Supplementary material 1:Table S1. Species list, abundances and characteristics of food woody plant species for Hainan gibbon sampled in young natural secondary forests (YSF, <25 yr since disturbance), middle-aged natural secondary forests (MSF, 25-60 yr since disturbance), old natural forests (OGF, >60 yr since disturbance) and plantation forests (PF, 20-35 yr) of tropical forest area in BNNR, Hainan Island, China. Tot fts: total number of forest types in which the species occurs. Number of individuals Tot Fruit Family Species YSF MSF OGF PF Total Part eaten fts types Myrtaceae Acmena acuminatissima 4 93 31 53 2 179 berries fruit Theaceae Adinandra hainanensis 4 93 77 200 51 421 berries fruit Euphorbiaceae Bridelia balansae 4 36 48 238 16 338 drupes fruit Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus dubius 4 3 2 83 4 92 drupes fruit Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus subglobosus 4 4 6 5 1 16 drupes fruit Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus sylvestris 4 15 10 29 7 61 drupes fruit Ficus variegata var. Moraceae 4 38 14 64 13 129 achenes fruit chlorocarpa Guttiferae Garcinia multiflora. 4 11 5 40 2 58 berries fruit Guttiferae Garcinia oblongifolia 4 143 70 218 10 441 berries fruit Aquifoliaceae Ilex goshiensis 4 36 46 65 1 148 drupes fruit Aquifoliaceae Ilex kobuskiana 4 69 107 88 1 265 drupes fruit Lauraceae Lindera kwangtungensis 4 26 17 35 3 81 drupes fruit Lauraceae Litsea baviensis 4 18 42 346 1 407 drupes fruit Lauraceae Machilus chinensis 4 133 58 314 29 534 drupes fruit Lauraceae Machilus suaveolens 4 2 47 4 11 64 drupes fruit Tiliaceae Microcos paniculata 4 92 33 54 1 180 drupes fruit Rubiaceae Psychotria rubra 4 1085 1018 3864 205 6172 berries fruit Araliaceae Schefflera octophylla 4 93 105 182 9 389 drupes fruit,leaves Myrtaceae Syzygium chunianum 4 71 62 98 73 304 berries fruit Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini 4 43 9 210 16 278 berries fruit Apocynaceae Wrightia laevis 4 26 43 75 5 149 follicles fruit Aceraceae Acer fabri 3 20 16 25 0 61 nuts leaves Rutaceae Acronychia oligophlebia 3 102 119 93 0 314 drupes fruit Rutaceae Acronychia pedunculata 3 14 11 21 0 46 drupes fruit Rubiaceae Adina hainanensis 3 13 4 44 0 61 capsules leaves Lauraceae Alseodaphne hainanensis 3 44 35 34 0 113 berries fruit Euphorbiaceae Antidesma montanum 3 5 14 35 0 54 drupes fruit,leaves Sapindaceae Aphania oligophylla 3 5 1 4 0 10 drupes fruit Moraceae Artocarpus styracifolius 3 36 49 31 0 116 achenes fruit Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea ramiflora 3 4 1 167 0 172 capsules fruit Lauraceae Beilschmiedia intermedia 3 52 74 106 0 232 drupes fruit Euphorbiaceae Bischoffia javanica 3 0 1 32 11 44 berries fruit Burseraceae Canarium album 3 37 15 48 0 100 drupes fruit Burseraceae Canarium pimela 3 16 11 82 0 109 drupes fruit Rubiaceae Canthium dicoccum 3 91 29 139 0 259 drupes leaves Fagaceae Castanopsis hystrix 3 18 18 104 0 140 nuts