• t INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE NEWSLETTER NO. 2
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Rather sadly, I have to start this issue of our newsletter with an OBITUARY:
11 PROF HAI
********** BAMBOO/RATTAN CONSERVATION The rapid destruction of natural vegetation in the region is a matter of grave concern to all of us, but especially to those whose major interest has been the study of non-timber species like bamboo and rattan. It has been stated that habitat destruction, more than over-exploitation, is a major course of genetic erosion of those two plants. Though there are no quantitative assessment as to how much of Asia•s rattan and bamboo species have been completely lost, plenty of anecdotal (observational} reports exist to warrant the undertaking of conservation measures to preserve representative samples of all our species for current use and for future generations. When attempting to CONSERVE, the big debate has always been whether to put effort into in situ conservation whereby representative samples of natural ecosystems are conserved or place emphasis on ex situ conservation measures where population conservation rather than ecosystem conservation is the target. As Burley and Carlowitzl (1983) state 11 that in conserving an ecosystem in situ, we automatically conserve its species and their genetic resources, although the size of area reserved obviously controls the number of individual species. To determine the minimum area of forest necessary to conserve adequate number of individuals in situ requires
lsurley, J. and Carlowitz. 1984. Multipurpose Tree Germplasm. ICRAF Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 298. - 2
knowledge of the reproductive biology, ecology, pattern of distribution and genetic variance of the species. (However) for both exotic industrial and multipurpose plantations, species and population conservation is more important than ecosystem conservation. If desirable, populations can be identified from exploration of the natural range from ad hoc introductions, or from comparative trials. We need to decide what genetic properties of the population should be conserved: genes, gene frequencies, gene complexes or genotypes". Burley and Carlowitz go on further and quote Thompson2 (1979) on the essential requirements for collection and maintenance of plant genetic resources. These are: * Representation: genetic diversity (large population) * Prevention: genetic erosion (no selection) * Preservation: genetic integrity (no gene flow) * Detention: gene frequencies (no distortion to breeding pattern) * Conservation: long term security (low energy inputs) Thompson also highlighted conditions that should be avoided in collection of plants held as genetic resources. These are: * small proportion (collected or maintained) * selection (random or directed) * hybridization (gene flow) * unnatural breeding patterns (levels of heterozygosity) * high risk survival factors (individual enthusiasm, cultivation in glasshouses, etc.) Eight participating institutions of the IDRC ASIAN BAMBOO/RATTAN RESEARCH NETWORK are actively undertaking gene pool conservation studies. None, however, are doing this in situ (though one of the recommendations of the 1980 IDRC-sponsored Bamboo Sem1nar was for in situ conservation). Of the alternative strategy, two are prominent v1z: * living gardens and trial plantations * tissue culture In tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 I have listed the bamboo and rattan species that are currently being maintained in Living Gardens/Arboretum/Bamboosetums in Bangladesh, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia and the People's Republic of China. You will notice that a total of 182 species of bamboo and 59 speciesof rattan are being maintained in these gardens and complete phenological records are being kept on these.
2Thompson, P.A. 1979. Preservation of plant resources in gene banks within botanic gardens. In Survival or Extinction (Eds. Synge, H. and Townsend, H.). Bentham, Moxom Trust. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. l
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In tables 7 and 8, I have listed the bamboo and rattan species that are being or will be cultivated in Bangladesh, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia and the People's Republic of China as trial or experimental plots. Once again, growth and other performance data is being kept. Special mention must be made of the work being done in Bangladesh where 16 provenances of four of their popularly grown species (B. vulgaris, B. burmonica, B. tulda and M. baccifera) are being grown in their exper1mental TTeld stat1ons-,-at four locations. The network has included and is continuing to include tissue culture activities. Though success in terms of industrializing the technology is still somewhere in the horizon, at least two of our network scientists have succeeded in producing a few plantlets. In Malaysia, Mrs Aziah bte Mohd Yusoff is working on the manau cane (~ manau). In the Philippines, Dr Mercedes Garcia of the University of the Philippines succeeded in producing a few plantlets of C. merrillii and C. ornatus. Some of Dr Garcia's plantlets have been transplantea in the field and their progress is being monitored. In the Philippines again, a team from the Institute of Plant Breeding will be working on D. latiflorus tissue culture. Dr Ramon Barba is the head of this research group. Finally in Bangladesh, Mr Ratan Lal Banik will begin to research on tissue culturing the popular village bamboo. If and when our researchers succeed in their in vitro culture attempts, a new era of bamboo/rattan germplasm conservation wlln open up, where deep freezers will replace huge tracts of land in the preservation of genes. In each of the tables of this newsletter, I have given the name of the scientist most concerned with the bamboo/rattan conservation activity of his/her institute. You should feel free to write to them to seek further information. Further, if you know of other conservation activities on these two plants, please inform me and I shall disseminate the information to the rest of the network, in subsequent newsletters.
