Gastrointestinal System Mouth and Pharynx

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GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM MOUTH AND PHARYNX Nasal septum Soft palate Mouth Hard palate Nasopharynx Oral cavity Body of tongue Esophagus C1 C1 Pharyngeal Oropharynx constrictor C2 Root of tongue muscles C3 Retro- Epiglottis pharyngeal C4 Mandible space Stomach C5 Laryngopharynx Duodenum C6 Vertebral Vocal fold bodies Transverse colon Cricoid cartilage C7 Descending colon Trachea Ascending colon T1 Esophageal muscles Esophagus Small intestine Thyroid gland Rectum Sigmoid colon STOMACH/LIVER/GALLBLADDER Left lobe of liver Abdominal part of esophagus Inferior border of liver Quadrate lobe of liver Fundus of stomach Gallbladder Cardiac part of stomach e Right lobe of liver r u t a Body v Angular notch r u of stomach c (incisure) r e s s Spleen e Pylori L cana c e P l r yl tu or a ic rv Pylorus par u t of c stom er ach at re Duodenum Pyloric G antrum Greater omentum Copyright © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Ferri’s Netter Patient Advisor 1 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL Rectosigmoid junction Superior Transverse folds Middle of rectum (valves Inferior of Houston) 8–9 cm Longitudinal muscle layer Circular muscle layer Levator ani muscle 5–6 cm Anorectal line Anal columns (Morgagni) 4–5 cm Pectinate (dentate) line 2.5–3 cm canal l l anal Internal sphincter muscle cana 0.5–1 cm Anal crypt Surgical anal Anatomica Sweat glands and Anal valve Anal glands hairs in perianal skin Internal rectal venous plexus in submucous space COLON Right colic Left colic (splenic) flexure (hepatic) flexure Transverse colon Haustra Ascending Haustra colon Semilunar folds Ileum Descending Ileal colon orifice Cecum Vermiform appendix Rectum Sigmoid colon Levator ani muscle Sigmoid mesocolon External anal sphincter muscle Copyright © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Ferri’s Netter Patient Advisor 2.

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The Anatomy of the Rectum and Anal Canal
BASIC SCIENCE identify the rectosigmoid junction with conﬁdence at operation. The anatomy of the rectum The rectosigmoid junction usually lies approximately 6 cm below the level of the sacral promontory. Approached from the distal and anal canal end, however, as when performing a rigid or ﬂexible sigmoid- oscopy, the rectosigmoid junction is seen to be 14e18 cm from Vishy Mahadevan the anal verge, and 18 cm is usually taken as the measurement for audit purposes. The rectum in the adult measures 10e14 cm in length. Abstract Diseases of the rectum and anal canal, both benign and malignant, Relationship of the peritoneum to the rectum account for a very large part of colorectal surgical practice in the UK. Unlike the transverse colon and sigmoid colon, the rectum lacks This article emphasizes the surgically-relevant aspects of the anatomy a mesentery (Figure 1). The posterior aspect of the rectum is thus of the rectum and anal canal. entirely free of a peritoneal covering. In this respect the rectum resembles the ascending and descending segments of the colon, Keywords Anal cushions; inferior hypogastric plexus; internal and and all of these segments may be therefore be spoken of as external anal sphincters; lymphatic drainage of rectum and anal canal; retroperitoneal. The precise relationship of the peritoneum to the mesorectum; perineum; rectal blood supply rectum is as follows: the upper third of the rectum is covered by peritoneum on its anterior and lateral surfaces; the middle third of the rectum is covered by peritoneum only on its anterior 1 The rectum is the direct continuation of the sigmoid colon and surface while the lower third of the rectum is below the level of commences in front of the body of the third sacral vertebra.
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Rectum & Anal Canal
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Functional Human Morphology (2040) & Functional Anatomy of the Head, Neck and Trunk (2130)
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Name: Ginika Obiadi Department: Anatomy Matric No: 18/MHS03/009 Course Code: ANA 212 Course Title: Gross Anatomy of Pelvic and P
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Digestive System Part
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Anatomy of the Pelvic Floor and Anal Sphincters: a Review Article
wjpmr, 2019,5(8), 247-250 SJIF Impact Factor: 4.639 WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL Review Article Nagrath et al. AND MEDICAL WorldRESEARCH Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical ResearchISSN 2455 -3301 www.wjpmr.com WJPMR ANATOMY OF THE PELVIC FLOOR AND ANAL SPHINCTERS: A REVIEW ARTICLE Dr. Anurag Nagrath*1, Dr. Amandeep Kaur2, Dr. Subash Upadhyay3 and Dr. J. Manohar4 1PG Scholar Deptt. of Rachana Sharir. 2PG Scholar Deptt. of Dravya Guna. 3HOD & Professor Deptt. of Rachana Sharir. 4Associate Professor Deptt. of Rachana Sharir Sriganganagar College of Ayurvedic Science & Hospital, Tantia University, Sriganganagar – 335001, India. *Corresponding Author: Dr. Anurag Nagrath PG Scholar Deptt. of Rachana Sharir. Article Received on 22/06/2019 Article Revised on 12/07/2019 Article Accepted on 02/08/2019 ABSTRACT The pelvic floor is a striated muscular structure providing enclosure to the bladder, uterus, and rectum. It plays significant role in storage and evacuation of urine and stool. This article reviews the anatomy of the anal sphincters and the pelvic ûoor. The internal and external anal sphincters are responsible for maintaining faecal continence at rest and when continence is threatened, respectively. Defecation is a somato-visceral reûex regulated by dual nerve supply (i.e. somatic and autonomic) to the anorectum. The net effects of sympathetic and cholinergic stimulation are to increase and reduce anal resting pressure, respectively. Faecal incontinence and functional defecatory disorders may result from structural changes and/or functional disturbances in the mechanisms of faecal continence and defecation. KEYWORDS: The pelvic floor is anorectum. INTRODUCTION The deep muscles also known as the levator ani muscle originate from the pectinate line of pubic bone and the Pelvic floor is a funnel or dome-shaped muscular sheet fascia of obturator internus muscle and are inserted into made up of striated muscle which is placed such that it coccyx.
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