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The Officers and Directors of “WAEPA” serve without compensation, and are all officials of the United States Government. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION The Foreign Service JOURNAL is the professional journal of the American Foreign Service and is published by the American Foreign Service Association, U. ALEXIS JOHNSON, President a non-profit private organization. Material appearing herein represents the DOUGLAS MACARTHUR, II, First Vice President opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the ROBERT F. WOODWARD, Second Vice President Department of State, the United States Information Agency, the Agency for GARDNER E. PALMER, General Manager International Development or the Foreign Service as a whole. JANE K. STELLE, Executive Secretary CLARKE SLADE, Educational Consultant JEAN M. CHISHOLM, Personal Purchases

BOARD OF DIRECTORS JOHN H. STUTESMAN, JR., Chairman July, 1966 KEITH E. ADAMSON, Vice Chairman Vol. 43, No. 7 PETER P. LORD, Secretary-Treasurer HARRIET ISOM, Asst. Secretary-Treasurer PATRICIA M. BYRNE ROBERT DONHAUSER page HOWARD V. FUNK MICHAEL P. E, HOYT DAVID H. MCKILLOP 19 THE ARCHITECTURE OF A DECISION FRANK V. ORTIZ, JR, by John H. Stutesman. jr. JULIUS C. HOLMES, Ambassador, retired

21 TIME FOR USIA TO TURN PRO by Fitzhugh Green JOURNAL EDITORIAL BOARD ROBINSON MCILVAINE, Chairman 23 THOMAS JEFFERSON, PAO FREDERIC L. CHAPIN, Vice Chairman by Stephen Sestanovich ROBERT S. SMITH REED HARRIS STEPHEN LOW 26 UP BABEL CREEK WITHOUT A PADDLE JOHN P. WALSH by Saxton Bradford ROBERT B. HOUGHTON LOUIS SCHWARTZ, JR. 28 FAREWELL TO A BELEAGUERED CITY JOURNAL STAFF by John Ker Davis

LOREN CARROLL. Editor SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Executive Editor 34 “THE TRUE GLORY” ELIZABETH ANN NADLER, Editorial Assistant by Hubert H. Humphrey ROBYE GIBSON, Circulation MCIVER ART & PUBLICATIONS INC. Art Direction 37 OPPOSITION TO CERTAIN FEATURES OF THE HAYS BILL

ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES OTHER FEATURES: Service Glimpses, page 40; With Our Contributors, JAMES C. SASMOR, 230 Riverside Drive, New York page 49; Cook’s Tour, page 51. 25, New York (212) MO 3-3390 ALBERT D. SHONK CO., 681 Market St., San Fran¬ cisco, Calif. 94105 (415) 932-7144 departments

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIA- 4 PRESIDENT’S LETTER TION is composed of active and retired personnel who are or have been serving at home or abroad under the authority of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended. It groups together people who have a com¬ 10 TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO mon responsibility for the implementation of foreign policy. It seeks to encourage the development of a by Henry B. Day career service of maximum effectiveness, and to ad¬ vance the welfare of its members. The dues for Active and Associate Members are EDITORIAL: The Rationale of Selection-Out either #15 or #12: For FSO’s in Class V and above 31 the rate is #15 and is the same for FSR’s, Staff officers and Civil Service personnel in corresponding grades. For Active Members in lower grades the dues are #12. 32 WASHINGTON LETTER The annual dues for retired members and others who are not Active Members are #12. Each membership includes a subscription to the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. 41 THE BOOKSHELF For subscriptions to the JOURNAL, one year (12 is¬ sues), #6.00; two years, #10.00. For subscriptions going abroad, except countries in the Western hemisphere, add #1.00 annually for overseas postage. Cover III LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Ambassadorial Nominations JACOB D. BEAM, to Czechoslovakia Socialist Republic DELMAR R. CARLSON, to Guyana EUGENE M. LOCKE, to Pakistan WALTER P. MCCONAGHEY, to China ELLIOTT P. SKINNER, to Republic of Upper Volta HENRY E. STEBBINS, to Uganda

Marriages GRAY-PRENTICE. Miss Dinah Lovett Gray was married to Patrick Henry Prentice, son of FSO and Mrs. Henry W. Prentice, in Washington, D.C., on May 30. SIMPSON-ELSEA. Miss Zelia Tinsley Simpson, daughter of FSO-retired and Mrs. R. Smith Simpson, was married to Lt. (USA) Hugh Richard Elsea, Jr., on May 14, at the Arlington Presbyterian Church. TCHAO-FROMER. Mrs. Pauline Norman Tchao was married to FSO Julian Philip Fromer, on April 13, in Washington. WATKINS-WILLIAMS. Miss Loreta Watkins was married to FSO John Edgar Williams, on December 17, in Monte¬ video, Uruguay. Mr, Williams is now assigned to the De¬ partment.

Births CHAPIN. A daughter, Edith Clarke, born to Mr. and Mrs. Frederic L. Chapin, on May 29, in Washington. FALZONE. A son, Ralph William, born to Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Falzone, on April 29, in Rome. GROVER. A daughter, Ellen Mabel, born to Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Grover, on April 8, in New Orleans. Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey is introduced at the LEHFELDT. A son, Matthew Daniel, born to Mr. and Mrs. American Foreign Service Association luncheon on May 26. William W. Lehfeldt, on February 21, in Washington. The Vice President's remarks appear on page 34. RADDAY. A daughter, Jeanne Marie, born to Mr. and Mrs. Harold F. Radday, on May 12, in Abidjan.

Deaths PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS FOR JULY BOAL. Pierre de Lagarde Boal, former Ambassador to Bolivia Liu Shih-ming (Mrs. Jack Friedman), painting, cover and Minister to Nicaragua, died on May 24, in Paris. Mr. Boal retired in 1947, after serving 28 years in the Foreign Department of State, Herbert J. Meyle, photographs, pages Service, in Mexico City, Belgrade, Warsaw, Berne, Lima, 2 and 34. Ottawa, Geneva, Bolivia and Nicaragua. He received the USIS-Paris, photographs, pages 23 and 24. Purple Heart for Service in World War I, the Lafayette Flying Corps ribbon, the Croix de Guerre, the Legion of Princeton University Press, portrait of Thomas Jefferson, page Honor, the Order of St. Sava from Yugoslavia and Peru’s 24. Commander Order of the Sun. Library of Congress, captured German photographs, pages 28 BROWN. Philip Marshall Brown, former diplomat, died on and 29. May 10, in Williamstown, Massachusetts. Professor Brown entered the diplomatic service in 1900 as secretary to the S. I. Nadler, “Life and Love in the Foreign Service,” page 33. Minister to Turkey. He became second secretary of the Scene from “Jerusalem.” legation the following year. He served in Honduras, Guate¬ Howard R. Simpson, USIA, cartoon, cover III. mala, and again in Turkey. Professor Brown then received his M.A. degree in international law at Harvard in 1912 and began his teaching career. He retired from teaching in 1935.

The Foreign Service JOURNAL welcomes contributions and will MCGUSHIN. Herbert P. McGushin, deputy director of the pay for accepted material on publication. Photos should be black Office of Public Information, USIA, died on May 22, in and white glossies and should be protected by cardboard. Color Washington. Mr. McGushin worked for OWI and the transparencies (4 x 5) may be submitted for possible cover use. International Refugee Organization before joining USIA Please include full name and address on all material submitted and a stamped, self-addressed envelope if return is desired. in 1950. In 1954 he was named chief of the editorial divi¬ sion of the International Press Service and was named deputy director of the Office of Public Information in 1961. The JOURNAL also welcomes letters to the editor. Pseudonyms may be used only if the original letter includes the writer’s correct © American Foreign Service Association, 1966. The Foreign Serv- name. All letters are subject to condensation. ice Journal is published monthly, by the American Foreign Service Association, 815 - 17th St., N.W., Washington, D. C., 20006. Address material to: Foreign Service Journal, 815 - 17th Street, Second-class postage paid at Washington, D. C. Printed by Monu¬ N.W., Suite 505, Washington, D. C., 20006. mental Printing Co., Baltimore.

2 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 Shipping out? Going home? Changing posts?

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 3 just as much as in numbers, adapting itself to our changing Letter times and circumstances. This will be possible only with the active participation of the entire membership irrespective of Foreign Service category or agency affiliation. from In particular I want to encourage broader membership and greater activity on the part of younger officers. I would AFSA also hope that the JOURNAL could be used by them and by others as a forum for forward-looking ideas and constructive discussion. While this has been true to a certain degree in President the past, I think its use for these purposes could be increased.

Scholarships for F. S. Children Turning to another subject, the scholarship committee has just completed its work for the autumn educational year. Some 70 Foreign Service children will receive awards aggregating $39,000 during the year. We continue to receive DEAR COLLEAGUES: and welcome donations for scholarships. It is our hope that we can gradually convert the funding of this program The Association has embarked on a drive designed to to income from investment rather than from annual dona¬ increase membership by at least one-third. By now all of you tions. will have received your dues notice for 1967 which includes with it an appeal to join in this drive by obtaining at least AFSA Luncheons one new member. I very much hope you will take this appeal seriously and make a personal effort to help us in the Some years ago when our organization was relatively drive. Besides the increased revenue from dues payments small, members living in the Washington area or passing which a large membership will bring, we will derive a through could be accommodated at the regular monthly secondary benefit from increasing the attractiveness of ad¬ luncheons. How times have changed! The May luncheon at vertising in the JOURNAL. A large membership can bring which Vice President Humphrey was the principal speaker us sound financing and permit us to carry on and even was over-subscribed in the first few days after notices went extend the activities of the Association. out. Some 380 members attended the luncheon in the State Important as financial considerations may be, however, dining room on the eighth floor. There were about 150 I hope that the Association can grow in scope and activity more who could not be served luncheon. They were invited

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 to listen to the speech over the public address system in the AWARD FOR REED HARRIS adjacent diplomatic area of the Department. THE first Edward R. Murrow Award for Excellence in Public Diplomacy was given last month to Reed Harris, Life Membership Assistant Director of the United States Information Agency and a member of the Foreign Service JOURNAL’S Edi¬ In connection with paying dues for the coming year, I torial Board. The Award was presented by the Fletcher might remind the members that Life Memberships are School of Law and Diplomacy of Tufts University at the available for $300. At the present time we have over 30 Commencement dinner. The Murrow Award Fund was set such members and would be pleased to add your name to up by Edward Murrow's colleagues in USIA to honor his this roll of Association supporters. memory, and “to perpetuate respect for those ideals Mr. Sincerely yours, Murrow's career exemplified.” The Award consists of a ster¬ ling silver plaque and a scholarship—to be conferred in Harris’ name on a Tufts student who will be enabled to carry out graduate work in the field of international affairs. Harris was selected for the Award by the Advisory Com¬ mittee to the new Murrow Center at the Fletcher School. Included on this Committee are Mrs. Murrow, Eric Sevareid, Edward P. Morgan and other leading figures in the field of communication. A more fitting selection could hardly be imagined because Then...and Now Harris and Murrow came together in an agitated chapter of recent history. In 1953 Harris became the victim of one of "It seems equally necessary for any Government to know the late Senator Joseph McCarthy’s assaults on government and reflect upon the Constitutions, Forces, and Conjectures employees. He defended himself valiantly but he was never¬ among their Neighboring States, as well as the Factions, theless forced to resign. The woeful hour lengthened, in¬ Humours, and Interests of their own Subjects.” credibly, into eight long years. It was Murrow who as Direc¬ tor of USIA brought Harris back into the government as his SIR WILLIAM TEMPLE, A Survey of the Constitutions executive assistant. In conferring the Award, Robert Man¬ (London, ca. 1700)—as quoted in “The Diplomatic ning, Editor of the ATLANTIC MONTHLY, said that it went to Corps Under Charles II and James II,” by Phyllis S. a man of “courage, integrity, forthrightness, excellence in Lachs. performance and devotion to duty.”

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Onr WHOLESALE CATALOGS are sent to the administrative officers of F.S.-Retired Addresses EmbaMiM throughout the world. (They are not sent to individuals). THE list of retired Foreign Service personnel together with their addresses which in recent years has accompanied the September JOURNAL will again be prepared this year, but will be distributed to JOURNAL readers only upon request. Those wishing to receive this year’s list should so inform the Association. The list will be furnished without charge to those who ask for it. Please let us have your request by September 10.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1963 9 can Newspaper Alliance, after four months in a French prison. The closing of consulates released about 100 officers for new assignments at a time when more help was needed for lend-lease, export controls, wartime emergencies, and eco¬ JULY 1941 IN THE JOURNAL nomic defense and cultural programs in Latin America and by HENRY B. DAY when the Department had stopped recruiting men of mili¬ tary age for the career service. It was in July 1941 that TWENTY-FIVE years ago the United States Government the first recruits to the Foreign Service Auxiliary were sworn ordered German and Italian Consulates closed. in. Morgan and Barnes’s history of the Foreign Service American Consulates in Germany, Italy and axis- records that there were about 60 and that all were assigned occupied countries were closed. For the repatriation, the to Latin America. Funds came from the President’s Emer¬ Navy made available the S. S. America as soon as it had gency Fund. The first public announcement about the Aux¬ finished converting her into the Navy transport West Point. iliary was in October 1941. On July 16, 1941, the West Point left quarantine in New Among the offices closed was the Consulate at Bordeaux York with the German and Italian officials on board. Ray¬ which had managed to occupy, but only for the past four mond D. Muir of the Protocol Division was the State De¬ years, the historic and elegant old Pigano Bank and which partment's representative on the voyage. He later described had been packed with Americans during the evacuation the it for the JOURNAL. After arriving at Lisbon the Germans year before. The Consul in charge was Henry S. Waterman and Italians were kept on board until American consular who is now settled in San Francisco. personnel from closed offices had crossed the frontier into L.awrence W. Taylor has contributed the following recol¬ Spain. The tired and bedraggled Americans, helped by lection of that place and time from his home in Santa Rosa. Third Secretary Burke Elbrick among others, began boarding California. July 26 after difficult overland journeys made harder by 1 went to Paris in April 1941 from Bordeaux. After the German officials who treated the business as if it was an Embassy staff moved to Vichy, the Paris office operated exchange of prisoners. After a stormy crossing the West as a Consulate with a staff of 25 Americans and about 60 Point returned to New York August 1. State Department French members. The situation was so confused that 1 officials and many representatives of magazines, newspapers was not routinely presented and did not become a formal and broadcasting stations met the ship. Among the 196 in member of the Embassy staff. To the consternation of the the official family were some who had been away for a long Germans who had hoped to close the Paris office, I was time. Francis Adams Lane, Vice Consul at Bremen, had presented as a consular officer and not as a diplomatic not been home for 44 years. Edmund Dorsz and Robert officer. For that reason they could not force me to go to Buell were among the officers. Richard Hottelet, U.P. cor¬ Vichy with the Embassy staff and I was put in charge of respondent. was on board. So was Jay Allen, North Ameri¬ the Paris Consulate General.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1986 11 i believe it was the 21st of July that I closed the Paris house for Americans who could find no other place to office and left with the American staff and German escorts sleep. An American refugee and her grown daughters for Lisbon. The Paris staff met those from the other Euro¬ took over the management of the place and it served a pean posts (American Consulates in occupied territory) at very great need. Hendaye on the Spanish border. The Germans would not Another interesting job was looking after British in¬ let us pass the border until the German and Italian consuls terests. The British Consul left very hurriedly and turned aboard the S.S. West Point in Lisbon harbor were landed. his job over to me. It included paying out prisoners of The captain of the ship refused to land them until we war and British interests in general. I made a trip through were safely in Spain. The argument lasted three days southern France, closing British Consular Agencies and while we waited in hotels in Biarritz. The President then disposing of the property and records. ordered the captain to return the German and Italian Our great concern was our mail. We were not allowed to consuls to the United States. The Germans gave in and send mail out of or bring mail into the occupied zone. we were allowed to leave France for Lisbon. From there Frank Cousins was a genius at figuring out ways to get we returned to the US on the S.S. West Point. our mail across the line into unoccupied France. He made Before the war our staff at Bordeaux totaled fourteen an arrangement with the Postmaster at La Riole in un¬ Americans and locals. The population of Bordeaux was occupied France to send and receive our mail. Sometimes about 250,000. When the Germans entered Paris, the Frank carried the pouch over hidden in his personal car. population was estimated at 1,500,000 at Bordeaux. Our Sometimes he took the train. He was always subject to staff was increased as stragglers from closed offices arrived search by the German guards at the border but he was at Bordeaux and at one time numbered more than 60 always successful in getting the pouch across to La Riole. persons. During the brief period when the Ambassador Our pouch from the Department and mail from every¬ and his personal staff were at Bordeaux, the Consulate where addressed to the American Consulate, Bordeaux, opened at seven in the morning and operated until ten at somehow found its way to La Riole and was ready for night. The Embassy staff, in order to have the same time Frank to pick it up. The last pouch to the Department schedule as Washington, went to work at three in the before the Consulate was closed was carried to La Riole afternoon and worked until two or three in the morning. by the Consul for Sweden at Bordeaux who put it in There were three special items that were of interest in another pouch he was carrying across the line for the addition to usual consular functions. With great fore¬ German Military Command. sight, Mr. Waterman, the Consul in charge, had rented the second floor of a building near the Consulate to be in A daughter, Margaret Fay, was born to reserve in case the Embassy should have to leave Paris Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Strong on June 29, and come to Bordeaux. He also asked the Department /\ 1941, at Durban, where Bob was assigned for cots and blankets for American passengers on freighters * as Vice Consul. Margaret graduated in 1965 leaving Bordeaux for the United States. Soon after the from Dickinson College in Carlisle, Penn¬ beds and bedding arrived the ports were closed so he put sylvania, with a B.A. degree. Since then she has been teach¬ them in the vacant quarters and set up an emergency bunk ing English for the Berlitz system in Toulouse, France. She We deliver

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 13 plans to go back to school next fall for an M.A. in English and has enrolled at Sussex University in England. She is a pianist and painter. The source of this information is our Ambassador in Iraq.

