experience renting and managing a 500-property portfolio. Here's why; • Highest rental value for your home • Large selection of rental properties • Professionally trained leasing staff • 24-hour maintenance service • Multi-lingual staff Call Aaron Dodek, CPM, Senior Vice President (301) 656-7000 SINCE 1940 (301) 656-8600 fax (301) 907-4766 Professional Property Managers □3 LOCAL PRESENCE

20 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 who find themselves trapped in a Perhaps I am reflecting my own economic areas have rewarding as¬ nasty Catch-22. Because there is a entrance into government as a man¬ signments, interesting work and per¬ shortage of administrative officers agement intern, and the benefits I sonal mentoring. Consular junior of¬ throughout the Service, they too often received from rotational exposures to ficers, however, are often “too busy” are unable to get assignments any¬ a wide variety of disciplines and func¬ to be rotated, trained or mentored. where but in their own field, adminis¬ tions, but I believe that rotation of When they are rotated, the chances tration. They therefore do not acquire assignments for junior officers — be¬ are good that it is nothing more than the multifunctionality needed to make fore coning — yields the best promise one or two months off the visa line in the senior cut, and are selected out. of a successful Foreign Service career. a two-year period. This, in turn, exacerbates the shortage On one side, it gives junior officers the and robs the Senior Service of pre¬ advantages of both choice and knowl¬ Fulfilling Consular Needs cisely those officers most in command edge in selecting a career path. On the Fifth, we are too driven by consular of needed management skills. other side, it gives the department a needs. The reduction in the intake of sense of the potential of the officers it junior officers will make it increas¬ Rotating Junior Officers selects for lifelong careers. But best of ingly tough for the department to Fourth, we do a poor job of manag¬ all, it treats all career paths equitably, maintain the current quality of consu¬ ing junior officers. The Office of In¬ contrasted with the current practice of lar services, let alone meet our goal of spector General recommended that assigning officers to consular and ad¬ improving the delivery of these ser¬ the director general make mandatory ministrative functions only if they ap¬ vices. a worldwide review of junior officer pear to be relatively unqualified for Again, there is an irony here. The rotational possibilities. In response, political or economic positions. need for a large number of entry-level by the end of November, there was a The difference at this early stage is consular officers creates a correspond¬ reported 50 percent increase in formal striking. My inspectors constantly find ing need to select out many qualified rotations. This is not enough. that junior officers in the political/ officers at the FO-01 level. To allow Our Suites Feel Like Home,

Spacious and fully appointed Suites at a Great American Value. Dine, entertain, or just relax. Just one block to the Metro, two blocks to the State Department. Our very accommodating packages include:

Apartment style suites with fully - Complimentary Continental Breakfast furnished kitchens. - Daily laundry and valet service Complimentary Washington Post - Room service/Fiore's Italian Caffe Complimentary shoeshine - On-premise coin laundry facilities

Government Per Diem Available. Long-Term Rates Available. For Information and Reservations: (202) 337-6620 or toll-free (800) 426-4455. The Inn at Foggy Bottom, 824 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20037

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 21 SPEAKING OUT enough room at the bottom, there ful employment of both marriage part¬ develop its own housekeeping capa¬ must be an adequate outflow at the ners while on assignment abroad. I am bility? But if we think hard and imagi¬ top. Hence the pressure to select out not talking make-work jobs, nor spo¬ natively enough, we can carve in the highly trained officers in the very prime radic PIT hires, I am talking dual administrative field a greater potential of their careers. This is madness. careers. Thus far, the department has for long-term dependent employment. It may be time to rethink the entire danced around this issue. It is time we Nor are we anywhere near to tak¬ concept of how we provide consular came to grips with it. ing full advantage of our Civil Service services. Toward that end, I have The nature of this problem was employees. Many have the exact skills strongly supported the [proposed] Pro¬ graphically illustrated in our recent we need so badly overseas. Why not fessional Associate Program (which inspection of Embassy Warsaw: A a five-year term, as with Defense, for would allow spouses to fill certain Polish-language qualified and consu¬ those volunteering for more than a junior officer vacancies) established lar-qualified spouse could not be limited excursion tour? by the director general. There may be brought on board to replace even one of But I could go on and on. I haven’t other possible solutions, and I urge the 15 junior officers. This is madness. yet touched on the lack of account¬ AFSA to contribute toward solving the The growth in other agency pres¬ ability, manifested in part by absurdly issue of how we can best meet the ence abroad will continue, probably overstated EERs [Employment Evalua¬ crushing demands for consular services. accompanied by a further decrease in tion Reports] and the resulting need to The Foreign Service is too rigid, too the number of State personnel. In¬ rely on “corridor reputations” to weed static a workforce. I stressed the Pro¬ creasingly, therefore, our people out poor performers. Nor have I dis¬ fessional Associate Program because abroad will be cast in the role of cussed the declining number of career it offers a way of resolving one of the housekeepers, a role scorned by the officers in seventh-floor positions, with most vexing and critical problems Foreign Service. But what is the alter¬ the impact of this on true upward FSO faced by the department: How to native? Do you really want, as a tax¬ mobility, or the near-fanatic concentra¬ provide for continuing and meaning¬ payer, to see each agency separately tion of many officers on planning, plot-

Affordable Luxury

If you are relocating, a business traveler or need temporary housing, we offer the comforts of home.

• Located minutes from Pentagon, • Controlled access entry throughout Washington, DC and National Airport. building.

• Luxurious one and two bedroom • Complete Nautilus fitness center, apartments completely furnished and lighted tennis court, and a spacious accessorized with fully equipped outdoor swimming pool. gourmet kitchens and washers and dryers. • 4 blocks from Ballston Metro, courtesy Shuttle provided. • Weekly maid service, free cable TV. • Free underground parking. • Within walking distance of department stores, specialty shops and restaurants. • Cats welcome. • 5 p.m. check-in time. • Adjacent to bike/jogging trail.

30 day mil im slay THE CHASE BALLSTON

FOR INFORMATION CALL 703-527-4409 The Service You Deserve OR FAX 703-516-4369 4650 N. Washington Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22201

22 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 ting and promoting their careers. embassies? Instead of determining has any real say on matters of asylum. And frankly, I am concerned about priorities and staffing them appropri¬ I would not be concerned if these the tendency of the department and its ately, the department apparently has were decisions reached after careful senior officers to retreat into preemp¬ chosen to be understaffed everywhere. study and consideration of the alter¬ tive capitulation when confronted by That is management by happenstance. natives. But all too often there are no demands of other agencies, agencies Our recent inspection of the Bu¬ such decisions; the department sim¬ with a wholly legitimate need for reau of Human Rights and Humanitar¬ ply rolls with the punches. representation overseas but who are ian Affairs noted that the department AFSA and OIG share a common reluctant to pay their fair share of the may soon be taking a subordinate goal: improving the Service. AFSA rep¬ freight. We can negotiate firmly and position to other agencies on some resents employees who want the Ser¬ even masterfully with other govern¬ key aspects of humanitarian affairs. vice improved. We, OIG, represent, by ments. Why can’t we hang just as For example, INS has asked for a law, an institutional vehicle for helping tough in negotiating with sister agen¬ budget increase in one area which, if to bring that about. We have a natural cies in our own government? granted, will increase our related con¬ partnership here, and I trust we can Where was the department two sular workload by some 500 percent. work jointly to make that partnership years ago when the intelligence com¬ Yet State has not asked for an extra pennanent and productive. munity, rethinking its post-Cold War dime in this area in our appropria¬ mission, began to speak of overt re¬ tion requests, or as a transfer from This is an edited version of remarks porting? Did we negotiate then or seek other agencies. The short-term re¬ about the State Department Foreign a transfer of assets or dollars? sult? Criticism of the department and Service made by Funk, who retired Where was the department when frustration for our consular staff, in mid-February as Inspector Gen¬ 23 new embassies opened, with virtu¬ because of inability to meet the new eral of the State Department, at a ally no new resources and without workload. The long-term result? A Jan. 13 luncheon of the American any significant closure of existing State Department which no longer Foreign Service Association.

♦ CONVENIENCE LOCATION C r- 4- 2 Swimming Pools 4 25 Steps to Metro r 4 2 Lighted Tennis Courts 4 Just Minutes to NIH, Navy * 4 Workout facility Hospital, Pentagon, World >n C 4 Aerobic Classes Bank and Embassy Row. 73 4 Fully Furnished Eff., 1, 2 and 3 4 Steps Away to 2 Grocery Stores, z Bedroom Apartments over 135 Restaurants, Banks Eo EG 4 Cable TV and Shopping. m 4 Phone a OTHER ITEMS 4 Valet Dry Cleaning r< 4 Crib, Desk and Chair 4 Garage Parking a 4 Housekeeping x 4 Washer/Diyer in each Apartment c 4 Roll-a-way bed 73 4 Vacuum Cleaner > "3 > 73 Affordable Hotel Living with the Advantages of a Home H 2 If you are looking for comfort and convenience, the choice is easy. The Chase at Bethesda offers m Z two twin towers in the heart of Bethesda and only 25 steps to the Metro. H - THE CHASE AT BETHESDA r < 7500 WOODMONT AVE. • BETHESDA, MD. 20814 • (301)654-0694 • FAX (301) 654-0697 Z Daily rent) darting from $59.83 /Minimum 50-day occupancy n ♦ TRAMMELL CROW RESIDENTIAL — A COMPANY THAT CARES ABOUT OUR RESIDENTS ♦

MARCH 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 23 MANAGING DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE

FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS TELL THEIR STORIES

Victor Bonilla, Linda Morse, Aaron Williams

I hese remarks are a slightly edited version of a Jan. 24 lun¬ grips with managing a more diverse cheon discussion at the American Foreign Service Association, moderated by workforce and seeking a way to diver¬ Foreign Service Journal Editor Karen Krebsbach. The participants, whose sify the workforce, it certainly is the same case in the government. The government experience and education are listed at right, included the State State Department, AID and other for¬ Department’s Victor Bonilla, a senior political-military adviser for the Office eign affairs agencies, are all involved of Policy, Planning and Coordination at the Bureau of Inter-American Af¬ in the same kind of activity: Trying to fairs; Linda Morse, Deputy Assistant Administrator for USAID’s Bureau for do a better job of managing what is Asia and the Near East; and Aaron Williams, Executive Secretary for USAID. going to be an increasingly diverse workforce. We need to find the best MODERATOR: To what extent do most face-to-face contacts overseas, it people we can to work in foreign affairs. you think that diversity is a ivorthy should be the most representative of MORSE: I think there is an increas¬ goal in the Foreign Service? American society to the degree that is ing recognition even at the State De¬ BONILLA: Well, I’ll lead off. It’s possible. So, diversity is almost a partment and AID, that diversity is not kind of one of those truisms. We’re foregone conclusion — at least in my just an equal opportunity question, made up of a very diverse society. mind, I’m sure not in some other but it really does add something to the They call us the salad culture as op¬ people’s minds — and it should re¬ workforce, to the work environment. posed to the melting pot, and if the flect the American people. Foreign Service is the senior agency in WILLIAMS: I think that just as the MODERATOR: Do you think that the the government, and the one with the private sector is trying to come to share of minorities and women should

24 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 Victor Bonilla State Department 1992-present Senior Political-Military Adviser, Of¬ fice of Policy, Planning and Coordina¬ tion, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs compiled for the EEO every year, the 1991 -1992 Desk Officer for Jamaica, Bahamas approximate their representative popu¬ and British Possessions lations in the United States or is that State Department falls behind almost 1989-1991 Senior Refugee Officer for Latin not a useful goal? every department. America, South Asia and the Near East 1987-1989 Congressional Fellow, Sen. Pete WILLIAMS: Well, personally I think Now they’ve made great strides, Domenici (R- New Mexico) that the use of quotas has been dis¬ but it has been at the cost of class 1985-1987 Research Fellow, CSIS, Georgetown University couraged in the United States. But at action lawsuits, individual lawsuits, 1983-1984 Executive Assistant for the U.S. Co¬ the same time, you have to have congressional heat, political heat and, ordinator for Public Diplomacy targets, you have to have goals, you in general, a creation of bad morale.... 1982-1983 Special Assistant, Undersecretary for Political Affairs have to try to look for ways to recruit I think your January issue begins to 1981-1982 Special Assistant, Bureau of Oceans, women and minorities. That’s some¬ make a dent in that direction to ex¬ Environmental and Scientific Affairs 1979-1981 Regional Officer, Office of Andean thing that we have to try to do. Cer¬ pose some of the hostilities. And, Affairs tainly that seems to be consistent with some of it, I have to say, is deserved, 1978-1979 Political Officer, Paraguay President Clinton’s policy to create a in the sense that I don’t blame people 1976-1977 Deputy Director, Office of Interna¬ tional Women’s Programs, Bureau diverse workforce. for being ticked off, but we can get of International Organization Affairs BONILLA: I don’t think that you can into that later. 1974-1976 Vice Consul, Montreal 1973-1974 Staff Assistant, Bureau of Public Af¬ equate numbers with people because MORSE: Well, first and foremost, I fairs think you have to have commitment at we’re all different. We come from 1967 University of Califoria — Berkeley, different backgrounds, and we don’t the top — that diversity is an objective B.A., political science all necessarily want to do the same and for the right reasons. Again, not to 1972 University of Miami, M.A., interna¬ tional affairs thing. I’m the last person to say that meet targets and quotas, but that there’s every single Hispanic in the United a belief that diversity adds something to the workplace and to the perfor¬ Linda Morse States, or woman or African American Agency for International Development wants to become a Foreign Service mance of the institution. 1993-present Deputy Assistant Administrator, officer or work for the federal govern¬ So you start at the top and then you Bureau for Asia and the Near East ment. What I do say, though, is that, as can pick any point in the system to 1991 -1993 Director, Office of East Asia 1988-1991 Deputy Director, Morocco Aaron was saying, there are some look at. They’re all complex problems 1985-1988 Deputy Director, Haiti rough numbers that you can shoot for, - you look at recruitment, you look at 1981 -1985 Director of Health and Nutrition for Latin America and Caribbean targets — because we don’t call them promotions, you look at assignments 1978-1981 Director of Health, Population and quotas — to the extent that we deviate — they’re all very different issues. Nutrition, Haiti from that course in various govern¬ WILLIAMS: I think Linda’s right 1976-1978 International Development Intern, Haiti ment departments courts have con¬ about that. The thing you need to look 1975 Harvard University, M.P.H., public cluded that employers are practicing a at is, first of all: How do you achieve health form of discrimination. diversity throughout the workforce? 1974 University of Michigan, M.S.W., so¬ MORSE: I think the real question is The workforce can be viewed in prob¬ cial work 1972 Barnard College, B.A., sociology the elimination of the barriers to those ably two different ways: First of all, women and minorities who want to you need new recruits in the workforce. Aaron Williams make foreign service — diplomatic You must do a serious job of recruiting Agency for International Development careers — their goal. in order to bring people into the 1993 -present Executive Secretary system. That requires money. So in an 1992-1993 Acting Assistant Administrator, Bu¬ reau for Latin America and the Car¬ MODERATOR: What do you think is era of ever-tightening budgets and ibbean the best way for the Foreign Service to deficit reduction measures, you still 1991 -1992 Deputy Assistant Administrator, Bu¬ achieve diversity? Some people argue have to try to make sure you have the reau for Latin America and the Carib¬ bean that there’s a sort of quiet, under¬ funds to recruit. At the same time, as 1989-1991 Mission Director, Regional Devel¬ ground system of putting women and the economy starts to grow again, the opment Office for the Caribbean, Barbados minorities at the top of the list, and federal government is going to have to 1986-1989 Director, Private Sector Office, Bu¬ there’s not much communication compete with the private sector to reau for Latin America and the Car¬ throughout the selection process. bring in the kind of people that you ibbean 1985-1986 Assistant Mission Director, Industrial BONILLA: Well, the first thing is — desire in the workforce — the top and Agricultural Development Office, if I may advance the theoiy — that the candidates — who will be highly Costa Rica 1983-1985 Office Director, Private Enterprise [State] Department is not, in fact, giv¬ sought after, especially as the private Development, Costa Rica ing women and minorities an advan¬ sector pursues diversity goals. 1979-1983 Office Director, Private Enterprise tage over other employees. In fact, I Secondly, you have to try to make Development, Haiti 1978-1979 Project Design Officer, Honduras would posit that we are still way sure that people in the system — mi¬ 1973 University of Wisconsin, M.B.A. behind in recruitment and promotion. norities, women, the people you’re con¬ 1967 Chicago State University, B.A., ge¬ When you look at the statistics that are cerned about in terms of increasing ography, education

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 25 diversity — have the kind of support levels. We did something interesting the whole Foreign Service. The lack of and opportunities that are going to for our Hispanic Heritage Day cer¬ training and preparation for various allow them to develop along a reason¬ emony at State, which is a tradition for assignments and progressions, so it’s able career track. One important tool ethnic groups. We invited area high not just a women and minority prob¬ would be mentoring programs, to make school and college students to hear lem, it’s a problem of the system, that sure that present staff has the opportu¬ Secretary [Henry] Cisneros and Am¬ I see management is beginning to nity to work for talented supervisors, bassador [Cresencio] Arcos — both address in a consistent manner. making sure that they have the opportu¬ great role models. ... nity to be placed in jobs where they’ll grow Actually, there was Diversity Day MODERATOR: You have all achieved professionally. This has to be done. planned for February - which is an¬ a high level in your respective fields. Finally, we should look for oppor¬ other interesting topic about working Have you ever felt you were a diversity tunities to put our talented diversity together as opposed to against each choice? candidates into appropriate senior po¬ other. Cutting a bigger slice of the MORSE: Yes. I started my career as sitions so that they cake rather than a technical officer in AID in a field have the chance to subdividing the dominated by women: health and bring their exper¬ little slice that population. I was very definitely a tise to the policy¬ we’ve got. ... diversity candidate when I moved up making arena. The idea that, and But, going back to senior management. I was told I to the question, was and and sent back to a country I MODERATOR: perhaps this is something how do we do it? had already served in as recognition You brought up an At this stage, you that I might not be as ready for a senior excellent point. The that we need to examine, have to do it at all management position as other people recruitment pro¬ levels, and we can would have been. But, actually, for cess is going to be¬ this 'cream rising to the point out some of me, it worked to my advantage. I was come more com¬ the successes and going from managing an operation of petitive in the com¬ top/ selection-out process some of the fail¬ six people to managing an operation ing years. Will the ures. I think the of 225 people and therefore, returning low entry-level sal¬ and everything that follows mid-level program to a country I knew very well, whether aries and the long which you the system thought that positive or applicationprocess and flows from it has begun practically don’t negative, gave me a kind of confi¬ make the Foreign hear about any¬ dence to do my job that I wouldn’t Service less attrac¬ gnawing away and more — to bring have had, had I been sent off to tivefor women and in women and mi¬ another country to learn the culture minorities than destroying the system/ norities; one of the and the language and the job. business or other failures of that pro¬ WILLIAMS: Well, maybe I'm naive, career options? -Bonilla gram was not so but I’ve never perceived it that way. I WILLIAMS: I much that the think that one of the things that has don’t think that people they iden¬ helped me in my career in AID is the money is the only tified and recmited fact that I have worked my way up determining factor. I think, as Victor were not up to the standards, but from the bottom. I started out as a mentioned before, every Hispanic or rather that there were no opportuni¬ junior officer, doing all those things African American in this country ties once they were employed to bring that junior officers are required to do. doesn’t necessarily want to be a For¬ them up to speed. I mean, there’s no I worked in several countries and eign Service officer. There are a lot of question, we’d much rather have the designed and managed a lot of differ¬ people who are not aware of the recruitment program begin at the jun¬ ent programs. I balanced this with opportunities in the Foreign Service ior officer level and work up. How do significant stints in Washington in or¬ and the kind of exciting career you you correct the imbalance at the se¬ der to gain a comprehensive view of can have. But, if they were given that nior and mid-level, until we get to that my agency. My career progression, information and given that opportu¬ — until the wave hits the shore? You each step of the way, was fairly typi¬ nity and could see that there was a have to sort of use the analogy of a cal. One never knows entirely what is commitment to providing them with a tsunami. When the pressure builds in the minds of those who select you reasonably balanced and good career, up, you eventually end up with an for a position, but I believe my career I think they’d be interested. earthquake and eventually when that is an example of where the agency tidal wave comes battering in, people moved forward a competent profes¬ MODERATOR: How do you do that? head for the hills. That’s the kind of sional. They also happened to make At the high school level? The college level? siege mentality that was produced. ... inroads in the diversity arena because BONILLA: I think you begin at all I think it’s a problem endemic to I am an African American.

