Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83064-5 — the Fourth Ordeal Victor J

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83064-5 — The Fourth Ordeal Victor J. Willi Index More Information

INDEX

6th of April Movement (Harakat Sitta Abril), ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib, 90 216, 226, 263 ‘Ali, ‘Abd al-Rahim, 147 6th of October City, 228, 322, 337, 364 ‘Ali, Yassir, 271 ‘Alluba, Muhammad ‘Ali, 92 ‘Abbas, Mahmud, 277 ‘Araby Post, 374, 378 ‘Abbas, Mohammed, 227 ‘Ashmawi, Salih, 80 ‘Abd al-Baqi, Hosni, 156 ‘Atta, Mohammed, 181 ‘Abd al-Fattah, ‘Ala’, 312 ‘Azzam, ‘Abdullah, 185, 359 ‘Abd al-Fattah, ‘Ali, 384 ABC News, 245 ‘Abd al-Fattah, Fathi Tawﬁq, 143 Abdullah, Ahmed, 176 ‘Abd al-Gawwad, Ahmed, 213–14, 227, 243, Abdullahi ‘Farmajo’, Mohamed, 380 244, 256 Abu al-Fadl, Mohammed ‘Abd al-Mun‘im, 69, ‘Abd al-Ghaffar, Magdi, 314 76 ‘Abd al-Ghany, Ayman, 227, 241, 326, 328 Abu al-Futuh, ‘Abd al-Mun‘im, 60, 63, 65, 67, ‘Abd al-Hamid, Ahmed, 374 74, 76–8, 79, 80, 88, 122–3, 132, 151, ‘Abd al-Jawwad, Mohammed, 176 156, 157, 168, 173, 178, 186, 192, 193, ‘Abd al-Karim, Salah, 171 201, 203, 205, 206, 213, 214, 218, 225, ‘Abd al-Khaliq, Farid, 124 248, 269, 270, 390 ‘Abd al-Latif, Mahmud, 56 acquaintance with the Brotherhood, 66 ‘Abd al-Latif, Mohammed, 171 and Khairat al-Shatir, 159 ‘Abd al-Malik, Mohammed, 145 announces candidacy for the presidency, 255 ‘Abd al-Mohsin, Taher, 328 as president of the student union, 68 ‘Abd al-Mun‘im, Taher, 146 confronting Sadat, 84–5 ‘Abd al-Rahman, ‘Omar, 261 meeting with ‘Omar al-Tilmisani, 77 ‘Abd al-Rahman, Ahmed, 221, 328–9, 331–40, ousted from the Brotherhood, 255 355, 361, 363, 385 upbringing, 60 ‘Abd al-Rahman, Mohammed, 339 Abu al-Magd, Kamal, 65 ‘Abd al-Sattar, Sayyid, 202 Abu Deif, al-Hosseiny, 290 ‘Abduh, ‘Aisi, 69 Abu Ghazala, ‘Abd al-Halim, 98 ‘Abduh, Mohammed, 20–3, 30, 71 Abu Khalil, ‘Amr, 148, 154, 156, 176 ‘Abdullah al-Khatib, Mohammed, 213 Abu Khalil, Haytham, 110, 248 ‘Adel, Mohammed, 216 Abu Nasr, Hamid, 131, 132, 134, 156 ‘Affan, Mohammed, 227–8, 248 passes away, 173 ‘Ain al-Shams University, 127 upbringing, 131 ‘Aisa, Mohammed Hussein, 165 Abu Nass, Mohammed, 321 ‘Akif, Mohammed Mahdi, 110, 128, 130, 162, Abu Pasha, Hasan, 124 164, 172, 179, 190, 197, 202, 204, 205, Abu Zayd, Mahmud, 162, 221, 242, 247, 248 207, 214, 220, 221, 222, 258, 385 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 19–22, 71, 92 becomes General Guide, 196 Afghanistan, 19, 34, 89, 115, 117, 137, 181, on Sayyid Qutb, 128 185–8, 323 prison experience, 127–8 Ahlawy Ultras, 233, 266, 293 resignation of, 223–5 al-Ahly football club. See Ahlawy Ultras upbringing, 126 Ahmadinejad, Mahmud, 274–5

435

436 index

al-Ahram Centre for Political and Strategic Anan, Sami, 284 Studies, 172 Ansar al-Sunna, 260 al-Ahram, Egyptian daily newspaper, 15 Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis, 330 Aktay, Yasin, 351, 385–6 al-Aqsa Intifada from 2000 to 2005, 178 AlAraby Television Network, 373 Arab Cold War, 116 Al Jazeera, 176, 242, 243, 268, 280–2, 312, 370, Arab Development Group, 161 373, 380, 397 Arab Gulf. See Gulf region Al Jazeera Mubashir, 396 Arab nationalism, 19, 139 Al Khalifa, Hamad bin ‘Isa, 324 Arab oil weapon, 67, 72, 165 Al Maktum, Rashid bin Sa‘id, 167 Arab socialism, 60, 61, 64, 83 Al Nahyan, ‘Abdullah bin Zayed, 296, 309 Arab Socialist Union (ASU), 64 Al Nahyan, Khalifa bin Zayed, 296 Arab Spring. See Arab uprisings of 2011 Al Nahyan, Mohammed bin Zayed, 295, 343, Arab University of Cairo, 73 344, 371 Arab uprisings of 2011, 13, 233, 257, 258–9, Al Sa‘ud, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz (Ibn Sa‘ud), 22, 115 274, 276, 281, 295–6, 324, 347, 353 Al Sa‘ud, ‘Abdullah bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 219, 342 Arafat, Yasser, 120, 192, 385 Al Sa‘ud, Fahd bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 136, 278 al-Asad regime. See Syria, Al Sa‘ud, Faysal bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 116, 117, al-Asad, Bashar, 275, 276, 283, 323, 344 185, 342 Ashton, Catherine, 307 Al Sa‘ud, Khalid bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 185 Association of Social Reform (Jama‘iyyat al- Al Sa‘ud, Mohammed bin Nayef, 343, 372 Islah al-Ijtima‘i), 116, See Muslim Al Sa‘ud, Mohammed bin Salman, 343–4, 347, Brotherhood in Kuwait 349, 371, 383–4 Asyut University, 122 Al Sa‘ud, Sa‘ud bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 117 Atlantic Council, 376 Al Sa‘ud, Salman bin ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 119, 185, Attacks of 11 September 2001, 11, 105, 114, 342 179, 181, 185, 188, 196, 296 Al Thani, Ahmed bin ‘Ali, 277 Australia, 232 Al Thani, Ahmed bin Jassim bin Mohammed, Austria, 128 282 al-Azhar militias case, 209 Al Thani, Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber, 278 al-Azhar Mosque, 291, 298 Al Thani, Hamad bin Khalifa, 278, 280, 283 al-Azhar University, 21, 92, 208, 264, 286, 325, Al Thani, Khalifa bin Hamad, 278 334 Al Thani, Tamim bin Hamad, 283, 370, 380 Azzam, Maha, 326 al-Albani, Nasir al-Din, 74, 89 al-‘Abiary, Mahmud, 361, 382 Bab al-Mandab Strait, 349, 379 al-‘Adawi, Mohammed, 145 Badi‘, Mohammed, 129, 214, 221–2, 244, 248, Algeria, 52, 152, 384 291, 311, 313, 321 al-‘Arian, ‘Issam, 74–5, 79, 88, 123, 134, 151, and Guidance Ofﬁce elections of 2009, 159, 168, 173, 178, 202–3, 208, 213, 214, 224–5 221, 223, 225, 239, 242, 251, 270, 285, and the Special Apparatus (al-nizam al- 302 khass), 224 and ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Abu al-Futuh, 255 upbringing, 224 and Guidance Ofﬁce elections of 2009, Bahrain, 137, 187, 249, 280, 283, 324, 370 220–1 Ban, Ahmed, 201 and the Egyptian uprising of 2011, 237–8, Bangladesh, 128 248 al-Banna, ‘Abd al-Rahman, 131 al-‘Atar, ‘Issam, 115 al-Banna, Hasan, 7, 10, 24, 66, 69, 80, 92, 100, al-‘Atiyya, Khalid bin Mohammed, 309 106–9, 110, 114–16, 118, 124, 126–8, al-‘Awa, Selim, 171 131, 158, 166, 169, 173, 184, 192, 199, al-‘Udayd Airbase, 278 251, 277, 355, 367, 385, 386–7, 389, 392 al-‘Urwa al-Wuthqa (the Firmest Bond), 21 and party politics (hizbiyya), 104 Amanpour, Christiane, 245 assassination of, 55 American University in Cairo, 148, 204, 213 on nationalism, 33 Amin, Gum‘a, 78, 146, 157, 160, 214, 221, 225, on power, 182–4 300, 321 al-Baradei, Mohammed, 226–7, 228, 239 Amin, Mustafa, 66 Barakat, Hisham, 357 Amnesty International, 314 al-Barr, ‘Abd al-Rahman, 221, 318, 333