The July 1941 JOURNAL recorded the mar¬ riage of George W. Renchard and Stellita WORLD-WIDE Stapleton on April 19, 1941, in Washington. George was then assigned as Assistant to the Secretary of State, Cordell Hull. The Renchards now have four children. Two are at universities “ALL RISKS” INSURANCE and a third goes to college next fall. One son is at Marquette University. A daughter is studying at the University of FOR Munich. Back in 1938, George, who is now Consul General in Hamilton, Bermuda, was instrumental in securing favor¬ able terms for resident and non resident membership privi¬ FOREIGN SERVICE leges at the University Club and the Army-Navy Club in Washington for FSOs. EMPLOYEES Senior On July 1, 1941, Sydney Yost Smith completed 60 years ON of service in the State Department and was honored at an informal party. He recalled that on his second day of work he answered one of the two telephones in the Department. HOUSEHOLD GOODS These had been recently installed and were still unfamiliar PERSONAL EFFECTS devices. The voice at the other end was so excited as to cause confusion and S. A. Brown helped Smith take the call. INCLUDING The message was that President Garfield had been shot and JEWELRY AND FURS this was the Department’s first news of it. In 1897 Sydney Smith was made Chief of the Diplomatic Bureau. He served on the Board of Examiners for the Dip¬ lomatic Service and in 1919 as a drafting expert with the American Commission to negotiate peace in Paris. An Executive Order of President Hoover exempted him from the requirement of retirement at age 70. In 1941 at the age of 84 he was working on formalities of negotiating, drafting and proclaiming treaties. There is a picture of him melting Continuous Coverage Including sealing wax over a candle. Transportation To and From New enlarged quarters James Denby described and submitted a floor plan of the All Overseas Stations newly occupied Consulate General at Cape Town. The quarters provided space for the Legation chancery during the session of the Legislature. The plan shows rooms for four officers, a general office, and space for two secretaries. One room is marked for the Minister and one for the Naval Attache. The two spaces are for the Legation Clerk and the secretary to the Naval Attache. That left one room for the Consul and one for the Vice Consul. Descriptive Brochure Including Rates Conversation with George III (continued) Available At All Foreign Service Posts Or At Percy Broemel’s history of the Consulate General in Lon¬ don had an account by John Adams of what happened when he presented his credentials to King George III in 1785. Besides the extract quoted last month the less formal ex¬ change after the presentation has interest: MARSH & MCLENNAN The king asked me whether I came last from Incorporated France and, upon my answering in the affirmative, he put on an air of familiarity; and smiling, or INSURANCE BROKERS rather laughing, said “There is an opinion among some people that you are not the most attached of all your countrymen to the manners of France.” 70 Pine Street I was surprised at this, because I thought it an indiscretion, and a descent from his dignity. I was New York 5, New York a little embarrassed, but determined not to deny the truth on one hand, nor leave him to infer from Telephone Cable Address it any attachment to England on the other. I WHitehall 3-2000 MARSHCLENN threw off as much gravity as I could, and assumed an air of gaiety, and a tone of decision, as far as was decent, and said, “That opinion, Sir, is not mistaken; I must avow to your Majesty I have no

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In Zenith Handcrafted TV, every connection is The Quality Coes In Before The Name Goes On carefully handwired for finer performance . . . fewer service problems . . . greater operating dependability BlolOI Zenith Radio Corporation, Chicago, 60639, U. S. A. ... and a sharper, clearer picture year after year. The Royalty of television, stereophonic high fidelity instruments, phonographs, radios and hearing aids. 48 years of leadership in If you still aren’t enjoying the pride of ownership so radionics exclusively! attachment but to my own country.” The king re¬ plied, quick as lightning, “An honest man will never have any other.” -5or at tour rea ( estate needs, According to Professor Samuel Bemis, the king, in this exchange, referred to a predilection of Adams for France (footnote, p. 70, “Diplomatic History of the United States,” 1939 ed.), so the above account may be based on inaccurate HICKS Realty, Inc, sources. Transfers 25 years ago 3706 Mt. Vernon Ave. Donald R. Heath—Berlin to Santiago as First Secretary Alexandria, Virginia Ellis O. Briggs—Santiago to Habana as First Secretary Ware Adams—Rio de Janeiro to London as Second Secre¬ King 8-3111 tary Assigned to the Department: Carl W. Strom, Consul at Zurich John W. Tuthill, Vice Consul, Windsor Edwin A. Plitt, Second Secretary, Paris Transferred from the Department: Eric C. Wendelin—to Buenos Aires as Second Secretary Ivan B. White—to Rio de Janeiro as Third Secretary Declassified ad ■ServingJerving beautifulbeaut!fut florll,/ forUiern ern ViVirginia A letter of that time to the Embassy in Peking, had the since 1946 number excised by the editor: Dear Sir: 1 hear American marine say all wives have leave for Alexandria, Arlington, Fairfax County etc. the States. I think some man now wants a housekeeper. I am very good to make nice home and have much ex¬ Sales, Rentals, Financing perience. I am 26 years old and blond. You just telephone and I come. No. . Thank you. Yours Beautiful picture book of homes FREE on request truly. Tania P.S. Maybe two man want housekeeper, I have good friend who can make nice sakuska dinner and can sing in opera. FORTY YEARS AGO A housemaid confessed that she had set fire to the home Come aboard of Richard F. Boyce in Hamilton, Ontario, because she wanted some excitement. The children had been alone in the house. The eldest gave the alarm. None was injured. (four8 ship...r Dick got a reply that year from a classmate to Dick’s chain letter. If each of 100 men had written nine letters to nine people who in turn each wrote nine letters, 9, with 99 ^ zeroes after it, letters would have been written, more than people born since Adam and postage stamps enough when stuck one on top of the other to make a double track to the moon and back. At a one-man tropical post, the officer explained to the ss United States Inspector that there were two sets of flag days, the theoreti¬ cal and the real. A real one was when the Consulate got Traveling between New York and Europe on water, electric current, mail, and ice all on the same day. America’s superliner gives you a special feeling Leslie E. Woods, Consul at Strasbourg, wrote about of pride and satisfaction. Pride in the luxury of Auguste Bartholdi, creator of the Statue of Liberty, born in Colmar in 1834. Bartholdi got the idea for the statue on your country's largest and fastest passenger ship. his first visit to the United States in 1876. During this Satisfaction in a score of thoughtful conven¬ visit he married Jeanne-Emilie Bheux de Puysieux of Mon¬ iences, from the generous free baggage allow¬ treal, a niece of the artist John La Farge. Among Bartholdi’s works in the United States, Leslie Woods listed the bronze ance to the exciting programs of daily activities. statue of Lafayette in Lafayette Square in Washington, the And all the way, you have the assurance of the Four Phases of Christian Life in Boston, and the Leisure best in American service, gourmet cuisine, sea¬ of Peace in Central Park, New York. manship, and safety standards. In the Consular Branch, Ellis O. Briggs was commissioned a Vice Consul and assigned to Callao-Lima and David K. E. Bruce was commissioned a Vice Consul and assigned to Rome. Both were at the Foreign Service School. The Subsistence Expense Act of 1926 authorized heads ONE BROADWAY, NEW YORK, N.Y. of departments to prescribe a per diem allowance not to DIGBY 4-5800 • AN AM E RICAN-FLAG SERVICE exceed $6.

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18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July i960 JOHN H. STUTESMAN, JR.

How the Truman Doctrine Evolved

The Architecture of a Decision

T was Friday afternoon, February 21, 1947. cance. Henderson had first met the Russian Communists The recently appointed Secretary of State, George in 1920 while heading a Red Cross mission in the Baltic Marshall, had gone off to the Bicentennial of Prince¬ States. Entering the Consular Service in 1922, he was ton University to receive an honorary degree. He among the first officers commissioned following the Rogers did not plan to return to the office until Monday. Act, and was brought home to work in the tiny office then A telephone rang in the Secretary’s office. The British dealing with Soviet affairs. There he developed his deep Ambassador wanted to see the Secretary immediately. knowledge of Communist theory and practice, and learned He had a most serious matter to discuss and two formal through hard experience how to deal with the Soviets. messages to deliver from his government. He was told He was sent to Moscow when we opened diplomatic re¬ that the Secretary was away, but it was suggested that lations with the USSR and continued to serve there or in the papers should be sent over so that appropriate staff Washington until the spring of 1943 when he was trans¬ action could be started. Within the hour, an Embassy ferred to Baghdad. Henderson set to his new tasks in officer delivered two aide-memoire, dated February 21, to Iraq, quickly became an authority on the problems of the Loy W. Henderson, the principal staff officer in the State area, and, in 1945, was brought back to Washington to Department dealing with Greece and Turkey, the objects head the section dealing with a vast area including Africa, of British concern. the Near East, the sub-continent of Asia and the “north¬ The notes stated that the British Government had ern tier” of Greece, Turkey and Iran—now two distinct found that after March 31 it would no longer be able to bureaus, AF and NEA. In this new position, he found carry the burden of economic and military support to the himself again engaged in our global struggle with the Greek and Turkish Governments. The financial esti¬ Soviets, as in the Iranian crisis of 1946, the first major mate was that the foreign currency needs of Greece for international conflict brought before the United Nations. the remainder of 1947 would be in the neighborhood of With the British notes in hand, Henderson hurried $250 million and that more would be needed in 1948 and through the corridors of “Old State” to the office of John after. Smaller but equally important sums would be D. Hickerson, another Foreign Service officer, then act¬ needed for Turkey. As to the military aspects of the situ¬ ing Director of the Office of European Affairs. Since the ation, much needed to be done. problem had been raised by the British Government, it Most significantly, however, the notes indicated under was proper that the European office of the State Depart¬ the smooth coating of diplomatic phraseology that if the ment should be concerned with British withdrawal from United States did not step in to fill the breach left by the Eastern Mediterranean. Then both men, after a brief British withdrawal there would be little prospect that the consultation over documents, went to see Under Secre¬ governments of Greece and Turkey could long resist tary Dean Acheson. Soviet domination. A FORTUNE article of July, 1946, illustrated its study The man who first read these aide-memoire in the of the State Department operations with a bewildering Department was well prepared to understand their signifi¬ chart full of colored squiggles. But, in one of the memor- FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 19 able documentary photographs of the period, another illus¬ ciple to assume the responsibility involved.” But when tration to that article, entitled “Foreign Policy in the the Committee’s report was sent forward the next day Making,” showed how the Department was really run. (Tuesday) to the Under Secretary, Mr. Henderson, as Under Dean Acheson’s chairmanship, a small group of the Chairman, added in a covering memorandum that it was key operations officers of the Department gathered daily time to prepare at once an estimate of “the broad foreign to hammer out the basic lines of foreign policy. This policy implications to this country of Britain’s position was the central point in the Department’s operations, be¬ and of other responsibilities which this Government may low the Secretary’s own level. be asked to assume in consequence thereof—in other In Acheson’s office a decision was quickly reached words, to what extent in itself and to what extent it is only that the Under Secretary would inform the President and part of a larger complex of problems which we would Secretary Marshall. Henderson was asked to prepare a logically be compelled to accept as our responsibility if we memorandum of analysis with recommendations for the accept the responsibility in this instance.” Secretary. It was clearly understood that the first study Now that the Department had its own “ducks” in a was to be made by the geographic area directly con¬ row, the consultation with other departments began. On cerned, leaving consultation with the UN and economic Monday, the Executive Secretary of the Department, Carl staffs of the Department and the military until later. Humelsine, had sent over to the War and Navy Depart¬ Acheson’s call to the President was laconically reported ments a brief note enclosing copies of the British aide- in Truman’s memoirs “ . . . Acheson telephoned me im¬ memoire. His letter indicates clearly that this was the mediately about the contents of the notes, and I asked first formal notification of the event to the military depart¬ him to go to work on a study of the situation with which ments, although there may have been informal contacts we were faced.” which are not recorded in the official files. He added that Those who have served under Loy Henderson can the subject was to be the main item for discussion at the recreate the controlled intensity of activity which ensued regular Wednesday morning meeting of the three Secre¬ under his leadership that night. By midnight, a first draft taries. was finished, setting forth the fundamental propositions which remain essentially unchanged buttresses to our On February 26 in the morning, the three Secretaries— policies towards Greece and Turkey. wartime colleagues with long experience in making hard All day and long into the night on Saturday, the paper decisions together—agreed on the premise that it would was polished, torn apart, put together again and burdened hurt us if Greece and Turkey fell under Soviet domina¬ with annexes. Then on Sunday morning, February 23, tion. They felt that the program set forth in State’s less than 48 hours after the opportunity to act was pre¬ memorandum should be submitted immediately to the sented to the Department, Loy Henderson called on the President for his approval. And most significantly, they Under Secretary at his home, enjoyed one of the famous picked up the essence of Loy Henderson’s covering Acheson martinis, and delivered his report and recom¬ memorandum: mendations. Thus, when the Cabinet met at the White “ ... In general the (State-War-Navy) Committee recog¬ House for luncheon on Monday, the Secretary of State nized that the Greek and Turkish problems were only was able to describe the problem to the President and part of a critical world situation confronting us today in was given the responsibility for obtaining and coordinat¬ many democratic countries and that attention must be ing the views of War, Treasury and Navy. None chal¬ given to the problem as a whole.” lenged the position that an international peacetime mat¬ ter, although it contained heavy consequences for the That Wednesday afternoon Secretary Marshall de¬ military and the budget, would be handled primarily in livered personally to the President a memorandum recom¬ State. Even Secretary of Navy Forrestal, never one to mending the action which indeed became quite correctly pass up a challenge to his interests, only noted mildly in known as the Truman doctrine. For a wise and courage¬ his diary on February 24 that the Secretary of State had ous chief had to lift and carry forward the burden of de¬ brought up the subject of the British notes at lunch. cision which his staff had placed upon him. When he saw After this meeting, which gave informal general ap¬ a carefully chosen group of key Senators and Representa¬ proval to the lines of policy suggested, it was decided to tives the following morning he told them, as he has re¬ call in other areas of the Department for consultation. called in his memoirs, “that I had decided to extend aid to Forthwith, Henderson convened and chaired the “First Greece and Turkey and that I hoped Congress would Meeting, Special Committee to Study Assistance to Greece provide the means to make this aid timely and sufficient.” and Turkey,” including Kennan from the faculty of the In hardly more than a weekend, in a series of expand¬ National War College, Alger Hiss, head of the Depart¬ ing recommendations and decisions within the State De¬ ment’s UN unit, and a representative from the Economic partment and then within the whole Executive Branch, a Area acting for Will Clayton who was out of town. Loy problem which Dean Acheson described as “the most Henderson placed before the group the paper which he major decision with which we have been faced since the had developed over the weekend and which, he explained, War” was absorbed, studied and handled. This swift Mr. Acheson had “approved in principle as a basis for response, defined from its inception in terms which showed discussion.” A debate ensued, but the group finally con¬ the global implications, deserves study not only for smooth cluded that “ ... it appeared to be the view of most of functioning of the Government machinery, but also be¬ those present that this Government should decide in prin- cause the proposals broke new ground in foreign affairs.

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 FITZHUGH GREEN Time for USIA to Turn Pro

ONE hears mutterings from FSOs these days will have little experience in this difficult, demanding and against the proposed integration of 697 USIA sophisticated profession, unless he does a tour with USIA. officers into the Foreign Service of the United USIA’s only two-time Director (and also five-time States. Aloud, they cite fear of diluting the con¬ Ambassador), George V. Allen, pointed out in the JOUR¬ centrated excellence of the Corps. More quietly, they add NAL’S April issue that this experience does not hurt FSO that it is unfair competition to bring in through lateral careers. Characteristically omitting mention of his own entry officers who have risen faster through an easier pro¬ phenomenal achievements, Mr. Allen offered a long list motion system. of FSO luminaries who have had one or more tours with My just completed twelve years in USIA leave me USIA. Since an ambassador is responsible for USIS, convinced that Agency officers should fear dilution of along with all other country team operations, he should their ranks by the proposed integration. In fact, this con¬ be trained and experienced in that field. Certainly, like templated move is one more step away from the career the head of a business firm, nation or any organization, specialization that USIA should have if it is to carry out he should be its leading salesman. its given function as a propaganda agency. Unhappily, perhaps because of this country’s nervous For despite its euphemistic title, the US Information attitude toward propaganda, USIA has done little to train Agency is engaged in propaganda, following the dictionary its own officers on how to persuade foreigners to under¬ definition: “Spreading ideas, facts, information for the stand and accept the American people, their culture and purpose of helping an institution or a cause.” Tn short, foreign policy. USIA’s task is to influence public opinion. It has drawn recruits from all communications media How USIA tries to sway public opinion is another mat¬ and given them a chance to practice propaganda on their ter—it does not employ propaganda in the pejorative own. But, except to suggest emulation of their seniors, sense. From its inception the Agency has been and is little is done to inculcate new officers with the elusive committed to telling the truth. Aside from the fact that techniques of this profession. this policy coincides with our J udaic-Christian ethic, deep¬ USIA’s philosophy has been to play it by ear—learn by ly engrained in the “American Way of Life,” it also makes doing. the best long-range propaganda. Admitting the nation’s One specific attempt was made, but never duplicated. troubles, along with touting its strengths, encourages cred¬ That was a document called the “Country Public Affairs ibility in the minds of our foreign listeners. Officer’s Handbook,” a technical manual. Yet this extra¬ In my own stints as USIS Chief in Laos, Israel and the ordinarily complete description of what a USIA post Congo—all during war periods—I used a simple stratagem should accomplish and how to do it was never pressed on to assure credibility: I let it be known that anyone who our officers upon its completion several years ago. And could spot a willful untruth in any USIS output would now it is called obsolete. win from me a thousand dollars and my promise to leave Today the Agency training division sidesteps any sub¬ the country in 48 hours. It was and remains a safe bet stantive effort to tell USIA personnel how to be propa¬ for any country public affairs officer to make. gandists. If USIS officers are equatable with FSOs, then one must Part of the problem is that in thirteen years of inde¬ ask: is an FSO good material as a propagandist? Not pendent existence, USIA has had seven directors, plus usually. True, he has related qualities: broad knowledge two long-term acting-directors. Each has altered the of his country, language ability, fine character and per¬ Agency’s course, according to his own interpretation. sonality. More particularly his expertise as a political re¬ Only one, Edward R. Murrow, precisely and clearly porter is essential. In modern commercial propaganda, spelled out the Agency’s mission and called it what it was i.e., advertising, market research has become a vital first —propaganda. Yet even Mr. Murrow shied away from step in any campaign. In effect, this is gauging public the problem of training. Great natural communicator that opinion, before and as one tries to captivate it. The FSO he was, he felt propagandists are born not made. This is must assay the temper of the people as he describes the probably true. But USIA’s officers number over 1300. political climate in his host country. But he does not Is it likely that each of them is or could be a born propa¬ have to influence it. Until he becomes an ambassador he gandist?

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 21 In the meantime, sputtering controversy has flickered agency’s functions, develop a real training program and on and off as to whether propaganda indeed is a proper create a truly career service for the specialists it has task for the foreign voice of American policy. assembled. In USIA’s radio service, for example, zealous people This last step could be taken by (a) completing the cur¬ leak ominously to the press that the Voice of America is rent move in the Foreign Service, not as regular FSOs being forced by its parent agency to engage in dirty prop¬ but tagged FSO(I)s, (Information), and (b) establishing aganda. “We should be like the BBC,” is their usual different promotion criteria under which FSO(I)s would battle cry. The fact is the VOA has always tried to oper¬ be judged on their performance and ability as propa¬ ate in the BBC genre. gandists. Under the present system of joint State-USIA A boost to the Agency’s need to build expertise in its promotion boards, it is possible for officers skilled in field was its divorce from the State Department in 1953 administration but indifferent as propagandists to rise to by Secretary John Foster Dulles. His rationale for doing the top ranks. This is acceptable for the State Depart¬ this was apparently to rid himself of what he considered ment but not for USIA if it is to carry out its unique to be a troublesome organization. mission. But the concept of a separate agency is useful in itself. For Americans interested in advertising, promotion, Industry has a parallel: The advertising agency—which public relations or cultural and political communications, is nearly always a separate organization from the manu¬ USIA, even with its shortcomings, offers fascination and facturer of the products it pushes. When it remains part fulfillment unequaled in any other Agency of the Execu¬ of the parent company, it is known as a “House Agency.” tive Branch, except the Presidency itself. When USIA was a “House Agency” of State, it suffered Yet many of the Agency’s senior officers dream only of the same weaknesses as its business counterpart: namely, the day when they can become FSOs assigned in the State a tendency to “yes” its client who was also its boss; and Department. A USIA career simply doesn’t satisfy them to be less objective and less creative. as it stands today. This analogy should not suggest that “selling” foreign If the US Government does not want to have a first- policy is exactly like hawking consumer products. The class, truly acknowledged propaganda organization, then former exercise presupposes a much deeper knowledge the practical move would be to cut down the Agency in of its market or “target audience” as the propagandists number and integrate its generalists into the Department call it; a subtler sense of timing and a far broader person of State. USIA would then shrink its function to press to do the selling. releases, speech writing for the ambassador and the passive Now independent, USIA’s observers agree that it does public relations of diplomatic ceremony. The highly spe¬ better at winning foreign support for US policies. Also, cialized people of VOA and IMV—the combined" TV and like the advertising agency and its client, USIA counsels moving pictures operation, are already semi-autonomous. the President and Secretary of State on the potential They could become more so, like their British opposite public impact abroad of new policies in the process of numbers. The cultural effort now split between State at formulation. Mr. Murrow insisted on this prerogative home and USIA abroad could also be cut completely before he would accept the post cf USIA Director from free, and like the British Council avoid the taint of prop¬ President John F. Kennedy. “I want to be in at the take¬ aganda by becoming so totally isolated as to appear non¬ offs as well as the crash landings,” he said wryly in the governmental. aftermath of the propaganda disaster over the U-2 inci¬ I believe such shifts would mean a twenty-year retro¬ dent. gression. They would also further diffuse and weaken But USIA has never come to fruition as a body of pro¬ our already blurred propaganda focus. fessional propagandists. In its radio, TV and motion If America wants to field a propaganda team, it should picture activity, USIA’s specialized communicators are be modern and professional. Our world role should brook good technicians but not propagandists. Perhaps the vig¬ no mediocrity in this vital sphere of activity. USIA should orous and conscientious new Director, Leonard H. Marks, take appropriate steps without delay: Train its officers, will be the first to convert USIA into a professional propa¬ operate its own career service for FSO(I)s and learn its ganda machine. To do so, he will need to tighten up the trade. ■