26 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 BONILLA: I share some of Aaron’s reaus want to know the people they’re experiences in the sense that I came in hiring, and you can hardly prove your¬ a junior officer level. I have encoun¬ self in a place where you’ve never Dollar tered personal discrimination because been before. So Oxman’s directive, in of my ethnic origin, but I certainly am that sense, was, “Well I guess we’re not going to subscribe to the theory going to have to take a flyer and assign Diplomacy that there is widespread, open dis¬ women and minorities to EUR who crimination in the system. I think it’s have not had tours there. That’s the an individual case. I think there is intention of this president and that’s the more that’s almost at a subconscious what the Under Secretary wants.” We’re level. ... looking forward with great interest to I think this comes out most clearly see how the numbers reflect these American in terms of performance appraisal re¬ changes this year. But, I think we’re ports, EERs, where in many cases, I still far from having that kind of a think women and minorities are held privileged placement, particularly in to a higher standard. You have to bureaus like European Affairs and way prove yourself better able than some¬ others. body else because of that, and I think Come to American Service that operates at a subconscious level, MODERATOR: How about you, Mr. Center for diplomatic immunity in the best of cases. Williams? from high prices. If you are on We have a little joke among His- WILLIAMS: Well, in my case no ... I an overseas assignment, and pursued a career in Latin America for panics that we tend to end up in the carry a diplomatic or official Bureau of Latin American Affairs. We 16 years and I was always given the call it the “Cucaracha Circuit.” Be¬ opportunity to work anywhere I passport, you can save on the cause we’re Hispanic, like African wanted to work in Latin America and purchase of a new Mercedez- Americans who tend to get grouped the Caribbean. ... Furthermore, I took Benz with U.S. equipment, into the African bureau, simply be¬ the responsibility of making sure that shipped directly to the United cause they think of your ethic origin, the career choices that I accepted, States. you’re good at it. Now, there is some¬ reflected what I felt were in my best Contact Erik Granholm, our thing to be said for it. I do think that personal interest. Diplomatic and Tourist Sales a Hispanic, going to a Latin country, Manager, a native of Munich can understand that culture, perhaps MODERATOR: In respect to your Gemiany who has been with have a sense of it that someone who belief that you were not, to your knowl¬ American Service Center for 27 hasn’t been brought up in that culture edge, chosen as a diversity candidate, years. could. But, by the same token, are we do you believe other people saw you as making the mistake of putting people one? in corners? WILLIAMS: Oh sure. After all, race relations is a contentious issue in MODERATOR: Stereotyping. America. Who knows what lurks in BONILLA: Yes, stereotyping. Under men’s minds? The fact of the matter is Secretary [Richard] Moose made a call that I think it’s a great credit to the to all the bureau assistant secretaries agency that a person who was a career to do something about improving the officer with outstanding performance numbers of women, minorities em¬ on a number of different assignments ployed by their bureaus. Certain bu¬ was selected for higher-level posi¬ reaus are notorious for this and, in tions. ... Perhaps this is viewed by fact, in one of those, the assistant some people in the service as special 585 North Glebe Road secretary for that [European and Cana¬ favors because I was a diversity candi¬ Arlington, Virginia 22203 703/525-2100 dian Affairs] bureau, Mr. [Stephen A.] date. However, I never felt it had a FAX: 703/525-1430 Oxman, had a meeting with the direct bearing on my work perfor¬ Secretary’s EEO Advisory Council to mance. tell us that he had determined and was BONILLA: Well, I think there’s an¬ Mercedes-Benz-Registeid Trademarks of Daimler-Beiu AG, instructing his people to see to it that other issue here that pertains perhaps Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany women and minorities were considered more to Hispanics than any of the fairly for positions in their bureau. others, that being that the Hispanic The ultimate problem with this, group is so varied. We have Hispanics and I’ll end it here, is that most bu¬ of African, of Asian, of European back-

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAl • 27 ground, and I think there are Hispan- are the “You Haven’t Come Up The one could make the opposite analogy. ics who can pass for whatever they Hard Way” group and there’s the “You’re That is, if you conclude with the want because they simply don’t look Pushing Me Aside” group and I think the court’s ruling in the case of the women’s like a stereotype. So for those people, demographics of those two groups are class action, that women were passed perhaps the system was less cruel than different. I do have empathy for the over for promotions, then you would to those who were obviously, because people who feel that they’ve been have to conclude that there are white of their physiognomic characteristics pushed aside. I don’t have any empathy male, non-minority officers who should or skin color, singled out more than or sympathy for the people who feel we not have been promoted, and in fact some. ... haven’t had our knocks and haven’t are in positions that would have gone There’s still this myth that the sys¬ come up the hard way. The data doesn’t to women. So, to those folks, I would tem is ethnic and color blind, and as I substantiate this point of view. say, count your blessings! indicated before, it is operating at BONILLA: Well, I have to agree with WILLIAMS: I think that managing some level there. ... what Linda’s saying. I actually empa¬ change is difficult. It is especially WILLIAMS: I thize with every¬ challenging when you’re looking at think there’s an¬ body. I think the scarce resources and trying to deter¬ other level of re¬ problem is the mine what the proper size govern¬ sponsibility also, It's not quotas, targets, lack of transpar¬ ment should be. All this is happening besides the fact as ency that we’ve at the same time and it is creating a lot to whether or not doing the right thing, had in the past. of conflict in the minds of the average one is selected or We really have to individual who is trying to find out, given an opportu¬ making the people who are look at this his¬ “What does this mean for me, where do nity because one is torically. The For¬ I fit in, how does this change what I’ve a diversity candi¬ today underrepresented in eign Service, been doing for the last 10 or 15 years?” date, as we now when I came in I also empathize with the people say. As a profes¬ the ranks or those of us back in 1973, had who are faced with what they per¬ sional who is a just come out of ceive to be a major change. It’s not member of an eth¬ who used to be an era in which going to be easy, but it’s what the nic group ... in the people’s evalua¬ [Clinton] administration, reflecting the [Foreign] Service, underrepresented feel tions were not values and views of the American are you willing to even a part of their people, has set forth as its goals. As I assist others in mak- better. It's about doing a record that they said earlier, we face an increasingly ing their way could see. ... diverse workforce. We must identify through their career So we’ve come the most talented people we can find paths? That’s an a long way in to provide the kind of dynamic lead¬ important task. terms of visibility, ership that this nation will need as we We’re all respon¬ but I think on the enter the 21st century. ... sible for this and part of manage¬ I’ve always tried to ment, it’s been a MODERATOR: You brought up a do my part. This would include my mixture of motives, and this is re¬ good point about low morale. You active participation in recruitment ef¬ flected in the attitudes of a number of may have had low morale with mi¬ forts, selection panels, and in building managers. There’s been a tendency to norities and women in the past, which diverse teams in the offices that I have downplay statistics, to make the acqui¬ may not have been identified as a managed. ... To me, that’s really the sition of statistics and numbers a very problem, but now it is. litmus test. Because it’s not just the hard thing to do until Congress man¬ MORSE: I think that’s a very inter¬ organization you work for, it’s also the dated it. ... esting point. You guys are talking in individuals in the organization who So in terms of who’s out there, yes, the stratosphere that we’re all fair and are responsible for doing what they I think I tend to agree that most we’re all kind. I haven’t felt that. All of can to achieve diversity goals. Foreign Service officers believe in fair¬ a sudden, everyone’s concerned that ness and would like to see that as employment situations and practices MODERATOR: As we have all noted, much as anybody in this country aren’t fair. They haven’t been fair in there’s a great deal of anger and hos¬ would, but I don’t think we’ve done the 17 years I’ve been in this agency. tility out there — mostly from white enough to educate — I guess that’s I think it’s nice that we’re now males— toward the diversity push. To what I’m looking for—our colleagues concerned about the morale of people what degree do you empathize with as to why we need to take what seems who may feel that they’re being pushed this group? to be Draconian measures sometimes. out. It would’ve been nice if people MORSE: I think there are at least Now, on the question of diversity had been concerned about the morale two groups of “them” out there. There candidates displacing other officers, of those of us who were trying to

28 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 make it over obstacles into the system European models. I’m not talking so¬ educated, we have a certain IQ level, that white males didn’t face. I think it’s cialism here — I’m talking about a real we have certain similar wants and interesting that the low morale issue sense of esprit de corps which we needs and career aspirations, but I has been raised now, when it hasn’t seem to have lost somewhere along think what we are really talking about been raised in the past. It’s like immi¬ the line. is taking a look at the whole system grant bashing. from a fresh point of view so that we Low morale is related to many MODERATOR: Would all of you care don’t ran into situations where Con¬ things, to changing situations over¬ to make a final comment? gress has to mandate change as they seas, tandem employment problems, WILLIAMS: I think it is important to have now. Congressman [Robert] increasing security problems, reduced look at, if you’re going to really em¬ Menendez [D-N.J.] has introduced a benefits, among others. It’s not just a bark on significant changes in an bill that probably will be part of the question of diversity. Implementation organization, the degree to which your State Authorization Bill, earmarking of diversity is now putting oil on the leadership is com¬ $.5 million of State flame of low morale. mitted to change. Department BONILLA: There’s something un¬ From the stand¬ money to recruit derlying here. In having rubbed against point of AID, I think Hispanics in the it for a number of years, I’ve philoso¬ it’s pretty clear that I think that managing next two years. phized quite a lot, and I’ve come to the [USAID Adminis¬ Why is it neces¬ conclusion that the administrative trator] Brian change is difficult. It is sary for other philosophy of at least the State De¬ Atwood has made people to step in partment, which is the only agency such a commit¬ especially challenging when and micromanage I’m familiar with, has been more of a ment. If you look the State Depart¬ siege mentality. Instead of taking the at his senior team, you're looking at scarce ment, because bull by the horns, it has been reactive over 50 percent are we’re not doing rather than active. ... women and mi¬ resources and trying the job? What I say So, the problem here is one of norities. That’s re¬ is that we really philosophy. ...It seems to me that the ally a dramatic to determine what the need a spirit of true Foreign Service is based too much on change in our cooperation up and competition and not enough on coop¬ agency in a very proper size government down the line. ... eration. The idea that, and perhaps short period of MORSE: I think this is something that we need to time. So I think we should be.... It's not going the challenge for examine, this “cream rising to the have that commit¬ people who are in¬ top,” selection-out process and every¬ ment in AID and to be easy.' terested in diver¬ thing that follows and flows from it now we must come sity from the presi¬ has begun gnawing away and de¬ up with the re¬ -Williams dent to the heads stroying the system. sources required of our agencies, to The fact that, and you see some of for a strong recruit¬ those of us who the symptoms, the complaints about ment program, and represent diversity lack of discipline, when you see the continue to identify and provide op¬ groups, is to educate people as to why same people who make their whole portunities for women and minorities diversity is important. It goes well career in what are considered plum so that they can move up the career beyond accurately representing the posts or positions, or people who ladder. That’s the real challenge. United States population. It goes be¬ continue to get awards at different BONILLA: I think my closing com¬ yond righting past wrongs. It goes to levels, it’s like reading the same roster, ment is part of what I was saying what different people bring to the job all you have to do is flip two years before, that we really do need rein¬ and the improvement of what we do. forward and the same name appears vention in not just our government, One of these articles (you provided) again. That’s not to say that they’re not but our society. I think we are moving talks about changing our visions of deserving of this, but why only these into that era. We’re taking a second foreign policy and that’s what I think people out of such a large system, look at it. ... it’s about. It’s not quotas, targets, do¬ these are the only people that have The Japanese model, roughly speak¬ ing the right thing, making the people done an outstanding job? I think that’s ing, has a much more collegial, homo¬ who are today underrepresented in something that needs looking at. geneous system. Perhaps that cannot the ranks or those of us who used to But, I think it’s this whole issue of quite happen in America because we’re be underrepresented feel better. It’s competition vs. collegiality, and I think not such a homogenous society, but about doing a better job. that’s part of our society too. Amer¬ certainly the spirit of it in the Foreign ica’s looking at other models, the Service can occur. We are homog¬ MODERATOR: Well, thank you all Japanese model, or even some of the enous in a certain sense; we’re well- very much.

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 29 SAN JOSE Los A IM <3 E L E S O RANGE C O U N T Y

ALL THIS FOR $45 A NIGHT. ■ Fully furnished apartments with linens, dishes, TV and maid service ■ Resort recreation: swimming pools, spas, tennis courts, fitness center ■ Business services: on-site Hertz car rental, FAXing, copying, conference/meeting rooms ■ The best value in corporate lodgings for 30 days or longer in 4 convenient Washington metropolitan locations

For information and reservations call toll free: 800-832-8329. FAX: 703-751-5679 ’Rates and amenities vary by location.

There are 40 Oakwood loca¬ tions nationwide. And through our affiliated Corporate Hous¬ ing Network we can arrange for Models open daily, 9-6. Qoklood temporary lodgings in more than Corporate Apartments 100 cities throughout the U.S.

D E T F=J CD I\/l EMPHIS BHIL/^DELEHIA B ALTI MORE Total Quality Partnership Begins at Agencies Vice President Gore, talking to determined management decisions, 1,000 federal unionists, made his replied, "We have three goals in the Earthquake Relief Fund hands into a closing clam shell and plant: make the highest quality parts Established by AFSA forecast that the partnership transi¬ priced competitively; satisfy our cus¬ More than 100 State Department tion and real reform would be brought tomers; and kick the butts of our employees are stationed in the Los to the federal government by pres¬ foreign competitors. We just apply Angeles area at the Passport Office, sure from the top and from the bot¬ these criteria to every decision that the Diplomatic Security Field Office tom. comes up, and it works." That is not and the Office of Foreign Missions. This process has just begun in the a bad model for the foreign affairs Many were affected by the Los An¬ three largest foreign affairs agencies. partnership to follow. geles earthquake and at least 10 AFSA has signed trilateral partner¬ First comes setting out agency, families were homeless immedi¬ ship agreements with AFGE repre¬ bureau, office, and embassy goals ately after the quake. senting Civil Service employees, and through a process involving each Although insurance and relief in¬ management in USIA and USAID. member of the team. This will require itiatives are available in some Our partnership agreement is cur¬ new forms of openness and dialog at cases, AFSA has established a rently a bilateral one in State. The all levels and, most importantly, real fund at the State Department long journey has begun with these communication. We start at a low Federal Credit Union to give further first steps. base; none of the foreign affairs help. Checks can be made payable The key to a successful partner¬ agencies even has a current mission to "Earthquake Relief Fund - Ac¬ ship is setting joint goals. A Ford statement. count Number 115826" and mailed shop steward, questioned by a There is lots of work ahead; the to Kara Harmon, AFSA, 2101 E St., federal employee on whether the path is neither short nor quick; but the NW, DC 20037 or left at Room successful Ford-UAW partnership results, if we are as smart as Ford 3644 in Main State. relationship meant that the union co¬ and the UAW, are worth the journey.

Civil Rights Law Clarified Two theories of discrimination (dis¬ parate treatment and disparate im¬ pact) were outlined in the January "AFSA News." We noted that in disparate treat¬ ment cases, where proof of an unlaw¬ ful bias is essential, the plaintiffs may establish bias through direct and/or circumstantial evidence, including statistical evidence. We did not mean to suggest, however, that statistical evidence is required in every dis¬ parate treatment cases. -Sharon Papp, General Counsel

MARCH 1994 • AFSA NEWS • 1 front the State vice president

Reserved Positions? the outcome on affirmative action Several correspondents have sug¬ By Todd Stewart than to suggest that a white male bid¬ gested that AFSA now attempt to identify all the allegedly reserved AFSA asked the department in der was judged and found wanting. positions and establish the race/eth¬ November if certain positions, repor¬ Our informants vehemently dispute nicity of the officers assigned. How¬ tedly in the Bureau of European and this explanation, but in any case, ever, I cannot see that such an Canadian Affairs, were reserved in white males appear to have been ac¬ approach would be productive. Even the current bidding cycle for minority tively discouraged from contending if we were able to determine that officers. The department replied that for some EUR positions. minority officers were assigned to all "it is not the department’s policy to Exclusive Bureau As a former chief of personnel’s supposedly reserved positions, this ’reserve’ positions for employees European Assignments Division, I outcome could have been due to an based solely on gender or ethnicity. can testify that EUR (or at least exceptionally successful recruiting It is the department’s policy to im¬ Western Europe) is hard to join, drive. Moreover, we have no means prove gender and ethnic diversity, not regardless of the bidder’s race, eth¬ to judge the merits of the successful only within the department and nicity or gender. This exclusivity may candidates vis-a-vis other bidders. Foreign Service as a whole, but have caused, inter alia, the low rep¬ What the Foreign Service cannot within constituent elements of them." resentation of minorities throughout afford is the repetition of such an ill- The response continued, "EUR the bureau, and most AFSA mem¬ defined ad hoc diversity effort in the has undertaken a commendable bers would probably applaud Assis¬ 1994/95 bidding cycle. We must in¬ vigorous effort toward these objec¬ tant Secretary Steve Oxman’s sist instead on adoption of a depart¬ tives, advertising with determination reported determination to break open ment-wide diversity policy which is to assure that all highly qualified the "old boy" (and, to some extent, (a) transparent, (b) legal, and (c) employees - men, women and of¬ "old girl”) network. The debate revol¬ negotiated with AFSA. ficers of all races and ethnicities - ves around means, therefore, not Comments on Diversity know they are welcome to serve in ends. The "Diversity-Merit-Fairness" visible roles in that bureau. In our AFSA sent its initial inquiry to the section in the December Journal judgement, it is entirely in keeping department because we believe that generated substantial comment, with department policy, applicable it would probably be illegal to bar most appreciative of AFSA’s effort to law, and elementary fairness that a members of any racial or gender address this thorny issue. But to give particular bureau might opt to hold group from competition for a Foreign you some idea of the range of key positions open as long as pos¬ Service position. opinion, I am printing excerpts from sible in the bidding cycle in order to two letters: ensure that all interested officers Selecting from Excellence "Once you concede that one eth¬ have had an opportunity to bid on and "Hiring to fill a slot that must be nic group cannot represent another it be considered for those positions. filled - the black slot, say - is not follows inexorably that the appoint¬ Those eventually selected for the the same as using race to sort ment of anyone is unjust to others. positions to which you refer will have among a number of equally Your policy is racist in the strictest been drawn from the most highly qualified candidates. Put other¬ sense of that word. qualified bidders." AFSA reported wise, yes, it is true that the result "Your views are contradicted by this exchange by cable and "Red of racial preferences is sometimes American experience, by the views of Top" in December and noted that the hiring of black people not as Dr. King . .. Shall we scrap it?" comments would be welcome. well qualified as white people who Another correspondent writes: I am convinced from the com¬ are turned away, and preferences "I find AFSA’s negative position on ments received that EUR repre¬ of that kind do much that is harmful the issue of diversity in the Foreign sentatives, either personnel in and little that is good. But preferen¬ Service to be offensive. The recent EUR/EX or supervisors in the sub¬ ces can also be a means of select¬ articles . . . promote the prejudicial stantive offices, did indeed tell bid¬ ing highly qualified black people and self-serving notion that diversity ders or prospective bidders that from a pool of people who are all somehow clashes with fairness and certain positions were being reserved excellent. Employers will almost al¬ "merit.” . . . These articles and pre¬ for minority officers. When queried by ways claim to be doing the second vious ones confirm that AFSA does AFSA, department officials sug¬ even when they are really doing the not yet realize that it also has a legal gested that any such statements, first; but that does not mean the as well as moral obligation to repre¬ while incorrect, may have been in¬ second is impossible to do." sent all members of the Service fairly, tended to explain the inquirer’s failure Reflections of an Affirmative Ac¬ without regard to race, color, creed, to win bureau support in the bidding tion Baby by Stephen L. Carter sex or national origin." process, i.e., it was easier to blame (Basic Books, 1991).

2 • AFSA NEWS* MARCH 1994 from the USAID vice president AFSA Sanctions

Personnel Reform greater accountability in meeting Conference Set for By Pat Patterson organizational goals and toward March 31 The following commentary on per¬ the empowerment of staff at all By John J. Harter sonnel reform in USAID, drawn from levels. The goal of the new system Conference Affairs Officer points made at senior levels of the is to be less complex, provide for AFSA will host an all-day con¬ Agency, is a good summary of cur¬ greater feedback to employees, ference on economic sanctions at the rent thinking. and to be less costly to administer. Department of State on March 31. Assignment Process Through a steering committee, The conference will feature Lynn E. The 1994-95 assignment cycle various work groups and individual Davis, under secretary for interna¬ has been delayed several months by interviews, the contractor has now tional security affairs; Bill Reinsch, rightsizing and reorganization. It is collected considerable input from under secretary-designate of com¬ anticipated that the first full open as¬ Agency personnel. merce for export administration; John signment announcement will be Shattuck, assistant secretary for made in late February. A proposal to Impact of Mission Closings human rights and humanitarian af¬ The Agency has stated that it permanently revise the assignment fairs, and leading government, busi¬ does not want a large number of process is being considered. The ness and academic experts on employees returning from overseas proposed revision would, among sanctions. as a result of mission closings, but other changes, alter the cycle’s This symposium is one of a series rather wants to reassign as many timing to conform to the calendar of programs designed to foster employees as possible to other year, which should be more con¬ dialogue between representatives of posts. Personnel levels will be ducive to family needs and school government and business on key in¬ reduced globally, and some calendars (the cycle now runs May ternational economic issues. through April). Any permanent surpluses are expected, but Expert panels will address ques¬ revision would be geared to make it employees at closed missions will tions such as the following: more equitable and predictable, and not bear the brunt of the burden. • What purposes do economic The combined effect of retirements, to ensure that all available officers sanctions serve, how effective are are assigned to available jobs. buyouts and other positive options they, and what are their costs? is meant to alleviate surpluses • Should the United States without the need for a reduction in Personnel unilaterally impose economic sanc¬ As a laboratory for Vice President force (RIF). tions in the absence of UN action or Gore’s "Reinventing Government" The Agency also intends to pro¬ other multilateral support? exercise, USAID has inaugurated a vide outplacement assistance to • What is the record, in terms of process designed to develop an en¬ FSNs who must be separated. In specific successes and failures? tirely new personnel system; one that countries where programs will con¬ • What is the current status and seeks to integrate the four separate tinue, some FSNs will be retained outlook of international law on sanc¬ categories of personnel - Foreign to oversee activities. tions? Service, Civil Service, Foreign Ser¬ • What changes may be expected vice National (FSN) and Personal Senior Management Group in the legislation that authorizes the Service Contractor (PSC) - into one The Senior Management Group U.S. Government to impose human resource management sys¬ (SMG) is made up of some 200 of economic sanctions and export con¬ tem. A preliminary review of USAID’s the most senior career positions. trols? personnel system requirements and To select the most qualified can¬ • What has been the effect of sanc¬ an analysis of future requirements didates for these positions, the tions against China and to what de¬ are underway. Five functional work¬ SMG panel reviews a range of can¬ gree does the Chinese example ing groups have been asked to make didates. Every SMG position to be filled now must have a minimum of illustrate the potential of sanctions as recommendations. A committee in¬ a diplomatic tool? cluding AFSA and AFGE has been three candidates presented to the established to coordinate input from panel. One of the three must be a For further information write or the five working groups. The Agency woman or a minority, and one must telephone Conference Affairs at is required to submit a report to Con¬ be from outside the "hiring" bureau. AFSA headquarters. gress on this new system not later The Agency is attempting to NOTE: Copies of the AFSA report than the end of March. achieve a more diverse senior on the last AFSA conference, A contractor has been retained to workforce, a better flow of informa¬ "Privatization in the 1990s, "are avail¬ develop an entirely new personnel tion about candidates between able to interested members. evaluation system with shifts in the bureaus, as well as more cross-fer¬ focus of the evaluation towards tilization of candidates’ experience.

MARCH 1994 • AFSA NEWS • 3 from the USIA vice president

Partnership Problems the BIS personnel allotment sug¬ partnership reorganization plans. By Raz Bazala gested by the Partnership Team and Under effective partnership, the Regrettably, partnership at USIA raised questions concerning the director and the council would consult has fallen short of hoped for out¬ ability of the BIS to carry out its man¬ as an integral step in decision comes. In November, our expecta¬ date. Furthermore, the RMC memo making. tions were high when AFSA and ignored the Partnership Team recom¬ Subsequently, we asked the direc¬ AFGE joined three Partnership mendation that Media Reaction be in¬ tor to delegate authority to the interim Teams designing the new USIA cluded in the BIS, instead placing it managers of BIS to increase staff Bureau of Information Services [BIS], in the Office of Research. ceilings if they become convinced and we were optimistic in December An ad hoc Partnership Council that is needed to make BIS function when we signed a Partnership was summarily convened with only effectively; allow the Partnership Resolution. 48 hours to comment on the RMC Council to determine where Media Management seemed willing to restructuring memorandum. How¬ Reaction should be located; and work for consensus with the unions ever, the council was able to reach publicly endorse the administration’s as the Agency restructured to meet consensus on five items and sum¬ stated policy that until all other OMB-mandated cuts in positions and marized them as suggestions for avenues of staff reduction and cost budget. The comprehensive Partner¬ modifying the RMC report in a memo cutting have been exhausted there ship Team consensus report on to Director Joseph Duffey. Sub¬ will be no reduction in force (RIF). restructuring, containing proposals sequently, Duffey acknowledged two In early February, AFSA, AFGE on the organization and staffing of the Partnership consensus suggestions and management renewed efforts to new BIS, further heightened union but rejected its views on cuts in BIS negotiate a Partnership Agreement to expectations for the new age of staffing and relocating Media Reac¬ establish a permanent Partnership partnership. tion in BIS. Council. I will refrain from predicting However, optimism was dam¬ While we were encouraged by the when such an agreement will be con¬ pened by a January 10 Resource director’s nod to some partnership cluded. Management Committee [RMC] suggestions, his decision memo lar¬ memo on that report, which reduced gely reflected management’s pre¬ from the retiree vice president

By Don Norland in order to get attention on Capitol Showing support for this ap¬ Tex Harris and I and AFSA’s legis¬ Hill. Tex explained that AFSA posi¬ proach, several attendees signed up lative and retirement experts recently tions are developed in continuous to lobby, others volunteered as of¬ met with 40 alumni members in consultation with members; some ficers of the new association, provid¬ Northern Virginia launching a retiree campaigns have been lonely, as on ing a nucleus for more efficient use association there. the ambassadorial issue, where suc¬ of one of AFSA’s own key resources A lively discussion centered on the cess will be slow in coming; others - our fellow Foreign Service retirees. five AFSA goals: Ambassadorial ap¬ have seen administration tactical pointments based on merit; a more switches, as in its turnabout on RFA. Thanks to Retirees who diverse Foreign Service; a budget But AFSA’s consistent fight for effec¬ responded to our appeal to help supporting America’s diplomatic tive use of resources in diplomacy promote efficiency in govern¬ agenda and equitable treatment for has won us increasing respect. ment by urging ambassadorial foreign affairs professionals, includ¬ Such respect is vital in gaining a appointments based on merit. Al¬ ing the area of health care; defeat of Hill audience, whether for discussion though we lost a battle, we Radio Free Asia (RFA) as an ineffi¬ of foreign policy or of benefits like earned admiration for sounding a cient diversion of scarce resources; health care. Lobbying, especially by wakeup call, raising sensitivity and incorporation of the FAS and retirees who have the time and and advancing the cause of com¬ FCS into a unified Foreign Service. perspective (and who speak as petence in public service. We Tex stressed retiree involvement voters in contacting local Congres¬ received letters of thanks from in this agenda and got instant input sional offices throughout the leading members of Congress from those present. Some asked country), is more important than ever, and other prominent figures. You about AFSA legislative activity which as record turnovers in the latest two have our sincere gratitude for diverges from administration posi¬ Congresses mean we must work har¬ your help; let us continue efforts tions. Others suggested sharper der to acquaint Congress with oursel¬ to move the country away from messages on issues like health care ves and our agenda. an anachronistic practice.

