Volume of Solids

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30B Volume Solids Volume of Solids 1 30B Volume Solids The volume of a solid right prism or cylinder is the area of the base times the height. 2 30B Volume Solids Disk Method How would we find the volume of a shape like this? Volume of one penny: Volume of a stack of pennies: 3 30B Volume Solids EX 1 Find the volume of the solid of revolution obtained by revolving the region bounded by , the x-axis and the line x=9 about the x-axis. 4 30B Volume Solids EX 2 Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region enclosed by and about the y-axis. 5 30B Volume Solids Washer Method How would we find the volume of a washer? 6 30B Volume Solids EX 3 Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the x-axis the region bounded by and . 7 30B Volume Solids EX 4 Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the line y = 2 the region in the first quadrant bounded by these parabolas and the y-axis. (Hint: Always measure radius from the axis of revolution.) 8 30B Volume Solids Shell Method How would we find the volume of a label we peel off a can? 9 30B Volume Solids EX 5 Find the volume of the solid generated when the region bounded by these three equations is revolved about the y-axis. 10 30B Volume Solids EX 6 Find the volume of the solid generated when the region bounded by these equations is revolved about the y-axis in two ways. ① Shell method ② Disk method 11 30B Volume Solids EX 7 Find the volume of the solid generated when the region in quadrant 1 bounded by these equations is revolved about the line x = 3. 12 30B Volume Solids EX 8 A region, R is shown below. Set up an integral for the volume obtained by revolving R about the given line. a) The y-axis b) The x-axis c) The line y = 3 13 30B Volume Solids 14.

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Calculating Volume of a Solid
Calculating volume of a solid Quick Rewind: how to calculate area 1. slice the region to smaller pieces (narrow, nearly rectangle) 2. calculate the area of rectangle 3. take the limit (more and more slices) Recipe for calculating volume (motivated by area) 1. slice the solid into smaler pieces (thin cut) 2. calculate the volume of each \thin cut" 3. take the limit (more and more slices) Step 2: volume ≈ area × thickness, because it is so thin Suppose that x-axis is perpendicular to the direction of cutting, and the solid is between x = a and x = b. Z b Volume= A(x)dx, where A(x) is the area of \thin cut"at x a (\thin cut"is called a cross section, a two-dimensional region) n Z b X A(x)dx = lim A(yi ) · ∆x, (Riemann sum), where ∆x = (b − a)=n, x0 = a, n!1 a i=1 x1 = x0 + ∆x, ··· , xk+1 = xk + ∆x, ··· , xn = b, and xi−1 ≤ yi ≤ xi . Slicing method of volume Example 1: (classical ones) Z h (a) circular cylinder with radius=r, height=h: A(x)dx, A(x) = π[R(x)]2, R(x) = r 0 Z h rx (b) circular cone with radius=r, height=h: A(x)dx, A(x) = π[R(x)]2, R(x) = 0 h Z r p (c) sphere with radius r: A(x)dx, A(x) = π[R(x)]2, R(x) = r 2 − x2. −r Example 2: Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by y = x − x2, y = 0, x = 0 and x = 1 about x-axis.
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Calculus Terminology
AP Calculus BC Calculus Terminology Absolute Convergence Asymptote Continued Sum Absolute Maximum Average Rate of Change Continuous Function Absolute Minimum Average Value of a Function Continuously Differentiable Function Absolutely Convergent Axis of Rotation Converge Acceleration Boundary Value Problem Converge Absolutely Alternating Series Bounded Function Converge Conditionally Alternating Series Remainder Bounded Sequence Convergence Tests Alternating Series Test Bounds of Integration Convergent Sequence Analytic Methods Calculus Convergent Series Annulus Cartesian Form Critical Number Antiderivative of a Function Cavalieri’s Principle Critical Point Approximation by Differentials Center of Mass Formula Critical Value Arc Length of a Curve Centroid Curly d Area below a Curve Chain Rule Curve Area between Curves Comparison Test Curve Sketching Area of an Ellipse Concave Cusp Area of a Parabolic Segment Concave Down Cylindrical Shell Method Area under a Curve Concave Up Decreasing Function Area Using Parametric Equations Conditional Convergence Definite Integral Area Using Polar Coordinates Constant Term Definite Integral Rules Degenerate Divergent Series Function Operations Del Operator e Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Deleted Neighborhood Ellipsoid GLB Derivative End Behavior Global Maximum Derivative of a Power Series Essential Discontinuity Global Minimum Derivative Rules Explicit Differentiation Golden Spiral Difference Quotient Explicit Function Graphic Methods Differentiable Exponential Decay Greatest Lower Bound Differential
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Revolution About the X-Axis Find the Volume of the Solid of Revolution Generated by Rotating the Regions Bounded by the Curves Given Around the X-Axis
Revolution About the x-axis Find the volume of the solid of revolution generated by rotating the regions bounded by the curves given around the x-axis. a) y = 3x − x2; y = 0 p b) y = ax; y = 0; x = a Solutions a) y = 3x − x2; y = 0 We start by sketching the region, which is a parabolic \hump" between x = 0 and x = 3 with vertex (1:5; 2:25). We could compute the volume of the solid by using shells or disks. Because we're given the equation y = 3x − x2 for y in terms of x, it seems easiest to use disks. The radius of each disk will equal the height of the curve, 3x − x2 so a disk's volume will be π(3x − x2)2 dx. The limits of integration are the x-intercepts (crossing points) x = 0 and x = 3. The volume of the solid of revolution is: Z 3 Z 3 2 2 2 3 4 π(3x − x ) dx = π 9x − 6x + x dx 0 0 � 3 1 �3 = π 3x 3 − x 4 + x 5 2 5 0 �� 3 1 � � = π 3 · 33 − · 34 + · 35 − 0 2 5 � 3 3 � = 34π 1 − + 2 5 34π = ≈ 8π: 10 This seems like a reasonable answer; 8π is the volume of a cylinder with radius 2 and height 2. p b) y = ax; y = 0; x = a We must either sketch this region by hand or choose a value for a when using an electronic graphing tool. Either way, we ﬁnd that the region has the shape of half of a parabolic \hump", opening to the right, with vertex at (0; 0).
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The Pappus-Guldin Theorems
THEOREM OF THE DAY The Pappus–Guldin Theorems Suppose that a plane curve is rotated about an axis external to the curve. Then 1. the resulting surface area of revolution is equal to the product of the length of the curve and the displacement of its centroid; 2. in the case of a closed curve, the resulting volume of revolution is equal to the product of the plane area enclosed by the curve and the displacement of the centroid of this area. A classic example is the measurement of the surface area and volume of atorus. Atorus may bespeciﬁed in terms ofits minor radius r and ma- jor radius R by rotating through one complete revolution (an angle of τ radians) a circle of radius r about an axis lying in the plane of the cir- cle and at perpendicular distance R from its centre. In the image on the right, the surface and volume being generated by the rotation have area 1 1 A = τr τR = τ2rR and volume V = τr2 τR = τ2r2R, respectively. × 2 × 2 Using calculus, the centroid of the region bounded by the curve y = f (x) and the x-axis in the interval [a, b] has x and y coordinates 1 b 1 b 1 x = xf (x) dx and y = f (x) 2 dx, A A 2 Za Za where A is the area of the region. Now the second Pappus–Guldin theorem gives the volume when this region is rotated through τ radians as V = 1 b A τy = τ f (x) 2 dx, the familiar formula for volume of solid of revolution.
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Armstrong Calculus Michael Tiemeyer Armstrong State University, [email protected]
GALILEO, University System of Georgia GALILEO Open Learning Materials Mathematics Open Textbooks Mathematics Spring 2015 Armstrong Calculus Michael Tiemeyer Armstrong State University, [email protected] Jared Schlieper Armstrong State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/mathematics-textbooks Part of the Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Tiemeyer, Michael and Schlieper, Jared, "Armstrong Calculus" (2015). Mathematics Open Textbooks. 1. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/mathematics-textbooks/1 This Open Textbook is brought to you for free and open access by the Mathematics at GALILEO Open Learning Materials. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mathematics Open Textbooks by an authorized administrator of GALILEO Open Learning Materials. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Open Textbook Armstrong State University UNIVERSITY SYSTEM OF GEORGIA Jared Schlieper, Michael Tiemeyer Armstrong Calculus JAREDSCHLIEPER&MICHAELTIEMEYER CALCULUS Copyright © 2015 Jared Schlieper and Michael Tiemeyer Licensed to the public under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Interna- tional License Preface A free and open-source calculus First and foremost, this text is mostly an adaptation of two very excellent open-source textbooks: Active Calculus by Dr. Matt P Boelkins and AEX Calculus by Drs. Gregory Hartman, Brian Heinold, Troy Siemers, Dimplekumar Chalishajar, and Jennifer Bowen. Both texts can be found at http://aimath.org/textbooks/approved-textbooks/. Dr. Boelkins also has a great blog for open source calculus at https://opencalculus.wordpress.com/. The authors of this text have combined sections, examples, and exercises from the above two texts along with some of their own content to generate this text.
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Area of a Surface of Revolution
AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION A surface of revolution is formed when a curve is rotated about a line. Such a surface is the lateral boundary of a solid of revolution of the type discussed in Sections 7.2 and 7.3. We want to define the area of a surface of revolution in such a way that it corresponds to our intuition. If the surface area is A, we can imagine that painting the surface would require the same amount of paint as does a flat region with area A. Let’s start with some simple surfaces. The lateral surface area of a circular cylinder with radius r and height h is taken to be A ෇ 2␲rh because we can imagine cutting the cylin- cut h der and unrolling it (as in Figure 1) to obtain a rectangle with dimensions 2␲r and h. r Likewise, we can take a circular cone with base radius r and slant height l, cut it along the dashed line in Figure 2, and flatten it to form a sector of a circle with radius l and cen- tral angle ␪ ෇ 2␲r͞l. We know that, in general, the area of a sector of a circle with radius ␪ 1 2␪ l and angle is 2 l (see Exercise 67 in Section 6.2) and so in this case it is h 2␲r A ෇ 1 l 2␪ ෇ 1 l 2ͩ ͪ ෇ ␲rl 2πr 2 2 l FIGURE 1 Therefore, we define the lateral surface area of a cone to be A ෇ ␲rl.
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Lengths of Curves and Surfaces of Revolution 14.4 
® Lengths of Curves and Surfaces of Revolution 14.4 Introduction Integration can be used to find the length of a curve and the area of the surface generated when a curve is rotated around an axis. In this Section we state and use formulae for doing this. Prerequisites • be able to calculate definite integrals Before starting this Section you should ... • find the length of curves Learning Outcomes • find the area of the surface generated when a On completion you should be able to ... curve is rotated about an axis HELM (2008): 27 Section 14.4: Lengths of Curves and Surfaces of Revolution 1. The length of a curve To find the length of a curve in the xy plane we first divide the curve into a large number of pieces. We measure (or, at least, approximate) the length of each piece and then by an obvious summation process obtain an estimate for the length of the curve. Theoretically, we allow the number of pieces to increase without bound, implying that the length of each piece will tend to zero. In this limit the summation process becomes an integration process. y δy δx y(x) a b x Figure 11 Figure 11 shows the portion of the curve y(x) between x = a and x = b. A small piece of this curve has been selected and can be considered as the hypotenuse of a triangle with base δx and height δy. (Here δx and δy are intended to be ‘small’ so that the curved segment can be regarded as a straight segment.) s 2 p δy Using Pythagoras’ theorem, the length of the hypotenuse is: δx2 + δy2 = 1 + δx δx By summing all such contributions between x = a and x = b, and letting δx → 0 we obtain an expression for the total length of the curve: x=b s 2 X δy lim 1 + δx δx→0 δx x=a But we already know how to write such an expression in terms of an integral.
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§7.2 VOLUME: the DISK Method
Lecture Notes Math 150B Nguyen 1 of 6 7.2 §7.2 VOLUME: The DISK method We’ll use the definite integral to find the volume of a 3-dimensional solid whose cross sections are similar (such as bottles, pills, axles, etc.) Def: If a region in a plane is revolved about a line, the resulting solid is called a solid of revolution, and that line is called the axis of revolution. The simplest such solid is a right circular cylinder, or disk, which is formed by revolving a rectangle about an axis adjacent to one side of the rectangle. Volume of 1 representative disk = (area of disk) ( width of disk) = R2 w Now consider a solid of revolution by revolving the following plane region about the x-axis. Lecture Notes Math 150B Nguyen 2 of 6 7.2 This approximation appears to become better and better as 0 (meaning, as n ). So we can define the volume of the solid as n b Volume of solid = lim R() x 2x R() x 2dx 0 i1 a A similar formula can be derived if the axis of vertical is vertical. In summary: Note: In the Disk method, we determine the variable of integration by placing a representative rectangle “perpendicular” to the axis of revolution. If the width of the rectangle is x, integrate with respect to x, and if the width of the rectangle is y, integrate with respect to y. Lecture Notes Math 150B Nguyen 3 of 6 7.2 Example 1: Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving about the x-axis the region under the curve y x from x = 0 to x = 1.
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Volumes of Solids of Revolution Examples
Volumes Of Solids Of Revolution Examples Hayward outdating derogatorily if telophasic Cris vocalize or gats. Costive Gino sometimes striate his Ethiopianalexanders or unamusingly loures asymptotically. and settling so indestructibly! Lighter-than-air Englebart usually contemn some Rotations about volumes together, we developed for volume. This solid is in a curve or revolution, it was set this is shown in your area? For volumes we will now! Which method for the differential equations equal to the nature of a solid of revolution and professionals in which method with comparable dimensions for volumes of solids revolution examples out? Clearly and negative terms must tend to have been intersection of revolution is another awesome example we want to right circular, create your feedback. Not solid of revolution and example problems you go right shows a solid, we wish to integrate to store any, so we study pack are depicted in. We wish to comment was successfully reported this? Calculate areas under a solid of solids of revolution are full solid of stuff in. The examples to avoid charges for the maple worksheets by experts for solid revolving a practicing secondary high school. Once you selected notes to contact us a solid described, set this example, as an interesting thing is another method. Hi i reckon it is revolved around other. Separable differential equation? Then adding up an example shows a volume in general case of revolution through a representative shell you can add your notebook and whatnot in fact that. First to load an account. The volume of revolution for making these are rotating about basic question we have always need to define some cases, and evaluate this case is given horizontal.
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2.3 | Volumes of Revolution: Cylindrical Shells
154 Chapter 2 | Applications of Integration 2.3 | Volumes of Revolution: Cylindrical Shells Learning Objectives 2.3.1 Calculate the volume of a solid of revolution by using the method of cylindrical shells. 2.3.2 Compare the different methods for calculating a volume of revolution. In this section, we examine the method of cylindrical shells, the final method for finding the volume of a solid of revolution. We can use this method on the same kinds of solids as the disk method or the washer method; however, with the disk and washer methods, we integrate along the coordinate axis parallel to the axis of revolution. With the method of cylindrical shells, we integrate along the coordinate axis perpendicular to the axis of revolution. The ability to choose which variable of integration we want to use can be a significant advantage with more complicated functions. Also, the specific geometry of the solid sometimes makes the method of using cylindrical shells more appealing than using the washer method. In the last part of this section, we review all the methods for finding volume that we have studied and lay out some guidelines to help you determine which method to use in a given situation. The Method of Cylindrical Shells Again, we are working with a solid of revolution. As before, we define a region R, bounded above by the graph of a function y = f (x), below by the x-axis, and on the left and right by the lines x = a and x = b, respectively, as shown in Figure 2.25(a).
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1 Solid of Revolution IB Mathematic HL International Baccalaureate
1 Solid of Revolution IB Mathematic HL International Baccalaureate Program 2070 October 31, 2016 2 Introduction: Geometry is one of the areas of math that I feel passionate about, thereby I am inspired to do my Internal Assessment in this area. I found that ellipsoid is an interesting geometric shape. It is not as perfectly round as a sphere, and it has two or three distinct radii, which peaks my attention and interest. I have learned many geometric shapes, however, ellipse and ellipsoid are the two I had very little knowledge about. We see ellipsoid in our daily lives, such as potatoes, watermelons and stones. In fact, our Earth is an ellipsoid as well. Besides finding out the volume of an ellipsoid, I wondered if we can use volume of revolution to find the volume of other shapes as well. Therefore, it inspires me to do this paper on finding the volume of an ellipsoid and the volume under a curve by using the disk method and the cylinder method. An ellipsoid is an ellipse in 3D. It has three axials, and three semi-axes. There are two kinds of ellipsoid. One has three distinct semi-axes, and the other one has a pair of equivalent semi-axes, and one distinct semi-axes. I am going to explore ellipsoids with a pair of equivalent and one distinct semi-axes. I have never heard or learnt about the volume of revolution before I did this Internal Assessment. My math teacher mentioned this process, which brought my interest to investigate this topic.
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Calculus II, Section 8.2, #4 Area of a Surface of Revolution (A) Set up An
Calculus II, Section 8.2, #4 Area of a Surface of Revolution (a) Set up an integral for the area of the surface obtained by rotating the curve about (i) the x-axis and (ii) the y-axis.1 x = ln (2y + 1) , 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 (b) Use the numerical integration capability of a calculator to evaluate the surface areas correct to four decimal places. In any calculus textbook, there are a lot of formulas associated with surface area. In the eighth edition of Calculus, Early Transcendentals by James Stewart, there are five formulas set out for finding the surface area of a solid of revolution. If we try to intuitively understand the surface area concept, we can spare ourselves the need to memorize these formulas. Much like the computation of the lateral area of a cylinder (circumference·length), the area of a surface of revolution is found by circumference · arc length where we use the formula for arc length and integrate over the length of the interval of integration. Thus we have x=b dy 2 S = 2π · radius · 1+ dx s dx Zx=a or y=d dx 2 S = 2π · radius · 1+ dy s dy Zy=c For this problem, we will be finding surface areas associated with revolving the graph of x = ln (2y + 1) , 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 about the x and y axes. Let’s do some preliminary work with the function. The graph of x = ln (2y + 1) , 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 is shown y at right. A simple computation confirms when y = 0, x = ln (2 · 0+1) = 0 and when y = 1, 1 x = ln (2 · 1 + 1) = ln (3).
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