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Julu 1966 STEPHEN SESTANOVICH

Thomas Jefferson, PAO

THOMAS JEFFERSON left more pa¬ been the public affairs officer, al¬ pers than any other man in hu¬ though of course that title was not man history before the invention then used. of the typewriter. For digging out the information m- For years scholars and writers have which lends credence to this new facet pored over, marveled over and chuck¬ of Jefferson’s life we are indebted to led over the many pieces of paper left Professor Boyd and his co-workers at behind by this remarkable man. His¬ the Princeton University Press who torians have always acknowledged TJ are in the middle of their monu¬ as a man of many parts. But the full mental task of compiling “The Papers extent of his genius was not widely of Thomas Jefferson.” Of the pro¬ Tfli known until the present generation. posed 52-volume work, 17 already True, our old history textbooks have appeared, and volume 18 is due gave Jefferson credit for drafting the later this year. All of them are rich Declaration of Independence and for in Jefferson lore. swinging the Louisiana Purchase, but The “Papers” show that Jefferson’s many of his other rich contributions tour in Paris produced no diplo¬ to our civilization remained largely matic spectaculars. His triumphs were obscure until the 20th century, when in the field of studied negotiation and his political and social philosophy international communication. These caught fire around the world. were activities he understood well and Today, as new material on Jefferson worked at constantly. He had an un¬ is examined by scholars like Dumas usual appeal to young Frenchmen, Malone, Saul K. Padover, Bernard and the “Papers” reveal how he gave !»■ Mayo, John Dos Passos, Julian P. to them and their opinions the respect Boyd and his colleagues, there is evi¬ that is accorded to an equal. He be¬ dence and more evidence that Jeffer¬ came immensely popular and his opin¬ son was among other things a talented ions were highly respected. As a re¬ practitioner in the field of public af¬ sult, the residence of the American fairs. Minister in Paris, on the Champs The evidence shows that in 1789- Elysees, became a gathering place 1793 when Jefferson served as Presi¬ for the youthful thinkers and doers dent Washington’s Secretary of State, of the 1780s. an office which then included the In many ways, especially in its in¬ duties of Postmaster General and ternational aspects, the age of Jeffer¬ Commissioner of Patents, he also dis¬ son was much like our own. Many of charged the duties which today cor¬ the things which were said in the respond to those of Director of USIA. declarations, the manifestoes, the And before that, when Jefferson newspapers, and in the private con¬ served in Paris as our minister, versations of the time sounded a where his assigned tasks dealt mainly great deal like what we hear today on The building on the Champs Elysees with trade, the price of salt fish, and television or read in the newspapers. where Jefferson lived during his tour tariffs, he might as well also have But there were numerous differ- as Minister.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1988 23 ences, too. In those days the position son chafed under the propaganda, so of the United States in world affairs general in the Europe of that day, de¬ was nearly the opposite of what it is picting the United States in a state of today. The founding fathers led the anarchy, with highway robbers infest¬ nation from weakness; our leadership ing the roads. today is from strength. That they Jefferson’s concern was expressed trod carefully in the field of foreign in a letter to Monroe: relations was born of a mature polity "The English papers so incessantly and “regard for the opinion and reac¬ repeat their lies about the tumults, tion of a candid world”—as they used the anarchy, the bankruptcies and dis¬ to say. tress of America, these ideas prevail Jefferson faced in Paris what every pretty generally in Europe. At a large public affairs officer has to contend table where I dined the other day, a with today—a vast lack of under¬ gentleman from Switzerland ex¬ standing of American institutions. In pressed his apprehension for the fate that situation he was an ideal inter¬ of Doctor Franklin, as he had been Portrait of Thomas Jefferson by M. preter of American goals and Ameri¬ informed that he would be received Brown. can life, for he had played a major with stones by the people who were role in the formation of the Republic. generally dissatisfied with the Revolu¬ In preparing himself for his role as tion and incensed against all those public affairs officer, Jefferson had al¬ who had assisted in bringing it about. ways, as he said, made it a practice I told him his apprehensions were just Plaque placed on the Jefferson resi¬ whenever opportunity occurred, “of and that the people of America would dence in Paris on the occasion of the obtaining any information of our probably salute Doctor Franklin with 100th anniversary of the founding of country which might be useful to me the same stones they had thrown at the University of Virginia. in any station, public or private, to the Marquis de Lafayette . . .” commit it to writing.” This he did Jefferson made numerous efforts to faithfully in keeping his “Notes on correct these inaccurate accounts of Virginia.” life in America. Ele did not enjoy The result was not a series of cut writing letters to newspaper editors, and dried observations, as might be but he realized that this was the only expected of such a diary, but a way in which he could reach great learned treatise on the country as he numbers of Frenchmen. One letter, knew it at the time, a work which written to the editor of JOURNAL DE took into consideration its topog¬ PARIS, a M. Claviere, rebuts the idea raphy, its resources, and its natural of highway gangsterism in America: history, as well as the inhabitants, “It is a happy thought for us, sir, their laws, their customs and attitudes. that these evils do not exist, and never Everything that could be said or did exist ... I attended the Bar of the known about the new world in the Supreme Court of Virginia for ten last quarter of the 18th century was years as student and practitioner. covered in this volume. There never was during that time a Not only did Jefferson write down trial for robbery on the highroad, the facts, but he used them effectively nor do I remember ever to have and meaningfully during his tours of heard of one in that or any other of duty abroad. the States . . .” For example, while in Paris Jeffer¬ Earlier, when the Abbe Raynal ex-

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 pressed his surprise that America One of Jefferson’s handbills—re¬ Jefferson made it a point to sample "had not yet produced one poet, one cently discovered in Germany—ap¬ the foods and fruits of the localities mathematician, one scientist, or one pealed to the Hessians by pointing out through which he passed. artist,” Jefferson sprang to the de¬ that the American states had always In a memorandum which he pre¬ fense of his countrymen with passion. extended the protection of their laws pared for his successor in Paris, TJ He shot back: to those who settled among them, “of advised: ‘‘When we shall have existed as a whatever nation or religion they “Take every possible occasion for people as long as the Greeks did be¬ may be,” and had admitted them “to entering into the houses of the la¬ fore they produced a Homer, the Ro¬ a participation of the benefits of civil bourers and especially at the moment mans a Vergil, the French a Racine and religious freedom.” of their repast; see what they eat, how or a Voltaire, the English a Shake¬ Congress offered all the rights of they are clothed, whether they are speare or a Milton, should this re¬ American citizenship and 50 acres of obliged to work too hard; whether proach still be true, we will inquire land to all the Hessians who would the government or their landlords from what unfriendly causes it has desert “rather than continue exposed take from them an unjust proportion proceeded.” to the toils and dangers of a long and of their labour; on what footing Jefferson did not let the matter bloody war waged against a people stands the property they call their drop there. He wrote to the Abbe: guilty of no other crime than of refus¬ own, their personal liberty, etc., etc.” “. . . In revolution we have pro¬ ing to exchange freedom for slavery.” Jefferson was above all interested duced a Washington, whose memory At the time, Benjamin Franklin in people. He was as much at home will be adored while liberty shall came up with a practical idea—that with diplomats, editors, writers, phi¬ have votaries ... In physics we have some tobacco be folded inside the losophers and professors as he was produced a Franklin, than whom no leaflets and that they be floated in with wine growers and brick makers. one of the present age has made drift canoes to the Hessian camp. An invitation to his home for a meal more important discoveries, nor has As in many similar projects, the ef¬ was as highly prized as it was simply enriched philosophy more, or with fectiveness of Jefferson’s scheme was extended—only in the name of “Th: more ingenious solutions of the phe¬ never fully ascertained. However, the Jefferson.” nomena of nature ... As in philoso¬ Hessian forces were soon hit by de¬ He was a language officer, for he phy and war, so in government, in sertion, and many of them settled in trained himself to speak the languages oratory, in painting, in the plastic Pennsylvania, New York and Ohio. of half the countries of Europe. arts, we might show that America, Recent scholarship confirms that But Jefferson was also a lonely though but a child yesterday, has al¬ Jefferson was a practical man, a firm man. He had been a widower for ready given hopeful proofs of genius, man, in addition to being an idealist. many years and he traveled to his as well as of nobler kinds, which His rare skill in appraising the world work in Paris and London with only arouse the best feelings of man, which situation during the most momentous his two small daughters, whose edu¬ call him into action, which substanti¬ years in modern history, when the Eu¬ cation he planned meticulously while ate his freedom, and conduct him to ropean war broadened so as to threat¬ they attended French and Italian happiness . . . We therefore propose en us, when the French Revolution schools. that this reproach is as unjust as it is passed into its greatest excesses, when Whether he was in France, Aus¬ unkind; and that, of the geniuses our young republic entered into its tria, England or Italy, Jefferson's which adorn the present age, America historic policy of neutrality, command home on the mountain top in Vir¬ contributes its full share.” the admiration of those dealing with ginia always was in his thoughts, and Jefferson carried his “Notes on Vir¬ turbulent international problems in he planned constantly to return to it. ginia” with him to Paris, where they any age, including our own. His desire to return home, to the were printed. He drew on them and In his public affairs activities Jeffer¬ bosom of his own country, detracted occasionally sent other letters to son’s planning was superb. He pro¬ nothing from his effectiveness while French and British newspapers which duced action documents. His “coun¬ traveling and working abroad. On the dealt with topics such as the American try plan” and his “assessment reports” contrary, it endeared him especially Indian, natural history, the develop¬ were intelligently designed and bril¬ to the architects, scientists, inventors, agriculturalists and furniture makers ment of press freedom in the emerg¬ liantly written. His “budget docu¬ ing colonies, and other matters of in¬ ments” were complete in every detail. with whom he discussed improve¬ terest to the intelligent European of Every cent was earmarked for spe¬ ments he planned for Monticello. When Jefferson finally was al¬ that period. Jefferson’s erudition, clar¬ cific projects. He tolerated neither lowed to retire, many, many Euro¬ ity of expression and frank discussion wastefulness nor duplication of effort. won for him wide respect through¬ Jefferson’s planning emphasized pa¬ peans joined the stream of friends who every year came to Monticello tc out the continent, and indirectly forti¬ tience. “The tree of liberty grows fied his concept of a free and crusad¬ slowly,” he used to say. But “the dis¬ visit him. And the stream continues today—of Europeans and Americans ing press. ease of liberty is catching,” he told Earlier, during the Revolutionary Lafayette 150 years ago. Events who go to Monticello to pay homage War, Jefferson had tried his hand at proved him right. The number of true to the man who built it and who psychological warfare. We are in¬ democracies in the world has in¬ lived there until his death in 1826. clined to look upon desertion leaflets creased. Even where parliamentary One of Jefferson’s greatest admir¬ —a device used by George Creel in and democratic governments have ers was President John F. Kennedy, World War I, Elmer Davis in the been replaced by new dictatorships who paid TJ much homage and many Second World War, and subsequently Jefferson would be pleased to know compliments. He would be the first in the Korean War and in the present that these too are loudly proclaimed to say perhaps that while our mis¬ conflict in Vietnam—as an innovation in the name of liberty. sions abroad have never been better run—with their able staffs of polit¬ of our age. Similar leaflets were au¬ Jefferson would receive high marks thored by Thomas Jefferson and used for his personal conduct at his posts ical. economic, military and public during the Revolution to induce Hes¬ of assignment. He was a curious man, affairs officers—none is more effec¬ sian mercenaries serving with the traveling and exploring every corner tively run than the one Jefferson ran British to change sides. of his “parish.” During these travels in Paris—alone. ■ FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 25 SAXTON BRADFORD deterioration in the use of the English language. All languages exported from their origin to the provinces including Latin, French and English, have been altered by generally recognized laws of linguistics. Many of the changes are mechanical and predictable, as the change of the Spanish alii to ai in the New World colonies. What is happening to English in the United States in this decade, however, is not simply a lazy slurring of the syllables. It is a degeneration of the thought that once gave the word its impulse. It reflects not flabbiness of the tongue muscles, but of the mind. What was only a noticeable trend among teenagers a few years ago to substitute a ritual sound like “cool” for a well selected descriptive ad¬ jective is now accepted as an adult approach to language. Something like ten thousand years of struggle to develop word patterns as a means of conveying precise thought has Up Babel Greek Without A Paddle

DRAMATIC changes in our life and culture greet been abandoned in the first excitement over an invention the Foreign Service officer returning from over¬ that simply multiplies the power of the voice. Or as one seas. These changes have so much accelerated wag put it: “Electronic genius has been put to work to that a three-year absence is sufficient to make repeat nothing much instantaneously to millions of people.” apparent sweeping currents moving contemporary Ameri¬ The relationship of language differences to cultural dif¬ can society. Forced by the discipline of his profession ferences has been sufficiently explored so we are prepared into the habit of analytical observation of people and in¬ to find that what is described as “acceptable” in New stitutions, the officer assigned to domestic duty sees his England is called “good” in Wilmington, “wonderful” in own neighborhood with greater perspective than the stay- Chicago, “fantastic” in Los Angeles and “dreamboat” in at-home can achieve. Teenland. Since no one likes to be observed objectively, the Likewise Gresham’s law is understood to be applicable officer returned from abroad is well advised to keep quiet to the lexicon as well as to the ledger. Thus courage be¬ in mixed company. A casual mild observation of mine comes backbone, backbone becomes intestinal fortitude on what is happening at home brought from the Phoenix and intestines become guts. If it is any consolation to (Ariz.) Country Club set the response: “What are you, those who wince at hearing their insides come bloodily some kind of a nut or something?” But on the theory out of the television set daily, the word guts no longer has that the Foreign Service JOURNAL is not mixed company, meaning, either clinical as used by the physician or self- I will attempt some impressions. laudatory as used by the politician. This Anglo-Saxon The first change I noted on return this time was an word which once conveyed an idea is on its way to join the advancing American deafness. Tellie sets, record players, boneyard of worn out cliches from which there is no re¬ instructions to children and even conversation are turned turn to live language. up much higher than they were, and people seem now to The over-use of adjectives in daily communication, strain to hear. It is difficult to catch the meaning of characteristic of the unsure in speech, has long since been spoken words above the telephone, the washer, the dryer, noted. The new tendency in the Department of State to the barn dance in the rec room, the jet whine overhead type purple modifiers into its internal communications is and the rumble of traffic. One notices an insistent new worth comment here. The Department and its posts pass shrillness in voices, a phenomenon once associated with ten thousand messages a day. Lean English would seem the old and hard of hearing. to be a requirement for volume reasons alone. But much As one compensating factor, listeners have become more important, loose adjectives tend to blur that pre¬ much quicker to sort out the sounds, when they are able cision that doctors need in diagnosing, lawmakers need in to hear them distinctly. It takes the agility of an abacus legislating and Foreign Service officers need in reporting operator to calculate whether musical lyrics are intended and policy making. to be commercial or romantic. This is an acquired skill, Imagine my surprise, then, to find on my desk a De¬ and the returned officer will be confused at first by the partment memo in which a proposed course of action throaty voice of the young lady who seems to be a call was described as “exciting.” This is the language my girl but is really a used-car saleswoman. The subtle and daughter uses anticipating a Girl Scout hike. I closed my almost pixie intrusion of the erotic into merchandising eyes and saw myself in forest green with Scout kerchief leads the returnee to wonder what bedroom conversation knotted at my neck, merit badges on my sleeve, proposing is like, whether the confusion remains there after the set to the British an exciting condominium to exploit the oil is turned off. reserves of Upper Chad. By all means the most startling development in the Until recently our foreign affairs professionals have American culture in the last three years has been the suffered through popular misconceptions of the Ugly

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL,, July 1966 American school quite secure in the knowledge that people little superior himself. Pity replaces resentment and envy. everywhere ridicule what they can neither attain nor The proper climate for a sale has been established. Super understand. The percentage of failure in examinations for Glop is carried away from the grocery shelves by the ton. the Foreign Service is sufficient to serve notice on the This is a curious line of reasoning when one remembers socially canny that the corps will be held publicly respon¬ that the other hard-and-fast axiom of the salesman is sible for its own high standards. The words elite and pop¬ that the buyer must be made to feel he is advancing his ular are mutually exclusive. But this corps, elite both social status by the purchase. Almost all successful na¬ in education and training, is beginning to deteriorate in tional advertising promises or implies a step up in the the use of its most important instrument, the English social scale. Popular polls indicate that status is now language. Precision of concept and description, once its more important than money to most Americans, and hallmark, is lost in the general lowering of English use price is no longer the prime inducement. and comprehension characteristic of this generation of When we place the social insecurity factor in the Americans. It will not suffer publicly from this deteriora¬ buyer’s mind alongside the status seeker factor we get tion, since the critics and the journals that fatten on their that advertising phenomenon, the long sleek limousine potboilings are themselves in no position to comprehend with gold door handles peddled in the American equiva¬ the nature of the loss. But the loss is serious. lent of East End cockney. The evidences of our national failure in English are But a Department memorandum is not a sales pitch. all around us. I heard a Government official with a Ph.D It seems to me important for the Foreign Service officer announce that he had “signed off on” a memorandum. to keep his identity in mind if he wishes to retain English Since the prepositions “off” and “on” cancel each other, as the language of communication in his trade. he meant only to say that he had signed the memorandum. Let us consider an executive of the Ford Motor com¬ pany. He would not for a minute allow himself to lapse Perhaps the language deterioration most evident since my last overseas assignment has been the substitution of into the language of some of his customers. It is incon¬ ceivable that he might deliver the following to his Board: the adjective “this” for the article “a.” I had this pain, “And I have to report, gentlemen, that we had a fabu¬ see, and everything went black. It would be a curious exercise to trace this substitution through the pidgin lous sales year. We sold a terrific number of cars. I English in which Blackpool sailors tried to converse with forget exactly how many. The prospects for next year Raratonga fishermen. This man he got two piecey dollar. are exciting. I don’t have the precise forecast.” It is also Belly belong this Mary she got strong pain too much inconceivable, regardless of television, that he would say drinky square face. to his fellow executives: “I eat lunch with this Chevrolet designer see and he says to me they’re going to come out Another startling new development is the recent dis¬ with this peacock blue number like I said.” appearance of tense. Suddenly tense is too much trouble It seems somehow meretricious to me to use a cant for us as it was for Captain Cook’s deck swabs. The bar language in any trade, like the language of Hamlet’s room goes dark see, and he grabs this other man by the grave diggers or the language of city hall. I was as seat of the pants and throws him in the street. I raise my dismayed by the State Department’s “flap” dialect in the hand and this geography teacher she says keep quiet, and nineteen fifties as I am now by its “crunch” dialect in I got this other grievance, see? the sixties. This effort to show exclusiveness by develop¬ It is fashionable now to blame television for everything ing an “in” jargon may be juvenile, but it is not a serious including the fact you can’t stop watching it. Television threat to our culture. is described as neutral. It mostly just spreads the worst, What is serious is linguistic laziness that lets the art of which we eagerly adopt, Ortega y Gasset told us a long communication fail by default. It is a part of the re¬ time ago that Phidias would be out and South Platte, sponsibility of an educated elite to maintain the standards Nebraska, Victorian would be in as soon as we got the of the mind and intellect. The process of widening the middle class organized and financed, and one should elite numerically is called the democratic process. This not blame a mechanical device for something that may process is not to be confused with the process of lowering have been inevitable. the standards, which induces the slow death of the cul¬ There is, however, an aspect of television that must ture. It seems ironic that a Department which emphasizes bear specific blame. That is its use as an advertising the use of foreign languages seems indifferent to its own. medium by the culturally unscrupulous. Those whose re¬ A loss of precision in the use of English will handicap sponsibility it is to police the medium in the public inter¬ the Foreign Service officer and the Department and the est seem amazingly vigilant in keeping plantation songs United States at a time when efficiency races against like Old Black Joe off the air. But they are sound asleep clock and calendar. But a serious deterioration in the while the language, our most precious collective asset, is ability of the nation to communicate among its own com¬ murdered in every living room. ponent parts may well threaten our political future. Pos¬ The most common reason given by advertising copy session of a common language makes us almost unique writers for deliberately debasing English is that people among the larger nations, gives us a tremendous lead in will buy more products sold ungrammatically. The sci¬ technology, social organization, defense and other vital ence of sales psychology, perhaps the most carefully stud¬ areas. But our language will cease to function as a com¬ ied scientific subject in the United States, holds that the mon asset when the corruption process has finally robbed uneducated listener is made nervous and insecure by it of exactness, precision and universal meaning. grammatical English. This theory maintains that the When our ordinances, proceedings, reports, judgments successful salesman like the successful politician must con¬ and directives become linguistic mush as much of our ceal his education, if any. The ideal situation for the public English has already done, then we will be up Babel salesman is one in which the intended victim seems just a creek without a paddle. ■

FOREIGN- SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 JOHN KER DAVIS

A Close Range Account of The Siege of Warsaw Farewell to a Beleaguered City

WHEN war breaks out abroad the State Depart¬ ment likes to have its Foreign Service officers remain at their posts in the invaded country as long as possible without too much danger. When it becomes apparent that a Foreign Service officer is in the path of serious attack, the question of remaining at his post is taken up with the State Department by tele¬ graph. When this is impossible the decision is the re¬ sponsibility of the principal officer at the post. In the case of Warsaw the German attack presented grave dan¬ ger. All communication with Washington was cut off. In the late summer of 1939 there were many indica¬ tions that Hitler would extend his snatching habits to Poland. One indication was the frequency with which Nazi officers were to be seen in the corridors of the Hotel Europegski. Another was the frequency with which Hitler intimated that he had no ulterior plans for the seizing of Poland. It is interesting to note that sometime before the opening of hostilities Mr. Molotov (this sin¬ ister development didn’t become known till long after¬ wards) had been in Berlin drafting an agreement between Russia and Hitler for the attack upon Poland and the division of its territory as booty of war. The Russian Embassy in Warsaw had for some time been virtually closed. Mr. Molotov re-opened it with great eclat. He gave an enormous official reception at which Polish nota¬ bles and the chiefs of the Missions and staffs of all coun¬ tries maintaining embassies or legations in Warsaw were present. Champagne and vodka flowed freely and tables were laden with caviar. Ambassador Biddle and his wife, embassy secretaries and their wives, I and all of my officers and their wives constituted the largest group of guests, and being in full regalia made quite a show. All of us shook hands with Molotov and his immediate staff, but obviously there was no opportunity for conversations. Polish officials seemingly were entirely deceived by Molo¬ tov's visit and the seeming desire of Russia to revive friendly relations with Poland. The impudence of this glittering duplicity was enormous. However, it apparent¬ How Warsaw surrendered—Polish mediators arrive for ly accomplished what was desired, namely to allay all negotiations about the surrender. Polish fears and suspicions.

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 Believing that an early war was imminent, the Ameri¬ nature of the reports remained, and speculation was so can Consulate General seriously considered the advisa¬ confused and contradictory that it was reduced to more bility of warning American citizens that war was likely or less intelligent guessing, and consequently it was diffi¬ and that unless they wished to remain through such a cult to determine the exact course to be followed by war they should leave Poland while they could do so American officers as well as those of other nationalities. safely, comfortably and without undue expense. This was Quite some time before the actual outbreak of war delayed because the Ambassador feared that such a notice Vice-Consul Morton, with a clerk from the Embassy as might give offence to the Polish government. However, interpreter, was sent to Brest Litovsk. A building in this the situation became so critical that all American citi¬ city was rented for his use and he was supplied with zens were eventually given an opportunity to get safely a considerable amount of money in Polish funds. Brest out of the country. We received many curious letters Litovsk is roughly one hundred miles east of Warsaw and from these Americans, one of whom asked us to notify is a railway junction from which persons wishing to get him as to the date when the war was due to start so out of Poland would have the choice of going across that he could arrange to stay in Poland as long as possi¬ the Lithuanian border to the north or the Rumanian ble and still be sure of getting out in time. A consider¬ border to the south. A fair number of our refugees were able number were American citizens whose parents had able, by using this arrangement, to get out of Poland. emigrated to the United States and who themselves had Vice-Consul Morton was arrested by the Russians when acquired American citizenship through birth. For such their advance into Poland took place and was held by people the problem presented was a very distressing and them for some time. difficult one, involving the upsetting of business ties and The American Consulate General, believing hostilities the parting from their Polish relatives and friends. The were about to begin, requested all American officers to

Warsaw has surrendered—these barricades were erected in the suburbs of Warsaw. In the background great fires in the center of the city.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 29 send their families away to some safe place—a request On the whole, the morale of the staff continued high that was observed with considerable reluctance on the even when conditions became almost intolerable, and it part of the wives. was evident that a couple of the officers suffered without On September 5 the Polish government requested the making any complaint. It is interesting to know that al¬ Chiefs of Missions and their staffs to accompany it to though they suffered more than the others they never a point near Lublin. On the next day Ambassador Biddle flinched nor failed to perform any duty assigned to them. and the majority of his staff left Warsaw, and on the It was also surprising to note that officers and clerical following day Military Attache Colburn and Second Secre¬ assistants, men and women alike, were able to force them¬ tary Harrison followed. It was decided that the Consulate selves to do what they were asked although most of them General would at once be moved to the Embassy build¬ must have been tormented by fears. There were a few ing, (1) the better to protect the files, (2) because it of the women assistants from the Consulate General and was better suited for all purposes and (3) it was in a Embassy staffs who showed remarkable courage and effi¬ better section of the city and one less liable to German ciency in looking out for refugees. Although, like the attack. Thus the entire problem of looking after Amer¬ rest of us, these women assistants had to sleep on the ican interests devolved on the Consul General and his cement cellar floor on a blanket, they were always cheer¬ staff, consisting of myself, Consul George J. Haering, Con¬ ful and performed their duties with the refugees in a sul Wm. M. Cramp, Vice-Consul Douglas Jenkins Jr., surprisingly efficient manner. I do not know how they Vice-Consul M. Williams Blake, Vice-Consul E. Tomlin managed under these adverse circumstances always to Bailey, Vice-Consul Carl Birkeland, Vice-Consul Wm. R. look neat and cheerful in spite of constant discomfort Morton, and Vice-Consul Thaddeus H. Chylinski. One and danger. consul and two vice-consuls were absent on leave in the Consul Haering showed great courage and efficiency. United States. Mr. Symons of the Commercial Attache’s He was tireless and his advice was always excellent. The office, and Dr. Wickman of the United States Public other officers’ efficiency and zeal were also surprisingly Health Service also remained and rendered good service. good. All of the Embassy clerks took their responsibilities Besides these were several women clerks of the Embassy very seriously and generally rendered valuable service. and approximately forty-eight from the Consulate Gen¬ Our physician, Dr. Whitman, gave us continuous and eral. The move, it developed later, was most fortunate. valuable service and advice. Mr. Symons also was very Eventually the consulate general was badly damaged by useful and cooperative in housing refugees in the Com¬ shell fire and if anyone had remained there he would have mercial Attache’s offices. lost his life. Our most immediate problem was to make the cellar On September 8 a German mechanized column reached safe by sandbags from bits of shells and bombs coming the outskirts of Warsaw, and by surprise attack managed in through the windows. The ceilings presented an acute to enter one side of the city for a short distance. It was, danger since the building was of masonry and a direct however, promptly driven out by the Polish infantry. Up hit by a shell or bomb would have brought down an to this time there had been desultory dropping of bombs avalanche of stone. To endeavor to meet this danger we on the city. Although they did get everyone’s nerves on placed planks at intervals against the cellar ceilings and edge, they did no military damage. One interesting fea¬ with sledge hammers drove posts tightly against them. ture at this juncture was the dropping of German spies Many of the posts were obtained by cutting down trees. from planes. These spies spoke Polish fluently and were The problem of securing food for such a large number dressed in civilian clothes. All sorts of rumors were of people daily was indeed difficult. At first Starzynski rampant concerning them and this situation and the fact was secretary of the committee controlling the city after that the average Polish country boy in uniform did not the government left, and a number of excellent, able men know the difference in sound of spoken German and kept stores open for quite a time. Towards the end, how¬ spoken English created considerable danger, since these ever, we got permission to break into warehouses and trigger-happy young men were quick to shoot at anyone get large quantities of food so that those dependent on they suspected of being a German spy. One Embassy us could be fed. As the German aircraft paid special at¬ secretary was beaten up by Poles who were bitter over tention to railway stations and warehouses, breaking into the havoc wrought by German bombs and shells, and a warehouse for food was a very ticklish and difficult did not bother to make sure that the stranger was an operation which had to be abandoned as soon as a string American and not a German spy. Consequently Ameri¬ of German planes was seen coming over our heads. To¬ cans were advised to avoid going out on foot in the wards the end our diets were not very well varied and bombarded areas. Even so some of our officers and I were quite monotonous. Some days we only got rice and heard bullets sizzling uncomfortably near our heads. others, say, tomatoes, and so forth. However, there was Realizing that the conditions under which we would very little complaining on the part of the refugees, who have to live would be uncomfortable and taut nerves recognized the difficulties involved. Our cook was a Lat¬ would cause much complaining I requested all officers vian woman who had been a maid to Mrs. Biddle. Al¬ to think of this in advance and to exercise forbearance though she lived through days of unrelieved fear she towards each other, and in no way to indulge in quarrelling managed to cook what could be obtained. or being even disagreeable with any of the other members Ambassador Biddle had caused a dugout to be made of the staff. Also, it was requested that the officers avoid in the Embassy grounds, but as this could not be effec¬ gathering in groups, save when eating meals, lest the tively drained it soon accumulated considerable water and more experienced ones be wiped out by a direct hit. An became useless. effort was also made to discourage officers from dwelling The two primary steps necessary were, first the keep- on the constant possibility of their being killed. (Continued on page 45)

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 EDITORIAL

THE RATIONALE OF SELECTION OUT

SURPRISINGLY few dissents were registered to the Associa¬ when the promotion list appears everyone of us at one point tion's comments on the Hays Bill that were carried as or another grumbles, “how did that so-and-so ever get an insert in the May issue of the JOURNAL. One mem¬ promoted?” It is indeed not a perfect system, but it is a ber of the Association, however, did weigh in heavily with system that professes standards, high standards—yes, even for the Board for not taking into consideration the views of our wives. They are standards that are for the most part the American Federation of Government employees as ex¬ irrelevant to our Civil Service colleagues in the other De¬ pressed to Senator Gore’s sub-committee by Mr. Thomas G. partments who after all are not called upon to master for¬ Walters. The JOURNAL is happy to publish these views else¬ eign tongues amd may not even have to possess a pleasant, where in this issue. outgoing personality in order to successfully persuade, cajole It will readily he seen that the burden of Mr. Walters’ and negotiate with foreigners. complaint is against the “efficiency report” and “selection There can be no turning back to any concept of a service out” aspects of the Foreign Service as compared with the of “nice guys” with a “constitutional right” to remain at the Civil Service. His testimony serves the useful purpose of public trough as long as they keep their hands out of the till. pointing up the basic and perhaps fundamental difference in On the contrary the goal must be what it has been for some concept of the two career services. years—to produce the best possible Service. To do so means Clearly no personnel system is perfect. But it is equally that the mechanisms—efficiency reports, selection boards and clear that no personnel system, including the military, is un¬ selection out panels—must be constantly reviewed to assure der greater pressure than the Foreign Service to produce that they are in fact accomplishing what they are designed highly qualified, dedicated officers. The nature of the world to accomplish in as fair and equitable manner as possible. today and America’s role in it make this constant search for The Development Appraisal Report is an example of a improvement imperative even if the frequent tinkering in¬ “mechanism.” Mr. Walters finds it obnoxious as do some evitably results in some dislocations. To put it bluntly, the FSOs. But it is important to remember that it was instituted Foreign Service can no longer afford to harbor a percentage by popular demand of a long series of Selection Boards who of “misfits” or even “dead wood.” The kitchen is hot and found the former efficiency reports such pallid pailsful of pap the competition keen. It is therefore essential that there be a that they had great difficulty distinguishing the mediocre from dignified exit for those who either can’t take the heat or those with obvious promise. In other words, when rating don’t measure up. officers were not being candid, the quality of the Service Whatever its imperfections may be, the “efficiency report” suffered. is the best method yet devised to gauge how an officer is do¬ The “selection out’’ system is one of the mechanisms de¬ ing. Few of us are without some reservation about these signed to keep the Service vigorous and competent. It has and 99 per cent of those who write them agonize long hours weaknesses like all systems. We think the phrase itself is an in an effort to find the right language to fairly describe their unfortunate one connoting as it does a stigma which should subject’s plusses and minuses. It is nonsense to imply that not exist. It may be that we have something to learn from the efficiency reports somehow induce conformity or a fear that military services who manage to “select out” without calling independence of thought or professional integrity will re¬ it that. sult in selection out. A quick look at some of those who In sum, we sympathize with Mr. Walters’ concern as a have reached the pinnacle of the Service after years of being union official that many of his members may get blanketed rated would indicate the reverse. Independence of thought into a personnel system in which some cannot successfully and professional integrity are the most obvious attributes of compete. The Wriston experience would bear out the validity men like Robert Murphy, Loy Henderson, George Allen, of such a fear. The reconstituted staff corps and the talked Livingston Merchant, Raymond Hare, Charles Bohlen and about foreign affairs officer category would seem to take care Alexis Johnson, to name only a few who have reached the of this peril. With all due respect to Mr. Walters, one thing top. is certain. Nothing will be gained by melding the Foreign No, the rating system has not produced conformity. It Service back into the Civil Service. Furthermore no move may well have overlooked others equally deserving of the should be attempted which deviates from the path of con¬ accolade, “career ambassador,” and it has certainly, at times, stantly refining the mechanisms designed to assure a highly seemed to perform erratically at other levels. Each year competitive, competent Foreign Service. ■ FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 31 WASHINGTON LETTER by LOREN CARROLL

IT seems a pity that almost all good said, had embarked on a vast tetral¬ There is also a hint of Cherubini’s news must be qualified by words ogy, “The Ring,” based on Teutonic “Medea” in the last scene of “Les of warning. But the woods are mythology. Berlioz, an erratic fellow, Troyens a Carthage.” But on the full of optimists and for many, a and a composer of far-ranging talents, other hand, when one imagines that threatened rise in pay will inspire wild seems to have been spurred into there are echoes of Tschaikowsky’s extravagance. Some will covet a new competition. In no time at all he had Sixth Symphony one rapidly realizes car, new cookout equipment, slate sketched out a kind of Latin rival who was influencing whom. The roofing for the barn. Then there are to Wagner’s "Ring”—two operas called Sixth Symphony was started more those whose fancy turns to recondite “Les Troyens” (The Trojans) based than thirty years after “Les Troyens” objects: a collection of eighteenth on the second and fourth books of was completed. century lead soldiers in a Faubourg- the Aeneid. The first opera was “La What the world needs is a com¬ St. Honore window, some sixteenth Prise de Troie” and the second “Les plete recording of “Les Troyens.” century Florentine jewelry in a Madi¬ Troyens a Carthage.” Those who admire it could then play son Avenue window, a Sicilian car- Rancor invaded Berlioz's soul when it on their own schedules. Meanwhile, retino offered by Neiman-Marcus, he had to wait five years for a pro¬ Angel Records has issued excerpts some 1910 Newfoundland postage duction of “Les Troyens.” Rancor from “Les Troyens” on two records. stamps. The acquisitive instinct, was amplified when Wagner’s Tann- After hearing these ten times this whether plain or fancy, must be kept hauser” was produced in Paris during listener is inclined to believe that this under control until the possibilities of this period. The foreigner came first. is one of the greatest recordings, in increased income are clearer. Finally a production of “Les Troy¬ artistic value and engineering skill, in The possibilities are as follows: ens” was achieved in 1863. It was the history of the phonograph. 1. The bill for a pay increase of a moderate success. This was Angel was cagey in selecting its 2.9 per cent—across-the-board—has, followed by the resounding successes performers. The conductor Georges since we last wrote about it, been lan¬ of a Vienna production in 1866, and Pretre has a thorough grasp of the guishing in the Senate. However, this a St. Petersburg production in 1867. Berlioz style. He keeps the massive is no cause for pessimism. When the After this the world of opera, en¬ orchestra in full control. The sopra¬ Senate gets down to it, it is likely to thusiastically hailing each new work no, Regine Crespin, who sings both pass. The House, in passing the bill, of Verdi and Wagner, filed Berlioz’s Cassandra in “La Prise de Troie” and changed the effective date from Janu¬ masterpiece in the glory hole. Dido in "Les Troyens a Carthage” is, ary 1, 1967 (favored by the Presi¬ In recent years there have been a of course, an artist of tremendous dent), to July 1, 1966. The Senate few revivals—in Paris, London, Ox¬ qualities. In modern days France has might well adopt the earlier date. Any¬ ford, Glasgow, Karlsruhe and Odes¬ produced only two other sopranos of thing is welcome but the maximum sa. Other great opera houses show this species, supple and yet hefty rise to be hoped for is 3.2 per cent— no rush to mount it. Why this curious enough to handle Wagner: Germaine the 2.9 hike in salary plus some fringe neglect of a great, authentic master¬ Lubin and Suzanne Juyol. The Aeneas benefits. piece? is Guy Chauvet who seems to be 2. A new bill—S. 3247—has been The most likely answer is that mounting into the roster of such great introduced into the Senate by Senator Berlioz, moved by the Wagnerian French tenors of the past as Ed¬ Fulbright at the request of the Depart- mania for length, composed five solid mond Clement and Lucien Muratore. men. It would provide a 6.1 per cent hours of music. The construction is Berlioz’s text was not meant for Itali¬ increase in the annuities payable on all wrong: Whereas “La Prise de ans, Americans, Spaniards or Ger¬ April 1, 1966 (note well: those who Troie” is too short to fill up an eve¬ mans, no matter how nimble their received a 4.3 per cent increase on ning, “Les Troyens a Carthage,” if tongues. Only those born into the April 1, 1966, will, if the new bill is played all in the same evening, is a French language should sing these passed, receive the difference between killer. Finding singers who combine lines. Angel’s singers are French. 6.1 per cent and 4.3 or 1.8 per cent, the right kind of voice with an in¬ hardly enough to make anyone turn stinct for the Berliozian phrase may giddy). The 6.1 per cent would apply be another point. The chief soprano Award to all annuities beginning after April roles have a high-lying tessitura that 1, 1966, and not later than the first many dramatic sopranos (a lighter Most of us have heard of those wag¬ day of the sixth month which begins soprano could not manage the music gish waitresses in Las Vegas and divers after the enactment of the legislation. at all) might find a bit trying. other way-out towns who bring in the sizzling platter and the Caesar salad Five serious thinkers were asked Whatever its difficulties, it merits attired in nothing more than a skimpy how they appraised the chances for a strenuous effort to keep it alive. S. 3247. All said they entertained apron beginning at the waist. Many It is one of the peaks of opera. Ber¬ men have been imprudent enough to “high hopes.” lioz, always an innovator, conjures express approval of these topless toot¬ up one crashing excitement after an¬ sies. What this can lead to is shown Masterpiece in the Glory Hole other. He was little influenced by in a recent letter in LIFE: GALVANIZING words were dropped other composers but nevertheless one into the ears of Hector Berlioz sometimes hears in the lush orches¬ Sirs: by the Princess Carolyne von Sayne- tral texture the results of assiduous My husband agrees that it is all Wittgenstein. Richard Wagner, she listening to Beethoven’s symphonies. right for a waitress to serve meals

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 naked from the waist up. I agree What kind of reporting is this? We bonds must be shifted to common too so I served him his supper voters have a right to a bill of particu¬ stocks as a hedge against inflation. the same way. He said 1 was lars, a precise list of the profanities, Advice on this subject might be a val¬ nuts, crazy and completely out of insults and obscenities, and, who ut¬ uable feature of the new guide. my mind and threatened to have tered them. The spectacle should also me committed. be put on television. We voters have What About the Nagas? Mrs. Edwin Purvis a right to it. Certainly television has For years, Christopher Columbus had duller shows. got away with the honor of having A man with any sense when asked discovered America. But the Scandi¬ his views on topless tootsies will reply We Never Learn navians have been muscling into this without hesitation: “Shocking! 1 de¬ claim and now the supporters of Leif plore this kind of depravity. What is Overheard in a restaurant: Old woman to another old woman: Erickson are getting bolder. Recently, our world coming to?” the spokesman for another claimant For making this clear, Mrs. Edwin “She took offense at what I said al¬ though it was the straight truth. That’s piped up in Florence. He is Mario Purvis, a brave woman and a forward Gattoni Celli who thinks that the thinker, deserves the July Award. what happened the last time she got annoyed. It’s always happening to Etruscans were the first to flock over me.” into these parts. Somewhere around Peaks on Parnassus 1100 B.C., an Etruscan-type civiliza¬ What is the most beautiful line in After Sixty: A Guide tion grew up in the present Guiana all world literature? Another candi¬ area. Celli said that there were man) The Department’s Administration date: close similarities between the religious Division has embarked on a thorough¬ practices and symbols of the Akawayo Es stehen unbeweglich ly worthy enterprise: a guide to re¬ Indians of Guiana and the Etruscans. die Sterne in der Hoh, tirement and all its problems. The Celli's knockout blow is this: “The viel tausend Jahr, und schauen guide will go into such matters as Etruscans were able navigators and sich an mit Liebesweh. planning for the future, the intricacies their ships did not differ greatly from Heinrich Heine of Social Security, job hunting. This those with which Columbus made his phase of life, often referred to by re¬ voyages.” (For many thousand ages tired admirals as “My Second Career” All very well and good, but what The steadfast stars above requires all the fortitude and address about other contenders for the honor? Have gazed at each other a man possesses and the guide will be What about the Ainus? The Hittites? With ever mournful love.) ultra useful. It will itemize job possi¬ The Nagas? These are all worthy peo¬ bilities, colleges, foundations, etc. Is ples and good evidence exists for “Green Felicity” a suggestion permitted? Retiring For¬ each one of them. What about the No lawn in Washington draws more eign Service officers nearly always original Smithsonian building? Isn’t admiration that the one surrounding need advice on how to deploy their that pure Naga? The food in at least the Treasury. Washingtonians stand savings so as to produce a maximum five Washington restaurants is pure looking at it, bemused. How is this safe return. In many cases, for in¬ Hittite. What more evidence do you smooth emerald carpet possible in a stance, money invested in government want? region covered with acres of crabgrass and plantain? This is, in Keats’ phrase, “green felicity.” The answer is supplied by Ralph Hayes, the Treasury’s assistant build¬ v e ing director: Life and Lo e in the por i£n Service s.i. Nadier A thorough seeding takes place ev¬ ery autumn. The formula is fescue, bent and perennial rye—one third each. At the same time the kind of fertilizer known as weed and feed is applied. This nourishes the soil and destroys all weeds. The soil is kept damp to promote germination. In the spring comes a supplementary seeding application of fertilizer. As simple as that.

Une Chambre Dechainee Rowdy goings-on in the Maryland House of Delegates are reported in the press. The colorful behavior came during a night session. Said one news¬ paper, “The House of Delegates dis¬ integrated into a rowdy mob. . . . While stunned visitors watched from packed galleries, unruly delegates shouted profanities and insults across the chamber at each other. . . . One delegate branded the governor with an obscenity.” “They’re heading for the commissary instead of the USIS library!” FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 33 1 he 1 rue Gloryj Remarks by Vice President Hubert Humphrey at the Ameri¬ Now this doesn’t mean that we are without blame, nor can Foreign Service Association luncheon on Thursday, May does it mean that everyone in the Foreign Service, US1S, 26, 1966. AID is working at the peak of his performance. But it does I CAME HERE for one purpose. I want to talk to you as a mean that, in the main, we have developed in our country a friend and as an associate in this great government of remarkable degree of dedication to public service on the ours. I want you to know that so far as I am concerned, part of those who represent this government abroad. If it the people in our Foreign Service and the people who repre¬ makes you feel any better, I assure you that I say this in sent our country in other services of our government overseas many other parts of America and not just here before you. —and that includes the military services—are the finest that I commend you and thank you for your work which you this nation has to offer. perform. I trust that you feel that your work is a dedication It’s a great Service, the Foreign Service. You sometimes and not just a job. If there ever was a time that our nation suffer the darts and arrows of criticism and even abuse. Re¬ needed people who are dedicated and committed to the duties member that much of this comes because, in the kind of that they are called upon to perform, it is now. 1 believe world in which we live, there is a great deal of frustration. that, in view of our responsibilities, we have to do better Problems are not easily solved. Even the nature of the prob¬ than other people, that we cannot judge ourselves by any¬ lem may not be easily understood, much less the cure. There¬ body else’s standards. We have to set our own standards and fore, people do strike out, almost in anger and many times try to fulfill them. even in an emotional frenzy. And, if you are going to strike I think that we must encourage one another to achieve out at somebody, why not strike out at somebody a long excellence in our work. I have said to many audiences that way from home, like the Foreign Service? That is an easy anybody nowadays can do what is possible. When I hear group to pick on. people say that something is possible, that means you can go

Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey speaks to members of the American Foreign Service Asso¬ ciation. On his left, U. Alexis Johnson, President of AFSA, and Secretary of State Dean Rusk, at his right, Ambassador Douglas Mac Arthur and Governor Averell Harriman.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 out and get anybody to do it, because we have perfected I for one don’t believe that all the troubles in the world machines, management techniques and skills that make it pos¬ are due to communism. Even if there were no Communists, sible for the average well-trained person to do what is pos¬ we would still face a troubled world. We would face troubles sible. The true glory of America is to do what is impossible. from population pressure, troubles from the restiveness of It was once considered impossible to have a government of new peoples seeking their own identity, troubles because of the people, by the people and for the people. We have it. It technological advances, troubles because of better and more was once thought impossible to make a so-called capitalistic rapid communications. system responsive to human needs and human welfare. But Modern communications have made it possible for people we did it. Doing the impossible is what makes us stand out to know that they do not have to live as they always lived in as a great nation and a great people. the past. While some people may long for the good old days, Now we must show that we can achieve a society that can there are a whole lot more people who are much more in¬ live in peace and in a spirit of social justice. We are still work¬ terested in seeing some good new days. They are looking for ing on that, and it will be the ultimate test of our society— a change for the better. And I am sure I don’t need to re¬ whether a society that is multi-racial, multi-religious, multi¬ mind you that two-thirds of this world is not like our part of ethnic, whether a society that is diverse rather than mono¬ the world. It is sick, it is poor, it is backward, industrially. lithic, whether that kind of society can live in peace and Much of it is burdened by the problems and the poverty of tranquility and accomplish the goals that we have set for centuries. It is diseased, poorly housed. It is the world of ourselves. the poor. Now I wish to discuss briefly a subject that has concerned President Johnson spoke at Howard University last year of me. and I am sure you as well—the image of our United the other America—the America of the poor. He said that States in the world. there were two Americas—the America of the four-fifths, a In real life, unlike in Shakespeare, the sweetness of the very good America and the other America. rose depends upon the name it bears. Things are not only The only graphic demonstration you need of that is to vis¬ what they are. They are. in very important respects—what it any city. If you go from the beautiful areas of a city to they seem to be. the others, it’s like another world. Indeed, it is for all prac¬ We must begin by facing a painful fact. In much of the tical purposes another world . . . dirty, dilapidated, broken world, the image of the United States is that of the guardian down. of the status quo. It is that of the harried mother who tells Siumism is more than deterioration of buildings—it is her maid: “Go find out what the children are doing, and the degradation of the people, their frustration, hopelessness, tell them to stop it.” despair, bitterness, hatred, and anger. I don't say that is what we are. But, regrettably, many people have this impression. Indeed, a goodly number of our It is here, right in our own country, and make no mistake fellow-citizens help to spread it. That is their right, but it about it. Your government is fully aware of it and is ur¬ is also my right to dispute them. gently trying to find ways and means to remedy this danger Democracy as we know it respects discussion and dissent within our midst. —but also from those of us who have been entrusted with I think the greatest single danger that faces this country at responsibility, it requires decision. For those on the outside home today is the division of our people—not on the basis of who do not have to be held responsible for policies and pro¬ race, not on the basis of region but on the basis of social grams, discussion and dissent are adequate, and we guard this culture, on the basis of opportunity. There are a vast num¬ right of theirs with our lives. Those of us who bear the ber of our people who are the victims of deprivation. They responsibilities may indulge in discussion and dissent within are broken in body, broken in spirit, broken in mind—and the councils of our government, but ultimately a decision has they live in broken-down buildings in the deteriorating sec¬ to be made. That is the difference between the outsider and tions of our great cities. It threatens the very peace and the insider. tranquilitv of this country. It is Watts. It is Harlem. It is the Those on the outside frequently seek to make it appear slums of Philadelphia. It is the back streets of Birmingham that we are old, fat, stuffy guardians of yesterday, and we and other cities. have to face up to the fact that this has an impact upon our The same conditions exist in many parts of the world. And. foreign relations. while the Communist movement is a constant threat, and Change is the law of life and this world is changing. A while we all ought to study its strategy, its tactics, its many philosopher of ancient Greece once said that: “You cannot diverse forms, we ought not in any way to delude ourselves. step twice into the same river, for fresh waters are ever Even if there never had been a Karl Marx, a Joseph Stalin flowing upon you.” or an Engels or a Lenin, there would be serious difficulties There isn’t anything that doesn’t change. And it is our in this world and we’d be involved in them and have to face task as officers of this government to be sensitive to these up to them. forces of change, to listen to the restive movement of peoples So I want my America and your America to identify itself and societies and try to adjust our policies accordingly, so that with change. Not with change just for the sake of change, we can help give direction to change. but with the fact of change. T want the people of the world A great power is exposed to a temptation from which to know through you about our country. It is very difficult the legendary King Canute was immune. He knew perfectly for the rich man who lives on the top of the hill to be re¬ well that, whatever he said or did, the tide would keep spected, much less loved, by the poor man who lives in the steadily rolling in. bottom of the valley. The gulf between them is not merely A sufficiently powerful nation can for a while hold things one of geographical distance, it is a gulf between different as they are and a Foreign Service officer can report to the worlds. head office: “All is quiet in my capital.” And it may mo¬ This is why we need to know to more about Asia. We need mentarily please your Secretary of State or your Minister of to know more about Africa. We are a European-oriented Foreign Affairs. But ultimately the dam will break and the people and most of you in this room, with few exceptions, are flood will come. What appeared at the time to be a very basically European-oriented. It is understandable. This is comforting statement to a superior becomes a deluge—a de¬ our background. This is our culture. This is what our chil¬ luge of violent change which inundates both the person who dren have been taught. This is what you were taught. gave the original false report and those who attempted to I graduated from a great university and I studied in the base policy upon it. field of foreign relations. I can honestly say that in the 1930s

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 35 there were only two courses in the whole university on any ments and our foreign trade—may very well have a greater area of Asia and none on Latin America. Even today, many impact upon our national security policy than anything that of our young people are unacquainted with these areas ex¬ Dean Rusk or Bob McNamara can say or do for the next cept for what they read in some weekly or daily publication. two or three years. I am a politician. That means that I must know a great Somehow or other we have to get this message across to deal about many people. When I go abroad I like to be able the American people—that, when we speak of national securi¬ to talk to people in some depth about my own country. I ty we are speaking also of what contract a trade union may don’t want them to get all of their information out of a ten- negotiate, and its possible inflationary effect, or what a big page pamphlet. corporation may do in terms of its price structure or restric¬ We have the task of leading, but we also must have under¬ tive trading policies. I don’t know how we are going to bring standing and support at the local level. This is why I have this message home clearly to the people, but it needs to be said we must know more about Asia—every part of it. And done because they need to understand it. the same with Africa. It is an urgent message that we need Now, let us talk finally about America today as you ought to get to the American people, because time is running out. to see it and as you ought to portray it. Our America is a I think this is the reason we are having trouble in Con¬ troubled, self-critical, self-questioning America, but it is an gress. Many of our problems relating to foreign policy arise America not afraid of change, not clinging to the status quo. because, once we moved away from the European sector, we I don’t ask you to go abroad and say, “Look, I am the leader started to lose our followers, because they didn't have any of the revolution.” I do ask you to remember in your own idea what line to follow. What they heard was not relevant heart and mind that you are a product of a revolution—and to their experience. We can get along fairly well with Latin the only genuinely progressive revolution that has taken place America. People have been told that these are our neighbors, for many, many years. I ask you to remember that this na¬ even though they're further away than some other nations, tion is essentially a very compassionate, humanitarian, pro¬ so there is something of a sentimental attachment. But you gressive, forward-looking nation. I ask you to get it out of and T know that we have other neighbors in this world and your mind that you are a representative of a conservative we are going to have to know more about them. Now in country, unless you mean by conservative, conserving that many ways our nation is viewed by others as a conservative which works, improving that which we have and adapting it nation —and not surprisingly, perhaps, since we have much to new needs and new problems. that is worthwhile to conserve. I think we simply have to carry the banner of legitimate Also it is often much easier for us to communicate with the change—and not only orderly change, because all of our privileged minority than with the majority in many parts of own change is not so orderly either. We didn’t get the Voting the world. The privileged abroad are more likely to speak Rights bill because everything was orderly, and we didn't get English, to dress like us, and to hold ideas which do not the Civil Rights Act in 1964 because somebody reasoned it shock or even disturb us. out. It was reason plus a degree of directed disorder. It was The majority do not speak English or any language but the capacity of those in positions of leadership to adjust them¬ their own. Their clothes, manners and ideas may be different selves to the forces that were relevant and evident. than ours. Their poverty and misery may indeed be almost This is an economically progressive nation—the largest too much to bear looking at. economy in the world, the most effective and the most pro¬ It is for this reason that many Europeans who lived in ductive. Our economy has given more benefits to more peo¬ Asia or Africa developed the so-called "tropic stare’—the ple than any other. It is the most humanitarian economy in ability to look without seeing what they didn't want to see. the world. I remind you that many of our private corpora¬ We can’t afford that luxury, nor should we indulge in it— tions give better fringe benefits than all of the federal, local because we have become a world power without succumbing and state programs for social welfare put together. The com¬ to the arrogance of power. bination of the two makes America a very socially progres¬ If there is any complaint to be made about America, it is sive country. not that it abuses its power but that, on occasion, it has hesi¬ We need to get that message across to the people of the tated when the duties and burdens of responsibility called for world. We need to let the two-thirds who are illiterate, hun¬ it to exercise power. gry, diseased, impoverished, frustrated, and bitter understand When I speak of power. I don’t speak just of atomic power that we have perfected a system that answered the needs of or military power. When I speak of national security, I don’t the two-thirds of our own people who in the past were illit¬ talk just of our military hardware. National security is a erate, hungry, and impoverished. And surely one of the ways Foreign Service officer, a consular officer, a man that runs a that we can tell this message is by citing the fact that we are IJSIA library, an AID official, a Peace Corps person. It is working for further progress here at home now. This is Food for Peace. It is our representation in the United Na¬ why I have believed for a long time that domestic policy tions. National security is this economy too. and foreign policy are inseparable. That is why I believe that much of the organizational The manner in which we conduct ourselves at home has a structure of our legislative body today is out of date. When great impact on the manner in which we will be received we go to speak about our foreign policy we are supposed to abroad. To my way of thinking, one of the most significant go to the Foreign Relations Committee. But our foreign foreign policy acts ever passed by Congress was the Civil policy also includes our trade policy, and you have to go to Rights Act of 1964. It could have even more impact abroad the Finance Committee for that. It also includes the use of than at home. And we ought to embrace it. We ought to be our military or even the positioning of it. You go to the the tribunes of progressive thought, not radical thought that Armed Services for that one. It also may include our bud¬ destroys what is good, but progressive thought that releases getary policy. We have compartmentalized the legislative men's hopes and ambitions. This is my expression of personal responsibilities in the areas of national security in an old- philosophy to you. I believe that our security is to be found fashioned way as if national security today could be neatly primarily in our spirit, in our identity with people. This is divided into separate chapters in a large book. a pro-people country, not a pro-dollar country. What the Secretary of the Treasury does may more vitally The Communists have made a mockery out of the precious affect the security of this country than what the Secretary of word “democracy.” They have taken the lexicon of democra¬ Defense does. What he is able to do with respect to world cy and adulterated it and corrupted it. Let us not permit monetary policy, what effect it has on our balance of pay- (Continued on page 52)

36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1066 Opposition to Certain Features of the Hays Bill

Statement on the Bill H.R. 6277, amending the Foreign Service There has always been a problem in the Foreign Service Act, submitted by the American Federation of Government Em¬ that individual Foreign Service officers subject to and threat¬ ployees to the special subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Rela¬ ened by selection-out, without any procedures for formal tions Committee. It was presented to the subcommittee on April 21, 1966, by Thomas G. Walters, special assistant for legislative appeal, might conclude that for their own survival in the affairs to President John F. Griner. Service it was more to their advantage to approve the policies indicated by their superiors rather than to make recommenda¬ The Bill H. R. 6277, which passed the House and is pres¬ tions which are the result of trained investigation and care¬ ently before this Subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Rela¬ ful analysis. All the studies of the Foreign Service officer tions Committee, has for its announced objective the im¬ corps have cited this consideration as the most serious fac¬ provement of the Foreign Service of the United States. The tor threatening their professional standards. Facile agreement measure is of vital interest to the American Federation of with superiors brings good assignments, good efficiency re¬ Government Employees because it would affect personnel in ports; independence of thought, professional integrity may the Department of State, the Agency for International De¬ lead to bad efficiency reports and the threat of being fired velopment, and the US Information Agency, in which our through selection-out. organization has well over 1,000 members. The American Federation of Government Employees pres¬ The experience of the last twenty years since the 1946 ently has a total membership of approximately 190,000 mem¬ Foreign Service Act was passed is that civil servants, working bers distributed over the 50 states as well as in Puerto Rico, alongside Foreign Service officers, were under less pressure the Panama Canal Zone, Okinawa, Guam, Iceland, the to conform and would render professional objective judg¬ Azores, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Vietnam and forty ments with greater speed and greater candor. Therefore, con¬ other foreign countries. Thus our membership is world¬ trary to the unwarranted criticism, the so-called dual sys¬ wide and our interests are as varied as the broad objective of tems of Civil Service and Foreign Service have operated in seeking the welfare of Government employees and of work¬ the best interest of the Government, and, from the profes¬ ing in the best interest of the Federal Government. sional point of view, have served the national interest much H. R. 6277 would enable the three agencies already men¬ better than the proposed so-called unified or integrated serv¬ tioned, which have foreign affairs responsibilities, to operate ice can. under a personnel system totally separate from and signifi¬ In addition, the Civil Service has been a ready source of cantly different from the personnel system operated through¬ specialists whose talents have been utilized successfully in out the rest of the Federal Government under the Civil Serv¬ foreign assignments. It is our belief that the proposal to abol¬ ice. This objective has been represented as a meaningful and ish regular Civil Service positions which perform a support urgent improvement of the Government service. Whether it function in the State Department, AID, and USIA is un¬ is an improvement at all is open to question. necessary. Are the two systems, the one based on the na¬ The AFGE is always ready to support any proposal that tionally tested, versatile and successful Federal Civil Service, will improve the Government service. It has found, how¬ and the other, based on the parochial and limited Foreign ever, through experience that certain features are essential Service, really so incompatible that they cannot coexist? And to maintain a minimally acceptable, let alone an improved, if they are so incompatible, should one go in the radical di¬ system. It has found most of all that no actual improvement rection of eliminating the proven Civil Service entirely? ever takes place if the change is intended merely to facilitate The American Federation of Government Employees, af¬ management manipulations at the cost of the basic right of ter intensive study of this bill, has concluded that it not only employees to a procedurally established right of appeal poses a threat to the existence and growth of the Civil Serv¬ against adverse or discriminatory personnel actions. ice merit system itself, but risks seriously and permanently Our opposition to certain other features of the Hays Bill impairing the professional standards of political, economic, is predicated also on the arbitrary manner in which it and intelligence research officers and employees of the De¬ would deal with Civil Service employees in the three agencies partment of State, the United States Information Agency to be affected. We are convinced that instead of increasing and the Agency for International Development. the flexibility and efficiency of the Foreign Service, certain If uniformity is absolutely necessary, we suggest for the features of this bill would foster insecurity among Foreign consideration of this Subcommittee that it would be better Service employees and introduce a type of competition among to place all positions in these three agencies into the Civil its personnel that can lead only to lowering professional Service which has been adopted throughout the entire Federal standards. Service at home and abroad, and which has, at the same

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 37 time, provided basic and decent protection for the individual H. R. 6277 is passed. Therefore, we most earnestly petition employee. Its record of important contributions to the suc¬ this Subcommittee to examine these secret reports from cessful operation of the Government for more than 80 years three standpoints: first, the impact on national security by stands as an open book. The Civil Service needs no secret the lowering of professional standards; second, the legality appraisals, no arbitrary selection-out procedures. It is open of the current practice; and third, the denial of equity to our for all to perceive and to review its employee relations. loyal, courageous and honest professional employees. In the last year, a startling, dangerous, secretive personnel We also petition this Subcommittee to ascertain whether procedure has been developed in the Department of State. in recent years Foreign Service officers have been selected Until last year, the Performance Rating Report was the nor¬ out who were not in the lowest percentage of their class but mal report in the Department of State. But in 1965 the secret whom the Department wanted to remove. There have been so-called Development Appraisal Report was written on all reports that even persons in the highest percentage of their Foreign Service employees and made applicable to Civil Serv¬ class have been harassed until they personally agreed to be ice officers in Grade GS-9 and above. selected out. The managers in the State Department and USIA did not The American Federation of Government Employees is wait even for the enactment of the Hays Bill to remove the not opposed to the Hays Bill in its entirety, because it is safeguards of the Civil Service. Secret dossiers are being realized that there is a pressing need for certain provisions made on civil servants right now. And these civil servants which are highly beneficial to Foreign Service personnel. cannot even see what is in these reports, let alone receive There are several provisions which not only have our ap¬ copies of them for retention or refutation. proval but which we believe should be enacted without We contend that this new, unprecedented and secretive delay. We, therefore, suggest that these provisions warmly use of this new Development Appraisal Report for Foreign endorsed from all sides be considered in a separate bill and Service officers and Civil Service employees is morally ob¬ be given the approval of Congress at the earliest possible jectionable and professionally hazardous, lowering both per¬ date. As for the harmful and radical provisions, we suggest sonal and professional standards. that they be rejected. One of the most urgently needed benefits provided in this Let us look at what goes into these Development Appraisal Bill is that contained in Section 33 which would amend the Reports. Annual and Sick Leave Act of 1951, as amended, to permit First of all, the entire report is a highly subjective ap¬ an employee to remain in a duty status for one year if his praisal by a superior of his subordinate in terms allowing absence from duty is due to injury or illness incurred while him, if he is disposed, to vent secretly (we emphasize, secret¬ serving abroad and resulting from hostile activity or circum¬ ly) his displeasure or prejudice. An example of the kinds stances related to his service in a foreign country. of judgments he is not only permitted but is actually solicited Another provision which calls for immediate enactment is to make is the following: Section 34 in which the current post differential of not more Comment on family, particularly the wife. ... Is the than 25 per cent of the rate of basic compensation may be family a source of strength or weakness to the officer increased to as much as 50 per cent in a foreign area where in his performance on this or future assignments. there is unusual danger of injury under warlike conditions. The Bill would also make it possible to establish rates of Another example allows the superior to salary differential, not exceeding 15 per cent of basic salary, discuss fully the personality traits of the officer, e.g., for Foreign Service employees who in the performance of bright, sparkling, extrovert, dull, abrasive, introvert, their duties abroad are required to travel frequently into pleasant, spontaneous, sharp, witty, good sense of humor, hardship areas. heavy, obsequious, sarcastic, biting. The Bill also provides in Section 26 for the Secretary of Another asks about his “willingness to admit error”; and State to pay for travel and related expenses whenever it has his “attitudes toward superior.” been determined that unusual circumstances, involving per¬ All these judgments take place, we reiterate, under regula¬ sonal hardship, warrant the payment of such expenses in¬ tions stating the employee has no right to see his report “un¬ cluding those of members of the family of a Foreign Service less and until a step is taken that is intended to lead to an employee. The Secretary would also be authorized to es¬ adverse personnel action. . . .” At this point, we submit, it tablish rates of salary differential, not exceeding 15 per cent may be too late for the employee to even begin to defend of basic salary, for officers or employees of the Foreign Serv¬ himself. His vindictive superior may be thousands of miles ice when they are performing duties abroad which require away, at some other post and immune to any accounting. frequent travel into hardship areas. These features of the Hays Bill are not in controversy and would be of consider¬ We believe that when our Foreign Service officers, who able benefit to the operation of the Foreign Service and the are supposed to be our top professional political, economic Foreign Service personnel. We agree with the statement of and intelligence research experts, have to be afraid to ex¬ the President in his message to Congress on May 6 last year press their views objectively our national security is seriously that to meet the present-day realities of service abroad, “It endangered. is only right that we properly and compassionately look after In addition, we raise the question whether this new per¬ the men and women whom we must send to such places to sonnel procedure is not a violation of the will of Congress as do our Government’s business.” expressed in the Foreign Service Act of 1946 as amended. On the contrary, there is little propriety and certainly no We ask: Is it legal? The new regulations state that the De¬ compassion in those other provisions of the Hays Bill which velopment Appraisal Report is not a part of the man’s per¬ would subject Civil Service employees to a selection-out pro¬ formance evaluation and for that reason is not to be placed cedure without any semblance of procedural appeal. Not in his efficiency record, which he has the right to see. But, only have they performed their duties satisfactorily over a under the present precepts, it is precisely the secret Develop¬ considerable period, but had been hired with no such re¬ ment Appraisal Report which is the main document on quirement for their continued employment. We think that no which a man is rated, his relative position in class is de¬ one should forego the right of formal or procedural appeal. termined. and he is selected out. It is so fundamental an American right that just suggesting There is too much novelty, too much arbitrary power, its removal arouses the deepest fears in our people. too much danger in this recent personnel development. And Thus these radical issues should not be linked with a mea¬ we are afraid that worse things might happen in the future if sure giving legislative authority for other urgently needed 9 0 DO FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 changes in the law which relate to pay differential, leave, and use veterans’ preference everywhere where the American flag travel expense. We strongly recommend that these non-con- flies except in the State Department in Washington and the troversial provisions be enacted separately and that the other American embassies, consulates and missions abroad. Is this radical and controversial provisions, to which we strenuously new Foreign Service that is being proposed intended to be so object, be given serious and detailed study. really foreign that American veterans and American civil We would hope to have them considered by a study group servants have no place at all in it? that would ignore the expressed desire by management repre¬ In conclusion, the American Federation of Government sentatives for authority which completely disregards the se¬ Employees opposes H. R. 6277 because it erodes the Civil curity of the professionally trained employee and completely Service merit system by removing more than 10,000 persons overlooks the fact that the formulation and implementation from its rosters. It could create conditions in which present of our Foreign Service policy cannot come about when civil servants who somehow survived in the Department of Foreign Service personnel are continually subjected to evalua¬ State, USIA and AID would be unable to compete for pro¬ tions which are based more on personal prejudice than on motion. It does not permit those Civil Service employees impersonal appraisal of the individual. It is our belief that who might elect to go into the newly created Foreign Affairs this type of evaluation cannot be avoided if the changes in Officer corps any opportunity to take with them their present procedure are authorized as contained in the Hays Bill. rights to appeal adverse actions, and it extends to large num¬ The opposition of the American Federation of Govern¬ bers of Foreign Service staff personnel the arbitrary pro¬ ment Employees to H. R. 6277 focuses largely on Section cedure of selection out from which they are now immune. 30. This Section provides for the extension of the selection- The consequences of the radical and novel features of out procedure to include additional classes of Foreign Service this Bill are grave, seen especially in the light of the newly officers, foreign affairs officers, and Foreign Service staff offi¬ instituted secret Development Appraisal Reports. We fear it cers. Our objection to extending this procedure is that it would bring such confusion, demoralization and a lowering would completely disregard the basic rights which the Fed¬ of professional standards in the Department of State, USIA eral Government has otherwise recognized in the Lloyd-La and AID as to seriously weaken these agencies at a time Follette Act, the Veterans’ Preference Act, and Executive when we are already faced with a great increase of interna¬ Orders 10987 and 10988. tional strain and national peril. For these reasons we earnest¬ The American Federation of Government Employees wishes ly ask you to reject this dangerous measure and to write a especially to associate itself with the veterans’ organiza¬ separate bill incorporating the beneficial provisions. tions calling for the retention and extension of the Veterans’

Preference Act to all employees in the Government who are EDITOR’S NOTH: not presidential appointees. We find it especially inappro¬ The JOURNAL is pleased to print in its entirety the statement priate that soldiers, sailors and marines, who guard our em¬ of Mr. Walters. Similar statements were made at the subcom¬ bassies abroad and who have to shed their blood in defense of mittee hearings by Lawrence Speiser. Director of the American Civil Liberties Union’s Washington office and by Stephen A. our foreign undertakings are now being told by the State Koczak, a retired Foreign Service officer. Department, which deals in foreign affairs, that they can For editorial comment see page 31.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. July 1966 39 Guatemala. During the recent Guatemalan elections, the Embassy’s Political Section set up an election central to help keep track of incoming results. Since the "big board" was the only one of its kind in Guatemala, its figures were constantly cited by press correspondents covering the elec¬ Manga: United States Ambassador to Upper Volta, Thomas tions. Shown during the heat of the battle are political S. Estes, is shown here with a young Voltaique miss for officers (I. to r.) Edward Nef, Matthew Smith (Section the fashion preview of a newly created basic article of infant Chief). John Tipton and Herbert Horowitz. wearing apparel. A local school for girls at the Manga Catholic Mission utilizes anything handy, including empty USAID cornmeal sacks, to train students in sewing arts.

Leopoldville. Ann Herrick, then a secretary at the American Embassy, poses in front of a section of her mural done in the new Embassy conference room. Miss Herrick's colorful mural includes Congolese flora and fauna done from life. She has now resigned from the Foreign Service and plans to devote her full time to artistic endeavors.

Dakar: Political officer Donald B. Easum plays Cat Ander¬ son’s $400-plus trumpet accompanied by Duke Ellington at the piano, at a reception at Ambassador Cook's residence on April 10. Duke Ellington was in town to perform at the First World Festival of Negro Arts.

Dublin: The wife of the American Ambassador in Dublin, Mrs. Raymond R. Guest, presents some toys to the Cerebral Palsy Clinic in Dublin on behalf of the American Embassy Wives Group. The presentation, made to representatives from the Clinic, occurred in the Ambassador’s residence. THE BOOKSHELF was proclaimed. The answer is nega¬ tive. It is likewise interesting to note such an historical oddity that the term "Iron Curtain” was fathered by Goeb- bels in February 1945. As for the fundamental question of when did the Cold War begin the author’s answer is "in the period between Yalta and Potsdam, when the division of Europe was in effect determined by the rela¬ tionship of military power as it existed at the time, and when the United States failed to throw into the balance its economic power, which was later Gbtterdammerung, 1945 plan and sent it to War for concur¬ to play such an important role in the COMMENTING on a book that has rence. It was buried forever in the conduct of the Cold War.” desk of a Civil Affairs Division colo¬ been reviewed as widely and This brief and brilliant book should nel. whose name Ryan charitably with¬ warmly as Cornelius Ryan’s account of be required reading for both the sol¬ the death throes of the Third Reich holds. Whoever he was, he bears a diers and the diplomats, for the inter¬ heavy responsibility for the Berlin presents a problem. Everybody knows action of military events on policy and blockade, the air lift, and all the by this time that the story is told more policy on military events has nowhere sporadic harassments to which we have in terms of people than of military been more clearly and strikingly de¬ been subjected ever since. maneuvers, although those are de¬ picted. scribed with brilliant lucidity; that it —TED OLSON —ROBERT MCCI INTOCK interweaves the experiences of hun¬ dreds of persons, from Presidents, THE LAST BATTLE, by Cornelius Ryan. Prime Ministers and Supreme Com¬ Simon and Schuster, $7.50. BEGINNINGS OF THE COLD WAR, by manders down to a milkman and a zoo Martin F. Herz. Indiana University Press, attendant; that the author was assisted Massive Subject $4.95. in his six years’ labor by all the gov¬ AS one who first read the book in ernments concerned — the Russians typescript when it was the equiva¬ A United States of Europe? talked to him with amazing frankness lent of a major War College thesis, —and had at his disposal the massive FRANZ JOSEF STRAUSS apparently and who later joined with other Amer¬ dictated his political views on tape research facilities of the READER’S ican Ambassadors in urging Martin which was then transcribed and edited DIGEST. These credit lines do not de¬ Herz to bring his work to the light tract in the slightest, of course, from into a small book with the grand title of publication, it is a pleasure unhesi¬ of "The Grand Design.” He proposes one’s admiration for Mr. Ryan's su¬ tatingly to say that "Beginning of the a United States of Europe with its perb skill in weaving these bits and Cold War” is must reading for stu¬ own nuclear deterrent under supra¬ pieces into one coherent and consist¬ dents at any War College. ently enthralling narrative. national control in alliance with the With an easy mastery of an im¬ United States. The Federal Republic's Perhaps it is enough at this late mense body of source material, Mr. adherence to that federation supposed¬ date to focus on questions of particu¬ Herz, a professional Foreign Service ly would make the reunification of lar interest to JOURNAL readers. Could officer, has at every page brought new Germany more palatable to the West the Western Allies have reached Berlin light to his massive subject. and more feasible in respect to the before the Russians, and why didn’t He traces the origin of the Cold East. However, as Strauss also covers they try? How were the occupation War from the Stalin-Hopkins conver¬ such subjects as NATO and De zones determined? Why was no specific sation through the agony of Poland Gaulle, German domestic politics and provision made for access to Berlin (about which country the World War his own personal situation he does not from the west? It is a complicated II started); the Yalta and Potsdam have time to elaborate on how his story, but Mr. Ryan makes it dolefully Conference; and the moot question Grand Design can be achieved. plain that we goofed. Why? Because of spheres of influence indignantly de¬ In view of Strauss’ role in German of our preoccupation with military vic¬ cried by Secretary of State Hull as a tory to the exclusion of political con¬ politics today his book is worth matter of principle, covertly winked perusing. siderations; because of a calamitous at by Roosevelt, and at least as be¬ —A. W. S. failure of liaison between the White tween Churchill and Stalin in Moscow House and State, between State and in 1944 reduced to a simple mechani¬ THE GRAND DESIGN, by Franz Josef the War Department, between Wash¬ cal equation; Rumania—Russia 90%, Strauss. Frederick A. Praeger, $3.95. ington and London: because the Brit¬ UK 10%, Greece—Russia 10%, UK ish had a plan while we were still 90%, Yugoslavia—Hungaria 50-50, Guessing Game groping for one, and pushed it until it and Bulgaria—Russia 75%, UK 25%. it was too late, or seemed too late, for Instead of a chapter of formal con¬ ANY resemblance to actual persons, Roosevelt to reject it, as he wanted to clusions the author resorts to the living or dead, is of course, do. Socratic method of questions and an¬ purely coincidental in this tongue-in- Ambassador Winant and his politi¬ swers in drawing together the impact cheek tale of crime and punishment cal adviser. Philip E. Moseley, recog¬ of his narrative. Some of the answers in high Washington society, but any¬ nized the vital importance of a Berlin to the questions are indeed startling, one who knows his way around the corridor and pressed hard for it. The beginning with the first question which nation's capitol will recognize the State Department incorporated their is whether or not the United States types. If none of them inspires ad¬ recommendation in the occupation was at war when the Atlantic Charter miration or affection, they are none

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July if)66 41 the less plausible, as are their haunts dead official religion, rather than ne¬ the United States can safely withdraw’ and habits. glected local centers of a queer but its troops in Europe and its auto¬ In the struggle for top rung on the thriving educational institution. As matic commitment to go to Europe’s social ladder, Mrs. P. Hamilton Ash- Peter Viereck has written, defense.” burner and Mrs. Reuben Tor engage “. . . Pavlov’s dog never had an Professor Nieburg’s policy prescrip¬ in a display of cat’s claw technique education. Therefore, he stayed con¬ tions, while controversial and thus de¬ that would put the jungle to shame. ditioned. Not so the newly educated batable, are soundly enough argued La Ashburner’s invitation for her an¬ Russian of today.” and reasonably well-documented. As nual ball after the White House re¬ But doubtless Senator Benton would a kind of case study on the foreign ception is declined by the British not ultimately disagree with this, even policy aspects of secrecy, however, the Ambassador, with portentous conse¬ though his own personal and profes¬ book would have been improved had quences; her emeralds are coveted by sional preoccupations, and the the the author given a bit less space to a not-very-bright gaggle of thieves; official nature of the contacts he could general diplomatic history—to discus¬ there is wheeling and dealing by her have in Soviet society, would necessari¬ sion of NATO strategy, European arch rival's husband in local business ly cause him to have a different view integration, Soviet-American rivalry in affairs; and, to complete the picture, of Soviet reality than another such as the UN, and so on. In particular, it a romance that buds high on the tree Viereck would obtain. The Senator’s would have been a better book had he of British Embassy hierarchy. The final conclusion, in any case is that, discussed why the American public author is the daughter of the late Con¬ "A simple policy of declaring outright and the politicians and policymakers stantine Brown, the columnist, and and irrevocable opposition to Com¬ of America have been so constantly knows well the setting whereof she munism—and of basing our foreign preoccupied with these “morbid and writes. policy upon such a viewpoint—is naive” beliefs about secrecy and the —HENRY S. VILLARD sterile—and was so even in Stalin’s protection of classified information. harsh heyday.” Much the same point For without a discussion of these is also made by Senator Fulbright in BEFORE THE BALI. WAS OVER, by themes, one is left with a curiously Alexandra Roudybush. Doubleday & a characteristically thoughtful and bal¬ lifeless and even unreal historical Co., $3.50. anced preface. narrative—logically enough arranged —THOMAS A. DONOVAN and correct enough as the events are Talks with Teachers described, but lacking in intellectually THE TEACHERS AND THE TAUGHT IN THE satisfying depth of insight into the ILLIAM BENTON, at various USSR: A PERSONAL REPORT, by William historical process. Can the theme of W Benton, with a Preface by Senator J. W. times advertising executive, uni¬ Fulbright. Atheneum, $4.50. nuclear secrecy and foreign policy in versity vice president, US Senator. this period be adequately discussed, Assistant Secretary of State for Pub¬ Policy Aspects of Secrecy for example, without treatment of the lic Affairs, encyclopedia publisher, and Rosenberg case, and with only a bare Ambassador to UNESCO, made his PROFESSOR HAROLD NIEBURG, a po¬ reference in passing to Senator Joseph fifth visit to Russia in 1964, talked litical scientist from the University McCarthy? But perhaps this is only with Khrushchev and other important of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, is par¬ to say that one would have wished Russians, and afterwards wrote up his ticularly interested in the political, that Professor Nieburg had written two notes from these and other conversa¬ military and diplomatic significance of books on his topic, instead of one. tions. The resulting book gives an ex¬ what he terms our ‘ morbid and naive tensive, informal account of the offi¬ belief in the intrinsic superiority of —THOMAS A. DONOVAN cial machinery of Soviet education American science” and some resulting and indoctrination and restates the illusions about the possibility of pre¬ NUCLEAR SECRECY AND FCRFICN POLICY, by author's long-held convictions that the serving, through strict controls on the Harold Nieburg. Public Affairs Press, ?6.00. Soviet system of education and scien¬ release of classified information, the tific research is a fundamental chal¬ original American monopoly of nu¬ lenge to the West. It also argues the clear power. His study of the effects The Slow and Vital Course: Dean on Disarmament case for increased personal and cul¬ of our national preoccupation with tural exchanges between the United questions of nuclear secrecy is thus an ARTHUR H. DEAN has done a great States and Russia. interesting and useful critique of past service in describing the slow As might be expected from one who and present foreign policy. but vital course of disarmament nego¬ has spent so much of his life in opin¬ His general conclusion is the now tiations in his volume “Test Ban and ion-forming endeavors, Senator Ben¬ obvious one that “no policy will keep Disarmament; The Path of Negotia¬ ton is particularly impressed by the the secrets of nature out of the hands tion.” It is a short chronicle and analy¬ single-minded emphasis the Soviet au¬ of nations capable and determined to sis of our recent negotiations in Ge¬ thorities put on education and indoc¬ put the atom to work,” and that there neva and New York, in which Mr. trination. One wonders, however, never was much likelihood that we Dean played a leading role under whether the Communist Party of the would succeed in preventingdhe French President Kennedy. Perhaps the most Soviet Union is actually as effective from acquiring their own nuclear valuable part of it is the description an educational force as Senator Ben¬ arsenal. Nor can we. Professor Nie¬ of Soviet style in modern disarma¬ ton judges—effective, that is, in nro- burg feels, prevent the French and ment diplomacy—a style which has moting the Party’s long-run ideological the Europeans from taking over the undergone a few changes from that and political objectives. Certainly, the management of their own nuclear described by other Americans in 1951 casual visitor to Leningrad and Mos¬ defenses. The security interests of the in the book “Negotiating with the cow, peering curiously through the United States and the European allies Russians.” fly-blown windows of the seemingly are very close and likely to remain Mr. Dean’s book is a solid work always empty neighborhood Agit-prop so for some years, he writes, but our which, if it gets the circulation it de¬ centers, will ask whether these are not policy should long since have been serves, will help dispel the notion some perhaps outlying chapels of an almost aimed toward “the great day . . . when Americans still have that our aims and

42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 doings at Geneva are unrealistic or There was a time S' for the critical car'N even naive. When Autumn fell in Summer, A Foreign Service reader will be In the bold meridian of our days, pleased, and perhaps not just for rea¬ When falling leaves sons of professional jealousy, to read Bore no more portent V HIGH FIDELITY PHONO CARTRIDGES J Mr. Dean's considered statement that Than the lengthening shadows disarmament matters are political Of an August afternoon. matters, even though often technical ( ALL THE MOST ^ in form, and that despite the responsi¬ But now the time is here WANTED FEATURES bility scientists feel for the practical When Autumn comes. application of their work. "Decisions Not as an unmarked episode on policy . . . must rest with those In Spring, whose basic approach and responsi¬ Not as the careless afternoon bility are political.” Of yet another Summer's day, Mr. Dean puts it clearly, and right¬ But as the penultimate session ly, that there is no real use to dis¬ Of our lives; armament proposals which are ad¬ The last but one: vanced for propaganda rather than in Which is the Winter 15° TRACKING, ELLIPTICAL STYLUS the interests of securing an agreement. In whose frozen fastness He further warns against expecting The eternal round of seasons Professional performance at a Soviet agreement under present cir¬ For us will end. modest price. Compares favorably to the incomparable Sliure V-15. cumstances to disarmament measures except that it is produced under dependent on considerable on-site Mr. Bond, who has had a long and standard Shure quality control and verification. And he points out that distinguished career in the Foreign manufacturing techniques. Re¬ the great achievement in negotiating markable freedom from IM, Har¬ Service, is now Consul General in monic and tracing distortion. Will with the Russians described in his Sao Paulo. definitely and audibly improve the book—the 1963 limited test ban—had sound of monaural as well as —RICHARD FYFE BOYCE the double merit of measuring up to stereo records. A special value at reality and eschewing propagandistic $35.50. Upgrade M44 cartridge (if you can track at P/a grams or less) aims. ARCANUM by Niles Bond. The poems, with N55E stylus, $20.00 —PETER S. BRIDGES English and Portuguese (translation into V J Portuguese by GuHherme de Almeida) Available at servicemen’s discounts from were published by the Livraria Martins Special-Buying Sections of PX’s, authorized Hi-Fi and Amateur Clubs, Book Funds. TEST BAN AND DISARMAMENT: THE Editora, Edificio Mario de Andrade. Rua PATH OF NEGOTIATION, by Arthur H. Rocha 274, Sao Paulo, Brazil. SHURE BROTHERS, INC. Dean. Harper & Row, $3.50. 222 HARTREY AVE, EVANSTON, ILLINOIS CUT HERE "Man's Deepest Concerns” Guide to the Arab World CUSTOM COLOR CLUB NE of the American Foreign A RCANUM. by Niles Bond, is a O Policy series, "The United States grants equal privileges /\ book of twenty four poems, and the Arab World,” is a remarkably for new members. Hand¬ / % surely among the most beau¬ tiful and haunting in modern Ameri¬ comprehensive guide for the unini¬ printed enlargements or tiate desiring to understand currents can literature. They deal with man's reproductions made from and developments in the Eastern Arab deepest concerns—the hidden place any slide, photo, negative World today. William Polk has shown from which man came; the hungering skill and knowledge in restricting the or transparency. quest for love; the dreaded moment material in his book to that essential of farewell; the sleepless and the Sizes: Prints Textured Frames for an understanding of the present. each: add: add: hauntedNOTIFY YOUR FRIENDS nights; the slow and lonely death of love; man’s tardy understand¬ Official American involvement of sig¬ 2x 3- -$0.95 $0.25 $0.35 nificance in the Arab World dates ing of life. There are also speculative 3x 5- - 2.95 0.45 0.45 "Lines to a Skull" and a forewarning only from World War II. Conse¬ quently, Mr. Polk's book, despite its 5x 7- - 4.95 0.65 0.65 “Word to Poets.” These are all mature title, primarily concerns the Arabs - 6.95 and exquisite poems. The words are 8x10- 0.95 0.75 and their countries. In providing an choice, spare, unstilted and tender. 11x14—14.95 1.45 0.95 episodic history of the Arabs, Mr. cm To start reading them is to finish 111 Polk underlines those factors which them and to finish them is to read £ Black & white orders half have shaped the present—Islam, the them again. One wants more. O price of color. 50% de- social code, memory of the Arab Em¬ Reviewers in Brazil expressed their pire, the deep gulf between society °i posit with order, balance praise of "Arcanum” in superlatives, and the state, and the entry of the C.O.D. Full remittance commenting on the depth, beauty, West into the area. Issues such as the ! saves C.O.D. charges. simplicity and force. Palestine problem, the Baghdad Pact ! Calif, residents add 4% and Suez, he describes but does not ■ sales tax. We pay de¬ A Final Autumn judge. He ends with an analysis of livery charges anywhere There was a time our interests in the area and a projec¬ When Autumn came in Spring. tion of the future of US-Arab rela¬ ! in U.S.A. CCC-5714 When youth’s exuberance tions. Fernwood Ave., Holly- Was shield against the poignancy Mr. Polk writes with authority and j wood, Calif. 90028 Of Nature's slow withdrawal knowledge from his experience in the Into death. area, as an Assistant Professor of Near '-.DISCOUNTS ON QUANTITIES..

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Jut)/ 1006 43 Eastern Languages and History at of questions and picked up a great tive institutions and specifically the Harvard University and as a member variety of data. Her unpretentious, role US foreign aid should play in of the Department of State's Policy personal approach makes for pleasant this great endeavor. Planning Council from 1961 to June reading. In what was surely a passing The burden of the author’s argu¬ 1965. fit of hyperbole, Pearl Buck calls ment broadly breaks down into three —ROBERT B. HOUGHTON this book “the best that has been parts: (1) the public case for long- published about Red China.” run US economic assistance should be Shortly before departing China, THE UNITED STATES AND THE ARAB separated from short-term and emer¬ WORLD, by William R. Polk. Harvard Mrs. Hobbs told her guide-interpreter gency military aid, however necessary University Press, $5.95. from the Chinese tourist agency, the latter may be in particular in¬ Luxingshe, of her true status. He stances; (2) the essential justification Pearl Buck’s Nine Words assured her that no action would be for foreign aid is humanitarian con¬ taken against her because she was cern for our fellow men, though this IN the spring of 1965 Lisa Hobbs “a representative of the American concern inevitably dovetails with our left her American husband and two people, who are our friends, and not national self-interest in that over the sons in San Francisco (where she the American government.” He also coming decades we can but suffer was and is a staff reporter on the remarked: "We do not want Amer¬ great harm from “massive famine, EXAMINER) and took off to see Com¬ ican journalists here. Those who came economic collapse and the loss of free¬ munist China for herself. Her Aus¬ years ago seemed to be friendly but dom” in the newly developing world; tralian birth and Australian passport they lied about us.” (3) a career foreign service special¬ enabled her to join at Hong Kong a —ROBERT W. RINDEN ized in the many facets of foreign group of Australians on an unofficial aid should be built-up—a service pat¬ but escorted tour of the China main¬ I SAW RED CHINA, by Lisa Hobbs. terned after the American missionary land. A spirit of derring-do and a McGraw-Hill, $4.95. experience of long-term overseas serv¬ measure of reticence about her Amer¬ ice and culturation rather than two ican background were also essential Struggle Against Hunger year tours and multiple transfers to to the success of the venture. THE CHALLENGE OF HUNGER, by many countries. Mrs. Hobbs’ book is essentially a I. W. Moomaw, is a wide ranging The book is a pragmatic discourse travelogue. She writes engagingly of and anecdotal statement of the present on specific ways of improving our for¬ many things but chiefly of people conditions of the underdeveloped na¬ eign aid program and is worthy of and their lives in mainland China. tions of Asia. Africa and Latin Amer¬ attention by the practitioners of US What she reports is hardly revelatory ica, the dire urgency for the countries economic assistance. but it is well reported—and with of the Free World to concert their ef¬ —RICHARD L. HOUGH forts in helping to remedy these con¬ good will and open-mindedness. She THE CHALLENGE OF HUNGER, by 1. W. got around a good deal, asked a lot ditions of poverty, hunger and primi¬ Moomaw. Praeger, $5.95.

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44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 FAREWELL TO A BELEAGUERED CITY

(Continued from page 30) ing of incendiary bombs off the roof and, second, the Modest premiums adequate sandbagging of all cellar windows. To avoid misunderstanding each officer had his own place on the cement floor to put down his blanket. Any bring you top quality really consecutive sleep after the first few days became impossible, and there was a constant series of problems, both large and small. service The next problem was sanitation and the storing of clean water in all possible receptacles to be used in the event of the city water supply being cut off. Fortunately STRAIGHTFORWARD this did not occur. Dr. Wickman carefully supervised the maintenance of all sanitation and thus relieved us of one of our welfare problems. WORLD-WIDE One day when I opened a desk drawer in the lobby of the Embassy I was startled to find a small calibre un¬ exploded shell. This had been picked up outside as a INSURANCE souvenir by one of the several Polish-American students who had returned to Warsaw and had at times been used ALL RISKS For as little as $1.25 per $100 per as temporary messengers by the Embassy. They were annum, you can be covered world-wide by Lloyd’s. greatly disappointed when 1 insisted that it be taken out Let us arrange an ALL RISKS policy to protect and disposed of. your clothing, personal and household effects and Our officers were continuously in danger. A consul, named valuables. No restrictions as to residence or mode of travel. vice-consul and several clerks had just finished getting our records in the Consulate General when two shells AUTOMOBILE TRANSIT INSURANCE entered and destroyed the room; another had just availed In transit by air, sea or rail anywhere outside the himself of the opportunity to have a hot bath when a USA, your automobile should be covered by ALL short time later the room was blown to pieces; still an¬ RISKS insurance. USOIB specialise in this coverage other had just driven past an automobile when he heard on a world-wide basis. a terrible explosion and saw the car had received a direct shell hit; a shell hit the corner of the adjoining house PERSONAL LIABILITY INSURANCE and the fragments were embedded around our Embassy $5.00 per annum gives cover up to $250,000.00 per windows pulverizing the glass but two of our group who accident, plus legal costs. This applies world-wide had just walked by received no injury. Another two of outside the USA. The policy protects you and your our group had just lain down on the floor of the Embassy family against legal liability awards to Third Parties reception room for an attempt at sleep when a shell ex¬ for bodily injury or property damage. ploded in the adjoining room of the next door house without injuring either man. And so it went. UNITED SERVICES OFFICERS’ Polish guns hidden from the German planes by trees were fired mainly at night and the noise was terrific, es¬ INSURANCE BROKERS LTD. pecially when a very large mortar was fired. This made 44 HIGH STREET, WINCHESTER, HANTS. the top of your head feel as if it was coming off. Cables: Adsurandro, Winchester. Phone: Winchester 62793 Consul George Flaering had an apartment on the eighth floor of a large very modern building. The walls were composed mainly of panes of glass. One day during a pause in the German attack he asked me to go over and have luncheon with him in order to restore the morale of his Polish servant. She seemed delighted and as the pantry contained much tinned food we had the beginnings of a good lunch. This building was located not far from the Insurance Service for the Services Polish SEJM. Unfortunately the Germans had decided USOIB place your insurances with Lloyd’s or to destroy this, doubtless for the effect on the people, first-class British companies only and also because many Polish guns were hidden from sight by the trees and the Germans wished to silence Cut out and mail to USOIB, 44 High Street, Winchester, these. We suddenly heard the roar of many planes flying Hants. round and round the apartment house and dropping their Without obligation on my part, please send details of insurances bombs. As they flew very close and rattled the panes of mentioned in the Foreign Service Journal glass, the combined din was almost intolerable. Then Name suddenly the bombs were no longer dropped and the long string of German planes went back, presumably for more Address bombs. This was one of the most unpleasant experiences of the siege. Freedom from Polish counter-attack and

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 45 the nearness to their targets enabled each plane to make a number of flights in a day. About the 16th of September we were puzzled by large WHERE objects released at a great height by German planes. These were not shaped like bombs but looked more like large clumsy baskets. They broke up into small objects, and DIPLOMATS again into still smaller objects and eventually turned out to be a tremendous number of small sheets of paper on which the Germans had printed an awkwardly phrased DINE threat in Polish that unless the city surrendered at once it would be completely destroyed so that there would CHEZ FRANCOIS, 818 Connecticut Ave., NW, ME 8-1849. not be left one stone upon another. 1 noticed the Poles Le Rendezvous des Gourmets ou les mets sont bons et les read it aloud in a mocking voice and laughed. How¬ vins de choix. French cuisine at moderate prices. Open ever, to those of us who had already sampled what the daily except Saturday and Sunday for lunch, 12-2:30; open daily except Sunday for dinner, 6:00 till 9:45. Germans could, and would, do this was a very dangerous and serious threat. After a few hours of thinking the situa¬ ☆ ☆ ☆ tion over, Mr. Ditleff, the Norwegian Minister and the THE FOUR GEORGES RESTAURANTS—Four distinctively designed dining rooms, each created in a mood and motif re¬ doyen of the diplomatic corps, asked me to go for a con¬ flective of its culinary achievements. Located in the famous sultation with him. He expressed the opinion that the Georgetown Inn in the heart of Georgetown—luxurious accom¬ time had come for both of us to do something. Neither modations. 1310 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. Free Parking, 333-8900. of us believed that the Germans were bluffing and knew ☆ ☆ ☆ that, although diplomatic officials had thus far miraculous¬ LA FONDA, 1639 "R" St., N.W., AD 2-6965. For years the ly survived, we had no reason to hope that this happy favorite of true aficionados of delectable Spanish and Mexi¬ condition would continue. Further, he suggested that he can food served in a romantic atmosphere. Complete bar. Lunch and dinner parties. Credit cards honored. Open as doyen and I as representing the most important coun¬ daily 11:30 to midnight, Sunday, 2 to 10 p.m. try, should endeavor to bring about a truce in some area ☆ ☆ ☆ across which all representatives of neutral nations, their staffs and citizens, could proceed to the German lines and OLD ANGUS BEEF HOUSE, 1807 H St., N.W. Serving only the finest Roast Prime Ribs and Steaks. Scrumptious desserts, eventually to the free world. In order that we should excellent bar (unusual cocktail lounge with entertainment from have at least another member of the diplomatic body nine). Open Sundays. Credit cards honored. Free valet park¬ accompany us we decided to ask the young Belgian Charge, ing after 6 p.m. For reservations call NA 8-0746. who had only recently arrived, to go with us. ☆ ☆ ☆ After some little time Mr. Ditleff got in touch with an THE SKY ROOM . . . Hotel Washington, Penn. Ave. & old friend of his who was chief of staff of the Polish 15th ... A panoramic view of the Washington scene is a breath-taking backdrop to sophisticated atmosphere here . . . army, and asked him to conduct us to the Commander- International menu, with a French accent, includes flaming in-Chief’s post, which was only a few miles outside War¬ sword medallions of beef tenderloin bourguignonne. saw. This he agreed to do. ☆ ☆ ☆ Our expedition was one never to be forgotten. We TOM ROSS' CHARCOAL HEARTH, 2001 Wisconsin Ave., went in Mr. Ditleff’s car. At each street intersection there N.W., FE 8-8070, specializing in prime ribs of beef, charcoal- was a deep tank trap. Over this had been constructed broiled steaks and seafood. Free parking in rear. Open daily for a shaky wooden bridge which could, in the event of a lunch 11:30 to 2:30, dinner 5:30 to 10:30, Saturday dinner 5- II. Closed Sundays. Wide selection of cocktails and liquors. German attack, be easily and quickly destroyed. Each was uncomfortably shaky. The guards at each crossing tt ☆ ☆ had had it impressed upon them that no one should THE TIVOLI "OPERA" RESTAURANT, 1225 Wisconsin Ave., in historic olde Georgetowne. Live entertainment nightly, be allowed to pass unless possessing absolute proof of arias from your favorite operas by talented young professionals legitimate and serious business. I was aware that all of while you enjoy the excellent Continental cuisine. Truly an us were more afraid of being shot by these trigger-happy evening to remember. Res. FE 7-6685. Am. Exp. Open Sunday. Poles than we were of the bombs which continued to fall along parts of the street we followed. In fact, the only light of any kind whatsoever that we had to see by was that given by the exploding shells which the Germans Association of American Foreign Service Women dropped along our street. It was a weird, tense, and ex¬ citing experience, during which there was virtually no P.O. Box 4931, Washington 8, D. C. conversation in our car, save that by the Chief of Staff with the guards at the crossings. Finally we emerged into the country and seemed to be going nowhere along a very Information Desk in F.S. Lounge DU 3-6657 rough road. At last we reached a partially completed factory which furnished headquarters for the Polish gen¬ eral. Upon giving some countersign we were led through Lunches, tours, languages, education, the darkness and taken beyond a series of curtains which made it impossible for any light whatsoever to be seen scholarship fund-raising. from above. 1 year, 10 year, and life memberships The Commander asked a few questions but had little to say before he agreed to transmit through the air a radio message addressed to the German Commander-in-Chief

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 and signed by the doyen of the diplomatic corps in War¬ saw. The situation was too tense and serious to warrant any general conversation. Our return was much the same as going out, dangerous and exciting, but it gave us the satisfaction of knowing 100 STOCKS that we had overcome any objections the Polish General felt, and that our plan was being carried out in its first stages. At this point we asked the Netherlands charge-d’af- IN ONE faires who was, according to diplomatic usage, looking after German non-military interests to get in touch with both sides with a view to accomplishing two definite de¬ cisions—the establishment of a corridor and the time and Through mutual fund shares you acquire an simple regulations for the removal of all neutrals from Warsaw. After several sleepless nights and much difficulty interest in many American Corporations, this was accomplished and we were notified on the morn¬ ing of September 21 that we might evacuate our staffs each carefully chosen and consistently super¬ and nationals across no-man’s-land from the Polish lines to the German lines. vised by professional investment managers. We had lists of Americans carefully divided among, They will make changes in the holdings when as I recollect, five girls, one girl to each telephone in the Embassy, so that every American whose name was they consider them advisable. You will be on our list had the chance of going to a certain square in Warsaw and from there to be taken to the Polish relieved of work and worry, especially bur¬ edge of no-man’s-land. In all non-official cases this had to be crossed on foot. However, those of the diplomatic densome while stationed abroad. missions who had motor cars placed their flags on their cars and transported women and children to the German lines from the Polish. In my own case my car was so Drop in, phone, or write; perhaps yon late in returning that it looked as if I would be com¬ want to use the coupon below. There is no pelled to remain in the beleaguered city. However, I got across with a Vice-Consul and two clerks just at the last cost or obligation. moment. I was able to assure the staff that they would be, 1 believed, safely taken out of the city behind the German FSJ-7-66 lines, but I had no authority from the Department, being To: Service Investment Corporation entirely out of communication, to tell them that they 927 15th Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20005 would be given employment in other American govern¬ ment offices in Europe. I am interested in a Mutual Fund investment program stress¬ ing, within the limits of the market risk: In order to ensure insofar as possible the safety of all American official establishments in Warsaw I addressed ( ) Possible growth of capital—future income a letter to the German Commander-in-Chief furnishing ( ) Conservative income and possible long-term growth him with a complete list of all of the American govern¬ I intend: To make a one-time investment of about $ ment establishments and assuring him that although I had ( ) To start an investment program of $ no official authorization from Washington, if his forces ( ) monthly, ( ) quarterly, for a period of years. should enter the city, orders should be issued for the I understand that these programs are flexible and can be protection of all American property. I am glad to say suspended or discontinued without penalty. (This information that this was done and very little, if any, American is for guidance only and does not assure achievement of property was lost or damaged when the Germans entered objective). Warsaw. NAME The Germans made quite a show of the arrival of the (Please print) neutral refugees. Handsome officers in bright new-looking uniforms hastened to pick up hand baggage of women ADDRESS and to carry their small children for them, smiling the while. Incidentally, they just happened (!) to have a number of movie cameras taking pictures of the refugees crossing no-man’s-land. We had three cars personally owned and, as I remember, thirty-odd cars carrying the personnel of the Embassies and Legations. 1 understand SERVICE INVESTMENT that several of the non-American cars were hit by shell Corporation fragments but not seriously as they were crossing no- 927 15th Street, N.W. Telephone: NA 8-6770 man’s-land. Whether these were Polish or German shells Washington, D. C. 20005 Cable: SERVISCO there was no way of telling. We were all lined up in a field far beyond Warsaw and kept there until almost dark.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 47 Finally a group of German captains in side cars appeared and we were hurried out on to the road under their guid¬ ance. When asked where we were being taken they smiled but did not answer. Our drive from here was slow and trying, being over country which had been fought over, with burned houses, crumpled walls, and temporary bridges. At intervals we would get into camps where the Germans had piles of ammunition and general supplies. Our cars were ex¬ amined and those that were in need were given oil and gasoline. We were requested to sign a receipt. Our immediate destination was Konigsberg. This weary ride took about twenty-two hours. Early in the morning we reached East Prussia and when we crossed the border line we felt that we were in a new world. It was Sunday morning and the boys and girls with their books under their arms were on their way to Sunday School, all neatly dressed and carefully scrubbed. It seemed almost like a small American town. We reached an enormous military camp and were told to park our cars and go into the mess hall where we would be given breakfast. We waited there for three-quarters of an hour and were then told it was time to start on although there had been no sign of food or drink. 1 believe that this was probably due to some misunderstanding on the part of certain German offi¬ cers since over all the rest of the way we were treated very kindly and courteously, although not cordially. At one point a small European car broke down going through the ruins of a village and did not leave enough room for us, or the cars behind us, to pass. We had therefore to guess which turns to take on the road because we had no Ger¬ mans with us. Our girl clerks were life savers in that they guessed very accurately just where we should be going and we ended up at the right place. After several nights with little or no sleep with the planning of everything, capped with overwork and hard driving, all of us who had come by- car were in a much wornout condition. The hotel at Konigsberg will always linger in my mem¬ ory as the most delightful caravansary. How we all en¬ joyed our hot baths, milk, cream, good beefsteaks, etc., and felt that this was a partial reward for the hardships we had been enduring for quite a while! The next morning we scattered through all the hotels in Konigsberg in an effort to make as near complete as possible a list of all Ameri¬ cans who were going down to Berlin by train, whereas our thirty-odd cars would go down by road. We desired such a list in order to facilitate for the Embassy in Berlin the work of sending American citizens back to the United States. Our first stop after leaving Konigsberg by road was for luncheon at a point near the “Corridor.” We had our luncheon at long tables and an excellent meal. I was seated at the right of a German general who presided at the meal and who, in time of peace, was a university professor. He was a very pleasant, polite and kindly man. Our stop for the night was at a small place near Stolp, which we reached just about dark. We again spent the night in a hotel, but this time a rather inferior one and very much crowded. My car was entered and someone stole a bundle containing the American Embassy flag which had suffered much through shell fragments. The trip was in general uneventful. We had to keep pace with the slowest car in the procession. Mv car was directed to the Hotel Adlon, and the word Adlon spelled the end of the saga. ■

48 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 With WHEN IN WASHINGTON, VISIT LOUIE’S FOR YOUR Our MEN’S CLOTHING NEEDS

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JOHN H. STUTESMAN, JR. is a Foreign Service officer on • HUGE INVENTORY duty in the School of Foreign Affairs at the Foreign Service • Experienced outfitters to foreign Institute. He wrote this account of the dramatic long weekend service — we ship the world over in February, 1947 (“Architecture of a Decision,” page 19) in the hope that Foreign Service participants in the event • Ask about us wherever you are would set down for the JOURNAL their own reminiscences. He also felt that this description of how State once dealt with a major problem in a swift, decisive and creative way might be instructive, even inspiring.

STEPHEN N. SESTANOVICH, a Foreign Service Career Re¬ serve officer in USIA, has served as PAO in Palermo, Naples, Bangkok, Singapore and Helsinki. He has written and lec¬ ie’sINC. tured extensively on Thomas Jefferson and his view of Jeffer¬ son as a PAO appears on page 23. 639 D ST., N.W., Washington, D.C. FITZHUGH GREEN is a former sales, advertising and promo¬ tion executive from New York. With USIA since 1954. he Write for our catalog has been Country Public Affairs Officer in Laos, Israel and the Congo (Leopoldville); USIA representative at USUN, and Director of USIA’s Foreign Correspondence Center in New York. He graduated from the Naval War College in 1963 and received an M.A. from Boston University the same year. Mr. Green recently resigned from USIA as Deputy As¬ sistant Director (personnel and training), to become Special Assistant to Senator Claiborne Pell (R.I.) His continuing interest in the agency is displayed in his article, “Time for USIA to Turn Pro,” on page 21.

At the time of his death. April 23, SAXTON BRADFORD was Educational Adviser to the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs. He joined the Foreign Service in 1941 and was a naval officer during World War II. His overseas assignments include those of Counselor of Embassy for Public Affairs at Tokyo. Madrid and Mexico City. In Washington he served as Deputy Director of the USIA for Policy and Plans and as Deputy Director of State’s Bureau of International Cultural Relations. He was a frequent con¬ tributor to the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL.

The JOURNAL’S newest column. “Cook’s Tour.” is the work of Helen Behrens, wife of Robert Behrens. Mrs. Behrens was born in London and lived in France until her father, the late Hans Kindler, founded and became conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington. After graduating from Duke, the Behrens traveled through South America on assign¬ ment for HOLIDAY. Later Helen worked at the Embassy in Paris while Bob worked toward his Doctorate at the Sor- bonne. Here her interest in cooking was developed by courses at the Cordon Bleu. Several years later, when Bob was as¬ signed by USIA to NATO in Paris, Helen wrote and narrated a cooking program over the Armed Forces Radio Network and lectured to American wives on French cooking.

Our cover artist. Liu SHIH-MING. is married to Jack Fried¬ man of the American Embassy, Seoul. Mrs. Friedman started painting just five years ago in Hong Kong where the Fried- FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 49 mans were assigned until coming to Korea in January. 1964. Born in Shanghai. Mrs. Friedman lived eight years in the United States and worked as a geographic names specialist at “A World of Banking Services” the Army Map Service. She had an exhibition of her work in Milwaukee in 1964 and one at the Korean Information Center in 1965. SECURITY NATIONAL BANK is earn¬ ing a solid reputation among JOHN KER DAVIS, author of ‘‘Farewell to a Beleaguered Americans abroad for its "world City,” page 28, writes. “After a long and often exciting life of banking services,” with empha¬ in the Foreign Service I reached the age of retirement in sis on service. 1943. My wife and I, desiring to be near our only daughter, acquired a piece of undeveloped bushland on the 600-foot Not the oldest nor the largest, level of a mountainside within the city limits of West Van¬ SECURITY NATIONAL is the sole couver, overlooking the entrance to the harbor of Vancouver Metropolitan Washington bank proper. We built a simple but adequate house commanding maintaining a separate "Depart¬ ment of Personal Services for a wonderful view and have lived here ever since (my wife Overseas Personnel.” It is truly died in 1964) save for visits to the States each winter. My the “foreign service” bank. principal recreations are working in the garden, reading, listen¬ ing to world news and attending the Round Table Club Tues¬ day luncheons, where after coffee is served all conversation must be addressed to the table as a whole.” This Department is headed by a U.S. Foreign Service Officer (Ret.), Albert E. Clattenburg, Jr. He will be happy to tell you how, over 1966 Book Fair and above our full banking services, we can help with any special problem you may have. EVERYONE who visited the 1965 Book Fair, conducted by the Association of American Foreign Service Women, knows that it was admirably organized and in addition offered Security l^jationai )3anli a multitude of articles at bargain rates. Indeed two hours of FALLS CHURCH. VA. browsing did not exhaust all possibilities. The time has come, CAILE—PERSER. WASHINGTON, D. C. the Association reminds us, to make our 1966 contribution. The organizers need books, magazines of lasting interest, D«p4Mt«ry for: U.S. G*vtr*m«M stamps, prints, paintings, records of all speeds, maps and art F«f«r«l D«p*lit UtMr*a<« C* C»MM*»Mltk at Virgin objects. Early contributions will make for a smooth-running F*4*r«l Rturvi Syitm Caunty »f Fairfax, Va, Fair. As soon as you assemble your contributions call 933- 3614 or 654-0084.

“We Got So Big Because We Charge So Little” Rent a New ECONO-CAR DIAMONDS Only a Phone Call Away . . . Dial 965-2111 Special Rates available to Foreign Service Officers 58 free countries buy $180,000,000 worth of • Brand New Cars • Safety Seat Belts • Free Pickup and Delivery Service diamonds yearly in Antwerp. You can save up to 50% • Protected by Insurance • Radios—Heater—Power Steering (Optional) Air Conditioning Available on single diamonds at wholesale prices by ordering Airport Service: Dial 965-2111 direct from Antwerp, the world’s largest diamond market. Within Walking distance of the State Department Buy diamonds for investment or personal use. Tax-free Drive a Bargain! By the Hour—Day—Week or Month and duty-free delivery to persons with diplomatic Downtown (D.C. & Va.) Bethesda (Md.) privileges. Write airmail for prices or visit us. 965-2111 654-0111 JOACHIM GOLDENSTEIN 20th 0 K Sts., N.W. 4865 Bethesda Ave. Diamond Club, Rooms 104-5-6, 62 Pelikaanstraat, Antwerp 6, Belgium RENTAL SYSTEM • 0110‘S FASTEST MOWING CAI UNTIL SYSTEM 1 ^//sf/*// ^ HIGH AWAID BRUSSELS iNTIBNATtONAl EXMlilTIOl

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50 FORKKJN SERVICK JOURNAL. July 1966 We have long been convinced that our wives as a group are probably the finest cooks in the United States and per¬ haps beyond. Since this JOURNAL is dedicated to the achieve¬ ment of professional excellence by its members as well as to their amusement and pleasure, we are inaugurating with this article a series of recipes from the international cuisine. Mrs. Robert Behrens is compiling a book on recipes from the Foreign Service, part of the royalties from which are to be turned over to the Association Scholarship fund. Any sug¬ gestions, comments, recipes or anecdotes may be sent to her at the American Embassy, Algiers or to the JOURNAL.

Jansson’s Temptation (Swedish Anchovy Entree) Jansson is a Swedish gourmet about whom no one knows anything. But he is as immortal as Caesar and Napoleon, who went to a great deal more trouble for their fame, because a popular Swedish dish is called Jansson’s Temptation. There is a movement afoot in Washington to change the name to Carl Rowan’s Temptation, however; since the former Director of US1A tasted Pia Anderson’s version of the dish, she has been unable to entertain him without putting it on the menu. Pia goes further. She takes a dish of Jansson’s Temptation to the Rowans when she and Burnett go there for dinner! Here, for six guests or four Carl Rowans, is Pia Anderson’s recipe for the Swedish entree, Jansson’s Temptation. 6 medium-sized raw potatoes, peeled, rinsed, and cut in thin strips as for shoestring. Wrap in paper towel until ready to use. 2 large yellow onions, peeled and sliced in rounds 10-12 anchovy fillets (one can) 3 tablespoons of butter 1 tablespoon breadcrumbs (optional) 1 teaspoon salt 2 twists of the grinder of white pepper (or Vs teaspoon) 1 cup cream Preheat oven to 325 degrees. Butter a baking dish with 1 tablespoon of the butter; spread half of the cut-up potatoes in the dish. Spread the onions over this. Make a lattice on top of the onions of the anchovy fillets. (Swedish anchovy fillets are preferable, and if canned, will have been skinned; however, ordinary anchovy fillets, in oil rather than lobster brine, will be good too.) Cover the anchovies with the rest of the potatoes. Dot with the remaining 2 tablespoons of butter, salt, pepper, and, if you wish, the breadcrumbs. Sprinkle the oil or brine from the anchovies over all, and pour the cream over the top. Bake until golden, approximately one hour, in 325° oven.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 51 “THE TRUE GLORY” (Continued from page 36) them to do it. Let us make our identity with democracy un¬ mistakably clear. Let every officer of this government be a living symbol of the spirit and the progress of this nation. Be proud of your enterprise system. We don’t have to apologize for it. The best way to explain economy is to ask somebody to come and see how it works—partnerships, cooperatives, corporations, public ownerships, the greatest admixture of pragmatism that the world has ever known. The best thing about this economy is what it does for people. Let somebody else write about it. Just point out what it does for people, for you. Most of us are living examples of the vigor of our economy, and we have a message to tell. Let us talk about representative government, recognizing that it is not always without its difficulties. Let us make it clear that we, too, have had some demonstrations and some violence, and we are not afraid when we witness this. You don’t build nations just by charting them out on a blueprint. We were sitting here talking about the difficulties in Viet¬ nam. I’d like to have the men and women of this audience go to the Library of Congress and get the record of the vio¬ lence that has taken place in this country since 1957 in the field of civil rights—the murders, the destruction of property, the burning of churches. You talk about pagodas. We have had plenty of churches bombed and little children killed in their Sunday-school classes. We’ve had a man in the uni¬ form of the armed services of the United States shot on a highway and we have had a jury system that did not even bring those guilty to punishment. This doesn’t mean our system is bad. It means it has some weaknesses. It means that we ought to have a little under¬ standing and tolerance for what goes on in other parts of the world. We had our Shay’s rebellion; we had our secessionists; we had our Civil War. We have our John Birch societies and a few other things. And we have lived through them. We ought not to panic when we see other people going through difficulties. We ought to remember that this too shall pass, providing that we are willing to apply ourselves without fear to the task. It is when the going gets tough that you separate the men from the boys. It is when the going gets tough that you separate a government that wants to help people from one that merely wants to dominate them. In military terms, I have no doubt as to what our capacity is. No power or combination of powers on the face of this earth can overwhelm us. Our test, however, should not be a military one. We are not the Prussians of the second half of the 20th century. We don’t need to be known as the mili¬ tarists. We are the humanitarians of the 20th century. We can help build nations and reconstruct societies and we can train people to help themselves if we have the will to do it. If we are willing to put the same determination into helping to build nations that we are showing in putting a man on the moon—the same perseverance, the same dedication of resources and will-—there isn’t any doubt in my mind that many areas of this world will benefit greatly, not from our domination but from our assistance, not from our desire to rule but from our desire to help. If you feel as I do, I hope that you will go away from this meeting remembering that you are put on this earth for one great purpose—not to rule or to take, but to serve the people. Remember at all times that we have a message of liberation and emancipation to give to this world such as no other nation on the face of this earth can give. I for one am proud to be one of its advocates. I would like to be an apostle of a working, effective, progressive democra¬ cy. I think we have an ideology. I think we have a faith. And I don’t intend to leave the field of ideology and faith and dedication to the enemy. I intend to pre-empt it for those of us who believe in human history. ■

52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July 1966 -j that on the strength of his own area, where free public kindergartens personal qualities he could at least are definitely the rule. G! 59* aspire to something higher, like This might be a suitable subject for President. the JOURNAL and the Association to ROBERT M. FOUCHE take up with the makers-of-regula- tions. Abidjan CHARLES E. BEHRENS EDITOK\ Dar Es Salaam \ “Consistency . . U .A In your April issue (page 31) you But What About French? make an eloquent plea for “prefix¬ The Foreign Service JOURNAL for Mary Todd as an F. S. Wife? less” ambassadors on the ground that February (25 years ago) carried this IT would be interesting to know “once an ambassador always an am¬ item: how many young officers in the bassador.” ► Mrs. Lucy N. Johansen, Consul, Foreign Service were literally de¬ But — Turin, suggests that the JOURNAL run pressed by the letter to the JOURNAL On your masthead Julius Holmes a matchmaking column. appearing in the March issue and is listed as “Ambassador, retired.” Could I start it off by presenting commenting on the JOURNAL’S De¬ If they must be prefix-less why not myself?: cember editorial on the role of wives. suffix-less as well? F.S. widow, 46, childless; six over¬ One wonders whether in a few EDWARD WEINTAL seas posts; some Italian, Spanish, Ger¬ years there will be individuals left NEWSWEEK man still retained. Dumpy and book¬ in the Service, and whether all of Washington ish—probably more suited to Groves us—our wives included—will have of Academe after all! Education Problems to be cast from the same mold. It PHYLLIS HOSMER recalls to mind the old admonishment WE have recently arrived at our Arlington of the Marine Corps to its men: “If first post at which we have been the Marines want you to have a wife, accompanied by a school-age child. A Decent Docent they’ll issue you one!” In the case of To our dismay we discover that the I was so impressed with ye Editor’s the Foreign Service, the State De¬ child is not eligible for an education lead article in the May issue on partment can issue wives in conform¬ allowance until she is 5 years, 8 the National Gallery's showing of ance with Foreign Service specifica¬ months old. We are informed that this modern French art that if I were in tions. Think of the relief it will give is because free public kindergartens Washington I would ask him to kind¬ the poor young FSO bachelor who are still not the rule in the US. ly take me to see the paintings and to just received his assignment to some We are dismayed because the post comment on them. far-off, isolated, 25-percent differen¬ cost-of-living allowance is based on Since retiring, I have completed tial post and is worried about going the cost-of-living in the Washington, seventeen large art scrap books but, without a wife. He can check out D.C. area, where Foreign Service per¬ unfortunately, I have yet to do my a Service-approved wife and need not sonnel would be living if working in “homework.” Mr. Carroll has done be concerned whether she’ll “get out the US. We wonder why the criteria his. and get with it.” for eligibility for education allowances JAMES B. STEWART As for the competition among are not also based on the Washington Denver wives, let it be restricted to how well they can create happiness and har¬ mony in the home so their husbands can be effective at work. I would also venture to add that we make a greater impression and do more for our so-called image by the warmth and hospitality which we convey in our homes, as well as out of them, than by outside “busy-ness” which gains more publicity than im¬ pact. Any such activity which unduly interferes with home life or forces wives to leave major responsibilities in the care of servants, for example, is superflous and not worth the effort. Finally, if what wives do is so important to the choice of Section Chiefs, DCMs, and Career Ministers, how does this criterion affect high- ranking FSO bachelors? Are they better off with no wife at all than with one who does not go all-out on “extra-curricular” activities? One concludes that with a wife like Mary Todd—impulsive, erratic, and unstable—Abraham Lincoln “A fine agent you are! To think we'd “B-O-N-A-P-A-R-T-E” would have stagnated at the 0-5 level be interested in a young Corsican artil¬ in today’s “modem” Foreign Service. lery captain. Give his name to the Better that he lived when he did so clerk,” re your Friends abreast of new Service Trends & of oreign places—of Life Overseas in the Sixties? ubscribe for them now! Keep wwthem up-to-date, nd save Correspondence time, for less than ten cents a week.

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