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Achieve 3000 Article “A Man of Courage” Continuity of Learning Assignments Grade: 8th grade Subject: History Day 11 and 12 Day 13 and 14 Day 15 and 16 Day 17 and 18 Day 19 and 20 Essential Activity Essential Activity Essential Activity Essential Activity Essential Activity HISTORY HISTORY HISTORY HISTORY HISTORY Achieve 3000 article “A Read “Reconstruction” and Achieve 3000 article “Civil De Jure vs. De Facto Achieve 3000 Article “Three Man of Courage” complete answer the questions. Create War and Reconstruction: segregation Reading People Who Changed the a venn diagram comparing Two Groups, Rights for All” and questions World” complete the reading the reading connections the two different plans for and summarize each Complete the reading connections and summarize Reconstruction. connections and summarize each paragraph. paragraph (click on blue each paragraph (click on arrows under blue arrows under each each paragraph) then paragraph) then complete complete activity and activity and thought thought question. question. Extension Extension Extension Extension Extension HISTORY HISTORY HISTORY HISTORY Nearpod Lesson “African Nearpod Lesson “The Civil HISTORY African American Voter Current Event Friday: American Heroes” Code Rights Movement: A Time Civil Rights Vocabulary Registration Activity- Take journal or sheet of paper Foldable- cut on the dotted OTDAB to Speak” Code BXQHO Analyze the graph by (keep up with every week) and Log in to Clever and go to Log in to Clever and go lines and fold in half. Look answering the write what is going on in the to the Nearpod app or go up the definition to the questions that news or new articles the Nearpod app or go vocabulary words and write accompany it. concerning the COVID-19 virus. to www.nearpod.com. Enter to www.nearpod.com. them on the inside of the the student code and that Enter the student code foldable. will take you directly into and that will take you the lesson. Read through, directly into the lesson. participate in the virtual Read through, participate field trip and answer any in the virtual field trip questions and answer any questions Printed by: LAUREN ADAMS Printed on: March 27, 2020 A Man of Courage Article PART 1 COLUMBIA, South Carolina. In 1873, a new professor arrived at the University of South Carolina. The university had plenty of professors, but Richard Theodore Greener was unusual. He was an African-American man with a highly respected teaching position in the South not long after the Civil War—and slavery —had come to an end. In 2013, the University of South Carolina held a ceremony to honor Greener. Photo credit and all related images: AP/University of South Carolina, Keith McGraw This photo shows a portrait of Richard Theodore Greener painted in 1984. Greener was the first African American to become a professor at the University of South Carolina in 1876, not long after the Civil War— and slavery—had come to an end. "We are all extremely proud of this pathbreaker," said Bobby Donaldson, a history and African-American studies professor. Greener grew up in the northern city of Boston at a time when slavery was still widespread in the South. In the 19th century, college was mostly reserved for well-to-do families who could afford to hire tutors. It was extremely rare for African Americans to have the chance to attend college, but a white supporter helped pay for a tutor for Greener. Greener was admitted to Oberlin College and then Harvard University, where he graduated in 1870, five years after the end of the Civil War. After teaching high school for a few years, Greener took a position as a professor of philosophy, Latin, and Greek at the University of South Carolina. Greener was the university's first African-American professor. While teaching, he also studied law. "The hiring of an African-American professor and the admission of black students—less than a decade after the end of slavery—were part of an extraordinary and daring experiment," Donaldson said. Donaldson spoke at the ceremony where officials unveiled Greener's 1876 University of South Carolina law diploma and his law license, as well as a portrait of him. The papers were put on display at the university's South Caroliniana Library, which is dedicated to state history. The documents were part of an exhibit about the contributions that African Americans have made to the university. "[Greener] must have been a courageous man," said university president Harris Pastides at the ceremony. "Imagine what it was like [for him to be here]." What was the South like in the 1870s? Much of it had been left in ruins by the Civil War. In the years after the war, the U.S. government pursued a policy called Reconstruction. The goals were to help the South rebuild while also extending new opportunities for African Americans. It was during this era that the university hired Greener. "It was a fascinating time in our history, a time of so much hope," said university archivist Elizabeth Cassidy West. "Reconstruction was an era when those who had been so oppressed believed they might achieve equality." But changes in the government meant that Reconstruction didn't last long. It was over by 1877. The same year, South Carolina's government closed the University of South Carolina. It was reopened in 1880 as an all-white institution. African Americans were not welcomed back until the 1950s. After South Carolina closed the university, Greener moved to Washington, D.C., to take a job at the U.S. Treasury Department and work as a professor (and then a senior administrator) at Howard University's law school. Greener began a law career in the early 1880s. Later, he served as a U.S. commercial agent to Vladivostok, Russia. Greener settled in Chicago with relatives in 1908. Greener's law school papers were found in a Chicago home, though not the one where he lived. No one knows how the documents found their way into the Chicago home, where the papers were saved minutes before the structure was set to be torn down. But a worker kept them, and several South Carolina donors helped the university pay for the two documents. "My heart just jumped when we unrolled them, and I saw the university seal," said West. The Associated Press contributed to this story. PART 2 Dig Deeper Why would the University of South Carolina hire Richard Theodore Greener in 1873, only to change its policies a few years later and bar African Americans? When Greener was hired, the United States was in the midst of Reconstruction, a period during which opportunities for African Americans were expanded. But Reconstruction lasted only a few years. Image credit: Public Domain Reconstruction gave African Americans the right to vote for the first time. The era was called "Reconstruction" because it was a time when the nation was rebuilding after the Civil War. The war literally tore the nation apart. Long before it ended, U.S. government officials were debating about the best way to allow the southern states back into the Union. Should Southerners be punished for rebelling against the United States? Should African Americans, including former slaves, have the same rights as white Americans? The two main political parties had very different answers. The more "radical" wing of the Republican Party felt that the South should be punished and that rights for freed slaves should be expanded. Democrats felt that the government should go easy on the South. In addition, they did not support civil rights for African Americans. President Andrew Johnson had supported the Union during the war. But he was a Democrat who was originally from the South. Johnson favored pardoning all southern whites except for Confederate leaders. This meant restoring their voice in the U.S. government, as well as their property (excluding former slaves). Johnson did not support extending rights to African Americans. According to Johnson's vision, southern states would have all-white governments that were free to pursue their own policies. Although the states couldn't reinstate slavery (which had been abolished by the 13th Amendment in 1864), they could make state laws that prevented racial equality. Many lawmakers—particularly Radical Republicans—objected to Johnson's approach to Reconstruction. They were determined that Reconstruction would proceed according to their vision. Two events gave them the power to make this happen: First, Republicans won the majority of Congressional seats in the Congressional elections of 1866. Second, northern lawmakers refused to allow most southern lawmakers to take their seats. Once Republicans became dominant, they passed a number of measures to extend civil rights. In 1866, for example, Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill, meant to help bring about equality for African Americans. When President Johnson vetoed the bill, Congress had enough votes to override the veto. Congress also approved the 14th Amendment, which guaranteed citizenship (and most of the rights that go with it) to former slaves. Johnson could do little to stop what was happening, although he tried. He repeatedly spoke out against Radical Republicans. And in 1867, he tried to dismiss Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, a supporter of the Radical Republicans. This action defied a law requiring the president to receive permission from the Senate before dismissing top government officials. The House of Representatives impeached Johnson (put him on trial) for his actions. In the end, Congress did not have enough votes to convict Johnson and remove him from office. Congress took action to ensure that civil rights would be extended to African Americans in the South. As part of the Reconstruction Acts of 1867, Congress divided the southern states into military districts, overseen by U.S.
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