index 437

Batikh, ‘Ali, 318, 322, 337, 361, 363, 369, 385 Center for New American Security, 376 al-Bayumi, Rashid, 172, 214, 221, 225, 321 Center for Strategic and International Studies, al-Beblawy, Hazim, 307 376 BBC Arabic, 280 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 88, 187 Begin, Menachem, 64, 94, 99 Centre Islamique de Genève, 115 Belhaj, ‘Abd al-Hakim, 282 Centre Party (Hizb al-Wasat), 171–3, 178, 222 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 350 Chatham House, 326 al-Beltagi, Mohammed, 3, 268 China, 19, 151, 350 Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, 152, 229, 230, 235 Clinton Foundation, 162 al-Beshlawi, Mohammed, 328 Clinton, Hillary, 242, 260, 288 Between Yesterday and Today (Bayna al-Ams Clinton, William J., 137 wa-l-Yawm), 107, 169 Cold War, 116, 137 Bin Bayyah, ‘Abdallah, 325 Communists, 62, 67, 86, 116, 187, 201 Bin Laden, Osama, 179, 182, 261 Constitutional referendum of March 2011, and the Muslim Brotherhood, 186 249–50 in Afghanistan, 187 Consultation Party (Hizb al-Shura), 122, 171 Bishara, Azmi, 373, 378 Coptic Christians, 54, 95, 97, 152, 261, 308, Bishr, Mohammed ‘Ali, 208, 214, 218, 221, 225, 360 268, 307 Cordoba Foundation, 378 Black Standard of the Prophet, 287 Crusaders, 3, 81, 86 Blair, Tony, 194 Cyprus, 120 Blue Bra Girl incident of December 2011, 265 Bread Riots of 1977, 82, 84, 136 al-da‘wa (the act of proselytizing), 31, 41, 48, British Labour Party, 194 50, 75, 77, 116, 117, 119, 124, 134, 147, British occupation of Egypt of 1882, 19, 30, 127, 162, 174–6, 185, 192, 202, 207, 224, 228, 183, 304, 387 359, 368, 369, 382 Brookings Institution, 377 al-Da‘wa al-Salafiyya. See Salafism al-Bu‘azizi, Mohammed, 229 al-Da‘wa magazine, Brotherhood-affiliated al-Buhairi, Mohammed, 76 monthly magazine, 51, 80–4, 86, 95, 98, 174, Bureau of Services (Maktab al-Khidmat), 186 199 Burhami, Yassir, 165 Dafarawi, Hamid, 62, 74, 93, 214 Burj al-‘Arab prison, 316 Dar al-‘Ulum College, 21, 30 Burns, William, 309 Darb al-Ahmar, 16, 52, 395 Bush, George H.W., 136 al-Dardary, ‘Abd al-Mawgud, 326 Bush, George W., 179, 190, 194, 196 Darrag, ‘Amr, 251, 297, 308, 326, 328–9, 348, Butros Ghali, Yusuf, 200 361, 363, 385 Davutoğlu, Ahmet, 257 Cable News Network (CNN), 246 Dawud, Khalid, 62, 74, 78, 159, 168, 178, 214 Cairo Book Fair of 1992, 152, 189 Days in my Life (Ayyam min Hayati), 252 Cairo International Airport, 168, 226 Defence of Muslim Territories: the First Cairo International Conference Centre, 299 Obligation after Faith (al-Difa‘‘an Cairo International Stadium, 195, 298 Aradi al-Muslimin: Ahamm Furud al- Cairo Polytechnic University, 64 A‘yan), 185 Cairo Public Transport Authority, 246 Democratization, 180, 196, 198, 199, 207, 209, Cairo University, 1, 5, 53, 58, 60–2, 67, 74, 78, 211, 252 80, 85, 110, 118, 122, 124–7, 213, 218, Democratization theory, 9 289, 300 Djibouti, 280, 350, 351, 380–1 Cairo Zoo, 292 Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, 378 Caliphate, 7, 11, 22, 23, 31, 32–4, 63, 93, 94, Downtown Cairo, 289, 314 100, 114, 140, 157, 169, 185, 258, 386 Dubai Ports (DP) World, 351, 380–1 Cambridge University, 314 Duma, Ahmed, 312 Cameron, David, 325, 374 Camp David Accords of 1978, 51, 86–7 Earthquake of 1992, 150 Camp David Summit of 2000, 178 East Africa, 279–80, 350–3, 380 Carnegie, Dale, 158 Economic Reform and Structural Carter, Jimmy, 94 Adjustment Programme of Çavuşoğlu, Mevlüt, 351 1991, 215