********** MEETINGS At least three regional/international level meetings are being planned for the IDRC's ASIAN Bamboo/Rattan Network. These are: A three-day colloquim on RATTAN PROPAGATION- THE PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES. This colloquim is scheduled for either December 1986 or January 1987. It is envisaged that the meeting will be held in Malaysia and specialists in rattan propagation (seed collection, storage, transport and exchange, nursery technology, seedling requirements both ecological and physiological) will present state-of-the-art reviews and findings. Closer collaborative work between institutions in the region in this important field will also be discussed. CONTACT: DR G DHANARAJAN, COORDINATOR, IDRC ASIAN BAMBOO/RATTAN NETWORK, c/o IDRC SINGAPORE. - 4 -
A five-day International Symposium on the TISSUE CULTURE OF FOREST SPECIES will be organized by the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia towards the middle of 1987. Bamboo and rattan tissue culture will feature prominently in this meeting. The planning for this meeting has just begun and we will keep you informed of developments. Further details CONTACT: MRS AllAH MOHO YUSOFF, c/o FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA, KEPONG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA. It is now 3 years since the last International Symposium on Rattan was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The next one is now being planned. It will be held towards the end of 1987 in Bangkok. For further information CONTACT: OR !SARA VONGKALUANG, FACULTY OF FORESTRY, KASETSART UNIVERSITY, BANGKOK, THAILAND.
********** PUBLICATIONS The Rattan Information Bulletin is actively soliciting articles, news items, technological and marketing information relating to rattan. If you have discovered something interesting, why not drop a note to MRS KONG HOOI KOOI at the FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA, KEPONG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA. The IDRC's ASIAN BAMBOO/RATTAN NETWORK is planning to publish a series of "State-of-Science" reviews on Bamboo and Rattan research. Do you have any suggestions on the subjects we should consider? CONTACT: DR G DHANARAJAN, COORDINATOR, IDRC ASIAN BAMBOO/RATTAN NETWORK, c/o IDRC SINGAPORE.
********** V!SITS The Bamboo/Rattan Network sees exchange visits by networkers as an integral activity of the group and attempts to facilitate these visits within the region as frequently as is necessary. Recently (June 16 - June 26, 1986), Or Isara Vongkaluang and Mr Surachai Pransilpa of our Thailand Rattan project spent a week in Guangzhou (China) visiting the Chinese Rattan project under the leadership of Mr Xu Huang Can. Joining them during the visit was Mr N Manokaran of the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia who acts as the project consultant for the China project. We understand that all three parties had many hours of fruitful discussions during their stay together in China. Visiting China at about the same time were Mr 0 Webb (Associate Director, Forestry, IDRC Bogota) and Mrs L Webb, Or C 8 Sastry, Mr V Wong (from the Accounts Division of IDRC Asian Regional Office). All four of them visited the Bamboo and Rattan project laboratories and field sites in Hangzhou and Guangzhou respectively. The party then went on to the Philippines to see the on-going rattan program as well as the incipient bamboo studies there.