4 • AFSA NEWS* MARCH 1994 AFSA Position on Health Care Reform AFSA supports a national health hospital is in a plan’s network. Foreign Service employees and their care program which provides for its The new plan should have options families face many health hazards members benefits, on balance, no or allowances for adult dental care and problems which do not impact less than now exist, at equivalent and reasonable annual limits on out- other worker groups. It is important cost. of-pocket expenses. that special programs and Coverage under the new system AFSA supports a system under capabilities offered by State/MED should provide 100 percent of hospi¬ which federal employees residing in and other medical support groups not tal in patient costs in fee-for-service the District of Columbia and other dis¬ be compromised in the reform pro¬ plans, as the proposed plan does for trict residents will be in alliances that gram. HMO-type coverage. A fee-for-ser- include suburban areas of Virginia AFSA can only support a national vice option should be no less com¬ and Maryland. In any case, alliance health system for its members that is prehensive or costly, on a relative plans in the district should not be any structured to ensure delivery of basis, than that which now exists more costly than those in nearby Vir¬ quality care. Such a system must en¬ under the federal standard option of ginia or Maryland. Overall costs sure that decisions about treatment Blue Cross/Blue Shield. Fee-for-ser- should not be greater than they would are made on the basis of medical vice members should continue to have been under a continuation of the need, with the patient’s well being as have a choice of physician. FEHBP. the goal, rather than largely or Special provision should be made Should the national plan provide primarily on the basis of cost savings. for employees serving abroad to en¬ less coverage than the FEHBP does There should be no compromising sure that timely, comprehensive and now, the optional provisions for sup¬ the professional decision of a doctor, quality care is available at post. plemental plans should be made or structuring the system so that the Present and future retirees should mandatory for any existing benefits emphasis is on cost control rather receive a level of coverage no less that are not covered by the national than the good health of the patient. favorable than now exists. plan. AFSA supports the concept of AFSA believes that any national preventive care, but only if the new plan, including the existing FEHBP, plan pays all in patient hospital costs, should include benefits close to those with no limit on the number of days offered by large private sector or no per admission deductible, if the employers. However, we note that Ambassador Cohen Congressional Update Roasted,Toasted at

By Rick Weiss • Authorization for establishing AFSA Lunch Congressional Liaison Radio Free Asia, Congress returned on January 25 • Authorization for U.S. citizens to and immediately began debate on be hired abroad and provision for in¬ the Foreign Relations Authorization creased government employment Bill. After debating 100 amendments and benefits for spouses. in seven days, the Senate passed the The House Foreign Affairs Com¬ bill and sent it on to conference to mittee initiated hearings on the resolve House/Senate differences. rewrite of the foreign assistance Senate provisions affecting the legislation - The Peace, Prosperity Foreign Service include: and Democracy Act. • Numerical limitations on Foreign Budget and appropriations com¬ Service personnel and Senior mittees have begun hearings on the Foreign Service officers; State appropriations bill. Budget • Prohibition on Senior Foreign deficit and reduction "hawks" in both Service performance pay; the House and Senate will attempt to • Emphasis on mid-level women cut current appropriations and fund¬ and minority placement program; ing. The $25,000 buyout bill, ap¬ • Foreign language competency proved by both House and Senate, provisions; AFSA inaugurated a new tradition or now goes to conference. A balanced honoring retiring career ambassadors • Authorization for Reduction in budget amendment is under con¬ with a Jan. 21 luncheon for Herman J. Force for the Foreign Service; "Hank" Cohen. The next honoree will sideration. be Ambassador Terry Todman.

MARCH 1994 • AFSA NEWS • 5 FAS News

AFSA FAS election in next month’s Following presentations by manage¬ FAS Election on Track Foreign Service Journal. ment, and AFL-CIO spokesperson AFSA expects the Federal Labor summed up the discussion by saying, Relations Authority (FLRA) to certify Beeghly Chosen FAS "you cannot participate without its petition for exclusive repre¬ Representative on AFSA Board unions." This was consistent with a Wayland Beeghly, a 15-year sentation of FAS Foreign Service recent memo from FAS’s assistant employees sometime this week. Fol¬ Foreign Service officer in the Agricul¬ administrator for management who tural Department was recently lowing certification, the AFSA FAS wrote "because FAS does not have chosen as FAS’s representative on Standing Committee will meet with an active labor/management pro¬ FLRA and FAS management officials the AFSA governing board. An Iowa gram we cannot form or enter into a to discuss the procedures and time native, Beeghly has a BA from Iowa partnership council arrangement as frame for the election that will be State and a MA from Cornell. He has requested.” There continues to be conducted shortly thereafter. Once served overseas in Moscow, considerable discussion among FAS Bangkok and Warsaw. AFSA and FAS management have employees regarding the pros and reached agreement bargaining unit cons of various options, and another Union Role in Partnership employees overseas as well as those Councils Discussed all employee meeting is expected to in the Washington area. AFSA ex¬ A forum to discuss partnership be held soon. pects the election to take place in late councils in FAS was held February 2 March. Look for more details on the in the Jefferson auditorium, USDA.

WeVe Built a Team to Serve You.*♦

In Maryland, Virginia and D.C., Coldwell Banker Stevens Property Management Inc. provides superior leasing and property management service to absentee home downers. We have a full-time staff of expertly trained property managers ready to serve your needs.

□ YES! I would like more Wc Offer: information on Coldwell Banker • Complete tenant screening Stevens Property Management Inc. On-site property inspections services and related fee structure. • Monthly statements Name: • Year-end tax statements Add ress: Prompt disbursement of proceeds to owners • Dependability at competitve rates Rental Property:. Call us today! Telephone #:_ COLD UIGLL (703) 556-6100 Mail to: Coldwell Banker Residential Property BANKeR □ Management Department do Executive Offices, t*>[B 465 West Maple Avenue, Vienna, VA 22180 Expect the best.*

6 • AFSA NEWS- MARCH 1994 AFSA Honor Roll of 1993 Contributors AFSA thanks the following individuals, corporations, associations and foundations who contributed to the 1993 Scholarship and AFSA Funds. The AFSA Fund supports public education and information activities of the Association including the World Issues Forum, minority intern and mentoring program, and conferences. The AFSA Scholarship Fund recognizes academic excellence and financial need among Foreign Service dependents. Those who support the Scholarship Fund may designate their contribution to honor individuals either through a named annual scholarship or a named perpetual scholarship. The named scholarships established in 1993 honored: Albert E. Carter, Walter and Mary Curley, John N. Gatch, Philip C. Habib, Ruth Frost Hoyt, Harriet W. Isom and John B. Steeves. AFSA is also in the process of establishing a named scholarship for Arthur Perry Shankle, Jr.

A = denotes contribution to the AFSA Fund, S = denotes contribution to the Scholarship Fund

Griffin, Catherine (S)(A) Negroponte, John (S) Vedeler, Harold (S)(A) Cattoche, Yolanda (S)(A) Gulick, Clarence (S) Nelson, David (S) Veliotes, Nicholas (S)(A) Cavin, Deborah (S) Gumwell, Jane (S)(A) Neustein, Harry (S)(A) Ward, Alice (S) Certosimo, Emma Mrs. (A) Hall, Vina (A) Newman, George (S) Washington DC Section Chamberlain, Davis (S)(A) Handyside, Holsey (S) Noel, Lucille (S) International (S) Chase, Wilbur (S) Hanscom, Olive (S) Nowell, Antoinette (S) Watkins, Richard (S) Chatten, Mr. & Mrs. R. (S) Harvey, Barbara (S) O'Donnell, Thomas (S) Weinhold, William (S)(A) Chock, Alvin (S) Hawley, James (S) Parelman, Anita (S)(A) Wiener, Ernest (S)(A) Christensen, William (S) Haworth, Howard (S) Parker, Sarah (S) Wilson, Mildred (S)(A) Ciamiello, Lillian (S) Hayden, Walter (S) Patterson, Mildred (S) Winter, Marcus (S) Cincinnati Museum of Helmer, Frandsca (S) Paulson, Lawrence (S)(A) Wolff, Hugh (S)(A) National History (S) Henderson, Douglas (S)(A) Pennzoil Company (A) Wolters, Curt (S) Cizauskas, Albert (S)(A) Henifin, David (S) Perkins, Edward (S)(A) Yager, Joseph (S) Clark, Harlan (S) Hoganson, Jerome (S) Phillips, J. Stanley (S)(A) Clark, Lois (S) Holbrooke, Richard (S) Piepenburg, Lyle (S)(A) Contributor Clarke, Robert (S)(A) Holcombe, Thomas (S) Piet, David (S)(A) Alexander, Margaret (S) Clay, Comer (S) Holguin, Chris (S) Pogue, Mr. & Mrs. R. (S) Allen, Stephen (S) Clement, Alice (A) Hubler, Stephen (S)(A) Pons, Robert (S) Ambach, Mr. & Mrs. D. (S) Clements, Gary (S)(A) Ingersoll, John (S)(A) Popper, David (S) Andrus, Donald (S) Cleveland, Harlan (S) Ingersoll, Robert (S) Pracht, Raymond (S)(A) Anthony Tucker, Inc. (S) Cloud, John Jr (S) International College of Quinn, Kenneth (S) Arenales, Alfonso (S) Cohen, David (A) Dentists (S) Rackmales, Robert (S)(A) Arthurs, Robert (S)(A) Collins, Foster J. (S) Irwin, John (S) Raspolic, Elizabeth (S) Arvizu, Alexander (A) Comiskey, Margaret (S) Jhin, Paul (S)(A) Reynolds, G. Edward (S)(A) Austrian, Shelia (S) Connell, James (S) Johansen, Lucy (S)(A) Ridgway, Rozanne (S) Bain, June (S) Corr, John (S) Johnson, Stephen (S)(A) Rondon, Fernando (S) Barbara, John (S) Correa-Montalvo, Jaime (S) Joyce, Edward (S) Rosenthal, James & Britta (S) Barbis, George (S) Cotter, Michael (A) Kellogg, Alan (S) Ruchti, James (S) Bates, Madelyn (S) Crain, Agnes (S)(A) Kelly, John (S) Ryan, Robert (A) Bates, Quentin (S) Crane, Maurine (S) Kerrigan, William (S)(A) Sales, Jeanne (S) Battle, Helen (S) Cross, Charles (S) Kilday, Lowell (S) Salmon, Charles (S) Bean, Mr. & Mrs. James (S) Curry Mr. & Mrs. R.D. (S) Kirby, William A. (A) Sanders, Cameron, (S) Beecroft, Robert (S) Cutler, Jonathan (S) Kissinger, Henry (S) Saville, Thorndike (S) Beedle, Betty (S) Cyr, Leo (A) Krajeski, Thomas (S) Scarbourgh, Dwight (S) Beers, Robert (S) D'Amato Joseph (S)(A) Krebs, Max V. (S) Schneider, David (S)(A) Belinsky, Donna (S) Dalton, James (SKA) Lambertson, Sacie (S) Schwartz, William (S) Bellucci, Matida (S) Daniels, Marion (S) Ledogar, Stephen (S) Scott, Gerald Wesley (S)(A) Bencsik, Adeline (S) Dauga, Karl (S) Lgnam, Joel E. (S) Scott, Pierre (S) Berkley, Eliot (S) David, John (S) Liberty National Bank (A) Shankle, Diana & Steve (S) Berlinsky, Mr. & Mrs. (S) Davis, Nathaniel (S) Lloyd, Wingate (S) Shankle, Dorothy (S) Berman, Maurice (S) De Beers, Jan (A) London, Mark (S) Shankle, Jo Anne (S) Bider, Lorice (S) Debight, Gary (S) Lumsden, George (S) Shankle, Meredith & Joe (S) Blacken, John (S)(A) Dembo, Morriss (S) Macomber, William (S) Shear, David (S)(A) Blair, William (S)(A) Derrick, James (S) Manley, Conrad (S)(A) Shepherd, Walter (S) Blohm, Robert (S) Deutsh, Robert (S) March, Perrin (S) Shimasaki, William (S)(A) Bock, Richard (S) Dobyns, Edward (A) Marcia Brady Tucker Shurtleff, Leonard (S) Booth, Maria (S) Domheim, Arthur (S) Foundation (S) Slater, Elizabeth (S) Booth, Richard (S) Duffield, Joske (S) (A) Martinez, Edward (S)(A) Slutz, Pamela (S) Border, Philip (S) Duncan, Robert (S) Matthews, H. Freeman (S) Smith, Gary (S)(A) Boswell, William (S)(A) Dunlap, James (S) • Mattison, Gordon (S) Smith, Harlie (S) Bouton, Norman (S) Dunlop, Thomas (S)(A) McFadden, Elizabeth (S)(A) Sprigg, Sheri (S)(A) Bovey, John (S) Durbrow, Elbridge (S)(A) McKieman, Thomas (S)(A) Stalla, Stanley (S) Brandin, Robert (S)(A) Dworken, Morton (S) McMurtrie, Godley (S) Stitt, Mary (S) Breed, Nathaniel (S) Edmondson, William (A) McNamara, Francis (S)(A) Stratton, Theodore (S)(A) Brennan, Patrick (A) Edwards, Charles (S) Metcalf, Thomas (S) Strong, Robert (S) Brewin, Roger (S)(A) Eiselt, Raymond (S) Metropolitan Saving Bank (S) Stutz, Stella (S) Brion, Kathleen (S) Eisenberg, Mr. & Mrs. L. (S) Meyers, Howard (S) Stutz, Pamela (S) Brooks, Thomas (S)(A) Eisenberg, Lillian (S)(A) Miller, Robert (S) Takacs, Marilyn (S)(A) Brooks, Sanford (S) Emden, Craig (S) Miller, James (S)(A) Thatcher, Nicholas (S) Brooks-Crawford, J. Mrs. (S) Engel, Bernard (S) Moody, William (S) Thompson, Richard (S) Brown, Elizabeth (S) Engle, Harold (A) Morefield, Dorothea (S) Tierney, Candace (S) Buchanan, Thompson (S) Ernst, Philip (S)(A) Mulcahy, Edward (S) Tierney, Mr. & Mrs. J. (S) Bums, Norman (S)(A) Esposito, Flavio (S) Murphey, William (S)(A) Toumayan, Micheline (S) Buttles, Virginia (S)(A) Ewing, Raymond (S) Naas, Charles (S) Trent, Mary (S) Cahill, Harry (A) Facey, Betty (S) National Association of U.S. Department of State (S) Cariddi, Charles (S) Farrell, Robert (S) Broadcasters (S) Varley, Joseph (S) Carragher, Danadee (S) Felt, Walter (S)

MARCH 1994 • AFSA NEWS • 7 Flemister, Zandra (A) Kellerman, Henry (S)(A) Melrose, Joseph (S) Rogers, Stephen (S) Viles, John (S)(A) Hughes, Patricia Kelley, Edward Mrs. (S) Mercer, C.M. (S) Rosenberry, Sara (S) Villard, Henry (S) Ivanitch, Donald Frederick, Simon Hawa (S) Kent, Bruce (S)(A) Milligan, Michael (A) Rosenstein, Joan (S) Waggaman, Adele (S) Jennings, Hartford Fritts, Robert (S) Kem, William (S) Milroy, Nicholas (S) Roth, Richard (S) Wakefield, Lohva (A) Johnson, Cynthia Frost, William (S) Kibble, Stepney (S)(A) Modic, Paul (S) Rublee, George (S) Walker, Robert (S) Jones, David Gannett, Michael (S)(A) Killgore, Andrew (S) Montel, John (S) Rudman, Andrew (S) Wall, John (S) Kelly, John Garms, David (S) Kim, Yong H. (S) Moreno, Ofelia (S)(A) Ruenprom, Surang (S) Ware, Clinton (S) Kersiek, Dale Garnish, J. Howard (S) Kingsley, Thomas (A) Mueller, Walter (S)(A) Runyon, Charles (S) Washburn, John (S) Kim, Yong H. Gill, William (S) Kinney, Mr. & Mrs. Doug (S) Neher, Leonardo (S)(A) Russell, Daniel (S) Washer, Frederick (S)(A) Kirk, Gloria Gleysteen, William (S) Kinsman, Sharon (S) Nenno, William (S) Ryan, Leo (S)(A) Washington, James (S) Kline, Paul Gobble, John (S) Kirk, Gloria (S) Neumann, Robert (S) Sales, Pierre (S)(A) Wayne, Earl (S) Koran, Donald Goldsmith, Scott (S) Kline, Paul (A) Newsom, David (S)(A) Satterwhite, Lelia (S)(A) Weintraub, Leon (S) Kushlis, Patricia Golino, Frank (A) Knight, Mr. & Mrs. Melvin (S) Nichols, Patrick (S) Saymon, Bertram Mrs. (S) Weiss, Robert (S)(A) LaCock, Robert Goodwin, Mr. & Mrs. R. (S) Kolb, Ruth (A) Nichols, Robert (S) Scarlis, Basil (S) Weisz, Morris (S)(A) Lanza, Kenneth Gordon, Herbert (S) Koren, H L T (S) Nishihara, Richard (S) Schmeelk, Peter (S) Werner, Merle (S) LaPorte, Donna Grahame, Jay (S) Kotler, Mindy (S) Norland, Don (S) Schneider, Mr. & Mrs. P. (S) Wesley, Lavon (S) Lawless, Gregory Gralneck, Maurice (S) Kramer, Gametta (A) O'Keefe, Michael (S) Schoeppl, Johanna (S) Westerdale, Neill (A) Leach, Elaine Greene, Ernest Thomas (S) Kranstover, Peter (S) O'Malley, Russell (S) Schreiber, Joseph (A) Wickland, Brian (S)(A) Lee, Songyun Greenup, Leonard (S)(A) Laingen, Bruce (A) O'Neal, Leahseneth (S)(A) Schuette, D.J. (S) Wiegand, Kenneth (S) Limprecht, Joseph Gren, Morley (S)(A) Landberg, James (S) O'Neill, John (S)(A) Schwartz, Mrs. Richard (S) Wilcox, Philip (S)(A) Lowe, Eileen M. Grover, Charles (S) Lane, Larry (S) Ockey, William (A) Schwinn, Walter (S) Wilkinson, Theodore (S)(A) Lukens, Alan Hagemann, John (S) Lane, James (S) Ormasa, Anthony (S) Scotes, Thomas (S) Williams, Ann (S) Lyvers, Ken Hain, Robert (S) Lanum, John (A) Overly, James (S) Scott, Stanley & Craig (S) Wilson, Mildred (S) Maccallum, Robert Hale, Lauren (S) Lapka, Anthony (A) Paddock, Marcelle (S) Severson, Richard (S) Wollem, Park (S)(A) Malott, Frank Hamilton, Kingsley (S) Lash, Ronald (S) Palmer, Stephen (S) Shaffer, Harrison (S) Wood, Jerry (S) Mason, Nelson Hammons, Theodore (S)(A) Laudato, George (S) Pappano, Albert (S) Shah, Satish (S) Zietlow, Charlotte (S) McHargue, Richard Hancock, Michael (S)(A) Lee, Armistead (S) Parelman, Anita (S) Sheinbaum, Gilbert (S)(A) Zom, Richard (S) Miller, Robert Hanrahan, Mary (S) Lee, Songyun (S) Parker, James (S) Sherman, Elaine (S) Zweig, Mr. & Mrs. Max (S) Nishihara, Richard Harper, Elizabeth (S) Lemmo, Charles (A) Parsons, Marselis (S)(A) Sherman, Charles (S) Norland, Donald Hart, Hobart (S) Lenderking, William (S) Parsons, G. Mr. & Mrs. (S) Siglin, Joseph (A) Combined Federal O'Keefe, Michael Hartman, Arthur (S)(A) Leonard, Barry DDS (A) Pascoe, Lynn (S) Sirkin, Abraham (S) Campaign Contributors O'Malley, Russell Harwood, Douglas (S) Lester, Barnett (S) Patterson, David R (S) Skofield, Herman (S) Parelman, Anita Abell, David Hatsukano, Tom (S) Lett, Merrill (S) Patterson, John (S) Smart, Joyce (S) Pascoe, Lynn Akers, Andrew Hauber, Edele (A) Levy, Howard (A) Patterson, David (S) Smith, Richard (S)(A) Patterson, John Almaguer, Frank Hawa, Frederick (S) Lewis, Geoffrey Mrs. (S) Patterson, Mary (S)(A) Smith, Daniel (S) Patterson, Charles Aloisi, Jonathan Hebron, Theresa (S) Lichtblau, George (S) Patterson, Charles (S) Snapp, Mary (S)(A) Paulson, Lawrence Anderson, Erik N. Heckel, Paul Mr. & Mrs. (S) Lichtenstein, Mr. & Mrs. H. (S) Pearce, W.E. (S) Sneider, Lea (S) Perry, Robert Aroian, Lois Heg, James (S) Lister, John (S)(A) Pearson, Robert (S) Somers, Harvey (S) Pons, Robert Bates, Quentin Hellwig, Gordon (S) Lofthouse, Edwin (S) Pearson, Norman (S) Stafford, Edward (S) Press, Evan Battle, Helen Herndon, Richard (S) Long, Jennifer (S) Pellard, Alfred (S) Starrs, Francis (S) Reid, Earline Beedle, Arthur Luft, David (S) Penner, Vemon (S) Stave, Thomas Mrs (S)(A) Rosenberry, Sara High, George (S) Berbaum, Maurice Hoffman, Joseph (S) Lukens, Alan (A) Pepperberg, Rosalind (S) Steams, Monteagle (S) Rudman, Andrew Bock, Richard Hohm, Elmer (S) Lundy, Walter (S) Perkins, Katherine (S) Stebbins, Barbara (S) Ruenprom, Surang Booth, Richard Holgate, Steve (S) Lutkins, Larue (S) Pemick, Irwin (A) Stein Associates (S) Russell, Daniel Border, Philip Perry, Robert (A) Stephansky, Ben (S) Scarlis, Basil Holland, Griffin (S) Lyon, Elizabeth (S) Brown, Glynn Hopkins, Frank (S) Lyons, Helen (A) Petree, Richard (S)(A) Stevens, Maria (S)(A) Schmeelk, Peter Burke, Richard Horan, Helen (S) M.V.M. Inc. (S) Pina, Paul (S)(A) Stewart, Karen (S)(A) Severson, Richard Carragher, Danadee Piness, Peter (A) Stigliani, Nicholas (S) Shah, Satish Houdek, Robert (S) Mahoney, Haynes (A) Carter, James Sullivan, Kevin (S) Shurtleff, Leonard Hughes, Rachel (S) Malott, Frank (S)(A) Pitts, Henry (A) Cavin, Deborah Hupper, Ted (S) Margolies, Daniel (S)(A) Placke, James (S) Sumka, Howard (S)(A) Slater, Elizabeth Cohen, Herman Martin, Frank (A) Poole, Richard (S)(A) Tannhauser, John (A) Stafford, Edward Hurley, Catherine (S) Correa-Montalvo, Jaime Ingraham, Edward (S)(A) Martin, Thomas (S)(A) Pooley, Charles (S) Tate, F. Wayne (S)(A) Stalla, Stanley Daris, Charles Martinez, Edward (S)(A) Prochnik, Marian (S) Taylor,Virginia & Clyde (S) Truhn, Patrick Irons, Alden (S) Dauga, Karl Mashbum, Richard (S) Prokofieff, Vladimir (S)(A) Teare, Richard (S) Wall, John Ives, John (S) Debight, Gary Jacaruso, Ruth (S) Mason, Rodney (S) Quainton, Susan (S) The Menchhofer Family (S) Watkins, Richard DeGroff, Cynthia Jacobson-Kurzbauer, R. (A) Mautner, Karl (S)(A) Quenneville, Beatrice (S) Theros, Patrick (S) Wells, Donald Derrick, James Jean, Arch (S)(A) Max, Michael (S) Quigley, Patrick (A) Tibbets, Margaret (S) Wiegand, Kenneth Deutsh, Robert Jenkins, Walter (S)(A) May land, Tana (S) Ransom, David (A) Tienken, Arthur (S) Wilkinson, Theodore Dworken, Morton Johnson, Alexis (S)(A) McConaughy, Walter (S) Read, C.S. (S) Titus, Daphne (S)(A) Winter, Marcus Foster, Timberlake Johnson, Nancy (S) McDevitt, James (S) Reed, William (S) Tompkins, Pendleton Tain (S) Winter, Andrew Garms, David Johnson, Judith (A) McGraw, Mary (A) Remick-Bohl, Dorothy (S) Torelle, Ethel (S) Wood, Jerry Goldsmith, Scott Johnson, Walter (S) McKee, Rosina (S) Rice, Robert (S) Townsend, Lewis (S) Zietlow, Charlotte Gralneck, Maurice Johnson, Mr. & Mrs. C. (S) McKinnie, Robert (S) Riley, Robert (S) Tragen, Irving (S) Zom, Richard Hale, Lauren Jones, Betty-Jane (S) Meade, Frazier (A) Roberts, Kenneth (S) Truhn, Patrick (S) Heg, James Meek, William (A) Roberts, Bob (S) Tunnell, A. W. (S) Jones, J. Wesley (S) Holguin, Chris Kay, Ellen (S) Mei, Richard (S) Robinson, Stanley (S)(A) Twin am, Joseph (S) Houdek, Robert Keane, John (A) Mekeel, Arthur (S)(A) Robinson, Prezell (S) Vetter, Charles (A)

The^American^Foreign^Service^Club Dedicated to serving the Foreign Service for over two decades, The American Foreign Service Club welcomes all AFSA members to eat in the newly remodeled restaurant. ★ ★ ★ ★

2101 E Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 * (202) 944-5500 1993 annual report

The State of the Union and the Professional Association R AFSA is alive, well, and moving forward in these days 1^ §■ of change. Six short months ago, your new board took "Congress, office committed to work in six key areas. Here is the OMB, and the report back to you, our members and stockholders: media - these Professionalism and the Congress: Congress, OMB, are the key and the media - these are the key terrains for AFSA's focus to effectively represent your interests as employees and professionals. We terrains for have launched a long-term public initiative to highlight our demand that AFSA's focus to American foreign policy leadership abroad be based on merit, not on political effectively fundraising. Our demand that "reinventing government" must include how the president chooses ambassadors has received extensive media support. We have represent your successfully placed the core issue of "merit vs. money" on the reform agenda. interests as AFSA has taken the lead in a Hill/media campaign against the creation of an un¬ employees and necessary, duplicative "Radio Free Asia," which threatens our USIA jobs and funds. We are presenting our USAID members' views on the core elements of the professionals. " new Foreign Assistance Act. We have computerized our congressional and Tex Harris, AFSA media contacts to better inform the Hill and the press and held AFSA's first ever president. press briefing. We are developing a national Legislative Alert Network of FS alumni to protect our retirement and health benefits and to speak out on key professional issues. We held professional meetings on gender, ambassadorial ap¬ pointments, reform in the foreign affairs agencies, and the impact of resources on foreign affairs programs. We produced a course on the Foreign Service presented by Smithsonian Associates. Participation: To ensure that all members of the Foreign Service are well repre¬ sented by a union dedicated to their interests in this time of reinvention, downsiz¬ ing and labor-management partnership, the Governing Board made a commitment to seek representation of our FS colleagues in Agriculture and in Commerce. Representation campaigns are underway, with an election to be held shortly in FAS. We are working hard to increase the flow of useful information through expanded "AFSA News" coverage, more circular cables to the field, "red 1 tops," and newsletters. Direct inputs from affected employees and retirees are key to the development of AFSA negotiating positions. For example, the team at State conducted the junior officer coning negotiations based on extensive worldwide polling of unconed JO's; it was greatly appreciated at both ends. Poll¬ ing is underway on Foreign Service reform at State. Protection: We are committed to speaking up aggressively and promptly on be¬ half of the Foreign Service and its members. We have weighed in proudly on be¬ half of the secretary of state and FS secretaries with equal force. We have strengthened our grievance and medical-claim counseling efforts. Our new medi¬ cal committee has been successful in protecting all Foreign Service members from proposed cutbacks in overseas medical care. AFSA staffers and our dedi¬ "The Governing cated vice presidents are there for you when you have problems large or small. Board is We have entered into the new era of labor-management partnerships with State, committed to USAID and USIA - partnerships which offer opportunities to help shape the decisions which effect our careers. closing the gap Pride: At AFSA's request a retirement ceremony for all State employees hosted between Main by the secretary of state was reinstituted. Retiring career ambassadors were Street and honored with a special luncheon at the AFSA Club. The Awards Committee has Washington on reinstituted the tougher original criteria for Herter, Rifkin and Harriman awards. Communications: AFSA constituency teams have worked hard to improve the the need for an quality of mailings, "red tops" and cables to better inform AFSA members and active chapters. Worldwide polling and E-Mail in USAID are innovations. Hundreds of American retirees have called the 800 number, and we have used phone, cable, E-mail, and fax to inform our members about the fast-changing events in Washington, from presence threatened cuts in retiree COLAS to buyouts. Next is Internet and faxnets. throughout the Diversity: The AFSA Board has assigned a high priority to improving the world." association's diversity activities and to further fair, transparent diversity Tex Harris, AFSA programs in the foreign affairs agencies (see Views, page 4). AFSA has been high¬ ly critical of veiled actions in the name of diversity but pleased that the secretary President has ordered that past discrimination suits be promptly and fairly settled in State. No area is more controversial among AFSA's members. The board will push for the development of fair, open diversity programs, which are understood and agreed to by the men and women of the Foreign Service. It's a new world out there. The centrality of policy is being replaced by the centrality of resources as the key to conducting foreign policy and programs over¬ seas. The Governing Board is committed to respond quickly to the changing domestic political environment and to closing the gap between Main Street and Washington on the need for an active American presence throughout the world. Unless this gap is closed, our profession and our careers face a declining and un¬ certain future, as Americans move to disengage from the world and to refocus on domestic concerns. - Tex Harris, AFSA president 2 Labor Management Fulfilling our mission to serve Foreign Service personnel AFSA assisted hundreds of employees in State, USAID, USIA, FAS and FCS with grievances, disciplinary actions, assignments, security clearance investigations, medical pay¬ ment and clearance problems, and a host of other issues. State Department Issues Junior Officer Coning: AFSA, with significant participation from junior officers, completed negotiations with the department governing JO coning and tenuring. Diversity: AFSA assumed an active role in issues stemming from the women's and black officers' lawsuits, including presenting a joint session with the Open "In the spirit of Forum on gender discrimination in the Foreign Service, participating in settle¬ the labor- ment discussions of the lawsuits, and vigorously advocating that State adopt a transparent policy regarding diversity. management Negotiations: AFSA completed negotiations on over a dozen precepts and partnership, regulations, including a revision of the EER Form on language proficiency, the in¬ AFSA proposes clusion of a separate Core Precepts section in the Promotion Precepts, the skill early discus¬ code change regulations (3 FAM 150), and the travel regulations (6 FAM100). sions with the Challenges: AFSA challenged the department's unilateral revision of MED's in¬ surance coverage; its last-minute cancellation of an employee's assignment in department... violation of the Open Assignment regulations; and its denial of an employee's on a general right to AFSA representation at a Diplomatic Security investigation. These chal¬ reform of the lenges are pending. Sexual Orientation Policy: AFSA played a major role in the promulgation of specialization, State's 1993 Sexual Orientation Policy stating that an employee's sexual orienta¬ assignment and tion may not be the basis for the denial of employment or a security clearance. promotion process." USIA Issues Todd Stewart, Labor-Management Agreement: AFSA negotiated a favorable collective bargaining State agreement in March 1993. vice president. Partnership Agreement: In late 1993 AFSA signed a Partnership Agreement with USIA and AFGE, calling for the unions' involve¬ Raz Bazala, AFSA USIA vice president and ment as full partners with management to Stephen Ledford, chief identify problems and craft solutions at the labor and employee rela¬ tions director, shake pre-decisional stage. AFSA participants co-chaired four Partnership Teams on hands after signing the Agency reorganization, achieving consensus on the parameters for a new Bureau USIA bargaining agree¬ ment. of Information Services. 3 1993

Clockwise, from top left, AFSA award presenters pose on Foreign Service Day; Director General Genta Hawkins Holmes and State Department inter¬ ns at an AFSA intern coffee; AFSA President Bill Kirby congratulates New AFSA President Tex Har¬ ris, the current Governing Board. Governing Board

Governing Board members: Left to right: Donald Norland, Todd Stewart, Pat Ryan, Weyland Beeghly, Katherine Barry, Dennis Kux, Sam Hart, Bruce Hirshom, Tex Harris, Lee Ann Ross John Patterson, Sue Samio, Kay Clarke-Boume, James Washington, Christine Fulena, Michael Houlahan, Edward Peck & Raz Bazala. Barry Friedman, David Shinn & John Mariz are not pictured. Labor-Management (continued) USAID Issues Institutional Grievances: AFSA filed three institutional grievances against USAID for its exclusion of the AFSA vice president from C\ Board briefings; its improper convening of the Senior Management Review Board; and its unilateral issuance of a new Rest and Recuperation Policy. The first two grievances are pending. A settlement was reached regarding the R&R policy. Diversity: After reviewing the agency's Workplace Diversity Plan, AFSA promul¬ gated a diversification statement that proposed a set of immediate measures to enhance diversity while maintaining equal opportunity for all employees. Sharon Papp, general counsel; Colleen Fallon, staff attorney; James Yorke, director; Peter Gaaserud, representative; Todd Stewart, State VP; Pat Patterson, USAID VP; Raz Bazala, USIA VP. "Retirees can play a key role Member Services in enhancing the Membership image of the In 1993 AFSA reorganized its membership and grievance functions to better as¬ Foreign Service sist the membership. Activities of the Member Services Department included: with Congress. • Organizing representation campaigns in FAS and FCS; • Supporting 147 chapter representatives and increasing USIA membership; A first step in • Extending new dental and automobile insurance programs; expanding • Offering new AFSA logo items, including hats, shirts and gifts; programs is to • Hosting informational booths at the Department of State to increase visibility, reach out to as and recruiting all specialist and junior officer classes for membership. many retirees as Janet Hedrick, director; Lori Dec, acting director; Norajane McIntyre, membership representative; Julie Smithline, USIA representative; Derek Terrell, Jenny Noyes, possible." grievance counselors. Don Norland, Retiree Programs retiree The retiree agenda was adopted after polling members on their interests. vice president. • State inaugurated the AFSA-proposed Foreign Affairs Reserve Corps and we have continued to lobby for full implementation. • We strengthened ties with state and local Foreign Service associations, and ar¬ ranged visits to Foreign Service groups in Florida, North Carolina, California and Washington State. • Retirees throughout the country were recruited to enhance the role of the Foreign Service by supporting and participating in AFSA's World Issues Forum, minority mentoring programs, and Legislative Alert Network. • In Washington, retirees participated in AFSA standing committees, the lunch¬ eon speaker series and the Smithsonian program on diplomacy. Donald Norland, retiree vice president; Ward Thompson, liaison. 5 Public Programs Awards The annual AFSA Award ceremony on Foreign Service Day featured AFSA award winners Kenneth M. Quinn, John G. Fox, Mark A. Pekala, Irvina Wallace, and Sheila M. Switzer. Conferences Symposia on energy and on privatization (our 16th and 17th conferences) continued dialogue Public between government and busi¬ Programs ness on key international Awards economic issues. • "Energy, the Environment, and the World Economy: Critical Conferences Linkages for the 1990s" was held on April 8. International • "Privatization in the 1990s," featuring a keynote address by J. Brian Atwood, convened on October 7. Associates International Associates Representatives of our 45 corporate affiliates participated in a series of off-the- Luncheon Speakers record luncheon discussions with senior members of the new Clinton foreign af¬ fairs team, including Strobe Talbott, Brian Atwood, Joan Spero, and Tim Wirth. Press Luncheon Speakers Scholarships Presentations and discussions in the Foreign Service Club on current issues such as State Department Restructuring, Ter¬ World Issues rorism, NAFTA, and the War Powers Act. Forum A reception marking the publication of As¬ sassination in Khartoum by David Korn.

Press and Public Relations Beginning with the new governing board, AFSA issued a number of press releases on issues such as political ambassadors, "reinventing government," the Strobe Talbott appointment, and Radio Free Asia. Op-ed pieces and letters to the editor were placed in The Los Angeles Times, Washington Times, and San Photo: Carol Lancaster Diego Union. AFSA's spokesman is regularly consulted by reporters. is a luncheon speaker at the Foreign Service Club. 6 Scholarships Financial and Merit Scholarships: In 1993,149 students were awarded financial aid for a total of $102,910. Twenty merit £ - scholarships totalling $15,000 and 13 1993 AFSA Merit honorable mentions totalling $1,300 were Award Winners from conferred. Washington pose on Foreign Service Day Scholarship Donors: Four perpetual Lm scholarships and seven annual scholar¬ ships were established or renewed. The scholarship application process was clarified with a new brochure, applications and procedures. World Issues Forum "VJe are making More than 45 retired and active FSOs served as speakers for 100 different audien¬ ces in world affairs councils, universities, civic groups and schools in 26 states. In it clear to one conjunction with the National Geographic Society, AFSA volunteers took part in and all that a pilot project in which they participated in online dialogues with school geog¬ AFSA sees itself raphy classes around the country. Theresa Auricchio, scholarships; John Harter, conferences; Gil Kulick, outreach and as a partner in press; Dick Thompson, professional issues. the great debate about 'whither goest' America's Congressional Action foreign assis¬ • AFSA blocked legislative efforts to completely eliminate the Senior Foreign Ser¬ vice from the Foreign Service bargaining unit. Proposed alternative language tance program." now calls for a two-year waiting period for employees who have served in cer¬ Pat Patterson, tain management positions before they may serve as union representatives. USAID • AFSA's efforts watered down a legislative amendment that places a one-year vice president. limit on the Foreign Service Grievance Board's authority to grant prescriptive (in¬ terim) relief to grievants. • We opposed the appointment of unqualified political ambassadorial can¬ didates and testified against the creation of Radio Free Asia. • AFSA monitored the Family Leave and Medical Act, locality pay and COLA in¬ creases, "reinventing government's" reduction in personnel and resources, Hatch Act amendments, the health care reform proposals, the authorization bill, and the Foreign Affairs Assistance Act. Rick Weiss, Bob Chatten, congressional liaisons.

7 Finance AFSA's financial position continued to be strong through 1993. We expect our audited financial statements, which will be completed and published in April, to show a year-end surplus. Capital improvements made to the AFSA headquarters building in 1993 included a new roof and new phone system. AFSA I paid off $150,000 of the mortgage on the headquarters building leaving a balance of $33,000. The Foreign Service Club operations have continued to result in losses. To reduce I "AFSA must losses and improve service, management of the club was transferred in Novem¬ ber to a new management company, HMC of Leesburg, Va. guard diligently Susan Reardon, executive director; Kara Harmon, controller; Sheree Beane, account¬ ing assistant; Michael Dailey, administrative manager; Dianna Dunbrack, administra¬ against declines in tive assistsnt. the U.S.'s public diplomacy capability..." Foreign Service Journal In 1993 the Journal cover stories included articles on ambassadors, women in develop¬ Raz Bazala ment, immigration, multilateral diplomacy, USIA vice president. adoption, and dissent in the Foreign Ser¬ vice. The Journal is aided by a volunteer & editorial board which last year included Chair Brandon Grove, Janet Bogue, Kathy Brion, Stu Callison, Phyllis Dichter-Forbes, K John Ericksson, Joe Johnson, Susan Keogh- / Fisher, Bob Maushammer, Dan Newberry, Don Norland, Phyllis Oakley, Eric Rubin, Bob Toth, and Tom Tuch. In December Karen Krebsbach replaced Anne Stevenson- Yang as editor. Nancy Johnson, managing editor; Tina Dreyfus, advertis¬ ing manager; Liz Allan, editorial assistant. Photos: Top, Foreign Service Club staff member, Elijah Branch in the club; bottom, Journal Editorial Board members. IX

8 In 100 years, we've protected a lot of FSO valuables.

Since 1890, our famous firsts include insurance for goods shipped abroad,

and temperature-controlled storage for valuables left at home.

Today, were the world’s most experienced moving & storage company. Security's Govern¬ For insurance or storage, call ment Service Policy Corliss Battle or Steve Everett. insures furnishings and When you’re posted abroad, you personal effects at can protect your valuables with a century special low rates, while of Security. in-transit or at your residence anywhere outside the U.S. Security’s temperature-controlled storage protects rugs, furs and clothing left 'MOVING & STORAGE in Washington—at government expense. Our 2nd Century of Quality Service. 1701 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009(202)234-5600 FOCUS ON BUSINESS

HOULD US FOREIGN POLICY PROMOT

It is evident from the contradictions between be opposed. When the major European nations public pronouncements and concrete actions used balance of power as a guiding principle, this that the administration is groping for a unifying too provided some predictability. Countries knew and intellectually satisfying framework for the there would be a counterforce if the equilibrium conduct of foreign policy. Secretary of State was disturbed. There is no predictability today Warren Christopher and National Security Advi¬ and, consequently, U.S. actions are episodic and sor Anthony Lake have been articulating the inconsistent. overarching double theme of markets and de¬ One can be sympathetic with the administra¬ mocracy, but then along comes the tion as it searches for a theoretical paradigm. reality of dealing with the popular but Democracy is a satisfying domestic theme and less than democratic autogolpe, or self¬ it has much global resonance even if it is not BY coup, of Alberto Fujimori in Peru, the universally applicable. There is also the unde¬ disconcertingly large vote of radical niable fact that the industrial democracies no SIDNEY Vladimir Zhirinovsky in “democratic” longer wage war against each other, but the Russia, and the insistence of the rulers facile transference of this reality to the frail WEINTRAUB in China to run their own internal democracies elsewhere pushes analogy too far. affairs. Vice President Gore, in a major Support for market economies, similarly, is address in Mexico City on Dec. 1, more gratifying than the old model of support repeatedly used the word “democracy” for any dictator as long as he was on our side like a mantra and the dominant local of the East-West conflict. “Somoza, si, los reaction, I discovered during a visit the follow¬ Scmdinistas, no!” The two themes often go ing week, was “enough already.” together. There is no democracy that is not a Anti-communism, despite its many shortcom¬ market economy— an important point on which ings, provided some predictability to the conduct I will build later in these comments — but market of U.S. foreign policy. In the Third World battle¬ economics is compatible with authoritarian and field where much of this struggle took place, it was totalitarian regimes, and even with what is labeled generally clear which countries could receive U.S. “communism,” as China is demonstrating. aid and which could not, which national admin¬ But a policy that is more rhetorical flourish istrations would be supported and which would than a practical guide to action is ultimately LAYING A FIRM

32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 FOCUS ON BUSINESS

■IVIOCRACY OR MARKET ECONOMIES FIRST?

doomed. What follows is an attempt to sort out the cratic), or no aid” is only marginally available. twin themes — encouragement of market eco¬ The main weapon — other than words — to nomics and promotion of democratic polities — promote democracy and protect human rights and to order which should take precedence. is now the threat or use of trade sanctions. This We no longer have the luxury to reward very is a blunt instrument and rarely suitable to the many of our friends with massive resource task. We are using it in Haiti and punishing the transfers. We can do this in a few cases, very people to whom we wish to grant democ¬ such as providing aid to Israel, which is a racy. We rarely make the threat in the Middle democracy, and to Egypt, which is not, but surely East or most of Africa because we know it not wholesale funds as was true during the would be futile. We regularly, about once a heyday of foreign aid. The threat to curtail aid was year, move to the brink with China, but in each not really a potent threat even when anti-commu¬ case pull back and continue granting most- nism was the guiding feature of our actions, as favored-nation (MFN) import treatment to our long as the recipient country professed its own market on a temporary basis. The only action that anticommunism. We were more captives of the would be worse than this well-rehearsed weasel- military savagery of the authorities in El Salvador, ing is to act boldly and remove MFN status and for example, than they were of us. But today this declare trade war on a billion-plus people. ostensible threat of “Behave (that is, be demo¬ Our ability to influence the choice of the

In developing economies such as Haiti, do economic sanctions really make a difference? Washington is now asking the UN to broaden its embargo to U the world’s poorest 5 nation to include almost everything except food and medicine.