438 index

Egypt State Security Investigations Service (SSIS). Cairo Court for Urgent Matters, 311, 330 See National Security Agency (NSA) Central Security Forces, 64, 98, 133, 166, Student Unions, 51, 61–2, 64, 67–9, 79–80, 235, 240, 264, 265, 309, 314 84, 94, 122 Constitution of 1971, 65, 99, 249 Supreme Administrative Court, 267, 293 Constitution of 2012, 212, 231, 266, 283, 287, Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC), 140, 288, 291, 304, 391 267, 269, 284, 288 Constitutional Assembly, 266, 284, 288, 291 Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Doctors’ Union, 122, 151, 235, 237 (SCAF), 5, 230, 243–5, 249, 250, 261–5, Egyptian Armed Forces (EAF), 1, 155, 230, 267, 269, 284, 286, 288, 290, 304, 391 298, 302, 305 Veterinaries’ Syndicate, 224 Engineers’ Syndicate, 122, 150, 160, 208 Egypt Call (Nida’ al-Kinana), 333, 358 General Intelligence Directorate, 241, 285, Egypt Spinning and Weaving Company, 214 295 Egyptian Current Party (Hizb al-Tayyar al- High Court, 235, 237, 284 Masry), 256 Journalists’ Syndicate, 197 Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation, 273 Lawyers’ Syndicate, 77, 151, 169, 193 Egyptian Institute for Studies, 326, 378 Military Academy, 285 Egyptian Islamic Jihad. See Islamic Jihad (al- Military Intelligence Service, 56, 248, 284, Jihad al-Islami) 285, 293 Egyptian Movement for Change (al-Harakat Ministry for Environmental Affairs, 271 al-Masriyya min ajl al-Taghayyir, 204 Ministry for Youth, 271 Egyptian Movement for Change (al-Harakat Ministry of Culture and Information, 95 al-Masriyya min ajl al-Taghayyir), 201, Ministry of Defence, 1, 98, 267, 285, 286, 216 294, 299, 300, 388 Egyptian Museum, 240 Ministry of Economy, 267 Egyptian Reform Party (Hizb al-Islah al-Masri), Ministry of Education, 9, 58, 79, 271 122 Ministry of Endowments, 85 Egyptian revolution of 2011. See Egyptian Ministry of Finance, 267 uprising of 2011 Ministry of Health, 357 Egyptian Revolutionary Council, 326 Ministry of Housing and Urban Egyptian State Railways, 246 Development, 271 Egyptian Trade Union Federation (ETUF), 215 Ministry of Industry and Trade, 271 Egyptian uprising of 2011, 5, 12, 181, 229, Ministry of Interior, 264–6, 267, 290, 295, 230–49, 252, 256, 259, 265, 268, 272, 301, 302, 305, 309, 311, 312, 314, 316, 288, 289, 293, 294, 303, 304, 306, 332, 354, 357 354, 368, 369, 390, 397 Ministry of Media, 271 Battle of the Camel of February 2011, 242, Ministry of Planning and International 287, 390 Cooperation, 297 Friday of Anger (Jum‘at al-Ghadab), 239, Ministry of Social Affairs, 96, 166, 168, 311 246, 301 Ministry of Social Solidarity, 313 Friday of Purging and Solidarity (Jum‘at National Security Agency (NSA), 314 al-Tathir wa-l-Tadamun), 249 People’s Assembly, 86, 104, 134, 202, 221, Friday of the Sharia (Jum‘at al-Shari‘a), 243, 266 260 dissolution of 2012, 269, 284 Einstein, Albert, 190 elections of 1984, 123 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 117 elections of 1987, 134, 140, 151, 197 Elshayyal, Jamal, 268 elections of 1990, 140 Emergency Laws of 1981, 104, 136, 168, 197, elections of 1995, 197 241, 245 elections of 2000, 177 Emirates Centre of Human Rights, 378 elections of 2005, 204–6, 208 Empowerment Plan, 147–9, 156, 176, 190 elections of 2010, 227–9 Ennahda, 152, 281 elections of 2011, 230, 265–6, 368, 384 Erbakan, Necmettin, 91, 187, 258 State Security Apparatus, 95, 146, 147, 149, Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 256–8, 259, 380 153, 155, 166, 168, 173, 178, 203, 205, Eritrea, 279, 380, 381 208, 221, 230–1, 240, 265–6, 314, 316 Ethiopia, 166, 381

index 439

European Council for Fatwas and Research (al- al-Ghazali, Zaynab, 252, 385 Majlis al-Aurubi li-l-Ifta’ wa-l-Buhuth), al-Ghonaymi, Mustafa, 221, 242 334 Ghonim, Wael, 226, 270 European Enlightenment, 20, 22 Ghozlan, Mahmud, 214, 221–2, 238, 260, 300, European Union (EU), 33, 257, 307, 311, 351, 318, 332 374 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, 297 Ezz, Ahmed, 200 Great Britain. See United Kingdom Greater Middle East Initiative, 196 Facebook, 216, 226, 234–5, 270, 303, 330, 362, Greek Club, 213 366 Greste, Peter, 312 Fahmy, Mohammed, 312 Group of 8 (G-8), 196 Fahmy, Samih, 273 Guardianship of the Jurist (Velayat-e Faqih), Fahmy, Tal‘at, 341, 361 91, 92 al-Faqih, Sa‘d, 280 Gül, Abdullah, 258 Faraj, ‘Abd al-Salam, 97 Gülen movement, 257 Faraj, Saleh, 297 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 137, 279, Farid, Ahmed, 165 324, 348, 370 Faruq of Egypt, 56 Gulf Crisis of 2017, 370–3, 379–81 Fatah al-Sham Front. See Jabhat al-Nusra Gulf of Aden, 350 Fath Mosque, 202 Gulf region, 136–9, 143, 145, 150, 257, 275, Fayed, ‘Ammar, 192, 203, 207 276–9, 296, 323–5, 345, 379 Federation of Islamic Organizations in Europe Gulf War of 1990, 136–7, 139–40, 148, 149, (Ittihad al-Munazamat al-Islamiyya fi 157, 165, 200, 278, 342 Auruba), 334 FIFA World Cup of 2022, 279 Habib, Mohammed, 110, 156, 157, 168, 196, Foundation for Defense of Democracies, 205–6, 209, 214, 223, 225, 390 376 Habib, Rafiq, 251, 270 Free Officers, 8, 56, 64, 125, 127 al-Haddad, ‘Issam, 160–2, 267, 271, 299, 303, Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), 6, 132, 148, 384 161, 230, 251–6, 258–9, 267, 269, 270, al-Haddad, Abdullah, 161, 162 272–5, 293, 318, 326, 368 al-Haddad, Gehad, 162, 300 French Revolution, 184 al-Haddad, Hisham, 160 From Here Let’s Learn (Min Huna Naʻlam), 59 al-Haddad, Midhat, 160, 181, 208, 384 Front Islamique du Salut (al-Jabhat al- Hadi, ‘Abd Rabbuh Mansur, 347 Islamiyya li-l-Inqadh, or FIS). See Hadith, 31, 36, 40, 53, 67–9, 74, 78, 89, 183 Muslim Brotherhood in Algeria al-Haftar, Khalifa, 344 Fu’ad I. School. See Cairo University Hajazi, Mahmud, 285 Fuda, Farag, 152 al-Hakim, Tawfiq, 160 Fuda, Yusri, 396 Hamas. See Islamic Resistance Movement Fukuyama, Francis, 34 (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya) al-fulul (remnants of the Mubarak regime), 2, Hamid, Muhi, 217, 221, 242 5, 103, 259, 262, 287, 294 Hamid, Yahia, 297 Hanbalism, 22, 71, 90, 277, 343 Ga‘far, Hisham, 176 Hani al-Ithi Mosque, 293 Gadallah, Mohammed Fu‘ad, 293 Harvard University, 226 Ganzouri, Kamal, 265, 267 Hasan, ‘Abd al-Rahim, 67 Gates, Robert, 242 Hasanin, Ahmed, 104, 156 Gaza, 64, 128, 178, 218, 232, 280, 288, 379, al-Hatti, Nasser, 337 384 al-Hayat, London-based pan-Arab newspaper, Gazzar, Helmi, 85, 122, 123, 151, 225, 228, 270 166 Georgetown University, 211, 268 Hearst, David, 373 Georgia, 196 Heikal, Mohammed Hasanin, 82, 98 Germany, 128, 276, 323 Hejaz, 22, 116–17, 186, 188 Ghallush, ‘Abd al-Latif, 340 al-Helbawy, Kamal, 117–20, 186–8, 268 al-Ghanoushi, Rashid, 152, 281 Heliopolis, 73, 195, 213, 247, 289, 357 al-Ghazali, Mohammed, 59, 69, 74, 85, 127, Heliopolis Sheraton Hotel, 178 131, 152, 158, 165, 189, 192 Heshmat, Gamal, 213, 225, 270, 300, 326, 327