leaves Cleistocalyx Myrtaceae 3 23 67 96 0 186 berries fruit conspersipunotatus Myrtaceae Cleistocalyx operculatus 3 7 6 8 0 21 berries fruit Lauraceae Cryptocarya maclurei 3 40 52 47 0 139 drupes fruit Lauraceae Cryptocarya metcalfiana 3 8 7 20 0 35 drupes fruit Podocarpaceae Dacrydium pierrei 3 34 23 32 0 89 nuts fruit Monachosoraceae Dillenia turbinata 3 10 19 17 0 46 berries fruit Boraginaceae Ehretia longiflore 3 1 1 12 0 14 drupes fruit Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus howii 3 36 16 23 0 75 drupes fruit Moraceae Ficus auriculata 3 2 10 20 0 32 achenes fruit Moraceae Ficus microcarpa 3 1 1 2 0 4 achenes fruit Ulmaceae Gironniera cuspidata 3 1 2 14 0 17 drupes fruit Ulmaceae Gironniera subaequalis 3 55 82 65 0 202 drupes fruit Proteaceae Helicia hainanensis 3 9 2 40 0 51 nuts fruit Proteaceae Helicia obovatifolia 3 115 247 73 0 435 nuts fruit Lauraceae Lindera forma robusta 3 41 58 54 0 153 drupes fruit Sapindaceae Litchi chinensis 3 15 7 106 0 128 drupes fruit Fagaceae Lithocarpus fenzelianus 3 92 59 119 0 270 nuts fruit Lauraceae Litsea elongata 3 1 14 15 0 30 drupes fruit Tiliaceae Microcos chungii 3 54 47 21 0 122 drupes leaves Sapindaceae Nephelium topengii 3 97 60 116 0 273 drupes fruit Lauraceae Phoebe hungmoensis 3 28 76 55 0 159 drupes leaves Icacinaceae Platea hainanensis 3 11 8 19 0 38 drupes fruit Podocarpaceae Podocarpus imbricatus 3 10 14 13 0 37 drupes fruit Podocarpaceae Podocarpus neriifolius 3 66 56 81 0 203 drupes fruit Annonaceae Polyalthia laui 3 83 110 76 0 269 berries fruit Rosaceae Pygeum topengii 3 6 1 17 0 24 drupes fruit Sterculiaceae Reevesia longipetiolata 3 12 18 40 0 70 capsules fruit Sarcospermataceae Sarcosperma laurinum 3 59 63 153 0 275 drupes fruit Myrtaceae Syzygium levinei 3 27 27 38 0 92 berries fruit Meliaceae Walsura robusta. 3 20 39 21 0 80 berries fruit Xanthophyllum Polygalaceae 3 135 227 319 0 681 drupes leaves hainanense Palmae Caryota ochlandra 2 0 2 1 0 3 berries fruit Euphorbiaceae Endospermum chinense 2 10 0 2 0 12 capsules fruit,leaves Moraceae Ficus altissima 2 0 4 16 0 20 achenes fruit Moraceae Ficus fulva Reinw. 2 1 0 3 0 4 achenes fruit Moraceae Ficus gibbosa 2 0 6 2 0 8 achenes fruit Moraceae Ficus harlandii 2 8 0 4 0 12 achenes fruit Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia rukam 2 1 0 8 0 9 berries fruit Meliaceae Aglaia roxburghiana 1 0 0 4 0 4 berries leaves Moraceae Artocarpus tonkinensis 1 1 0 0 0 1 achenes fruit Ebenaceae Diospyros howii 1 0 0 1 0 1 berries fruit Ebenaceae Diospyros nitida 1 0 0 3 0 3 berries fruit Moraceae Ficus championii 1 0 1 0 0 1 achenes fruit,leaves Samydaceae Homalium hainanense 1 0 0 5 0 5 capsules fruit Aquifoliaceae Ilex angulata 1 0 0 1 0 1 drupes fruit Nyssaceae Nyssa javanica 1 0 0 1 0 1 drupes fruit Icacinaceae Platea parvifolia 1 0 2 0 0 2 drupes fruit Sapotaceae Pouteria annanmensis 1 0 0 7 0 7 berries fruit Myrtaceae Syzygium brachyantherum 1 0 1 0 0 1 berries fruit