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 33 FOCUS ON BUSINESS

economic model in other countries is also limited, republic. We may yet get such examples in but at least here the trade instrument has some Eastern Europe, maybe even in countries of the relevance. The threat to remove MFN treatment for former Soviet Union, but the jury is still out. The imports from China is raised as a human rights logic of this experience would argue not for measure, but its effect would be greater on China’s abandoning both elements as objectives of U.S. brand of market communism. Is that what we wish policy, but for accepting the sequencing of to do, to complicate the growth of markets there? economics first, if that is what emerges. While Mexico has opened its political system sig¬ This is not a formula for countries which for nificantly in recent years, the national leadership is the moment are hopeless both in terms of still essentially authoritarian and a few U.S. con¬ democracy and market economics, such as Burma gressmen and senators voted against the North and North Korea. Our primary objective in North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) because Korea must be to deal with the problem of its of this. Had NAFTA failed, this could have preju¬ nuclear pretension and in Burma with its viola¬ diced Mexico’s market opening while doing pre¬ tion of human rights. Market democracy is not a cious little for its political opening. Would this have formula for U.S. action in Bosnia or Somalia. been in our national interest? When Market democracy is thus not a complete for¬ Vice President Gore was in Mexico, mula for action, but then neither was anti¬ THERE IS NO he called for a hemispheric meet¬ communism. However, the sequencing sugges¬ ing of market democracies. Cuba tion does fit many East European, Asian and DEMOCRACY THAT IS was surely excluded, and no doubt Latin American countries in which democracy is NOT A MARKET Haiti as well, at least for now. But frail and markets weak. how about Peru? Do we really know While the main stick being used to promote ECONOMY ... BUT what our professed policy entails? market democracy is trade sanctions (Haiti) MARKET ECONOMICS We would be wiser to heed the and import discrimination (or at least its logic of Lake’s speech at The Ameri¬ threat, against China), the accompanying carrot IS COMPATIBLE WITH can University last September, or at of access to the U.S. market is a far more potent AUTHORITARIAN AND least that portion in which he ar¬ instalment. Because of the philosophic revolu¬ gued that the examples of South tion that has occurred in development policy, TOTALITARIAN Korea and Chile under Augusto first in East Asia and during the last decade in REGIMES, AND EVEN Pinochet show that while market Latin America, access to the U.S. market is a economies can thrive for a time powerful inducement indeed for market eco¬ WITH WHAT IS without democracy, “they cannot nomics. Growth in merchandise exports to the LABELED do so forever.” Lake went on to United States fueled the economic miracle of the argue for U.S. penalties that would Asian dragons and is the sine qua non for 'COMMUNISM,' AS raise the cost of repression for coun¬ successful economic growth in Latin America. CHINA IS tries opting for economic liberaliza¬ The United States does not have to proselytize tion. The formula implied by this very much in favor of market economics, except DEMONSTRATING. reasoning is to push for market perhaps in countries of the former Soviet Union. economics but also to punish when Even there, reliance on markets rather than state this is not accompanied by democ¬ planners is now the dominant development aspi¬ racy. How does this fit China or Indonesia or Islamic ration. The issue is no longer the desirability of the countries in the Middle East? It is precisely this lack of model, but rather the speed of its achievement. thought to the implications of largely empty words However, talking in favor of market econom¬ that makes it clear that the United States has a laudable ics is an empty gesture unless the United States objective — in favor of market democracies — but no and other industrial countries also permit the guide for policy. payoff to occur by keeping their markets open. If market economics and political democracy — It is hard to overstress this point. which, in brief, requires free elections, an indepen¬ The recent debate on NAFTA illustrates the dent judiciary, relative freedom of expression, issue. Even though they may be hurt by the tariff respect for human rights — rarely erupt full-blown discrimination in favor of Mexico and the conse¬ simultaneously, shouldn't we encourage that half quent favoring of that country as a destination for which emerges first rather than deal with the duality foreign investment, the Latin American and Car¬ as Siamese twins that must be born together? Lake ibbean countries unanimously supported pas¬ cited examples of countries in which market econo¬ sage of the NAFTA enabling legislation. NAFTA mies emerged and then, gradually, democratic was also generally supported by the newly choice appeared. It is much harder to cite success¬ industrializing countries of Asia. In each case, ful cases of the other sequence, of democracy the countries saw the choice as being between preceding market economics, except in the Czech an open market and U.S. withdrawal into protec-

34 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 FOCUS ON BUSINESS tionism. There is no doubt that congressional search for “totalizing paradigms” can throw out approval of NAFTA, coupled with the comple¬ the good in search of the best. tion of the Uruguay Round of the General Agree¬ • With the collapse of the East-West conflict, it is ment on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was a major now commonplace to emphasize the impor¬ victory for market economics. On this score, the tance of economics as opposed to security as the administration achieved major victories in favor dominant aspect of U.S. foreign policy. Indeed, of its declared policies. it is the economic hardship being imposed on It is no exaggeration to state that had NAFTA populations in Russia and other states of the failed, the United States would have no meaning¬ former Soviet Union that is creating the basis for ful policy in Latin America. We would then have the political instability there. This primacy of denied the one concrete action needed from us economics should be recognized in practice and to promote the region’s economic development not just rhetorically. What this means for the — the assurance of access to its main market. We purposes of this discussion is that the United would then have had an empty policy, one of States must continue to play a leadership role in preaching democracy to countries moving in that keeping markets open, particularly its own. direction in any event, and of favoring market • Practically all the countries in economics but rejecting its consequences. this hemisphere are now democ¬ Yet, despite the completion of NAFTA, the racies, frail though they may be. ECONOMICS danger of this inherent contradiction between There is no harm in preaching declared objectives and actual practice remains the need for perfecting these SHOULD BE quite real. The majority of legislators of the mostly infant democracies, but TREATED AS A Democratic Party, the party in power, rejected the primacy of economics is no¬ NAFTA. The conventional wisdom in Washing¬ where more clear than in Latin CAME OF ton is that because of the bitterness of the NAFTA America. Democracies are most COOPERATION. debate, it would be prudent to delay its expan¬ likely to thrive if the peoples sion. This reasoning embodies the contradiction prosper, if incomes grow and IT IS NO between rhetoric and reality: Let’s promote mar¬ inequalities are reduced. These EXAGGERATION TO ket economics as a basic tenet of foreign policy, outcomes require increased ex¬ but then oppose the logical consequence of ports, particularly to the United STATE THAT HAD increased trade. This won’t work because it is not States, the main market of the NAFTA FAILED, THE a viable posture. Either we believe in markets or region. The United States cannot we don’t. have an influential voice in the UNITED STATES Market democracy is not a sufficient unifying hemisphere unless its market is WOULD HAVE NO theme for post-Cold War diplomacy. In a open to the exports from the speech in Seattle in November, Secretary region. A post-NAFTA indefinite MEANINGFUL Christopher added a third leg: security. This delay is not a responsible policy POLICY IN LATIN makes the structure more stable, but does little to toward the rest of this hemi¬ remove the vagueness. sphere. AMERICA. Yet, the promotion of democratic regimes • Finally, I hope we can treat rooted in market economies has much to com¬ economic issues differently mend it as a foreign policy objective. What is from the way we normally treat security mat¬ needed is a lot more modesty in public state¬ ters. Discussions of security issues are domi¬ ments of the U.S. role in accomplishing these nated by threats and punishment. We have goals and then much more precision about what transferred much of this thinking to the market the United States will do. My suggestions: democracy arena, such as the threat to remove • Because we know that market economies MFN trade treatment from China or economic have the potential to develop democratic sanctions against Haiti. I submit that economic institutions, we should not look for ways to matters are better dealt with through coopera¬ punish countries that move toward markets tion, by agreements such as NAFTA and with even as they hold back the opening of their conclusion of the Uruguay Round, by mutual political systems. This suggestion obviously opening of markets rather than closing off of does not apply where there is wanton disre¬ opportunities. Geopolitics is a game of con¬ gard of human rights, but the more normal quest and conflict. Economics should be treated process is the opening of economies while as a game of cooperation. maintaining a preexisting authoritarianism as long as possible. This was the South Korean, Weintraub holds the William Simon Chair in Taiwanese and Mexican models. To use a Political Economy at the Center for Strategic and phrase borrowed from Albert Hirschman, the International Studies in Washington, D.C.

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 35 FOCUS ON BUSINESS

MJL f J ORE THAN EVER, EMBASSIES' DA The Foreign Service is still haunted by the ship with U.S. overseas posts too narrowly. For perception that the advancement of U.S. com¬ these companies, the embassy or consulate’s of¬ mercial interests overseas is a second-level pri¬ fice is a last resort, only to be approached for help ority of U.S. foreign policy, and of our posts at the eleventh hour. This can lead to enormous abroad. The reality is that there has been a problems and, unfortunately, few good solutions. sharply increasing emphasis on helping U.S. It is common for companies to put off contacts companies do more business abroad for more with an overseas post until problems arise that they than a decade. This has taken on even more cannot solve. In most cases, strenuous embassy urgency in the past few years. efforts are needed to untangle these problems, Many Foreign Service officers have which would not have been necessary if help had cared, and cared deeply, and have been sought earlier. In some cases, problems are B Y worked hard to promote U.S. commer¬ too serious to be overcome. cial interests abroad when this was not An early and ongoing relationship with U.S. WILLIAM B. among the State Department’s highest missions can help the efforts of American compa¬ priorities. Now, helping U.S. compa¬ nies in many ways. These overseas posts will MILAM nies succeed overseas is everybody’s almost always be able to steer the companies priority. But the question arises: Are around potential problems. Missions can provide U.S. companies taking full advantage of counseling vital to companies’ success, such as the services and talents available in our background on politics, political figures and other overseas posts? The answer is no. In some local personalities; points of leverage; and cultural countries, U.S. companies could do better. and political pitfalls to avoid. This piece is based on my own experiences, There are a number of companies, of course, mainly in the smaller developing countries; that have extensive experience overseas and can those working in more developed countries usually handle most problems in foreign markets. might have a very different view. The following For example, many large American oil companies thoughts do not apply to all U.S. companies have been active overseas for decades in vastly doing business abroad; many are indeed expert different cultures with great success. These com¬ in marketing in all foreign countries. panies almost always find it worthwhile to estab¬ Some American companies view their relation¬ lish a relationship with the U.S. mission at an early EXPANDING

36 • FOREIGN SERVICE J0URNA1 • MARCH 1994 FOCUS ON BUSINESS

■DAY WORK IVIEAIIIS BUSINESS AS USUAL

stage of negotiations with a foreign government, to mainly commercial. Obviously, however, politi¬ even though they rarely need help. And, for the cal stability and security remained an important most part, these companies are good at keeping variable, as they do in most cases where commer¬ the infonnation flowing, so that posts can respond cial interests are predominant. quickly and effectively. A company needs a source it can trust. An early It is not just in the interests of a specific and open relationship with an embassy or consu¬ company to establish and nurture its relationship late can be very useful to U.S. companies in other with the embassy; the benefits of close coopera¬ ways not so well understood. In many countries. tion may be much greater. One poor Central U.S. firms need to bid on government tenders to African nation, for example, figured in U.S. geopo¬ obtain a significant amount of business. This is litical interests mainly because of an external threat tricky at best; in some countries, such tenders are from a neighbor. When this threat subsided, oil subject to political and other influences. companies began an intensive search for oil. Overseas posts can be of enormous help in Because U.S. oil companies worked so closely preparing for this bidding process, especially if with the U.S. Embassy, it was able to bring the State companies have been in touch early about their Department and other agencies to the realization plans. Posts will know or can detennine what the that U.S. interests in the country had shifted company should emphasize in its bid. The post fundamentally, from predominantly geopolitical can be a company’s strongest advocate, if it

President Clinton last month lilted the government’s 19- year-old trade embargo against Vietnam, one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia.

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 37 FOCUS ON BUSINESS

perceives unfair specifications or pro¬ cedures. In the bidding process, and at times at high levels, the post can attempt to ensure a fair examination process for SPOOK SPEAK U.S. companies’ bids. The post can often obtain changes in tender specifi¬ ECONOMIC ESPIONAGE A GROWING THREAT cations and procedures to level the In a post-Cold War era more preoccupied with international commercial competition than playing field. military might, governments freed from worry about warheads now focus on the interna¬ Often, American companies try to tional economic struggle. Accelerating economic interdependance and international compe¬ export to a foreign countiy from tition have emerged as major sources of tension and potential conflict. Economic decline, their U.S. headquarters, without relative poverty and the social unrest they breed are primary concerns. In this period of ever personally visiting and studying economic insecurity, developed countries eager to maintain their standards of living and the area. Even selecting a local agent developing countries equally determined to improve their own are under pressure to use without a visit is fraught with peril; whatever means remain within their control to augment their productivity and ensure their local agents are best selected during economic security. Some, uneasy with leaving the outcome to the market, are resorting to country visits. Embassies or consu¬ economic espionage. Amid estimates of billions of dollars in losses and press accounts of foreign intelligence lates can provide useful advice by services spying on companies, the heads of the FBI and CIA warned in 1992 that about 20 drawing on files that show local com¬ nations were suspected of engaging in economic espionage in the panies’ track records. BY United States. Other officials said these countries included Russia, Companies should not rely exclu¬ China, North Korea and Vietnam, and admitted some countries sively on their local agents. Informa¬ SAMUEL D. otherwise considered “friendly” were engaged in these activities as tion provided by an agent should be PORTEOUS well. Similar conclusions have been drawn with regard to economic matched with information from an¬ espionage activity in Canada and other developed countries. other overseas post. It is often over¬ Economic espionage can be defined as clandestine or coercive reliance on an agent that leads an attempts by foreign entities to obtain commercial or policy relevant economic information American company into problems that that is not publicly available. Recent media reports demonstrate the extent of this growing ultimately require embassy interven¬ problem: • An October 1993 Reuter’s story claims a former U.S. intelligence official admitted that tion. Again, the lesson is that an early U.S. bases in Britain used to monitor telecommunication traffic were used in the 1980s and cooperative relationship with over¬ to spy on British defense companies engaged in a $30 billion sale of jet fighters to Saudi seas posts should be a high priority for Arabia. The former official claimed the monitoring was done in pursuit of U.S. commer¬ American companies. cial interests. U.S. companies may be able to get • In September, Siemens AG, in the aftermath of its loss of a major contract with the South ahead of the competition in some Korean government involving a high-speed train project, claimed, “We have certainly developing countries by obtaining fi¬ received internal indications from Korea on probable interceptions by third-parties of our nancing from U.S. agencies such as communication channels.” Siemens, however, said it “never accused” GEC Alsthom, the the Export-Import Bank and USAID. Franco-UK group awarded the contract, of espionage. Reports in Die M/e/f state that it Although the best source for this infor¬ would hardly be conceivable that an audio-intrusion operation could have been con¬ mation is in Washington, posts also ducted on Siemens without the help of state agencies. • In April 1993, Hughes Aircraft decided not to participate in the Bourget Airshow after can help to obtain information on being warned by the CIA that the company was being spied on by the French intelligence whether such financing is available. service. The president of Hughes Aircraft was informed that his company was on a list The working relationship between of 49 American companies targeted by the French. embassies and business will become • In 1991, the West Germany intelligence service was accused of intercepting a foreign stronger in the coming years. Indeed, company’s telecommunications and passing the information to the company’s German the U.S. government can do more to competitors. foster better connections. First, the per¬ • A South Korean company reportedly paid an employee of General Electric $1 million a ception that overseas posts do not care year for trade secrets concerning synthetic diamond production. dies slowly, and it is not yet buried. Clearly, economic espionage is taking place, but analysis of the overall economic impact Overseas posts and the State Depart¬ of economic espionage has been impeded by industry’s reluctance to discuss the issue in ment need to continue to work to detail. In fact, the General Accounting Office (GAO), the investigative arm of the U.S. Congress, had to abandon its plan to study the extent and impact of foreign government correct this misimpression. Ambassa¬ spying on U.S. companies when it became clear firms had little desire to discuss the matter. dors must be directly engaged and There are a number of reasons for this corporate reticence. Apart from an instinctive continue to insist on an activist ap¬ aversion to discussing problems with outsiders, firms fear disclosure could prompt proach by their staffs to promote U.S. retaliation by foreign governments or undernmine shareholder confidence. business abroad. Overseas posts should Governments seeking to counter this problem face several difficulties. For example, if gain the attention and confidence of intelligence services play an increased role in defending private sector entities against American industry. It should be com¬ economic espionage, they will require a clear mandate as to whatthey are defending against. mon knowledge that overseas posts are A key question is whether a foreign government must be involved either in conducting or advocates of American business abroad, Continued on page 40.

38 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 FOCUS ON BUSINESS

and will do best when companies come to them early and often. Secondly, the U.S. government could accelerate the process in some small ways. For example, publications could BUSINESS BOOMS do more to highlight the commercial A U.S. COMPANY SRIACS NEW CLIENTS responsibilities of all overseas posts. The Commerce Department’s “Over¬ Almaty is an attractive, if remote, city nestled in the mountains of Kazakhstan. Until 1991, few seas Business Directory” does not pro¬ Westerners visited Almaty. It is difficult to imagine a more remote country. Yet this is where our vide information as to how U.S. compa¬ Minneapolis-based law firm opened an office in 1992. The firm’s reasons for coming to Kazakhstan nies can access posts in smaller markets. were a mixture of strategic considerations and accident — a combination probably key to many The Commerce Department’s “Business business decisions. America "limits its listing of commercial A chance encounter began the process. In mid-1991, Bectas Mukhamedzhanov, a Kazakhstani services only to those posts with For¬ member of the Supreme Soviet in Moscow, visited our office in Minneapolis, hoping to create eign Commercial Service (FCS) offices. interest in investment in Kazakhstan. Although the collapse of the Soviet Union was beyond the imagination of most of us at that time, perhaps Bectas could see a new future was opening up for Kazakhstan. Only the State Department’s “Key Offic¬ That economic future seemed more assured after the Kazakh parliament ratified a treaty in mid- ers” list covers all posts. December, which called for the elimination of strategic nuclear weapons on its territory and opened the or those of us who have spent most F door to U.S. economic assistance of more than $84 million. In a visit to Almaty, Vice President Gore of our time overseas in developing announced that the Overseas Private Investment Corp. would insure up to $43 countries with limited markets, per¬ million worth of loans for two oil-drilling projects, and that a new economic B Y haps the most frustrating element is development fund for Central Asian nations would be created. the relative inattention U.S. compa¬ Despite our experience in Eastern Europe and many of our clients’ THOMAS E. nies give to these countries’ markets. growing interest in that part of the world, many of the partners in the firm JOHNSON In my own experience, there are nu¬ were cautious about taking a giant leap deep into the heart of the former merous examples of sales U.S. compa¬ Soviet Union. After an exploratory trip to Almaty, follow-up trips were made nies might have made, had they tried to see if we could develop some client interest in Kazakhstan. In February 1992,1 took my first trip to Almaty, accompanied by our Russian-speaking lawyer from Frankfurt. harder to penetrate the market and We opened an office in 1992. Equipping the office has been a struggle. Office supplies, in sought embassy or consulate advice general, are very difficult to obtain in Kazakhstan, due to the specialization that occurred in the old and assistance. Yes, there is always Soviet Union. Kazakhstan apparently did not produce any of its own paper supplies — paper used the question of whether more effort is to come from Russia. Now every time I arrive from London, I bring in heavy cases of paper — as worth the increased cost, particularly well as paper clips, staples, scissors, pencils, erasers, pens and other needed equipment. in view of the higher risk involved in Our very first client was a local trading company that had some problems with a supplier in the such countries. But I tend to believe West. Our work is quite varied. For many clients, we perform establishment services—setting up that some companies react to stereo¬ the Western business client in Kazakhstan. We help register a representative office, form a types, rather than the constantly chang¬ subsidiary, or create a joint-venture company. We now have a staff of seven local people in Almaty, ing reality of these countries. including two translators and three lawyers. U.S. companies do not adequately The hospitality and generosity of the people of Kazakhstan can be overwhelming. In spite of language and cultural barriers and crowded living conditions, people are eager, after so many years monitor or pursue expanding their mar¬ of being isolated from the rest of the world, to meet visitors from abroad. In fact, the level of ket share in developing countries. While hospitality is so high that we call it “terrorist hospitality." Many a visitor has been invited to a meal there may be more risk for the com¬ only to discover that he has been commandeered for the rest of the day by hosts who seem pany, many such countries are on the determined to feed him a week’s supply of food and to drink him under the table. right track economically and are finan¬ In many ways, the development and growth of our office in Kazakhstan has been linked to the cially stable. These countries could pro¬ development and growth of the U.S. Embassy in Almaty. Lawyers from our firm were probably vide expanded export opportunities for among some of its first visitors when it opened in the winter of 1992 with seven people. U.S. products and for long-term busi¬ Numbers tell only part ofthestory ofthegrowth of theembassy and the increasing U.S. presence ness relationships. in Almaty and Kazakhstan, but by June 1992, the embassy’s staff had grown to more than 100, For example, U.S. telecommunica¬ including 35 Foreign Service officers headed by Ambassador William Courtney. tions and aerospace companies’ tech¬ The embassy staff in Kazakhstan offers a great deal of support, including assisting visiting business delegations, hosting business roundtables and cultural evenings, developing an eco¬ nology and expertise are rightly per¬ nomic information base, and forming a businesswomen’s group and an American Chamber of ceived in many developing countries as Commerce chapter. The embassy has even successfully encouraged the Kazakhstan government being far ahead of their competitors. Yet to install a visa officer at the Almaty airport. many of these countries are not on these For example, it can be quite an ordeal simply to arrange a visa to visit Kazakhstan. No one can arrive U.S. companies’ “strategic list.” There¬ without first receiving an invitation from a governmental body or a recognized entity within Kazakhstan. fore, it is often impossible to convince How, then, can you make an exploratory trip before you meet someone who is entitled to invite you? Even senior company managers to make the when this has been solved—often with the help of the embassy—how can you arrange for transport, commitment that would allow their hotels and meetings with government officials? Why, just call the U.S. Embassy. marketing experts to win contracts on government tenders and other projects. Thomas E. Johnson, a partner in the Minneapolis law firm olFagre & Benson, has a law office in London and spends two weeks a month in Almaty.