440 index

Hezbollah, 280, 295, 323, 371, 379 al-Islambuli, Khalid, 99 Hijazi, Safwat, 3, 354 al-Islambuli, Mohammed, 98 Hikestep military prison, 168, 170 al-Islambuli, Shawqi, 166 Hilal, Mohammed, 156, 196, 220 Islamic Action Front (Jabhat al-‘Aml al-Islami). Horn of Africa, 349, 351, 352, 379 See Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan al-Hosseini, Sa‘d, 217, 221, 224, 242 Islamic Awakening, 60–3 House of Sa‘ud. See Saudi Arabia Islamic Centre in Munich, 128 al-Houthi, ‘Abd al-Malik, 280 Islamic Constitutional Movement (al-Haraka Houthis, 280, 346, 351, 379, 383 al-Dusturiyya al-Islamiyya). See al-Hudaybi, Hasan, 8–9, 10, 50, 51, 56, 125, Muslim Brotherhood in Kuwait 129, 181, 184, 358 Islamic Guidance Association (Jam‘iat al- al-Hudaybi, Ma’mun, 156, 166, 170, 173, 193, Irshad al-Islami). See Muslim 196 Brotherhood in Kuwait Hudhud, Ayman, 271 Islamic Jihad (al-Jihad al-Islami), 97, 166, 341 Hudson Institute, 376 Islamic Law Association of the Practitioners of Huffington Post Arabic, 374, 378 the Book and Sunnah (Jama‘iyya al- Hussein bin Talal, 120 Shari‘a al-Islamiyya li-Mu‘arasin al- Hussein, Mahmud, 130, 168, 214, 218, 221, 300, Kitab wa-l-Sunna), 260 318–22, 326–9, 341, 361, 364, 369, Islamic Legitimate Body of Rights and 384–5 Reformation (al-Hay’a al-Shar‘iyya li- Hussein, Saddam, 136, 194, 219 l-Huquq wa-l-Islah), 260 Huwaydi, Hassan, 224 Islamic modernism. See Muslim reformers Islamic project, 7, 9, 95, 101, 107, 109, 118, 119, al-I‘tisam (Adherence to God), Brotherhood- 127, 145, 148, 155, 169, 251, 253, 266, affiliated magazine, 174 311, 389, 394 Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, Mohammed, 22, 52, 71 Islamic Quartet, 276 Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din Ahmad, 22, 70–1, Islamic Relief Committee, 161 97, 118 Islamic Resistance Movement (Harakat al- Ibrahim, Hussein, 221, 270, 318 Muqawama al-Islamiyya, or Hamas), Ibrahim, Mohammed, 311 43, 161, 207, 210, 211, 232, 275, 280, Ibrahim, Saad Eddin, 178 287, 295, 323, 348, 379, 384 In the Shade of the Quran (Fi Zilal al-Qur’an), Islamic Revolution. See Iranian Revolution of 93, 106 1979 India, 68 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), Indonesia, 115 91, 274, 382 al-infitah (policy of economic opening), 81–3, Islamic state. See Caliphate 102, 165 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), 330, Interbuild, 161 344, 360, 375 International Institute for Strategic Studies, Islamism. See Political Islam 376 Islamist movements. See Political Islam International Monetary Fund (IMF), 135, 141, Islamophobia, 11 253, 273, 291, 297 Isma‘il, Mohammed, 165 International Union of Muslim Scholars (al- Isma‘il, Mohammed ‘Uthman, 65 Ittihad al-‘Alami li-l-‘Ulama’ al- Isma‘il, Nabawy, 79 Muslimin), 325, 334 Israel, 51, 59, 60, 64, 67, 79, 86–7, 96–7, 103, Interpal, 378 120, 137, 149, 161, 180, 192, 213, 217, Iran, 93, 99, 137, 219, 257, 274, 278–80, 295, 232, 244, 257, 273, 281, 287, 379, 389, 306, 323, 344, 346, 349, 370–2, 379, 381, 397 383 peace negotiations with Egypt, 86–7 Iranian Revolution of 1979, 88–93, 258 Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), 60, 103, 192, 288 Iraq, 33, 67, 116, 137, 138, 181, 194, 219, 281, Ittihadiyya clashes of December 2012, 289–91 323, 379, 383 Ittihadiyya Presidential Palace, 3, 15, 247, 292, invasion of Kuwait. See Gulf War of 1990 301 Iraqi Islamic Party (al-Hizb al-Islami al-‘ ‘Izzat, Mahmud, 128–30, 133, 134, 146, 156–7, Iraqi). See Muslim Brotherhood in 162, 168, 203, 209–10, 212, 214, 217, Iraq 220–1, 241, 243, 268, 318–19, 327, 332, al-Iskanderani, Ismail, 313 335, 341, 361–3, 366

index 441

and Guidance Ofﬁce elections of 2009, Kushner, Jared, 371 223–5 Kuwait, 67, 136–40, 167, 397 and the Egyptian uprising of 2011, 238 upbringing, 129 Labour Party (Hizb al-‘Amal), 134, 174 Lalsar, Amin, 115 Jabhat al-Nusra, 325, 360 Lebanon, 91, 219, 280, 379 Jama‘a Islamiyya, 73, 74–7, 85, 87, 94, 121, 131, Legitimacy Association (al-Hay’aal-Shar‘iyya), 134, 152, 161, 166, 251, 260, 298, 341 359 birth of, 67–9 Lenin, Vladimir, 393 internal splits, 96 León, Bernardino, 307 Jama‘at-i-Islami, 68, 186 Letter of the Fifth Conference (Risalat al-Mu’ Jami‘, Mahmud, 66 tamar al-Khamis), 158, 166, 199 Jenkins, John, 325, 374 Letter on Jihad (Risala al-jihad), 27 Jerusalem, 86, 178, 385 Letter on Teaching (Risala al-ta‘lim), 25, 31, 66, Jihad, 11, 27, 29, 184–5, 188, 298, 330, 358–9, 76, 106, 108, 166, 367 386 Lewis, Bernard, 188 Jihadism, 61, 73–4, 95, 97, 99, 105, 153, 298, Liberal Party (Hizb al-Ahrar), 134 330, 335, 360 Liberation Rally, 118, 127 al-Jindy, Anwar, 118 Libya, 67, 99, 135, 249, 257, 276, 282, 325, 344, 379 Jinping Xi, 350 Libya Dawn, 344 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), Libyan National Transitional Council (NTC), 323, 345, 381 282 Jordan, 115, 120, 122, 128, 297 Life Makers (Sunna‘ al-Hayat), 162 Jurisprudence of the Tradition (Fiqh al-Sunna), Liman al-Torah prison, 78, 127, 208, 211, 217 69 Liwa’ al-Islam (the Banner of Islam), Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Brotherhood-afﬁliated magazine, 174 Kalkınma Partissi, or AKP), 256, 268 Lotfy, Islam, 213–14, 227, 238, 244, 256 Luxor terrorist attacks of 1997, 152, 298 Kalin, Ibrahim, 351 Kamal, Mohammed, 318–23, 327, 330–1, Madi, Abu al-‘Ala’,87–8, 95, 122, 171–3, 198, 332–42, 355, 357, 361, 362–7 201–2 Kamil, Sharif, 326 al-Maghraby, Ahmed, 200 Kandil, Hisham, 271 Mahallat al-Kubra strike of 2007, 214 Karman, Tawakul, 383 al-Mahallawi, Ahmed, 98 al-Katatni, Sa‘d, 132, 217, 221–2, 239, 242, 243, Maher, Ahmed, 216, 312 245, 248, 251, 266, 270, 272, 285, 304, Mahfuz, Asmaa‘, 216 385 Mahmud, ‘Abd al-Halim, 69 al-Kawmi, Sabri ‘Arafa, 145 Mahmud, ‘Abd al-Meguid, 287 Kefaya. See Egyptian Movement for Change Mahmud, Hani, 227–8, 237–40, 255 (al-Harakat al-Masriyya min ajl al- Malaysia, 143, 327 Taghayyir) Malek, Hasan, 145, 161, 208 Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk), 22 Mali, 128 Kenya, 120 al-Malt, Ahmed, 104, 110, 124, 156, 157 Kerry, John, 343 al-Manar (the Lighthouse), Arabic-language Khafaji, Hisham, 337 magazine published from 1898 to 1935, al-Khairat, ‘Adel, 298 22 Khaled, ‘Amr, 162 Manshiyya incident of 1954, 8, 56 Khalifa, Mohammed ‘Abd al-Rahman, 115, 185 Mansur, Ahmed, 281 Khamenei, ‘Ali, 92, 274 Marine barracks bombing of 1983, 91 Khandil, Hisham, 299 Marx, Karl, 393 Khanfar, Wadah, 281, 374, 378 Mash‘al, Khalid, 280, 348, 384–5, 386 Khomeini, Ruhollah, 89, 90, 93 Mashhur, Mustafa, 28, 59, 74, 80, 86, 95, 104, al-Khuli, al-Bahi, 69, 118 124, 128–30, 131–3, 134, 146, 154, 156, King ‘Abd al-‘Aziz University, 186 166, 173, 175, 181–2, 185, 187, 190, 199, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. See Saudi Arabia 213, 385 Kurdish Democratic Union Party and the Special Apparatus, 125–6 (PYD), 344 becomes General Guide, 173