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Finally, an appeal -have you published/presented any papers recently in local or international journals/conferences? Send us a copy and we will circulate it within the network. Good luck! ~ G DHANARAJAN Coordinator IDRC Bamboo/Rattan Network - 6 -
Table 1 -List of Bamboo species being conserved in BANGLADESH
Location of Garden: Forest Research Institute Grounds Chittagong Contact: Mr Ratan Lal Banik Principal Scientific Officer Forest Research Institute Chittagong Bangladesh
Bambusa arundinacea Retzius B. balcooa Roxburgh B. blumeana Schultes B. burmanica Gamble B. glauscence (willd) Sieb. ex Munro B. longispiculata Gamble ex Brandis B. nutans Wallich ex Munro B. oliveriana Gamble B. polymorpha Munro B. tulda Roxburgh B. vulgaris Schrader ex Wendland Gigantochloa macrostachya Kurz Melocalamus compactiflorus (Kurz) Bentham Melocanna baccifera (Roxburgh) Kurz Oxytenanthera albociliata Munro Oxytenanthera nigrocilialta Munro Teinostachyum griffithii Munro Thyrostachys oliveri Gamble Cephalostachyum capitatum Munro C. fuchsianum Gamble C. latifolium Munro C. pallidum Munro C. pergracile Munro Dendrocalamus calostachyus Kurz D. giganteus Munro D. hamiltonii Munro D. longispathus Kurz D. strictus Nees (
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Table 2 -List of Bamboo species being conserved in CHINA
Location of Garden: Anji Botanic Garden Zhejiang Contact: Mr Ma Nai Xun Subtropical Forest Research Institute Chinese Academy of Forestry Fuyang, Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
Phyllostachys acuta Chu et Chao Ph. angusta McClure Ph. arcana McClure Ph. arcana f. luteosulcata Chu et Chao Ph. atrovaginata Chao et Chou Ph. aurea Carr. ex A. et C. Riviere Ph. aureosulcata McClure Ph. aureosulcata f. spectabilis Chu et Chao Ph. aureosulcata f. pekinensis Lu Ph. aureosulcata f. aureocaulis Wang et Ma Ph. au rita Lu Ph. bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc. Ph. bambusoides f. tanakae Makino ex Tsuboi Ph. bambusoides f. mixta Wang et Ma Ph. bambusoides f. shouzhu Yi Ph. bissetii McClure Ph. circumpilis Yao et Chen Ph. concava Yu et Wang Ph. decora McClure Ph. dulcis McClure Ph. elegans McClure Ph. fimbriligula Wen Ph. flexuosa A. et C. Riviere Ph. glabrata Chen et yao Ph. glauca McClure Ph. glauca f. youzhu Lu Ph. glauca var. variabilis Lu Ph. heteroclada Oliver Ph. heteroclada f. salida Wang et Yu Ph. heterocycla (Carr) Mitford Ph. heterocycla var. pubescens (Mazel) Ohwi Ph. heterocycla var. pubescens f. obliguinoda Wang et Ma Ph. heterocycla var. pubescens f. ventricosa Wang et Ma Ph. heterocycla var. pubescens f. gracilis Ph. heterocycla var. pubescens f. Nabeshimana I \ :>
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Ph. heterocycla var. pubescens f. luteosulcata Ph. heterocycla var. pubescens f. nov Ph. incarnata Wen Ph. iridenscens Yao et Chen Ph. kwangsiensis Hsiung Ph. lofushanensis Wang et Ye Ph. Makinoi Hayata Ph. meyeri McClure Ph. nidularia Munro Ph. nidularia f. smoothsheath McClure Ph. nidularia f. farcta Zhao et Liu Ph. nigella Wen Ph. nigra Munro Ph. nigra var. Henonis Stapf et Rendle Ph. nuda McClure Ph. nuda f. localis Wang et Yu Ph. parvifolia Chu et Chao Ph. pinyanensis Wen Ph. platyglossa Wang et Yu Ph. praecox Chu et Chao Ph. prominens Xiong Ph. propinqua McClure Ph. rivalis Zhao et Liu Ph robustiramea Chen et Yu Ph. rubromarginata McClure Ph. rutila Wen Ph. stimulosa Zhao et Liu Ph. tianmuensis Wang et Ma Ph. viridi-glaucescens A. et C. riv. Ph. viridis McClure Ph. viridis f. houzeauana Chu et Chao Ph. viridis f. youngii Chu et Chao Ph. vivax McClure Ph. vivax f. huanwenzhu Lu Ph. vivax f. Ph. verrucosa Ye et Wang Ph. Yunhoensis Chen et Yao Ph. sp. Bambusa breviflora Munro B. dolichomerithalla Hayata B. entuldoides McClure B. multiplex Raenchel B. multiplex var. nana Keng f. B. multiplex f. alphonso-karri Naka B. pachinensis Hayata B. pachinensis var. Hirsutissma B. pervariabiris McClure B. rigida Keng et keng f. B. shimadai Hayata B. stenostachya Hackel I \ . ~·