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 39 FOCUS ON r- BUSINESS -

Continued from page 38. facilitating the economic espionage before the domestic intelligence These observations, however, miss the point that enterprises service would be justified in acting. This would be a comfortable striving for profit were never expected to put the interests of their requirement from the point of view of intelligence services, since investment jurisdiction over their own. In the view of the adherents they typically conceptualize and direct their activities in terms of of a defensive role for intelligence services in economic espionage, nation states. It is also a distinction that would be supported by a company that provides jobs and adds value to the domestic those who view company-to-company industrial espionage, foreign economy is worth protecting, regardless of its stateless character. involvement or not, as simply part of the rough and tumble of the Further, in protecting these companies it could be argued the nation business world. is also protecting its investment climate if investors believed its The alternative is to regard economic espionage conducted by vigilance against economic espionage was lax. any foreign entity from either government or the private sector as The emergence of regional trading blocs also adds an interesting sufficient cause for intelligence service involvement. It should be wrinkle to this analysis. Some argue that current patterns of trade noted, however, that in many cases, it is very difficult to determine seem to demonstrate that the significant activities of most MNEs, whetherthe principals involved in an economic espionage operation including research and development, are regionally based as op¬ are being directed or facilitated by a foreign government or simply posed to globally distributed. This indicates that any benefits a MNE private-sector entities acting alone. derives from defensive or offensive economic espionage are likely to Another problem with a strict focus on foreign government be contained within its home region rather than another part of the involvement is that it ignores the important issue of the potential world. Arguably then, economic intelligence sharing networks built impact of the particular economic espionage operation involved. upon regional trade groupings could provide these regionally fo¬ Arguably, the activities of large multinational corporations, rich in cused MNEs with intelligence and be relatively certain that any intelligence resources, may be more of a threat to a country’s benefits derived by the corporation would largely stay within the economic security than clumsy attempts by tiny, under-resourced regional trade grouping. Sharing within the economic intelli¬ entities that happen to be nation states. gence network would be supported by the belief that the eco¬ The growing influence and global reach of some of these organi¬ nomic fortunes of each member nation rose and fell with those zations puts them on a par with all but the most powerful nations. For of the region. example, Pfizer Corp. and the group of multinationals it organized to While admittedly raising some interesting conceptual issues, the have intellectual property issues addressed in GATT had more case for defending a nation state’s economic security from the influence on the intellectual property provisions of the Dunkel Draft threats presented by economic espionage directed against the of the Uruguay Round than all but a handful of states. private sector seems, at least, grudgingly accepted. Views on the Economic espionage also has had the potential to disrupt tradi¬ desirability of offensive economic espionage to assist the private tional alliances. Formerly, intelligence services operated in a world sector, however, are much more fervently divided. of nation states neatly divided into well-defined camps of allies and Drawing on strategic trade policy (STP), a relatively new and adversaries. In the diplomatically difficult realm of economic espio¬ increasingly popular view of economic relations, it could be argued nage, however, this comfortable distinction no longer applies. On that the case against economic espionage is based on an antiquated the field of economic espionage, one’s potential adversaries could and simplistic view of the world economy and how it operates. well be one’s military and political allies. To the extent a country’s According to STP, the patterns of international trade, as they economic interests diverge from its military or political interests, exist today, reflect temporary advantages as much or more than any economic espionage forces intelligence services to, like modern permanent underlying advantage of the exporting countries. These corporations, both compete and cooperate at the same time. temporary advantages include those stemming from imperfect com¬ This potential conflict between a nation state’s commercial petition, economies of scale and advantages in cumulative experi¬ interests and the military and political interests it shares with its ence or technological advances. Given that many of these advan¬ allies explains some of the trepidation and resistance intelligence tages are knowledge-based, they are therefore, to a certain extent, services have demonstrated when faced with the issue. Intelligence transferable from one nation to another. officers who have spent years working with a world view segmented In a world where country specializations often depend on tech¬ into eastern and western blocs may find it difficult to have to start nological advances and certain industries can earn excess profits considering former allies as potential adversaries. and generate positive externalities, proponents of STP argue that Rethinking and realigning potential adversaries in this manner governments can and should act to take advantage of these strategic also has the potential to undermine traditional intelligence sharing environments. According to STP, this can be done by providing networks. In a world where business must no longer take a back seat government assistance through properly targeted subsidies to do¬ to Cold War ideology and unfair trade practices are seen by some as mestic firms deemed strategic. By lowering their costs in this the economic equivalent of an act of war, commercially valuable manner, governments theoretically allow these firms to provide intelligence may be shared much less freely within military and more of these excess profits or externalities that benefit the country political alliances. as a whole. The European consortium Airbus is often presented as Critics of government involvement in defending against eco¬ a successful example of strategic trade policy. nomic espionage also frequently raise the issue that intelligence Beyond theory, there is some practical support for the benefits of service involvement in business issues may be a waste of time and economic espionage. In published reports, Russian officials have money given the “stateless” nature of multinational enterprises claimed to have saved Russian companies millions of dollars in (MNEs). Adherents of this view see no logic in a nation state developmental costs. French operatives have also been quoted as assisting MNEs because they have no commitment to any particular saying just a few economic espionage operations netted benefits for country and will simply use any defence they are provided or any France that more than paid the cost of running the French intelli¬ information they are given to optimize the productivity of their global gence service. Most recently, CIA Director James Woolsey claimed network. The result being any benefits derived by the nation state that “billions of dollars a year are saved in contracts for American providing intelligence or protection to MNEs will be purely incidental. companies” by CIA monitoring of and reporting on sharp practices

40 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 FOCUS ON BUSINESS

Clearly, mission-wide enthusiasm do not translate automatically into sales and profits for U.S. compa¬ by foreign firms in competition with American companies for foreign nies. The government or local companies may pose contracts. hurdles or hazards that seem less important to the post In this context, it must be emphasized that economic espionage than to those whose money is on the line. Yet I have is not just about complex leading edge technology. It also concerns subjects as seemingly mundane as efficient plant layouts and bid seen mid-level U.S. company marketing experts who information. Often this simpler form of intelligence pays surer and shared our enthusiasm but couldn’t get senior man¬ more immediate dividends than the procurement of a technology agement even to focus on proposals for .countries not that one may not understand and may not be able to use. Obtaining on the company strategic list. information on a competitor’s bid, for example, would provide a Some have argued that overseas posts need to be company with a definitive advantage over its competitors that would less reactive in expanding U.S. markets. True, posts provide a certain short-term benefit without any of the difficulties should be more aggressive and self-starting in seeking associated with trying to integrate a new form of technology. For opportunities to promote U.S. business overseas. these reasons, countries that recognize that economic espionage is However, in smaller overseas markets, innovative unlikely to contribute to a sustained competitive advantage may still proposals from missions often meet with indifference engage in the practice for the potential short-run benefits. Clearly, from U.S. companies. Yet, statistically, developing those who argue economic espionage is always inefficient make too broad an argument. country markets are growing faster than the devel¬ Countries engaged in these activities are also little troubled by oped country markets. the moral ramifications of their work. To them economic security is Contacts with customers sometimes are not well like military security; what you are prepared to do to obtain one, you maintained by U.S. companies. Visits by company must be prepared to do to obtain the other. Those who draw a executives from regional centers or headquarters distinction between what is acceptable practice with regard to are rare, often occurring only with the immediate traditional security concerns and what is acceptable practice when prospect of business. However, trading relations work dealing with economic security concerns are labeled as naive. best if a real friendship is developed. When U.S. The former head of the French intelligence service, Pierre Marion, company executives do visit, they often fail to draw on summed up the attitude of countries that engage in economic the market expertise of local U.S. chambers of com¬ espionage against their military and political allies this way: “We are really allied. But in the economic competition, in the technological merce or branches of American banks. competition, we are competitors; we are not allied.” This view is It is not unusual for an American company to fail to echoed by Stansfield Turner, intelligence director during the Carter respond to legitimate inquiries about purchases of goods administration. “If economic strength should be now recognized as or servicesfrom a foreign company because the inquiries a vital component of national security, parallel with military power, were poorly written, sent on shabby paper or via poor- why should America be concerned about stealing and employing quality fax. One cost-effective way for U.S. companies to economic secrets?” follow up on such inquiries is by requesting a “World Increased involvement in economic security and consequent Traders Data Report” (WTDR) either from the Depart¬ interaction with the private sector will present intelligence services ment of Commerce or the overseas post. with many new challenges. While most governments can be ex¬ U.S. companies also would benefit from a more pected to favor some form of economic counter espionage, attitudes regional approach. Approaches to customers which towards offensive economic espionage are more ambiguous. Par¬ ticipation in this controversial activity will likely be determined less emphasize sales or project success in neighboring by a defensive reflex than the government’s attitude towards inter¬ countries could well lead to greater success, particu¬ national economic competition. Governments that view interna¬ larly if competitive advantages are stressed. For ex¬ tional trading relationships as adversarial, akin to a military contest, ample, objections that the U.S. product is too expen¬ where one party wins and another loses, could be attracted, despite sive or too large for the local market can be overcome its attendant complexities and pitfalls, to the practice of offensive by drawing on examples of success with that product economic espionage. Those who see international economic com¬ in a neighboring country. petition as just another, albeit necessary, component of economic Above all, U.S. companies abroad should consider development that both benefits consumers and keeps domestic overseas posts as their allies and advocates, and apply producers competitive would be less likely to engage in this prac¬ the 1989 “Bill of Rights for Business,” promoted by tice. Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger to increase In this way, the question of economic espionage — and by extension economic security — can be seen as part of the current the emphasis on commercial work abroad. Increased debate on the nature of international economic relationships. A cooperation between companies and embassies will nation’s attitude toward economic espionage can, perhaps to a large open more and new markets for U.S. business abroad. degree, be determined by its response to one question: “Are eco¬ And that’s not only good business, but good foreign nomic competitors enemies?” policy.

Samuel D. Porteous is a strategic analyst with the Canadian Security William B. Milam is a former ambassador to Intelligence Service (CSIS). His work on economic espionage has Bangladesh. He is now the special negotiator for appearedin Commentary, a publication of CSIS, and in Intelligence the Bureau of Oceans and International Environ¬ and National Security. This article does not reflect CSIS’s views. mental and Scientific Affairs.

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAl • 41 their observations may not break cance of the event. Fire in the Belly particularly new ground, they will Factual errors throughout the book THAILAND’S TURN: PROFILE OF A help anyone new to Thailand com¬ reveal the same principle at work: a NEW DRAGON prehend what might be otherwise decided preference for literary flair By Elliott Kulick and Dick Wilson, St. inexplicable Thai behavior. over factual accuracy. Many of the Martin’s Press, 1992, $35, hardcover, Their book suffers, however, from mistakes are seemingly minor. For 212 pages. a too casual treatment of the factual example, the authors cite specula¬ record and sometimes questionable tion in 1973 on “how little it would Reviewed by Victor Tomseth analysis of the Thai political process. take for Ho Chi Minh to march to Elliott Kulick’s and Dick Wilson’s Overall, there is a propensity to rely Bangkok.” The point they presum¬ Thailand’s Turn: A Profile of a New more on anecdote than solid histori¬ ably are trying to make is that there Dragon provides an uneven portrait cal research. Frequently the authors was always a great anxiety in Thai¬ of recent political, economic and appear unable to resist the tempta¬ land about the future. In 1973, how¬ social development in this Southeast tion to embellish the stories of vari¬ ever, Ho was not likely to be leaving Asian nation. The authors are obvi¬ ous personalities who figure in the his mausoleum in Hanoi, let alone ously well-acquainted with Thailand narrative, such as the story of the marching on Bangkok. That many and are at their best in describing the Thai king and queen’s oldest Thais in the early 1970s were wor¬ evolution of the Thai personality in daughter’s marriage to a fellow MIT ried about the consequences of an the face of the modernization pro¬ student in the early 1970s. A more American retreat from Southeast Asia cess which has swept the country measured approach might have pro¬ is undoubtedly true; that they specu¬ over the last several decades. While vided greater insight into the signifi¬ lated Ho would be leading a Viet- WORLDWIDE INSURANCE FOR FOREIGN SERVICE PERSONNEL

PERSONAL PROPERTY ■ AUTO MARINE ■ MARINE TRIP

is now administered by UNIRISC 1120 20th Street, N.W. / Suite 720 Washington, D.C. 20036 Telephone (202) 479-4400 Toll Free 1-800-424-9500 Facsimile (202) 479-4471

COMPETITIVE RATES ■ Broad BLANKET coverage now available Underwritten by London Insurers ■ Automatic replacement cost ■ Automatic coverage up to 10% of total Join the ranks of our many satisfied customers. insured value for new acquisitions Call toll free from anywhere in the United States or ■ Foreign comprehensive personal liability write for more information. ■ On-the-spot claims service by representatives in every major city of the world

AS PREVIOUSLY INSURED THROUGH HTB INSURANCE

42 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 GENERAL ELECTRONICS namese invasion of Thailand is not. involvement in the Thai economy. INC. Their treatment of the Thai mili¬ The real story of the 40-year period tary is illustrative. The book essen¬ before 1984 — and subsequently as □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS tially begins with well — has been □ RANGES □ MICROWAVE OVENS the February 1991 the halting efforts □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS coup that over¬ The authors seem to believe □ WASHERS Q SMALL APPLIANCES to get the military □ AUDIO EQUIPMENT Cl TELEVISION threw the govern¬ that periodic coups have not out of politics. The □ DISHWASHERS □ TRANSFORM ment of Chatichai authors seem to ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG Choonhavan. That been all that bad for believe that peri¬ (Please check box) event provides the Thailand, that not odic coups have Available for All Electric hook on which the infrequently they have not been all that Currents/Cycles authors hang their bad for Thailand, analysis of the checked the excesses of that not infre¬ Immediate Shipping/Mailing military’s role in venal politicians who, if left quently they have From our Local Warehouse Thai politics. “What to their own devices, could checked the ex¬ was the real reason cesses of venal We Can Also Furnish for the coup?” they have done serious harm to politicians who, if Replacement Parts for rhetorically ask the nation. That certainly left to their own Most Manufactures o themselves. The seems to be where they devices, could “general lack of have done serious SHOWROOM military agenda” come down on the 1991 General Electronics, Inc. harm to the na¬ 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. was one factor, they coup, at least. In doing so, tion. That cer¬ Washington, D C. 20016 say. When commu¬ they gloss over the tensions tainly seems to be Tel. (202) 362-8300 nist insurgents put where they come FAX (202) 363-6538 down their arms in among various contending down on the 1991 TWX 710-822 9450 1984, “the Thai political factions in the coup, at least. In GENELECINC WSH army lost the pur¬ aftermath of the coup. doing so, they pose in life which gloss over the ten¬ had driven it for 40 sions among vari¬ years,” they say. ous contending a> «X)

Ignored in this are two facts: First, political factions in the aftermath of -> O O while the communist insurgency did the coup. CD m jE ^ C O > 5 deprive the armed forces of their instance, most of Thailand’s Turn < Q- O S? ° military mission. Thailand continued was completed before the events of s m O* LU □ o to face periodic intrusions by Viet¬ May 1992 in Thailand, but it had not ID o cr ® v; Eif namese forces from Cambodia, as li¬ “ O yet gone to press. This allowed the 13 ® .£ authors to add an epilogue briefly O o U ® forces along their common borders. describing how middle class objec¬ u_ c Q, 1 a> 1 ~ Moreover, small pockets of Commu¬ tions to the military’s attempt to o>®1 r Thai military also continued to play dum does not save the book from its Q. to —

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 43 from $ per day 6(300 day minimum).0 0 •Fully Equipped Kitchens •Free Cable T.V. •Free Local Telephone Calls •Small Pets Welcome • Free Maid Service •Access to Public Transportation •Free Continental Breakfast •State-of-the-art Exercise Facility Nightly and Weekly rates available F.ORGETOWN S • U • I * T • E • S

G1111 30th St., NW • Washington, D.C. 20007 202-298-7731 • 1-800-348-7203 • Fax: 202-333-5792 »»»»^ 171 c&yyyyyyyyy- The Remington Fits Your Washington Schedule.

7:30 A.M. Woke up in a luxurious 5:00 P.M. Picked up dessert 1 Bedroom Apartment, at Watergate Pastry turned on Cable TV for Shop and walked the weather. home.

7:45 A.M. Nice day. Took breakfast 5:45 P.M. Buzzed in guests at and the Washington Post front door. onto the balcony. 7:30 P.M. Decided to stay 8:20 A.M. Tossed linens in another month! washer and dryer. Left note for maid to set dinner table. THE REMINGTON Petted the cat. Fully Furnished Luxury Rental Condos 24th & G Streets, N.W. 8:30 A.M. Walked 2 1/2 blocks Walk to State Department and to meeting at Foggy Bottom Metrorail State Department. Affordable short term rentals

For Information/Reservations, Call 202-466-7367 or 1-800-933-8367 Fax 202-659-8520 BOOKS Changing the World this point and asks “With the Cold War at an end ... is there less need RECORDS PROCESSING/ THE FULBRIGHT DIFFERENCE: for (Fulbrights)? Emphatically no. LANGUAGE POSITIONS 1948-1992 The capacity for human beings to Edited by Richard T. Arndt and David misunderstand one another has in The Orkland Corporation, a rapidly growing Washington, DC- Lee Rubin with a foreword by Stanley based information systems firm, has bid on a contract to no measure diminished — some provide document processing and data entry services for the N. Katz and an afterword by Robin W. worry that it may have increased. ... Dept, of State's National Visa Center. This contract will require Winks, Transaction Publishers, 1993, Even if it cannot be quantified, the a significant number of staff who have experience in a field which reflects high-volume records/document processing and $49-95, hardcover, 490 pages. unquestioned success of the Fulbright who possess the following position-specific qualifications. The Program in the past reminds us that contract will be awarded in early-January. Positions will be Reviewed by David Nalle it will be needed fully as much in the filled immediately upon award. When she was a child in Galicia, future.” SUPERVISOR/MANAGER - Bachelor's degree in Business Carmen Varela dreamed of “building Admin., Linguistics, Production Management, or related field; There’s the rub, of course: It can¬ records/document processing experience; experience in an ADP an immense palace with a great li¬ not be quantified. This does not environment; quality control experience; and the ability to brary.” Now, a clinical psychologist mean, however, that Varela and obtain a Secret clearance.

and twice a Fulbright grantee in the Winks are engaging in idle hyper¬ IMMIGRANT VISA PROCESSING SPECIALIST - High United States, she bole. There is school diploma or equivalent; 3 years of records/document processing experience (i.e. immigration, insurance, litigation, writes: strong evidence college admissions, social services or related field); and I awake as an adult The Fulbright Difference to support what proficiency in at least one language other than English- and see that my they say. This especially Russian, Taiwan Chinese, Mainland Chinese, Hong is a book with a very Kong Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai and/or Spanish. dream has come true: book’s 40 “sto¬ the Fulbright program serious purpose, but it ries” — represent¬ DATA ENTRY OPERATOR - High school diploma or equivalent; 2-4 years of key entry experience. has built a palace big happens to make ing the experi¬ enough for the whole ence of 200,000 QUALITY CONTROL CLERK High school diploma or delightful, intellectually equivalent; 1 year of work experience; and quality control world, big enough for Fulbrighters over experience. us all to discover the stimulating reading. Its the program’s 45 world’s knowledge purpose is to establish that years — say CLERK - High school diploma or equivalent; 1-3 years of and the richness of work experience (preferably in a records/document processing the Fulbright exchange clearly that the environment); and filing or mail-room experience preferred. multiple cultures. Dia¬ world would be a program has made a TECHNICAL WRITER - Bachelor's or Associate's degree in logue, sharing ideas, much poorer English or related field; 3 years of writing experience- working together, difference not only in the place if there had specifically 1 year working in ADP environment; and experience in preparing responses to Congressional inquiries. peace through the lives of the participants been no Fulbright word, understanding program. COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYST/PROGRAMMER each other, looking but also in the course and Each essay Bachelor's or Trade School degree; 5-6 years of programming/analysis experience; 3 years using/analyzing for other ways — nature of recent world tells, at a mini¬ WANG systems similar to the VS 8470 minicomputer, and these are mottos history. mum, of the en¬ knowledge of the VS operating system. carved on the walls richment of a hu¬ COMPUTER OPERATOR - Associates or Trade School of the Senator’s pal¬ man life. Often, it degree; 2 years of computer operations experience. ace. is a number of OFFICE MANAGER - Bachelor's degree in Acctg., Business The Fulbright Difference is a book lives that are enriched by the ap¬ Admin., or related field; 5 years of accounts receivable and/or with a very serious purpose, but it pearance of a Fulbrighter in their office management experience; 1 year of ADP experience; purchasing experience; and experience administering a happens to make delightful, intellec¬ midst. Sometimes the Fulbright dif¬ government contract. tually stimulating reading. Its pur¬ ference is manifest in the enhance¬ pose, as elaborated in the preface by The Orkland Corporation offers outstanding technical and ment of a field of knowledge, in the professional growth potential as well as a competitive editor Richard Arndt, is to establish publication of a valuable book, in a compensation package with flexible benefits. For consideration, that the Fulbright exchange program decades-long relationship between please mail your resume and salary requirements to the address below or FAX to (301)565-0828. We are an Equal Opportunity has made a difference not only in the scholarly institutions, in a self-trans¬ Employer. lives of the participants but also in forming insight into another culture, the course and nature of recent world or simply in an enduring transnational THE ORKAND history. friendship between families. JPj CORPORATION As Georgie Anne Geyer points In the first section, the 1940s, out in her essay, “From Vienna: With Richard Arndt gives an amusing and 8484 Georgia Avenue, Suite 1000 Love and Understanding,” the life of thoughtful account of his own Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 the Fulbright program has coincided Fulbright year at post-war Dijon’s Attn: Recruiting/LAB with the era of the Cold War. Robin tradition-bound university. There he Winks, in his afterword, picks up on encounters a few of the various forms

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 45 BOOKS

of anti-Americanism that challenged If you need to many of the American contributors. In the 1950s, Leslie Fiedler con¬ travel this spring, fronts head-on the anti-Americanism of the Italian intellectual, and calmly dissects it while considering the proper stay at home with us! response. He doesn’t rule out shout¬ ing when it seems indicated. “ ... One of the most charming hotels Anna Maria Martellone, eventually in one of the best locations in the city.” Washington Post to become a professor of American history in her native Italy, tells of $86 per room night including continental breakfast for two. preparing for her European history Rate available through June 30, 1994. Long term rates available. exams by reading her own copies of • Only 5 blocks from State Department Marx and Engels in the USIS library in • Overlooking historic Pennsylvania Ave. Florence. While there, she also • Close to White House, Georgetown, monuments, browsed in American literature, an museums and shops. oblique preparation for a Fulbright at • Charming European-style hotel rooms and Harvard and a lyrical encounter with suites, most with fully equipped kitchens • Special short and long term stay amenities America and Americans in the trou¬ • Cafe Lombardy, serving Italian specialties Hotel Lombardy bling time of Joseph McCarthy. 2019 I Street, NW The Fulbright Difference is such a FOR RESERVATIONS: 000/424-5400 or 202/020-2000 Washington, DC rich collection that it should probably FAX 202/072 0503 20006 not be read straight through. The reader is rewarded by picking and choosing according to the interest of the time or place or subject matter. The cumulative effect is persuasive of We concentrate on the point the editors wished to make, only ONE thing ... that the Fulbright program has made a difference. Beyond that, however, the Managing your property. discourse is carried on at an intellec¬ tual level and with a concentration of PROFESSIONAL purpose that stimulate the reader to PROPERTY ponder broader applications and pro¬ MANAGEMENT jections. Especially for anyone involved in international relations, it is a book OF NORTHERN to think about; perhaps it even pro¬ VIRGINIA INC. vides a humanistic counterweight to Join our growing number of facile theorizing about the end of owners from Athens to Zaire history or the clash of cultures. who trust the management of The editor and the contributors do their properties to PPM. Pro¬ make, or at least imply, such ambi¬ fessional service with a per¬ tious claims for the Fulbright program. sonal touch. This is not to say that they do not also, as scholarly free spirits, express reser¬ Discounts on appliances vations and criticisms. One recurring and more! Monthly comput¬ concern is made specific by David erized statements. Allor, a professor of planning and a three-time grantee in Latin America 5105K Backlick Rd. and India. He faults the program and Annandale, VA 22003 Fulbrighters themselves for not mak¬ 703/642-3010 Fax: 703/642-3619 ing enough effort to bring home and disseminate in American society what they have learned abroad. The United States “persists in its self-deception that it has more to teach others than it

46 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 might learn from others,” he writes. Harvey Feigenbaum was a Fulbrighter in the 1980s at Paris’s Institut d’Etudes Politiques. Noting the pitfalls of “self-deception” that Allor cites, his erudite and widely referenced essay centers on the inter¬ active nature of effective cultural ex¬ change, drawing on the Franco-Ameri- can experience in the field of political science. Richard Horwitz, lone repre¬ sentative of the 1990s cadre, writes in a very personal and occasionally wasp¬ ish essay, that at the heart of his understanding of the Fulbright differ¬ ence are “...competing dispositions — on the one hand to worry about academic exchange as U.S. cultural HOME AWAY imperialism and on the other to relish it as an opportunity to do the right thing.” Nowhere in the book is the prag¬ FROM HOME matic projection of the difference For FARA Members Fulbright could make better expressed than in the carefully worked essay For all FARA members we are proud to provide “Hispanist at Large” by 1970s grantee the best hotel values in the Washington, D.C. Roger Utt. Utt’s Fulbright project even¬ Metropolitan Area. Our housing inventory offers tually became the exploration of the properties featuring studios, one-bedroom, two intriguing problems besetting Hispanic- Portuguese cross-cultural communica¬ bedroom apartments, spacious suites and hotel tion. He closes his essay this way: rooms. You make the choice. “Having studied the clear-cut les¬ Each location has unique proximity to sons of perennial conflict and mis- major federal centers around the Nation’s Capital reckoning between Spain and Portu¬ gal, I like to believe that my intuition including FSI, State Department, the Pentagon, about continuity of purpose (for indi¬ Arlington, National Airport, Old Town Alexandria, viduals) holds true as well for whole Foggy Bottom Metro Station, Georgetown, the societies, which have nothing to lose Kennedy Center and the White House. and everything to gain simply by For more information on location, fea¬ making a persistent, honest effort to know and understand one another tures and rates of participating FARA hotels call freely, one-on-one, uninhibited by the Direct: (703) 684-1825 often clumsy protocols of their re¬ spective governments, however well- Fax#: (703) 548-0266 or ill-intentioned those may be.” This is precisely what the senator intended all along. FREE SHUTTLE SERVICE TO N.F.A.T.C. David Nalle served as VSIA’s director for the NEA countries and as the deputy assistant director for educa¬ tional and cultural affairs. He was the executive director of the Alfred tava Friendly Press Fellowship Program FOREIGN AFFAIRS RECREATION ASSOCIATION FARA HOUSING DIVISION, 610 Bashford Lane, Alexandria, VA 22314 from 1983-1991. He now concentrates on Central Asian affairs.

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 47 SMITH BARNEY SHEARSON BOOKS A PKIMERICA Company The Coal Miner’s Son We make money the old-fashioned way. We earn it.SNI LEFE AT THE CENTER: MEMOIRS OF A RADICAL REFORMER By Roy Jenkins, Random House, 1993, Professional Investment Services $30, hardcover, 585pages. Reviewed by Henry Precht Readers debating whether to buy Margaret Thatcher’s memoirs can, Christina Parra for the same money and 300 fewer Financial Consultant, President's Council pages, get a much better bargain in Christina is a Financial Consultant with 10 years experience at Smith Barney Roy Jenkins’ autobiography. Jenkins Shearson in Washington D.C. is just as tough, but never nasty Christina focuses on providing individuals in the U.S. and abroad with com¬ towards politicians he doesn’t like, prehensive investment, retirement and educational planning using: and he is equally hard on himself — • Stocks & Bonds • Government securities a quality you won’t find with • Mutual Funds • Municipal Bonds Thatcher. • Professional portfolio • Annuities Moreover, this book will hold its management • Asset Allocation value for a very long time. It is a To discuss vour investment needs call: classic, precisely what a political 202-861-5080 or 1-800-522-3546 memoir ought to be: ruthlessly hon¬ Christina D. Parra, Financial Consultant est, really detailed, deeply thought¬ 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.— Suite 225 ful, written with quotable humor Washington, D.C. 20036 and recollective style. It is so be¬ «• 1993 Smith Barney Shearson Inc. Member SI PC cause it was written by a politician who was ambitious but principled, loyal but independent, life-loving but hardworking, intellectual but ir¬ St. George's School reverent. With each quality except Summer Session the last, when a decision-forcing Newport, Rhode Island crunch came, the “but” prevailed. Coeducational, grades 8-12 Roy Jenkins was the son of a coal June 25 - August 4 miner who became a respected La¬ Thomas E. Evans, Jr., Director bor Party stalwart. His father’s con¬ (401) 847-7565 nections helped launch his career FAX: (401) 848-0420 after early eloquence and sporadic application had won him a “first” at Oxford. He became a reforming home secretary in the 1960s, mod¬ Located on a hilltop overlooking the Atlantic Ocean, the St. ernizing legislation on criminal jus¬ George's Summer Session offers challenging AP level tice, race relations and censorship. programs in English, calculus, physics, biology, and modem When, towards the end of the de¬ languages, as well as a variety of enhancement electives cade, Britain’s economy and sterling including oceanography, astronomy, SAT preparation, Latin, were under severe pressure, he was computer sciences, and English as a Second Language. St. chancellor of the Exchequer and the George's also offers a strong support program for younger author of heavy taxes and austerity students and those taking foundation and review courses. measures which produced the Activities include sailing, windsurfing, soccer, tennis, and nation’s first surplus in 30 years and basketball. The residential experience at St. George's is rooted a massive turn-around in the bal¬ in cooperation and respect for all members of the community. ance of payments. Another stint as home secretary and election as deputy leader of the 50 years of Academic Summer Sessions Labor Party followed, but the party’s 1944 -1994 defeat in 1970 and Harold Wilson’s unyielding grip on power deprived

48 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 PeaVe your Jenkins of the premiership he very reer, he was a prolific journalist and nearly attained. All the while he was the author of 15 books, including moving away from the left of the highly praised biographies of Harry most spectrum, increasingly disenchanted Truman and British Prime Ministers with internal labor politics and the Herbert Henry Asquith and Stanley British political system. The big rift Baldwin. Moreover — and this will important came when Jenkins’ strong backing come as a shock to the political class of a full commitment to European in Washington — he wrote virtually all unity was frustrated by the party’s of his own speeches and political investment inward-looking leftwingers. articles. In 1977, with the active support of This text is not only an excellent France and Germany, Roy Jenkins guide to recent British political his¬ became president of the European tory, it is a wise commentary on the With the Commission in Brussels. Despite health of the institution of democracy what he termed Thatcher’s “confron¬ in the 20th century. tational” and “foolish” interventions, Putting the book down, two reflec¬ management he was able to obtain fair treatment tions are dominant. One is the plea¬ for Britain in the EC budget. Jenkins sure of having spent several days in claims Thatcher’s “histrionics” were the company of an engaging, urbane professionals what “killed the hope that the new and distinguished intellect — a man conservative government might play whose candid and detailed narrative some leadership role in Europe.” It style is as natural and easygoing as you trust. also let the genie of anti-European that of a favorite uncle. opinion out of the bottle in Britain, The second thought is less pleas¬ never as we have seen, to be ing. It is chagrin — shame is not too Rental and Management recorked. strong — when one tries to think of an of Tine “Properties in Another achievement during his American politician before or after four years in Brussels — one that Adlai Stevenson who might have writ¬ Northwest TX2, CheVy Chase, “proved not merely durable but semi¬ ten such a book — or lived such a life. “Bethesda and Potomac nal” — was the creation of the Euro¬ pean Monetary System. Over a de¬ Henry Precht retired from the Foreign cade later, the last word remains to Service in 1987. be spoken in the debate over a single currency in Europe. Spirit of a Region Past Similarly, we certainly have not heard the last of the third party that BALKAN GHOSTS: A JOURNEY Jenkins founded when he returned THROUGH HISTORY home in 1981, equally fed up with By Robert D. Kaplan, St. Martin’s Thatcher’s right-wing authoritar¬ Press, 1993, $22.95, hardcover, 307 ianism and the radical dogmatism pages. within the Labor Party. The fresh¬ ness and moderation of his new Reviewed by Charles Maechling Jr. Social Democratic Party might have Curiously, despite two years of Executive Housing given it a larger voice, in the House atrocities, starvation, and political dis¬ Consultants, Inc. of Commons, than it achieved — integration in the former Yugoslavia, 7315 Wisconsin Avenue except for the “handicap of the Brit¬ high-quality American books on the Suite 603 East ish [electoral] device to give majority Balkans are a rarity. Unlike Britain, the Bethesda, Maryland 20814 powers to a minority of the voters.” United States has no tradition of the Defeated for his SDP seat by a classically educated traveller and no 301/951-4111 Labor member in the Conservative reservoir of literate journalists with a election victory of 1987 — his first feel for European history. Most Ameri¬ “We care Jor your home true loss since 1945—Jenkins found can journalists go to Europe with a solace the same year with election as blank slate and, like the jurors in Alice as if it viere our oWn. ” chancellor of Oxford University and in Wonderland, uncritically write down acceptance of a peerage in the House what they hear, provided it comes from of Lords. Throughout this active ca¬ the lips of “real people.” This approach

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 49 How to Buy Auto Insurance Overseas BOOKS sums up both the merits and demerits of There's really only one way. Select the agent who offers broad Balkan Ghosts. experience and a high level of repeat business. Experience that helps As an exercise in contemporary you avoid the pitfalls of a highly complex business. Repeat business journalism, this book is a vividly writ¬ that results from providing what's best for the customer - not the agent. ten combination of travelogue and memoir primarily embracing Roma¬ For 34 years Harry M. Jannette, Jr. & Company has provided nia, Bulgaria and Greece. There is dependable coverage with U.S. carriers to thousands of Foreign Service only limited coverage of Yugoslavia, personnel worldwide. Thus, you gain the broadest U.S. terms and much of it based on visits well before conditions and flexible value limits often not available from other the current crisis, and nothing new on insurance carriers.

* WORLDWIDE COVERAGE Fire, theft, comprehensive and collision protection are available at foreign posts. Kaplan presents a picture both horrifying and riveting of the * U.S. AUTO LIABILITY Available for short term on home leave, change of assignment, and new auto purchase prior to foreign departure. grisly legacy of ethnic hatred left over from the atrocities of * FOREIGN LIABILITY We suggest contacting your post on arrival. Local laws require specific limits and coverage. Pricing is normally best on site. World War II and the German occupation. He recounts | • CONTACT US TODAY Let us send you "The Embassy Plan" brochure. It contains all the answers about dependable coverage and low cost premiums. aspects of the Holocaust tittle © Harry M. Jannette, Jr. & Company known in the West. 3530 FOREST LANE #305 Telephone: 214-350 5141 J DALLAS. TEXAS 75234 7955 FAX: 214 352-7022 Or Call 1-800-256-5141 the tangled web of Bosnia- Herzegovina. The author is at his best in describing the squalor and political chaos of post-Communist Romania with its uprooted, urbanized peas¬ antry living in garbage-ridden con¬ crete tenements. He is also excellent in his detailed coverage of the politics of contemporaiy Greece, especially the cormption and mismanagement of the socialist government of Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou in the 1980s. Kaplan presents a picture both hor¬ An International Education for the 21st Century rifying and riveting of the grisly legacy of ethnic hatred left over from the Coeducational, boarding, grades 9 -12, PC 13th grade ♦ atrocities of World War II and the ♦ University-preparatory studies: International Baccalaureate, Advanced German occupation. He recounts as¬ Placement, and US High School Diploma ♦ Excellent US and International university/college placement pects of the Holocaust little known in ♦ Full US and European Accreditation the West, particularly the virtual de¬ ♦ Caring family atmosphere in comfortable residences population of Salonika and the massa¬ ♦ Recreation, Europe-wide educational cultural excursions cre of the Jewish population of ♦ Summer and winter sports; "Skiing at the LAS Doorsteps!" Bukovina by the Romanian army. On ♦ Located in beautiful, peaceful Alpine resort, above Lake Geneva, the reverse side of the coin, he pays close to metropolitan Lausanne, Geneva, and Montreux reluctant tribute to the legacy of pros¬ Leysin American School in Switzerland perity and order left behind in areas of Yugoslavia and Romania once gov¬ Thomas F. Rouillard, Admissions PO Box 4016, Portsmouth, NH 03802-4016 erned by Austro-Hungarian officialdom Tel: 603.431.7654 or populated by the ethnic Germans Fax: 603.431.1280 imported by the Hapsburgs. He de¬ picts the contrast between the city of

50 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 “IN TUNE " Timosoara in western Romania, which benefitted from both traditions, and with your storage need*)... the pervasive slovenliness and disor¬ ganization all around. The author’s Our temperature-controlled description of a journey down the vault space is designed to lower Danube in an overcrowded, offer the very latest in stinking riverboat will not be wel¬ security and care for your comed by the local tourist bureaus. valued possessions. The proclaimed purpose of Balkan Ghosts is to use the travel memoir as a • Pianos vehicle for teaching history. But this • Carpets often comes across as disconnected • Oriental Rugs summations of history buttressed by • Antique Furniture random dialogue with a cross section of the population and quotations from • Fine Art Collections secondary sources of questionable re- This newest and finest facility of its kind in the greater Washington liability, such as the youthful area is the ideal solution for your special storage needs. Hemingway as stringer, John Reed, and popular novelists likejoseph Roth. READ FOR YOURSELF. .. about our Top Hat Service. Hundreds of The author relies heavily on Rebecca original letters from satisfied customers available at our office. West’s Black Lamb and Grey Falcon, an impassioned eulogy of the Serbian people, written in the late 1930s in the shadow of Adolf Hitler and the fading INTERSTATE 703*569*2121 or 1*800* 745•MO VE vision of peaceful self-determination. EXCELLENCE IN MOVING & STORAGE 5801 Rolling Road, Springfield, VA 22152 Permeated with hatred for the old European order, her words, “I hate the corpses of empires, they stink as noth¬ ing else” are inscribed on the inner flyleaf. Kaplan goes on to characterize MARTENS VOLVO Hapsburg rule in Bosnia-Herzegovina Dedicated to Diplomacy as “vicious” and the wealth of Hapsburg Vienna and Budapest as “built on the Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats backs of their Slav subjects.” Here and and Members of International Organizations elsewhere the author’s interpretation of Balkan history is at variance with the accounts of Western and American travellers of the period as well as contemporary historians. He takes explosive Balkan hyperbole about “oppression” at face value and seems incapable of discriminating between the sometimes heavy-handed bureau¬ cratic rule of the old monarchies and the totalitarian tyrannies of both left and right that followed. There is not a minority left in Eastern Europe today whose lot was not incomparably bet¬ ter under the Hapsburgs. Contact: Dana Martens, Diplomatic Sales Director As for ghosts, some of the more important get short shrift. There is O fYlAKICNa 202-537-3000 almost nothing about King Alexander CARS OF WASHINGTON, INC. Fax 202-537-1826 II, who tried to unify Yugoslavia be¬ 4800 WISCONSIN AVE. WASH., DC 20016 fore Tito, and even less about his U.S.A.’s Largest Diplomatic Dealer successor, the regent Prince Paul,

MARCH 1994 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 51 Always More BOOKS whose overthrow by a British-in¬ than a caricature. Kaplan accepts as Than You'd spired military coup led to the Ger¬ fact Bucharest street myths about Expect For man invasion of 1941. The treatment the monarch’s “priapism” and takes of Greece is notable for virtually at face value the playboy image of Less Than ignoring the crucial role of the Greek this cynical but rather tough ruler You'd Think. monarchy before, during, and after who had the fascist assassins of his Welcome to The Virginian. You'll both world wars. There is almost no prime minster shot and their bodies enjoy a spacious mention of the traumatic aftermath dumped in the central square, and suite with a fully of the disastrous Greek invasion of who executed the leader of the Iron Anatolia in 1922, the sack of Smyrna, Guard and kept the movement sup¬ equipped kitchen the population exchange with Tur¬ pressed until German pressure forced and amenities like key, and the execution by firing him into exile in 1940. The alleged HBO, exercise squad of three former prime minis¬ photograph of Carol as a young man facilities, saunas, ters and a dozen generals and top — showing a short, swarthy, grin¬ free continental breakfast, same officials. The genesis and legacy of ning dandy decked out like a boule- day laundry and valet as well as the Greek civil war of 1944-47 get vardier — bears no resemblance to maid service. All this and more, for equally sketchy coverage. And the the tall, fair-haired, blue-eyed Hohenzollern with blond mustache less than adulation that the author lavishes on the clownish Zorba the Greek and over receding chin who was a famil¬ an ordinary the film Never on Sunday, which is iar feature in the Sunday magazine hotel room. about a prostitute, is more degrad¬ supplements of the 1930s. It's a ing than flattering to the present-day walk to the Greek cultural scene. Charles Maechling Jr. is an interna¬ Rosslyn In regard to Romania, the treat¬ tional lawyer who writes frequently on Metro, or our free shuttle runs ment of King Carol II is little better diplomacy. morning and evening. National Airport, the National The Area's Largest Foreign h Diplomatic Dealer Affairs ■ ■!) FREE SERVICE Training LOANER Center, and CC most government buildings are only minutes away. THE WASHINGTON AREA'S LARGEST BMW DEALER The Virginian. For over a decade, Special Factory Leasing & 5.75 Financing Available o Contact: the fust Jay Klein Richard Burton choice of Sales Director Sales and Leasing corporate Q_ and federal travelers. Especially those who know a great

PASSPORT BMW 5000 Auth Way • Marlow Heights, Maryland s (301) 423-8400 1500 Arlington Bivd., Arlington, \A 22209 Call Today For A Home or Office Appointment (703) 522-9600/800-275-2866 FAX: (703)525-4462

52 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 CLASSIFIEDS PROPERTY MGMT. WASHINGTON SHORT TERM RENTALS metro, FSI. Bike or Metro to J.P. PROPERTIES, LTD.: MANAGEMENT SERVICES: Foreign Service Associates can Pentagon. Superior furnishings, omplete professional Residential property provide fully furnished immediate phone and CATV, edication to the management of management is our only apartments just 5 minutes from microwave, linens and many sidential property in Northern business. Call, write, or fax the new FSI facility and one amenities. Site has spa, rates irginia. Allow our multi-faceted MARY BETH OTTO, 2015 Q St. block from SA-15. We have within your per diem. Call (301) rofessionals to offer personal NW, Washington, D.C. 20009. efficiencies, 1 bedrooms, and 279-0392 or fax SOJOURNER ttention to your home, careful Tel. (202) 462-7212, Fax (202) some 2 bedrooms, usually well HOUSING at (301) 762-7692 for nant screening, and video 332-0798. within your per diem. They are brochure or reservations. spections of your property. We fully furnished with kitchens, BACK FOR TRAINING? re equipped to handle all of REAL ESTATE cable TV, telephone, linens, and LEAVE? D.C. TOUR? We are our property management FLORIDA: Enjoy the best of all utilities included. Write the Washington Metro Area eeds. Over 15 years real estate living all year. Former FSO PAUL FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATES, short-term rental specialists. xperience and Foreign Service BYRNES, PRUDENTIAL FLORIDA P.O. Box 12855, Arlington, VA Excellent locations. Wide price verseas living experience. REALTY, 100 N. Tamiami Tr., 22209 or call or FAX 1-703-636- range. In Virginia walk to FSI. In OANN PIEKNEY, 301 Maple Ave. Sarasota, FL 34236, can help 7606. Children are always D.C. and Maryland walk to 4-G, Vienna, VA 22180. Tel with property anywhere in welcome. Send us your dates. Metro. Large selection of 03) 938-0909 FAX (703) Florida, CALL PAUL toll free, WHATCOM COUNTY, furnished and equipped 81-9782. 1-800-766-1610. WASHINGTON: The perfect efficiencies, one-bedrooms, FAHEY & ASSOCIATES: FLORIDA retirement locale, located two-bedrooms and some rofessional, residential, INVESTMENT/RETIREMENT halfway between Seattle and furnished houses. Many roperty management service PROPERTY: Be a client and not Vancouver, BC in dazzling welcome pets. For brochures & r Northern Virginia properties, just a customer with retired FSO scenic setting with islands to the info: EXECUTIVE HOUSING xpertise and personal attention Stan Valerga, Buyers' Broker at west and mountains to the east. CONSULTANTS, INC., Short Term detail are the hallmarks of our REBB Team, Inc., 1532 Stickney Whether your pursuits are Rental, 7315 Wisconsin Ave., stablished firm. References Point Rd., Sarasota, FL 34231 or physical or intellectual, Whatcom Suite 1020 East, Bethesda, MD rovided. JIM FAHEY, 9520 B Lee telephone toll free 1 (800) 977-9994. county can provide them: golf, 20814. (301) 951 -4111. Reserve ighway, Fairfax, VA 22031 SHORT OR LONG-TERM tennis, boating, fishing, biking, early! Avoid disappointment! 703) 691-2006, Fax (703) RENTAL MOREHEAD, NC skiing, theater, university WASHINGTON D.C., 91-2009. RESORT: 4 BR, 4 BA, furnished courses, etc. Contact Kathy ARLINGTON: Personalized MANOR SERVICES: Former townhouse, 3 levels, on inland Shropshire of FAIRHAVEN REALTY relocation, short, or long term. ‘deral law enforcement agent waterway. Family environment. for information at 592 Trout Lake We specialize in walk-to-Metro tting his 10-year residential Pool, tennis, private pier with Dr., Bellingham, WA 98226 Tel: sales and furnished rentals. anagement company expand slip. Near golf courses. Weekly (206) 676-4683. Arlington Villas, 1-1/2 blocks pon retirement. Best tenant $800 Monthly $1500 Lease, AUSTIN, TX: Lakeway from Metro, luxurious studio, creening. Frequent property Deposit, No pets. homes and homesites outside of one, two, three bedroom. Fully spection. Mortgages paid, (919-781-1778) SARANTOS, PO Austin on 65-mile-long Lake furnished, washer/dryer, epairs. Close personal Box 18842, Raleigh, NC 27619. Travis. Three 18-hole golf microwave, cable, linens. ttention. We're small but very WASHINGTON BOUND? courses, World of Tennis AMERICAN REALTY GROUP, 915 N. ffective. FS and military Like new Springfield Townhouse Center, 400-slip marina, 4000 ft. Stafford St., Arlington, VA eferences. Lowest rates. Best available 6/94.3BR,2.5BA, 2100 airstrip. Contact ROY & 22203. (703) 524-0482 or (703) ervice. TERSH NORTON, Box Sq.Ft. end unit, walkout ASSOCIATES, 1411 RR 620 276-1200. Children welcomed. 2429, Washington, D.C. 20015, basement, yard. Outstanding South, Austin, TX 78734 (512) Pets on approval. 202) 363-2990. neighborhood, excellent schools. 263-2181. GOING OVERSEAS? Well Easy commute State, Pentagon. RETURNING TO D.C.? Real HOUSE SHARES ent and manage your home for $149,000. ANDREW SIEGEL, estate prices are where they SHARE ARLINGTON ou. Our staff of experienced 202/647-2130 (ARA/CAR), were in the late 80's, interest TOWNHOUSE: Your choice of rofessionals specialize 703/455-8735. rates the lowest in 20 master bedroom w/private bath years-now may be a good time XCLUSIVELY in property FALLS CHURCH, beautiful $450/mo. -or- entire lower level anagement. Since we don't do 3BR brick Cape Cod on large for you to buy. I have provided w/private bath & fireplace ales, managing your home corner lot, fenced yard, enclosed exclusive representation to many $480/mo. Must be responsible, Iways comes first. With porch, quiet area, new Foreign Service employees as a sociable, and willing to tolerate buyer agent. For important omputerized accounting, appliances, gas heat, CAC, two affectionate cats. VALERIE horough inspections and careful fireplace, walkout basement, information on the benefits of (703) 841-7227 or fax (202) 647- enant screening, nobody near metro, shops, schools and buyer agency send for a free 4055. rovides more personal care park. $1050/mo. 703/237-8862. report available from MARILYN nd attention to you and your NORTH ARLINGTON CAPE: CANTRELL, GRI, Associate Broker VACATIONS&RESORTS at Mary Price-Howell Properties, rlington or Fairfax County Sundrenched 3BR, 2BA, FP, SOUTH WEST HARBOUR CAC and garage; 1 mile to 6402 Arlington Boulevard, Falls ome than PEAKE MANAGEMENT, MAINE: Shoreside cottage 4-5 Ballston Metro, 2yr lease, avail. Church, VA 22042. (703) c. Call, write or FAX LINDSEY persons, overlooking Acadia September 94. KATE & CHARLIE 533-3333, Fax (703) 538-6092. EAKE 6842 Elm Street, Suite National Park. BRANDEIS, 2011 N Utah St., ELEGANT APARTMENTS 03, McLean, VA 22101. Tel Private/Convenient. Call Arlington, 22207 (703) 522- AT RIVER PLACE. Arlington, 703) 448-9652, FAX (703) LAWRENCE 301/652-2356. 8486. VA; Efficiencies one-, two- 48-9652. OUTER BANKS: Year old, bedrooms, two blocks from C L A S S I F I E D S