442 index

Mashhur, Mustafa (cont.) and the People’s Assembly elections of 2005, passes away, 194 205, 208 upbringing, 124 and the United States of America, 204, 207, Maspiro, 247, 261 229 Maspiro clashes of October 2011, 261–3, 361 early presidency, 102–4 Mattis, James N., 344 ouster of, 13, 230, 236, 247–8, 249, 258, 263, Mauretania, 334 285, 287, 390 Mawdudi, Abu-l-A‘la, 62, 68, 106 al-Mukhtar (the Chosen One), Brotherhood- Meir, Golda, 67 affiliated magazine, 174 Mekameleen, Brotherhood-affiliated TV Munir, Ibrahim, 160, 224, 300, 322, station, 373 326–9, 337, 355, 361–4, 369, 382, Mekki, Ahmed, 293 384–5, 386 al-Meligui, ‘Abd al-Sattar, 111, 162, 172, 270 al-Musawwar, Egyptian weekly current events Middle East Eye, 373 magazine, 147 Middle East Institute, 376 Muslim Brotherhood Middle East Monitor, 373 Alexandria Administrative Office, 148, 154, Military coup of 1952, 56, 57 157, 160, 162, 181, 193, 361 Millî Görüş, 91, 258, 259 Alexandria Sector. See Western Delta Sector al-Missnad, Moza Bint Nasser, 278–9 and anti-Semitism, 81, 86 Mitchell, Richard P., 18 and ordeals, 7–9, 55–6, 118 Mohammed Mahmud Street, 249, 271 and the Constitution of 2012, 283–6 Mohammed Mahmud Street clashes and the Jama‘a Islamiyya, 76–80 of November 2011, 249, 263, 264–5, 391 as a terrorist organization. See Terrorism Mohammed Muntassir Facebook account, 330, By-laws of 1951, 112 333, 341, 362, 366 By-laws of 1990, 220, 223, 227, 328 Mohammed, Baher, 312 By-laws of 1994, 45, 48, 113, 155, 209 Mohsen, ‘Ali, 347 By-laws of 2009, 222 Moqattam, 293, 301 Committee of the Brotherhood Youth Morsi, Mohammed, 130, 160, 162, 178, 208, (Lajna Shabab al-Ikhwan), 359 209, 213, 221, 231, 242, 243, 285, 292, Communications Bureau with the Islamic 294, 322, 330, 332, 363, 369, 385, 387, World (Qism al-Ittisal bi-l-‘Alam al- 388, 391 Islami), 114 and the Egyptian uprising of 2011, 239, Crisis Management Committee (Lajna 244–5, 248–9 Idariyya al-Azma), 332, 337, 348, 361, as president of the Freedom and Justice 364 Party (FJP), 251 founding of, 327–9 becomes president of Egypt, 7, 14, 230, 269–70 Crisis Management Office for Egyptians death of, 306 Abroad. See Crisis Management last speech, 6 Committee (Lajna Idariyya al-Azma) ouster of, 1, 7, 231 Daqahliyya Sector. See Eastern Delta Sector al-Morsi, Mohammed ‘Abd al-Rahman, 160, Eastern Delta Sector, 43, 111, 336, 361 217, 221, 318, 335, 339, 363, 366, 368 Egypt Office (al-Maktab al-Misri), 101, Mossadegh, Mohammed, 88 111 Movement of Egypt’s Forearms (Harakat al- Executive Office of the Muslim Brotherhood Sawa‘id Masr), 357 in the Arab Countries (al-Maktab al- Mu’min, Mustafa, 115 Tanfidhi li-l-Ikhwan al-Muslimin fi- Mubarak, ‘Ala’, 146 l-Bilad al-‘Arab), 115 Mubarak, Gamal, 200, 215 Founding Body of the Egyptian Muslim Mubarak, Hosni, 67, 84, 98, 101, 124, 134, 140, Brotherhood Abroad (al-Hai’a 142, 147, 149–51, 153, 166–8, 180, 193, al-Ta’sisiyya li-l-Ikhwan al-Muslimin 196, 201, 209, 211–12, 232, 258, 281, 290 al-Masriyyin bi-l-Kharij), 369, 382 and hereditary succession, 200, 202, 225, 228 General Guidance Office (Maktab al-Irshad and the Egyptian uprising of 2011, 240, 242, al-‘Amm), 14, 41–8, 50, 54, 101, 112, 246 115–16, 124, 127, 129, 130, 132, 139, and the Gulf War of 1990, 136–7 142, 148, 154–7, 159, 161, 162, 169, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), 171–3, 178, 180, 182, 193, 195, 196–8, 135, 273 201, 203–4, 205, 206, 209, 211–14,

index 443

217–18, 219–23, 225, 227–9, 230–1, 126, 128, 139, 148, 161, 186, 190, 224, 236–42, 243–5, 247–8, 249–50, 254–6, 258, 275, 311, 327–8, 369, 374, 382–3, 260, 262–7, 272–3, 275, 283, 287, 386 289–91, 293, 305, 311, 317–23, 326, 328, Liaison Office (al-Rabita). See International 331–3, 335, 337, 340–1, 342, 348, Organization (al-tanzim al-dawli) 361–6, 368–70, 382, 390–2 logo, 3, 28, 385 General Office (al-Maktab al-‘Amm), Middle Delta Sector, 43, 111, 336, 339–41 367–70, 382, 387 Northern Sa‘id Sector, 43, 336, 339–41, 361 General Shura Council (Majlis al-Shura al- Office of Arab Upbringing for the Gulf ‘Amm), 45–8, 112, 130–1, 133, 149, Countries (Maktab al-Tarbiyya al- 154–7, 159, 162, 165, 168, 171, 174, 176, ‘Arabi li-l-Duwal al-Khalij), 187 194, 202, 212, 220, 221–3, 228, 248, 268, on atheism, 54, 62, 192, 216 321, 322, 330–2, 335, 340, 362–3, 366 on Coptic Christians, 133, 171, 198, 212, 262, General Statutes of 1982, 31, 45–8, 112, 194, 270, 361 222, 321, 331, 339 on democracy, 3, 6, 106, 194, 197–200, 206, Greater Cairo Sector, 43, 111, 157, 162, 209, 219, 270, 303, 324, 348 336, 339, 340, 361, 364 on women, 2, 53, 65, 133, 176, 198, 212, 250, High Administrative Committee (al-Lajna 265, 271, 334, 385 al-Idariyya al-‘Uliya), 321–2, 326, 328, Organization’65 (al-tanzim khamsa wa 330–3, 337, 339–42, 358, 360, 362–6 sittin), 9, 125, 129–30, 145 ideology, 38, 50, 54, 69, 92, 104–10, 117, 121, organizational structure, 41–9 130, 138, 167, 169, 177, 203, 210, 343, Secret organization. See Special Apparatus 345, 367, 378, 383, 386, 390 (al-nizam al-khass) Ikhwan.site, 341, 362–3 Sharqiyya Sector. See Eastern Delta Sector Ikhwanonline.com, 176–7, 262, 304, 330, Sinai & Canal Sector, 336 341, 363, 366 Southern Sa‘id Sector, 43, 336, 339–41, 361 Ikhwanonline.info, 363 Special Apparatus (al-nizam al-khass), 8, 37, Ikhwanweb.com, 176, 177, 190 55, 56, 78, 80, 98, 101, 104, 108–12, 115, in Algeria, 152 125, 130, 131, 133, 210, 224, 270 in Asia, 8, 91, 327 stages of membership, 34–41 in Europe, 8, 66, 91, 224, 327, 369 ten pillars of the oath, 26–34, 66 in Iraq, 105, 115, 121 Upper Egypt Sector, 43, 111 in Jordan, 105, 115, 120, 152, 185 Western Delta Sector, 43, 111, 336, 339–41, in Kuwait, 115–16, 139–40 361 in Lebanon, 115 Zubayr Brotherhood, 116, 138, 280 in Libya, 145, 344 Muslim Council of Britain, 187 in Malaysia, 369 Muslim Council of Elders (Majlis al-Hukama’ in Palestine. See Islamic Resistance al-Muslimin), 325 Movement (Harakat al-Muqawama al- Muslim reformers, 19–23 Islamiyya, or Hamas) Muslim Welfare House (Dar al-Ra‘aya al- in Qatar, 369 Islamiyya), 120 in Saudi Arabia, 115–17, 188, 275 Muslim World League (Rabita al-‘Alam al- in Somalia, 279, 352 Islami), 116–17, 185 in Sudan, 115, 121, 359, 369 Mussa, Yehia, 357 in Syria, 105, 115, 283, 385 Mustafa, Shukri, 73, 78, 108, 129, 341 in the Gulf region, 224, 327 al-Mutawa, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 138 in the Middle East, 8, 66, 91, 327 in the United Arab Emirates, 167–8, 296, Nada, Youssef, 190, 382 325–6 al-Nafisi, ‘Abdullah, 139 in the United Kingdom, 378, 383 Nahda Project. See Renaissance Project in the United States of America, 8, 33, 66, 91, (Mashru‘ al-Nahda) 327 Nahda Square, 15, 300, 302, 308, 310 in Tunisia. See Ennahda al-Nahhas, Mustafa, 105 in Turkey, 359, 369, 373 al-naksa (the setback). See Six Day War of in Yemen, 345, 383 1967 International Organization (al-Tanzim al- Nasr al-Din, Osama, 154, 217 Dawli), 43, 100–1, 112–16, 120, 124, Nasr City, 2, 300, 304, 311

444 index

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 8–9, 51, 56, 57, 60–2, 64, Political Islam, 9–11, 15, 22, 93, 98, 103, 117, 137, 66, 76, 82, 99, 105, 117, 118, 125, 127, 152, 159, 166, 188, 201, 207, 211, 257, 129, 142, 163, 170, 215, 224, 244, 252, 261, 276, 344, 373, 375, 378, 385, 393 273, 305, 389 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Nasserism, 61 120 Nasserists, 61, 62, 65–6, 103, 124, 179, 201 Popular Mobilization Forces (Hashd al-Sha National Association for Change (al-Jam‘iyya ‘bi), 379 al-Wataniyya li-l-Taghyir), 226, 239 Popular Resistance Front (Jabhat al- National Democratic Party (NDP), 103–4, 124, Muqawama al-Sha‘biyya), 357 140, 200, 208, 229, 240, 262, 285 Popular Resistance Movement (Harakat al- National Endowment for Democracy, 196 Muqawama al-Sha‘biyya), 356 Nazif, Ahmed, 200, 208, 214 Preachers Not Judges (Du‘at la Qudat), 51, 181, Neoliberalism, 135, 137, 141, 159, 163, 164, 358 200, 215, 231, 232, 273 Prophet Mohammed, 5, 20, 26, 30, 83, 106, 183, Neom, 350 287, 291, 386, 396 New Arab (Al-Araby Al-Jadeed), 373 Puntland, 381 New York Times, 370 Purdue University, 252 al-Nimr, Nimr, 381 Non-Aligned Movement, 81, 274 al-Qadhaﬁ,Mu‘ammar, 99, 280, 282, 325 Noon Post, 374 al-Qahtani, Mohammed, 90 North Dome/South Pars gas ﬁeld, 278, 324 al-Qaida, 179, 182, 185–6, 375 Nuh, Mokhtar, 77, 132, 134, 151, 172–3 in Syria. See Jabhat al-Nusra al-Nuqrashi Pasha, Mohammed, 8, 55, 69, 125 in the Arabian Peninsula, 349 Nur (Light) Party (Hizb al-Nur), 260, 266, 293, al-Qaradawi, Yusuf, 66, 69, 74, 118, 243, 277, 299 281, 325, 334, 361 Qasr al-Nile Bridge, 240 ‘Omar, Ahmed, 151 al-Qassas, Mohammed, 213–14, 227, 243, 244, ‘Omar Ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Mosque, 289 247, 256 ‘Omar Ibn al-Khattab, 119 Qatar, 137, 276, 295, 306, 323, 324–6, 327, 334, Obama, Barack, 218, 243, 246, 270 344, 347, 352, 370–4, 376–9, 382 October War of 1973, 67, 72, 75 and Saudi Arabia, 277–80 Oral History, 12, 51, 101, 143, 180, 231, and the Muslim Brotherhood, 276–7 306 and Turkey, 379 Organization of the Islamic Cooperation Qatar Foundation, 279 (Munazama al-Ta‘awun al-Islami), 116 Qatar Investment Authority (QIA), 279 Orientalism, 20, 188, 190, 373, 384, 393 Qatar News Agency, 370 al-Otaiba, Yousef, 371, 375 Qatar Sports Investments, 279 Ottoman Empire, 257, 277 al-Qattan, Manna‘, 116 Owen, Roger, 12, 226 al-Qazzaz, Hussein, 148, 251, 253–4, 268, 272–3, 292, 327 Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza, 89 Qualifying Industrialized Zones (QIZ), 273 Pakistan, 120, 186 al-Qubba Presidential Palace, 300 Palestine, 43, 127, 137, 178, 192, 207, Quran, 1, 3, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 34, 277, 385 36, 40, 53, 61–3, 67, 69, 75, 78, 106, 118, Palestine War of 1948, 110, 115, 125 122, 157, 161, 170, 175, 176, 190, 245, Palestinian Authority (PA), 178, 192 291, 316, 360, 385, 386, 396 Palestinian Intifada from 1987 to 1993, 136 Qutb, Hamida, 385 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 120 Qutb, Sayyid, 9, 10, 51, 62, 73, 77, 78, 92, 95, Pan-Islamism, 19–20, 92, 140 101, 104–10, 118, 125–8, 129, 131, 134, Party of Islamic Action (Hizb al-‘Amal al- 165, 188, 192, 199, 217, 224, 385, 394 Islami), 318 and jahiliyya, 106–8, 184 Patterson, Anne, 299 execution of, 9, 18, 66 People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen. See on social justice, 83–4 Yemen Peres, Shimon, 273 Ra’uf ‘Izzat, Hibah, 176 Persian Gulf. See Gulf region Rab‘a al-‘Adawiyya, 1–6, 14, 128, 173, 240, 300, Police Day of 25 January 1952, 229, 235 302, 304, 308, 309, 354, 395

index 445

Ramadan War of 1973. See October War of Salsabil, 145–9, 158 1973 Salsabil affair, 149, 153, 155, 174 Ramadan, Sa‘id, 115, 385 al-Sananiri, Kamal al-Din, 77, 104, 186 Ramadan, Tariq, 115, 279 Sandmonkey, 241 RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy, Sasa Post, 374 188 al-Sattar, ‘Abd al-Mo‘az, 277 Rashid, Rashid Mohammed, 200 Saudi Arabia, 22, 67, 72, 89, 115, 119, 128, Rassd, 374 136–8, 165, 185–7, 219, 274, 279, 280, Reagan, Ronald, 91, 98 283, 285, 306, 308, 342, 343, 348, 370–2, Red Sea, 120, 276, 349–51, 380 379, 381, 383, 389, 397 Reform and Social Counselling Association and Iran, 274–6, 323 (Jam‘iat al-Islah wa-l-Tawjih and Qatar, 277–80 al-Ijtima‘i). See Muslim Brotherhood and the Muslim Brotherhood, 115–17, 295, in the United Arab Emirates 325 Reform Initiative of 2004, 198, 212–13, 220 and the United Arab Emirates, 343–5 Renaissance Party (Hizb al-Nahda), 255 Saudi Aramco, 117 Renaissance Project (Mashru‘ al-Nahda), 76, Saudi Leaks. See Wikileaks 252–5, 272, 292 Saudi Vision 2030, 349 Renew Your Life (Jaddid Hayatak), 158 al-Sawi, Hafiz, 328 Republican Guards Club, 302, 307 al-Sawi, Mustafa, 241 Research methods. See Oral History al-Sayyid, Hussam, 176 Revolution of 1952. See Military coup of 1952 al-Sayyid, Mohammed Sa‘d, 321 Revolutionary Brigade (Liwa‘ al-Thawra), 357 Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF), 15 Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), 8, 118 Scotland, 145 Revolutionary Punishment (al-‘Aqab al- al-Sha‘b (the People), Brotherhood-affiliated Thawri), 357 newspaper, 174 Revolutionary Youth Coalition (I’tilaf Shabab al-Sha‘rawi, Mohammed Mitwally, 74 al-Thawra), 214, 235, 238, 244, 248–50, Shabab militias, 351 256, 263, 269 Shadi, Salah, 124, 131 Rice, Condoleezza, 204 Shafiq, Ahmed, 269 Rice, Susan, 242 Shakespeare, William, 190 Rida, Mohammed Rashid, 21–3, 30, 71 Shakir, Malath, 378 Rizq, Hamdi, 147 Shalash, Magdi, 335, 340 Rouhani, Hassan, 323 Sharaf, Ibrahim, 155 Russia, 182, 186, 232, 393 Sharia and Life (al-Shari‘a wa-l-Haya), TV programme on Al Jazeera, 281 Sa‘d al-Sayyed, Mohammed, 340 Sharia law, 2, 7, 11, 30, 34, 56, 65, 73, 81, 122, Sa‘id al-‘Asar, Mohammed, 285 139, 172, 252, 286 Sa‘id, Nadah, 115 al-Sharif, ‘Abd al-Khaliq, 165 al-Sabah, Jaber al-Ahmad, 139 Sharon, Ariel, 103, 178, 192 Sabahi, Hamdin, 61, 269 al-Sharq Forum, 378 Sabiq, al-Sayyid, 66, 69, 127, 131, 165 al-Sharqawi, ‘Abd al-‘Azim, 318, 333 al-Sadat, Anwar, 81, 86, 98, 135, 195, 244 al-Shatir, Khairat, 32, 58, 62, 74, 109, 128, 130, and the Islamic movement, 64, 96 142, 143, 145–7, 148, 157, 158, 161–3, and the Muslim Brotherhood, 65, 94–6, 98 168, 177, 197, 202, 204, 205, 208, 209, assassination of, 51, 98–9, 102 211, 214, 217, 221, 227, 254, 256, 260, becomes president, 63 267, 272, 304, 318, 321 Safavi, Navvab, 92 and Qutbism, 145 al-Sahwa al-Islamiyya, the ‘Islamic Awakening’ and the Egyptian uprising of 2011, 238, in Saudi Arabia, 117, 137, 278, 342 243–4 Said, Khaled, 226, 232 on the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), 254 Salafis, 298 on the Renaissance Project (Mashru‘ al- Salafism, 17, 61, 69–74, 75, 95, 117, 165, 260, Nahda), 252, 254 266, 286, 298, 330, 346, 386 presidential run, 267–9 Salah Abu Isma‘il, Hazem, 211 prison experience, 153, 170 Salah Salem Street, 289, 302, 307 upbringing, 144 Saleh, ‘Ali ‘Abdullah, 280, 346–7 al-Shatir, Zahra’, 145, 227

446 index

al-Shatti, Isma‘il, 139 Syria, 33, 67, 70, 115, 219, 257, 275–6, 298–9, Sheikh Mohammed, Khalid, 185 323, 325, 344, 360, 371, 379 Shiism, 70–2, 90, 280, 298, 348, 371, 383 Syrian Democratic Forces, 344 al-shumuliyya (comprehensiveness), 18, 24 al-shura (the Islamic principle of consultation), Tagarrud (Impartiality) campaign, 300 23, 35, 68 Tahrir Square, 64, 195, 242, 259–61, 271, 286, Sidqi Pasha, Isma‘il, 53 287, 289, 308 Signposts on the Road (Ma‘alim fi-l-Tariq), 8, demonstrations of 30 June 2013, 2, 4, 301 62, 106–9, 128, 192, 358 Egyptian uprising of 2011, 193, 233–6, Sinai Peninsula, 43, 60, 64, 67, 103, 239, 313, 237–41, 242, 245, 246, 249, 250, 285, 330, 364 353, 390 Sirriyya, Salih, 73 al-takfir (act of declaring a fellow Muslim an al-Sisi, ‘Abbas, 66, 78, 156–7 apostate), 26, 51, 71, 73–4, 78, 88, 90, al-Sisi, ‘Abd al-Fattah (member of the 105, 184, 335, 360 Muslim Brotherhood), 318, 328, 337, Tali‘at al-Iman (the Vanguard of the Faith), 340 143 al-Sisi, ‘Abd al-Fattah (President of Egypt), 1, Tamarrud (Rebel) Campaign, 2, 294–5, 302, 284–5, 299–300, 302, 308, 322, 334, 374, 389 386, 397 Tammam, Husam, 198 Six Day War of 1967, 57, 59, 64, 139 al-Tantawi, Mohammed Hussein, 262, 284–5 Social justice, 30, 83–4, 135, 231, 236, 287 al-Taqwa Bank, 190 Social Justice in Islam (al-ʻAdala al-ijtimaʻiyya al-Tayeb, Ahmed, 325 fi al-Islam), 83 Technical Military Group (Jama‘at al-Fanniyya Social movement theory, 9, 392 al-‘Askariyya), 73 Socialists, 61, 65–7, 124, 144, 178, 179, 201 Telecom Egypt, 246 Society for Business Development (Ebda), 161 Telima, ‘Issam, 334 Society of Excommunication and Emigration Terrorism, 6, 11, 15, 63, 105, 113, 152, 166, 179, (Jama‘at al-Takfir wa-l-Hijra). See 181, 182, 187, 188–90, 194, 196, 207–8, ‘Society of Muslims’ (Jama‘at al- 298, 308, 312, 313, 325–6, 330, 334, 340, Muslimin) 354, 358, 370, 373, 383, 386, 395 Society of Muslims (Jama‘at al-Muslimin), 73, The Atlantic, 383 341 The Caliphate and the Supreme Imamate (al- Society of Our Master Muhammad’s Youth Kilafa wa al-Imamat al-Uzma), 22 (Jam‘iyyat Shabab Sayyidna The Guardian, 206, 373 Muhammad), 355 The Innocence of Muslims, 287 Society of the Youth of Islam (Jama‘a Shabab The Intercept, 382 al-Islam), 65 The Neglected Duty (al-Farida al-Gha’iba), 97, Soltan, Mohammed, 315 99 Somalia, 115, 279, 351–3, 380, 381 The Return of Consciousness (‘Awdat al-Wa’i), Somaliland, 381 160 Soviet Union, 64, 89, 117, 135, 137, 185 al-Tikriti, Anas, 378 Strait of Hormuz, 276, 345 Tillerson, Rex, 375 Student protests of 1968, 57–9 al-Tilmisani, ‘Omar, 50, 66, 74, 95, 100, 104, Sudan, 115, 166, 279, 317, 327, 334, 352, 380, 121, 122, 125, 128, 131, 151, 171, 209, 381 255, 389, 392 Suez Canal, 57, 60, 67, 82, 98, 102, 135 meeting with Hasan al-Banna, 54–5 Suez Canal Authority, 246 passes away, 130 Sufism, 17, 20, 37, 38, 68, 71, 386 prison experience, 56–7 al-Sukkari, Ahmed, 392 upbringing, 52–3 Sulayman, ‘Omar, 166, 241, 243, 245, 247 Tiran and Sanafir, 350 Sulayman, Osama, 328 Treaty of Ta’if of 1943, 346 Sultan, ‘Issam, 171 Trump, Donald J., 371–2, 375, 381, Sunna, 17, 23, 30, 63, 69, 75 384 Sunnism, 17, 21, 23, 70, 90–3, 216, 274, Tunisia, 229, 230, 235, 276 280, 286, 298, 348, 371, 381, Turkey, 22, 70, 91, 120, 122, 128, 143, 268, 276, 383, 386 278, 280, 306, 327, 337, 350, 351–3, 370, Switzerland, 190, 191, 298 380–1, 382

index 447

and Qatar, 379–80 Wadi al-Natrun prison, 242, 315 and the Muslim Brotherhood, 256–9 Wafd Party, 53, 105, 123, 126 Turkish International Cooperation and Wahat prison, 56, 127 Development Agency, 351 Wahdan, Mohammed Taha, 321–2, 333 Twitter, 229, 234, 364, 372 Wahhabi Salaﬁsm, 52, 72, 75, 86, 116, 117, 123, 125, 138, 165, 186, 298, 324 Ultras. See Ahlawy Ultras and White Knights Wahhabism, 90 Ultras Walid, Mohammed Hikmet, 385, 386 Union of Islamic Courts (Ittihad al-Muhakim War of Attrition from 1967 to 1970, 60 al-Islamiyya). See Muslim Brotherhood War on Terror. See Terrorism in Somalia Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 376 United Arab Emirates, 167, 279, 280, 283, 306, Watan, 374 323, 370, 374, 376, 379, 389, 397 al-Watidy, Ahmed, 328 and Saudi Arabia, 343–5 Weber, Max, 392 and the Muslim Brotherhood, 295 West Bank, 180, 192, 213 United Kingdom, 120, 128, 161, 187, 277, 325 White Knights Ultras, 234 United Nations, 55, 242 Wikileaks, 181, 238 General Assembly, 282 Wilayat Sina’, 330, 360 Millennium Development Goals, 279 Without Borders (Bi-la Hudud), TV Security Council, 137, 191, 323 programme on Al Jazeera, 281 United States of America, 33, 88–9, 111, 117, World Assembly of Muslim Youth (al-Nadwa 120, 128, 149, 157, 179, 188, 191, 196, al-‘Alamiyya li-l-Shabab al-Islami, or 202, 210, 211, 229, 230, 232, 234, 246, WAMY), 116–17, 119, 186 251, 253, 269, 273, 278, 375, 378, 381, World Bank, 141 391, 397 World Economic Forum, 137, 161, 297 and the Egyptian uprising of 2011, 242 World Trade Centre, 179, 185, 261 and the Gulf War of 1990, 136–8 Wright, Lawrence, 188 and the invasion of Iraq of 2003, 180, 194, 196, 213, 219, 281 al-Yadumi, Mohammad, 383 Embassy in Cairo, 203, 206, 208, 210, 218, Yasin, Fahad, 380 220, 225 Yemen, 115, 122, 280, 334, 345–50, 379–80, 383 relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, 196, Yemen Arab Republic. See Yemen 206–8, 209–12, 218, 220, 260 Yemeni Congregation for Reform (al- University of Alexandria, 58, 62, 74, 109, 144, Tajammu‘ al-Yemeni li-l-Islah). See 253, 265, 315 Muslim Brotherhood in Yemen University of Asyut, 98, 111, Yom Kippur War. See October War of 1973 169, 210 Youssef, Bassam, 276 University of Birmingham, 161 YouTube, 286 University of Glasgow, 145 University of Mansura, 192 al-Za‘farani, Ibrahim, 62, 74, 111, 123, 159, 161, University of Medina, 186 168, 173, 178, 214, 222–3, 225, 255 University of Minya, 87, 94, 210 al-zakat (Islamic practice of almsgiving), 31, University of Northridge, 221 83, 117 University of Oxford, 12–15, 115, 279 Zaki, Ahmed, 322 University of Qatar, 378 Zaki, Hamid, 303 University of Southern California, 221 Zamalek football club. See White Knight al-Utaybi, Juhayman, 89 Ultras Uthman, Mohammed, 227 Zaqaziq University, 222, 224 Zarif, Mohammad Javad, 382 Virginity tests, 250, 259 al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 186, 188, 359 Vision 28, 368 Zayidism, 346 Voice of the Truth (Sawt al-Haqq), 74 Zuhdi, Karam, 94, 97, 341