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B. textilis McClure B. textilis var. glacilis McClure B. ventricosa McClure Brachystachyum densiflorus Keng B. densiflorus var. villosum Chen et Yao Gelidocalamus stellatus Wen G. tessellatus Wen et Chang Shibataea chinensis Nakai Sh. lanceifolia Hu Oligostachyum sulcatum Wang et Ye 0. sp. Indosasa levigata Wang et Ye In. shibataeoides McClure Bashania fargesii Keng f. et Yi Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro Dinochloa sp. Fargesia spathacea Franchet Pseudostachyum polymorphum Munro Qiongzhuea tumidinoda Hsueh et Yi SaSamorpha sinica Koidz. Semiarundinaria lubrica Wen Pleioblastus amarus keng f. Pl. amarus var. pendolifolius Chen Pl. amarus var. subglabratus Chen Pl. argenteostriatus Nakai P. gozadakensis Nakai Pl. chino var. hisauchii Makino Pl. gramineus Nakai Pl. intermedius Chen Pl. juxianensis Wen Pl. longifimbriatus Chen Pl. oedogonatus Wang et Ye Pl. solidus Chen Pl. yixingensis Chen et Chen Pl. altiligulatus Chen et Chen Pseudosasa amabilis Keng f. Ps. amabilis var. convexa Wan et Ye Ps. amabilis var. tenuis Chou et Sheng Ps. cantori Keng f. Ps. guanxianensis Yi Ps. japonica Makino Ps. notata Wang et Ye Ps. subsolida Chen et Sheng Sinobambusa tootsik Makino S. tootsik var. tenuifolia S. Suzuki S. gigantea Wen S. rubroligula McClure S. anaurita Wen. S. orthotropa Chen S. sichuanensis Yi (
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Indocalamus barbatus McClure In. decorus Oai In. latifolius McClure In. longiauritus Handel-Mazzetti In. migoi keng f. In. pedalis keng f. Sinocalamus affinis McClure S. affinis f. flavidorivens (Yi) Hsueh et Yi S. affinis f. viridiflava (Yi) Hsueh et Yi S. distegius Keng et keng f. S. oldhomi (Munro) McClure Yushania baishazuensis Wang et Ye Y. hirticaulis Wang et Ye Y. rugosa Yi Chimonobambusa mamorea Makino Ch. Pachystachys Hsueh et Yi Ch. quadrangularis Makino Ch. sP. 11
Table 3 - List of Bamboo species being conserved in THAILAND
Locations: (1) Mae Sa Botanical Garden Chiang Mai Province (2) Hin Lap Experimental Station Kanchanaburi Province (3) Songkla Forest Research Station Songkla Province Contact: Mr Sakonsak Ramayarangsi Royal Forest Department Bangkok Thailand
KANCHANABURI Arundinana suberecta A. Chev. A. pusilla A. chey. A. Camus Bambusa arundinacea B. blumeana Schult B. nana Roxb. B. nutans B. ventricosa B. vulgaris Schrad. Cephalostachyum virgatum Kurz Dendrocalamus asper Back D. brandisi Kurz D. hamiltonii Nees D. 1ongi spathus D. membranaceus Munro Gigantochloa albociliata Munro G. spp. Schizostachyum aciculare Thyrsostachus siamensis oliv T. oliveri Gamble SONGKLA Bambusa nana Roxb. B. ventricosa B. vulgaris Schrad B. vulgaris var. striata Dendrocalamus latiflorus D. membranaeous - 12 -
D. strictus Nees Dinochloa scandans Gigantachloa apus G. auriculata G. hasskarliana Back G. ligulata Melocalamus compactiflorus Schizostachyum aciculare S. zollingeri Thyrsostachys oliveri Gamble CHIANG MAl Bambusa arundinacea B. plymorpha Munro B. blumeana Schultz B. nutans Wall B. vulgaris var. striata C. pergracile Cephalostachyum virgatum Kurtz Dendrocalamus asper Back D. giganteus D. hamiltomii Nees D. membranaceous Munro D. strictus Nees Thyrostachys oliveri Gamble Gigantochloa albociliata Munro G. nigrociliata Kurz Teinostachyum griffithii Munro T. siamensis Oliv Melocalamus compactiflorus Benth - 13