5BR, 3BA luxuriously furnished 22180. Tel. (703) 281-2161, DC and 421 N. Charles St. in with ten years legal experienc home 500 feet from ocean in Fax: (703) 281-9464. Baltimore, MD. now practicing law in VA/MD/D Corolla, NC. Rent by COMPLETE TAX & TIRED OF BEING TIRED? general practice - real estat week/month; ideal for home ACCOUNTING SERVICES: ENERGIZE with Nature's contracts, commercial la leave. Call BARRY HEYMAN 703 Specialize in Foreign Service Nutrition Formula One. Look estate planning, domesti 644-8591 or write 8706 Side and overseas contractor Better. Feel Better. Have More relations, international an Saddle Rd. Springfield, VA situations, VIRGINIA M. TEST, CPA Energy, FREE 3-day supply domestic adoptions, RICHAR 22152. 2200 E. Patrick Lane, #27, Las pack. Call or write...703/263- BONSIGNORE, BEAN, KINNEY Vegas, NV 89119, (702) 9515 or Alliance USA 13631 KORMAN, P.C., 2000 N. 14T FINANCIAL SERVICES 795-3648. Ellendale Dr. Chantilly, VA St., Suite 100, Arlington, V THRIFT SAVINGS PLAN FREE TAX 22021. 22201 703/525-4000. INVESTORS! Interested in CONSULTATION: for overseas MARY KAY COSMETICS: WILL KIT! Make your ow increasing the return on your personnel. We process returns Quality skincare and glamour will, valid all states. $12.5 TSP "C" Fund? L'ESPiRiT as received, without delay. products. For brochure write: postpaid. Order from: EAR provides you with valuable Preparation and representation DIANA CONGOON, 21043 Lowell Ct., #111, 5429 Mapledale Plaz advice on maximizing the by enrolled agents, avg. fee Sterling, VA 20164. Will ship to Dale City, VA 22193-4526. earning potential of your $195 includes return and TAX APO addresses. FAST FORMER FOREIG account, GUARANTEED SERVICE. Trax, unique, mini-financial SERVICE! SERVICE OFFICER NO For additional information, send planning review with PRACTICING LAW IN D.CVM postcard to : L'ESPIRIT - TSP, BOX recommendations. Full planning SERVICES general practice, wills, trust 486, Fort Washington, MD available, MILTON E. CARB, EA, and REMODELING: w.D. JANE, a living wills, power of attorne 20749-0486. BARRY B. DE MARR„ EA, CFP, Foreign Service spouse-owned domestic relations; Gregory CPA - Specialist in offshore FINANCIAL FORECASTS, metro business serving the MD, VA & Powell, FUREY, DOOLAN & ABEL U.S. taxpayer issues. 35 years location 933 N. Kenmore St. D.C. area, offers design, 8401 Connecticut Ave., Suit experience. Tax and estate #217 Arlington, VA 22201 (703) additions, electrical, plumbing, 1100, Chevy Chase, MD 2081 planning and return preparation; 841-1040, FAX (703) 522-3815. renovations, carpentry. (301) 652-6880. all federal and all states. Initial ROLAND S. HEARD, CPA: Licensed, bonded, insured. Call WILLS/ESTATE PLANNING Has worked overseas, is familiar contact - no charge or RICHARD MERLO (301) 585-0914 by attorney who is a forme Zobligation. Absolutely with Foreign Service and or FAX (301) 588-9019. Foreign Service officer. Hav confidential. Special care for contract employee situations, ONE STOP FOR your will reviewed and updated delinquent filers. JOHN D. has practiced before the IRS, TRANSLATION & PRINTING or a new one prepared. N NEBEKER, CPA, P.O. BOX 32228, computerized tax services, of your stationery (Letterheads, charge for initial consultation Tucson, AZ 85751. Phone or financial planning, member Business cards, Envelopes). M.BRUCE HIRSHORN, BORING PARROTT & PILGER, Suite D, 30 FAX 602/721-7718. Buenos AICPA, Tax Division and This includes the production of Maple Ave., W., Vienna, V Aires office (April & early May) Personal Financial Mgmt. camera-ready copy in the 22180. Tel. (703) 281-2161 541/256-2158. Division. 30 minute FREE language you specify. We use FAX (703) 281-9464. AFSA TAX COUNSEL: CONSULTATION Phone/FAX: (703) fine quality paper stock-your Problems of tax and finance: 242-8559. P.O. Box 1144 choice of Engraved, Never a charge to AFSA Vienna, VA 22183. Thermographed or Flat Printing. HELP WANTED members for telephone Contact KENWILL GRAPHICS, INC. WANTED: Licensed an guidance. R.N. Bob PURCHASES 1110 Fidler Lane #1400 Silver "Want-to-Be" Virginia and D.C Dussell(ex-A.I.D.) at tax work AVON: For free catalog Spring, MD 20910. TEL: 301/587- Sales agents for independent! both within and without I.R.S. mailed to you, write: STEPHANIE 1880 or FAX: 301/587-0402. wned firm catering to th since 1937. Now solely in Y. HUGHES, 713 Grandview Drive, (Correction from Jan & Feb ad.) Foreign Service Community practice to assist Foreign Alexandria, VA 22305. Liberal commissions - compan Service employees and their BEADS, BEADS, BEADS! BOOKS referrals - office support sta -training - contact DONN families. Also lectures on TAX plus pendants, findings, stringing BOOKS, BOOKS, BOOKS: COURTNEY at Property Specialist LAW at FSI every month since materials, tools, books, and We have thousands in stock, do Realty, Inc. 703-525-7010. 1970 at Rosslyn, VA. BOB more. Wherever you may be, special-orders daily, search for DUSSELL (703) 841-0158, FAX BEADZIP can fill all your out-of-print books. Visa or beadstringing needs. To receive MISCELLANEOUS (703) 522-5726. Office is 100 Mastercard, THE VERMONT BOOK our 30-page catalog and 10,000 I feet from Virginia Sq. Metro SHOP, 38 Main Street, station at 3601 Fairfax Drive, information about PS, our Middlebury, VT 05753. SCHOLARSHIPS! Available t Arlington, Virginia 22201. personal shopper service for YOUR PERSONAL members of State Departmen ATTORNEY, FORMER beadstringers, send $5, BOOKSTORE AWAY FROM Federal Credit Union FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER: redeemable with any order, to HOME: Order any U.S. book in Requirements: financial nee Extensive experience with tax BEADZIP, 2316-D Sarah Lane, print. Store credit available. minimum 2.5 GPA, minimu problems peculiar to the Foreign Falls Church, VA 22043. And SALMAGUNDI BOOKS LTD. 66 Main 12 college credits complete Service. Available for whenever you are in the St, Cold Spring, NY 10516. Deadline April 15, 1994. Fo consultation, tax planning, and Washington area, be sure to application, call AMY DILWORT preparation of returns, M.BRUCE visit BEADAZZLED, the world's ATTORNEYS/WILLS at 703-706-5024. HIRSHORN, BORING PARROTT & most wonderful bead store, open ATTORNEY/FORMER PILGER, Suite D, 307 Maple seven days a week at 1522 FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER Avenue, West, Vienna, VA Connecticut Ave. in Washington, Diplomatic & International Organizations Personalized Touch in Real Estate Full Agency Services

. Free Professional Consultation Shared Experiences - U S. Foreign Service Career Property Specialists, Inc. Overseas & International A professional and personal service tailored Organizaitons to meet your needs in: Specialist in Northern • Property Management Virginia properties since 1985 • Sales and Rentals National Historic Trust • Multiple Listings • Real Estate Investment Counseling Certification Complete Property Our staff includes: Mangement Gerry Addison Joann Howd Donna Linton Steve Carey Robert Howd Fran Palmeri Marghi Fauss Donna Courtney Robert Thomas Bill Struck McEnearney Assoicates, Inc. 1320 Old Chain Bridge Road, McLean, VA 22101 All presently or formerly associated (703) 370-5571 or (703) 790-9090 with the Foreign Service. Fax: (703) 734-9460 Dial Toll Free: 1(800) 548-9080 4600-D Lee Highway Arlington, Virginia 22207 (703)525-7010 (703)247-3350 Serving Virginia, Maryland and D.C.

2 Block Walk to State SIMPLY THE BEST! Short-term Condo Rentals [lether you're relocating from overseas or purchasing selling while PCS, you need the best in service, Remington Condo |)erience and expertise. Comer 24th & G Streets [ me for free information, or to request a seminar at Included [ir embassy. • One Bedroom Condominiums • Fully Furnished w/Balconies i make it easy for you, as I je for many of your • In Unit Washer/Dryer lociates! • Weekly Housekeeping Services • On-Site Manager for Check-In ! years real estate experience • Complete Kitchen; All Linens [years experience giving real • Telephone Service; Cable TV State seminars at U.S. nbassies abroad $80.00 per night, tax included ssociate Broker BOBBEE CARDILLO No deposit: Small pets accepted pouse of former Foreign Director srvice officer Remington Short-Term Housing Govemment/Militaiy B.J. Knight, Coordinator I Gallows Road, Suite 500 Relocation Services 601 24th Street, NW, #801 ,VA 22182 COLDUieLL Washington, D.C. 20037 1-800-3364567, ext 41 BANKER □ or (703) 691-1400 r (800) 225-3847 • (202) 223-4512 (703) 978-5530 L=J L Expect tiie best® FAX: (202) 452-9541 Sales, Leasing and Property Management Rely On Stuart and Maury Inc. Experience... Realtors Linda Wilson Hurley, GRI Office (202)966-1000 • Hands on management for over 35 years! Residence (202)363-933 ( • We’re not huge, we’re selective, we care! Fax *(202)363-9807 • Personalized guidance for all your inda, a former Foreign Service spouse for 16 real estate needs! years, has first-hand knowledge about Foreign • 1031 Tax deferred exchange specialists! Service relocations. She is a member of the President s

• Monthly computerized statements! Circle, WDCAR Top Producers and Multi-Million Dollar Sales Club and the MCAR Million Dollar Sales Club; she is listed in “100 of the Best Real Call Susan Bader, property management Estate Agents in Washington, D.C. and Maryland.” specialist, for more information Linda is an Associate Broker, a Graduate of the REALTOR® Institute and is also licensed in Virginia. Office (301) 654-3200 Please call or write Linda for information. Fax (301) 656-6182 The Prudential 4833 Bethesda Ave. Preferred Properties Suite 200 Bethesda, MD 20814 Rock Solid in Real Estate!SM Excellent references upon request 4530 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. A Washington, DC 20016 ^ An kxtepenoanty Quoad and Operand Member ol The Pnjdentaf Real Estate Inc

Sales, Rentals, Investments Diplomat Property Management D.C., Maryland, and Virginia Among Our 36 Agents The Following - Returning „ Are Foreign Service Affiliated To Washington? Properties House Hunting doesn't have to be a Hassle! Work with Anne Gomez a 15 YEARS EXPERIENCE John Baker Christina Griffin ■ KNOWLEDGE OF THE REAL ESTATE MARKET Josephine W. Holliday ■ KNOWLEDGE OF YOUR SPECIAL NEEDS Mariella Lehfeldt ■ MULTIPLE LISTING Lynn MofYly Magruder ■ BUYER BROKER OPTION John Y. Millar Janice J. Lyon Millar Write or FAX Anne Gomez for a Free Welcome Kit. Robert Skiff Diplomat Properties also Specializes in Personalized John Turner Property Management. Owned and Operated by a Former & Foreign Sen/ice Family DIPLOMAT PROPERTIES, INC. MGMB Inc. Realtors 3900 N. Fairfax Drive, #204 Arlington, VA 22203 Foxhall Square 202-362-4480 3301 New Mexico Ave., N.W. Fax: 202-363-8954 (Near Virginia Square Metro) Washington, D.C. 20016 Write for free relocation kit! Anne Gomez, Broker (703) 522-5900 FAX (703) 525-4713 ON BALANCE jCodcjincj WE ARE THE RIGHT

"FOR THE EXECUTIVE ON THE MOVE' * Locations throughout Northern Virginia and D.C. Units fully furnished, equipped and accessorized Dogwood Building Suite G Many "Walk to Metro" locations Vienna, VA 22180 PET FRIENDLY (703)938-0909 • FAX (703) 281-9782

Residential Real Estate 6082-C Franconia Road, Alexandria, VA 22310 Sales—Management (703) 719-0508 FAX: (703) 971-7618

PROPERTY MANAGEMENT m PROFIT FROM OUR EXPERIENCE

Single Family, Condominium or Home owners Association. . . • Personalized Attention EXCLUSIVE INTERIM • Full-Service Management • Financial Management PROPERTIES, LTD • Worldwide Relocation Service PROVIDING THE FINEST TEMPORARY LIVING

Call today for the management support QUARTERS FOR THE DISCERNING TRAVELER you deserve. OF THIRTY DAYS OR LONGER 703-893-7227 ¥ Convenient locations in DC, Northern Virginia ant) FAX: 703-883-8029 Mary lane! including Annapolis. 1445 Dolley Madison Blvd. McLean, Virginia 22101 ¥ Portfolio of studio, one, two and three bedroom (Serving VA, MD & DC) Homer, Condor, Apartments, and Town Houser.

¥ Completely furnished and accessorized.

¥ Ideal for State Department and Foreign Service personnel relocating or on a temporary assignment.

ROYAL PROPERTIES, INC 800/776.5057 or 703/506.3993 ^ 703/506.3997/** 8230 OLD COURTHOUSE ROAD • SUITE 450 • VIENNA, VA 22182 M R K E E

SHOP IN AN AMERICAN MCG Specializing™Montgomery County DRUG STORE BY MAIL! ♦Leasing Promote and market An ice cream soda is one of the FINANCIAL your property; few items we cannot moil. Drugs, advertising; use of cosmetics, sundries PLANNING MLS; qualify tenants... mailed to every coun¬ ♦Management Inspection; emergency I try in the world. We/ Former State Department and normal maintain permanent Employee Stationed Overseas maintenance... family prescription Understands Unique Financial ♦Accounting Collect rent; pay records. SEND NO Situation of Foreign Service mortgage, fees, taxes.. MONEY — pay only after satis¬ factory receipt of order. Services Include: Retirement Planning Tax Preparation and Strategies Analysis: Insurance and Investments Lump Sum Retirement Options Professional Propel MARY CORNELIA GINN Management, Inc. 2416 Blueridge Ave., #206, Silver Spring, MD 20902 4550 Montgomery Avenue Suite 442N Bethesda, Maryland 20814 301/946-4333 (301) 961-8500 moRGan Fax: 301/946-4220 pharmacy Fax: (703) 938-2278 3001 P Street, N.W. Ask our owners, Washington, D.C. 20007 Securities offered through Nathan & Lewis Securities, Inc. they are our references. FAX: (202) 337-4102 Member NASD & SIPC

VOLVO r~\ Call Factory-Set Discounts v DAYS INN To Diplomats Posted for an; Itw BAftVohM UndarllM Sun." Stateside and Abroad U.S., U.K., European, or DAYS INN - ARLINGTON t\book Overseas Specs The "lodgical place to stay in Metropolitan Washington DC" Immediate shipment! Overseas and Domestic Closest location to the National worldwide • Credit cards ori check • All books in print avail! Deliveries Foreign Affairs Training Center able • Ask about our ovemighl gift delivery nationwide • Fred FEATURES: monthly new title forecast • Mail JERRY GRIFFIN • Government Rates orders welcome • Open 2* DIPLOMATIC SALES SPECIALIST • Free shuttle to the Rosslyn Metro hours every day 12 YEARS EXPERIENCE • Free coffee each morning • Children - 12 and under free 1>800>2SS'266S (in same room with parents) In CT or Worldwide 1231 W. Broad Street • Restaurant/Lounge (203)966-5470 Falls Church, VA 22046 • Pool - Summer only FAX (203) 966-4329 Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area • Monthly rates can be arranged (703) 237-5020 Fax: (703) 237-5028 2201 Arlington Boulevard Arlington, VA 22201 (Opposite North Gate Ft Myer) dbDon Beyer Volvo (703) 525-0300 It's not the only temporary THE SCHOOL executive housing in Washington THAT COMES TO YOU that is service-driven. • teach your child at home After all, since 1986, returning embassy personnel, military and other government employees and their families have been made • complete curriculum K-8 immediatly welcome by our staff who genuinely care about making • no experience necessary you feel at home. Our experienced staff work quickly to find the right accommodations and our hassle-free service is only a phone call away. • traditional education Our beautifully furnished and decorated one, two and three bed¬ • accredited, nonprofit room apartments, townhouses or larger single family homes include: • Advisory Teachers available Fully equipped kitchens • Bed & bath linens • Color TV and clock radio • Local telephone services • All utilities • Maid services • Fitness • all materials included centers • Pools • Security systems • Garage parking • Fireplaces and • French and music courses more! Let us help you find affordable • send for free information . quality housing with the services you Corporate require, in a location you want. Executive CALVERT SCHOOL ! TEMPORARY (410)243-6030 fax 410-366-0674 J S I N G 1 (800) 933-8367 Dept. F34 • 105 Tuscany Road INC Baltimore«Maryland *21210 I Serving P.O. Box 176. Washington, VA 22747 Yv| Northern Virginia Fax: (703) 987-8122

ADVERTISING INDEX

INSURANCE P. 58 Don Beyer Volvo P. 55 Remington Condos P. 1 Clements and Company P. 51 Martens P. 52 Virginian P. 50 Jannette P. 52 Passport BMW P. 19 Westpark Suites P. 42 UniRisc P. 15 Priority Assist P. 9 Winston House P. C3 Hirshom MOVING & STORAGE EXPORTERS REAL ESTATE & PROP. P. 51 Interstate P. 58 Book Call MGMT. P. 31 Security Storage P. 43 General Electric P. 20 Allied P. 17 Greenline Forwarding Insert Coldwell Bankers SCHOOLS P. 55 Cardillo, Bobbee P. 59 Calvert FINANCIAL SERVICES P. 56 Diplomat Properties P. 50 Leysin P. C2 CAMCO P. 57 Exclusive Interim P. 48 St. Georges P. 16 McLean Morgage P. 56 Hurley, Linda Wilson P. 58 MCG Financial P. 57 J.P. Properties TEMPORARY HOUSING P. 48 Shearson Lehman Brothers P. 2 Long and Foster P. 6 Barton House P. 14 State Dept. Credit Union P. 16 McLean Morgage P. 22 Chase at Ballston P. 56 MGMB P. 23 Chase at Bethesda P. 46 Prof. Property Mgmt. P. 49 Corporate & Exec. Housing OTHER P. 58 Professional Property Mgmt. P. 10 Execustay P. 45 The Orkland Company P. 55 Property Specialist P. 49 Executive Housing P. 56 Stuart and Maury P. 47 FARA P. 11 Simuneks P. 44 Georgetown Suites P. 57 Exclusive Interim Properties P. 46 Hotel Lombardy P. 21 Inn at Foggy Bottom AUTOMOBILE P. 5 Lincoln Towers P. 27 American Service Center P. 30 Oakwood P. C4 Chrysler P. 44 Remington Amid War, A Celebration of Peace BY STEVENSON MCILVAINE

' or the staff of the US Liaison over the ocean. The door gunners for the festivities. They were all ready Office in Mogadishu, it was a decided to test fire their machine guns for a party. It was the first party the hard summer of mortars, am and the one on the right fired a burst village had held after three years of bushes and command-deto¬ into the sea. The one on the left fired rebellion, civil war and random loot¬ natedF mines. One Sunday late last a round and then his gun jammed. He ing. It was a celebration of peace. summer, we went to Adale to cel¬ cleared it and tried again — it jammed A village elder welcomed us with a ebrate peace. Adale is a fishing village again. He appealed to his colleague lengthy welcoming speech. General on the Indian Ocean north of the with a shrug. We circled aimlessly Loi graciously thanked them for their Somali capital in a region of responsi¬ over the Indian Ocean. As the gunner hospitality. Then they called on me. I bility of the Italian army, in the spoke briefly about the con¬ country as part of the United trast between war-torn Nations peacekeeping mission. Mogadishu and peaceful Adale, The trip was taken under but I am not sure it mattered the auspices of the UNOSOM, what I said. They cheered ev¬ the UN Operation in Somalia, erything. They chanted “USA! which in May had taken over a USA! USA!” They danced. One U.S. humanitarian relief opera¬ old crone gave me a tree tion that began Dec. 9, 1992, branch. And they ululated. No when troops landed to help one had ever ululated for me supervise the movement of before. It was my best speech. food to the starving people. After I sat down, the games The country has been in a state started. Like a country fair, there of anarchy since January 1991, was a tug-of-war between the more than two years after civil fishermen and the townsfolk war broke out in mid-1988. — the fishermen won — and a We were invited to open an sack race for the boys and an operating room at the Adventist egg-on-spoon race for the girls. hospital set up with help from All of it accompanied by much USAID. The Italian Force com¬ cheering, ululating and gen¬ mander was also invited so we hitched on the left cleaned his machine gun, eral good feelings. a ride with him. Doris Hofmann, our the helicopter landed in a swirl of The Guatemalan doctor who ran calm and competent secretary, Marine blowing sand on a pier sticking out of the Adventist hospital led us up to the Corporal Seaman, Charlie Chase, our the old port, where we picked up door with a ribbon across it. Doris security officer, and I, the charge, General Loi, several cases of wine and Hofmann grabbed the scissors and climbed into an Italian helicopter early 20 Italian paratroopers to drink the snipped the ribbon with authority. We Sunday morning for what was nearly wine. Then we set off for Adale. toured the hospital — clean and very a religious experience. Landing on a grassy plain just back basic — and visited with a little girl A Chinook is a large helicopter from the beach, we walked past lines with a tumor who stared at us as if we with two rotors, the city bus of heli¬ of feathery Casaurina pines into a had just arrived from outer space, copters. We took off from the helipad pleasant village. We halted in front of which of course, we had. at UNOSOM headquarters for the flight a crumbling blockhouse built by the And then we returned to Mogadishu to Italian headquarters in the old port. Italian colonial government 100 years and the war. We huddled in the empty cargo bay earlier. The village elders were there with the two door gunners. Crossing with a microphone attached to a car Stevenson McIlvaine is deputy chief the Medina district, we swung out battery. A crowd had gathered in front of mission in Mogadishu.

60 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • MARCH 1994 WHAT IF WRE HIT BYA TYPHOON IN RANGOON?

If you only had the coverage provided by the U.S. Government Claims Act, most of your possessions might be gone with the wind. And the rains. And the mudslides. Typically, under the Claims Act, you are only covered for a maximum of $1000 per furniture item, $50 a lamp, and $2500 in clothing per person. And in some situations, you may not be covered at all. To make matters worse, the Government will most likely only reimburse you for the depreciated value of your possessions. And they hardly pay you at all for items with “limitations,” such as jewelry, furs, cameras, fine arts, and antiques. On the other hand, if you had the AFSA Plan-sponsored by the American Foreign Service Association-your insured possessions would be covered, without depreciation, up to the limit of coverage you have chosen. Payment under the Plan would allow you to replace insured items lost or destroyed with similar, new items. And settlement of your claim would be swift and uncomplicated. The AFSA Plan has been specifically designed for members of the American Foreign Ser¬ vice Association on active service abroad. Through the | 1 Plan, you can also get comprehensive moving insurance, ArSAAC,C* Desk, '1T ’uhe~ Hirshorn":~~u ° Company 14 East Highland Avenue personal lability insurance, complete theft Philadelphia, PA 19118 coverage, and itemized valuable articles protection. Telephone: 215-242-8200. So don’t wait until you’re far away and your posses¬ In Wash. D.C. Area: 202-457-0250 Please send me your free brochure that sions have been swept away. Call or send for your free answers questions about overseas insurance. brochure today. Name THE AFSA INSURANCE PLAN Address Don’t go overseas undercovered. City LjSiaie z.ip I The AFSA Plan is underwritten by Federal Insurance Company, one of the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies. DODGE GRAND CARAVAN ES mama As a member of the Diplomatic Corps, you are eligible for special privileges when you order a vehicle through Chrysler’s Diplomatic Purchase Program. They include preferred savings, fast personalized ordering assistance and uncompromising service with Chrysler’s worry-free worldwide warranty. Perquisites appropriate to your office. Choose from the full line of 1994 Chrysler Motors products: Chrysler, Plymouth and Dodge cars and minivans, Eagle cars and Jeep and Dodge trucks. Phone for personalized service. Your Personal Advisor will order the model and color you want with the equipment you want, and quote the official Diplomatic pric including all applicable rebates. Your Personal Advisor can also arrange delivery anywhere in the U.S. or to most overseas locations. In other words, we set you fre| of tedious details. If you’d rather, fill out and mail or telefax the card on Page 7. You'll quickly receive a catalogue for the vehicle(s) of your choice. The Diplomatic Purchase Plar| It’s the easy, money-saving way to start enjoying Chrysler’s many Advantages. CHRYSLER W INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMATIC SALES IN THE U.S., PHONE YOUR PERSONAL ADVISOR AT 1-800-877-7083 or (516) 496-1806. TELEFAX: (516) 677-3701.