Table 4- List of Rattan species being conserved in the PHILIPPINES Garden
Location: Mudspring Experimental Forest Bagong Silang Los Banos, Laguna Date of Establishment: 1984 Contact: Ms Aida Lapis Forest Research Institute Los Banos, Laguna Philippines
Calamus bicolor C. dimorphacantus C. discolor C. curannii C. halconensis C. filispadix C. manillensis C. mindorensis C. icrospharion Mi ndor C. ramulosus C. moll is C. ornatus var philippinensis C. meri 11 i i C. sp. C. reyesianus C. palm Daemonorops ochreolepis D. curam1 D. loherianus D. diepenhorstii var exulans D. mo 11 is Korthalsia laciniosa Plectocomia elmerii 14
Table 5 - List of Rattan species being conserved in the INDONESIAN Garden
Location: Harubentes, Jasinga Bog or
Date of Establishment: May 1985 Contact: Mr Junais Dali Research Officer Forest Research Institute Bog or Indonesia
Calamus manau C. trachycoleus C. caesius C. ornatus C. conovarius C. ruvides C. inops C. javensis C. scipionum C. ciliaris C. heteroides C. muricatus C. symphypus C. diepenhorstii Daemonorops melanochaetes D. eoblongus D. ruber D. 1ongi pes Korthalsia teysmanii K. echinometra Myrialepis scortechnii Plectocomia elongata - 15
Table 6 -List of Rattan species being conserved in the CHINESE Garden
Location: Tropical Forest Research Station Ji angfeng Peak Hainan Island Date of Establishment: mid 1985 Contact: Mr Xu Huang Can Tropical Forest Research Institute Longyandong, Guangzhou China
Calamus balausaenus C. egregius C. faberi i C. hainanensis C. platycanthoides C. rhobdocladus C. tetradactylus C. tetradactyloides Daemonorops margaritae D. jenkinsianus Plectocomia microstachys - 16
Table 7 -Rattan species under trial in IDRC funded projects in Asia
Species Philippines Indonesia China Thailand
C. tetradactyl us + Calamus caesius + C. merri 11 i i + c. egregius + c. di penhorsti i + c. man au + + c. scipionum + c. perigrinus + c. oxyleyanus + c. rudentum + C. caesius + Daemonorops mollis + D. cur anti i + D. sp. + D. margaritae + Korthalsia grandis + Plectocomiopsis pierana +
Contacts Philippines: Mr Jose Sarjento, Forest Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines Indonesia: Mr Yunus Dali/Mr Yana Sumarna, Forest Research and Development Agency (FRDA), Lithutan, Bogor, Indonesia China: Mr Xu Huang Can, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Longyandong, Guangzhou, China Thailand: Dr !sara Vongkaluang, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand 17
Table 8 - Bamboo species under trial in IDRC funded projects in Asia
Species Thailand China Bangladesh
Bambusa burmanica + B. arundinacea + B. nan a + B. polymorpha + B. tulda + B. t + B. vulgaris + + Cepha 1ost achyum pergraci le + C. virgatum + Dendrocalamus giganteus + D. longispathus + D. strictus + D. hamiltoni + D. brandisi + Gigantachloa apus + G. auriculata + G. hasskar 1i ana + G. ligulata + Malocanna baccifera + M. compactiflorus Phyllostachys fimbriligula + Ph. incarnate + Ph. pubescens + Ph. nuda + Ph. viridis + Ph. nigra + Pleiblastus amanus + Thyrostachys oliveri + T. siamensis + Schizostachyum aciculare +
Contacts Bang 1adesh: Dr Shafique Khan, Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bangladesh China: Mr Fu Mao Yi, Subtropical Forest Research Institute, Fuyang, Zhejiang Province, China Thailand: Mr Sakonsak Ramayarangsi, Silvicultural Division, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand