The Corfu Channel Case, Hv Evatt
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Part 11. the Corfu Channel Question 313
Part 11. The Corfu Channel question 313 “3. The instrument for the Free Port of Trieste ; ject of a dispute between the United Kingdom and and its acceptance of the responsibilities devolving Albania, h upon it under the same.” “The Security Council “Resolves: THE CORFU CHANNEL QUESTION “To appoint a sub-committee of three members INITIAL PROCEEDINGS to examine all the available evidence concerning the above-mentioned incidents and to make a report By letter dated 10 January 1947,1T3 enclosing copies to the Security Council, not later than 10 March of an exchange of notes between the United Kingdom 1947, on the facts of the case as disclosed by such and the People’s Republic of Albania regarding an evidence. incident in the Corfu Channel in which two British warships had been mined on 22 October 1946, the “The sub-committee is empowered to request United Kingdom submitted this question as a dispute further information as it deems necessary from the under Article 35. parties to the dispute, and the representatives of the United Kingdom and Albania are requested to give At its 95th meeting on 20 January 1947, the Secu- every assistance to the sub-committee in its work.” rity Council included the question in the agenda.‘74 Decision of 25 March 1947 (122nd meeting): Rejec- The Security Council considered the question at its tion of draft resolution submitted by the repre- 95th, 107th, 109th, lllth, 114th, 120th to 122nd, 125th sentative of the United Kingdom and 127th meetings between 20 January and 9 April 1947.175 At the 120th meeting on -
Hamilakis Nation and Its Ruins.Pdf
CLASSICAL PRESENCES General Editors Lorna Hardwick James I. Porter CLASSICAL PRESENCES The texts, ideas, images, and material culture of ancient Greece and Rome have always been crucial to attempts to appropriate the past in order to authenticate the present. They underlie the mapping of change and the assertion and challenging of values and identities, old and new. Classical Presences brings the latest scholarship to bear on the contexts, theory, and practice of such use, and abuse, of the classical past. The Nation and its Ruins: Antiquity, Archaeology, and National Imagination in Greece YANNIS HAMILAKIS 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Yannis Hamilakis 2007 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. -
• International Court of Justice • • • • •
• • • INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE • • • • • . Request for an • Advisory Opinion on the • Legal Consequences of the • Construction of a Wall • in the Occupied Palestinian Territories • • WRITTEN STATEMENT SUBMITTED BY • THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN • • • • 30 January 2004 • • • • • TABLE OF CONTENTS • 1. Introduction • Il. General background • III. Immediate background • IV. Relevant facts V. Relevant legal considerations • (a) The Court' s jurisdiction • (i) The request raises a legal question which the Court has jurisdiction ta answer • (ii) There are no compelling reasons which should lead the • Court ta refuse ta give the advisory opinion requested of it. • (b) Applicable legal principles (i) The prohibition of the use of force, and the right of seIf- • determination, are Iules of ius cogens (ii) The territory in whîch the wall has been or is planned to be • constructed constitutes occupied territory for purposes of international law • (lii) The law applicable in respect of occupied territory limîts • the occupying State's power$ (iv) Occupied territory cannot be annexed by the occupying • State • (c) Applicable legal principles and the construction of the wall (i) The occupying State does not have the right effectively to • alIDex occupied territory or otherwise to alter its status (ii) The occupying State does not have the right to alter the • population balance in the occupîed territory by estabIishing alien • settlements • ->- :.• 1 1. • -11- (iii) The occupying State lS not entitled in occupied territory to construct a wall -
Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr. -
The International Court of Justice's Treatment of Circumstantial Evidence and Adverse Inferences
Chicago Journal of International Law Volume 13 Number 1 Article 6 6-1-2012 The International Court of Justice's Treatment of Circumstantial Evidence and Adverse Inferences Michael P. Scharf Margaux Day Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil Recommended Citation Scharf, Michael P. and Day, Margaux (2012) "The International Court of Justice's Treatment of Circumstantial Evidence and Adverse Inferences," Chicago Journal of International Law: Vol. 13: No. 1, Article 6. Available at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol13/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The International Court of Justice's Treatment of Circumstantial Evidence and Adverse Inferences Michael P. Scharf and Margaux Dayt Abstract This Article examines a vexing evidentiaU question with which the InternationalCourt of Justice has struggled in several cases, namely: What should the Court do when one of the parties has exclusive access to critical evidence and refuses to produce it for securiy or other reasons? In itsfirst case, Corfu Channel, the Court decided to apply liberalinferences offact against the non-producingpary, but in the more recent Crime of Genocide case, the Court declined to do so under seemingly similardrcumstances. By carefully examining the treatment of evidence exclusively accessible by one party in these and other internationalcases, this Article seeks, first, to illuminate the nuances in the Court's approach to ircumstantial evidence and adverse inferences and, second, to recommend a more coherent app roach for the future. -
Self-Defence in the Immediate Aftermath of the Adoption of the UN Charter
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Anticipatory action in self-defence: The law of self-defence - past, presence and future Tibori Szabó, K.J. Publication date 2010 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Tibori Szabó, K. J. (2010). Anticipatory action in self-defence: The law of self-defence - past, presence and future. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:01 Oct 2021 129 7 Self-defence in the immediate aftermath of the adoption of the UN Charter 7.1 Introduction The Charter of the United Nations set up a new world organization with several organs that were given executive, legislative, judicial and other functions. The declared objectives of the new organization were the maintenance of international peace and security, the development of friendly relations and international co-operation in solving international problems, as well as the promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms.1 These goals were to be achieved through the work of the various organs of the UN, most importantly the Security Council, the General Assembly and the International Court of Justice. -
Protecting National Flags: Must the United States Protect Corresp COMMENT
Phillips: Protecting National Flags: Must the United States Protect Corresp COMMENT PROTECTING NATIONAL FLAGS: MUST THE UNITED STATES PROTECT CORRESPONDING FOREIGN DIGNITY INTERESTS? INTRODUCTION On a summer day in 1984, Gregory Lee Johnson found his fif- teen minutes of fame. He burned an American flag outside the Re- publican National Convention in Dallas and was convicted of vio- lating a Texas statute that penalizes flag desecration.1 His conviction was eventually appealed to the United States Supreme Court.' The resulting June 21, 1989 decision, holding that his con- viction was unconstitutional, has been derided in the legal3 and popular4 press. Mr. Johnson would not have been prosecuted had he burned a foreign flag instead of the American flag, because no federal or state statute prohibits the desecration of a foreign flag.' He would not have been prosecuted under any legal theory, as shown by the 1. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 42.09 (Vernon 1989) provides in full: Section 42.09 Desecration of Venerated Object (a) A person commits an offense if he intentionally or knowingly desecrates: (1) a public monument; (2) a place of worship or burial, or (3) a state or national flag. (b) For purposes of this section, 'desecrate' means deface, damage, or otherwise physically mistreat in a way that the actor knows will seriously offend one or more persons likely to observe or discover his action. (c) An offense in this section is a Class A misdemeanor. Subdivision (a)(3) was deleted by the 71st Legislature in 1989. The 71st Legislature added subdivision (d) which provides: "An offense under this section is a felony of the third degree if a place of worship or burial is desecrated." (Vernon 1990). -
The Abandonment of Butrint: from Venetian Enclave to Ottoman
dining in the sanctuary of demeter and kore 1 Hesperia The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens Volume 88 2019 Copyright © American School of Classical Studies at Athens, originally pub- lished in Hesperia 88 (2019), pp. 365–419. This offprint is supplied for per- sonal, non-commercial use only, and reflects the definitive electronic version of the article, found at <https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2972/hesperia.88.2.0365>. hesperia Jennifer Sacher, Editor Editorial Advisory Board Carla M. Antonaccio, Duke University Effie F. Athanassopoulos, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Angelos Chaniotis, Institute for Advanced Study Jack L. Davis, University of Cincinnati A. A. Donohue, Bryn Mawr College Jan Driessen, Université Catholique de Louvain Marian H. Feldman, University of California, Berkeley Gloria Ferrari Pinney, Harvard University Thomas W. Gallant, University of California, San Diego Sharon E. J. Gerstel, University of California, Los Angeles Guy M. Hedreen, Williams College Carol C. Mattusch, George Mason University Alexander Mazarakis Ainian, University of Thessaly at Volos Lisa C. Nevett, University of Michigan John H. Oakley, The College of William and Mary Josiah Ober, Stanford University John K. Papadopoulos, University of California, Los Angeles Jeremy B. Rutter, Dartmouth College Monika Trümper, Freie Universität Berlin Hesperia is published quarterly by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Founded in 1932 to publish the work of the American School, the jour- nal now welcomes submissions -
Revisiting and Early Naval Incident of the Cold War: Archaeological Identification of the Bow of HMS Volage Sunk During the Corf
Notes 1 During the 2008 field season the bay of Porto Polermo and its entrance was completed. 2 Multibeam data was acquired through Kongsberg’s SIS software, processed in CARIS HIPS/SIPS, and modeled in IVS Fledermaus software for anomaly analysis. All acquisition and processing of data was performed by surveyors contracted from Highland Geo Solutions Inc. of Fredericton, NB, Canada. 3 IVS kindly provided a prototype software module that allowed the tracking of all vessels within James P. Delgado INA the 3-D models of the seafloor in Jeffery Royal RPM Nautical Foundation Fledermaus. Adrian Anastasi University of Tirana 4 Although it is not clear from the evidence if this was the scuttled Austro-Hungarian submarine U-72, the German U-24, or whether a Revisiting and Early Naval Incident of the Cold British submarine (possibly the H2) that was also lost in the area. War: Archaeological Identification of the Bow 5 Not only were modern war craft a common find, but a spent of HMS Vol ag e Sunk During the Corfu missile was also found in target confirmation. There have been Channel Incident of October 22, 1946 many tons of munitions from the HMS Volage, various 20th-century conflicts from Pingbosun, removed from Montengro’s waters Destroyers by the RDMC; however, all of the Second Album, finds discussed here were at depths Picasa. over 60 m. 6 The heavy concentration of Roman and Late Roman-era amphoras littering the seafloor, some of which are intrusive on Archaic-Hellenist Greek wreck sites, probably led to confusion. 7 Lindhagen 2009. -
I. C. J.'S Verdict Concerning the Corfu Channel Incident
International Journal of Management and Humanities (IJMH) ISSN: 2394-0913, Volume-1 Issue-10, August 2015 I. C. J.’s Verdict Concerning the Corfu Channel Incident Orion Garo Abstract — this article is an in-depth exposé of the first “In an exchange of notes Great Britain took the position that international legal dispute handled in 1948 by the International warships could pass through the channel without Albania’s Court of Justice, between Great Britain and Albania. The author advance (or consent), (Walbel, 2009) the Albanian authorities attempts to supply the reader with ample insight about the circumstances in which the maritime conflict between Albania disregarded Great Britain’s position claiming that the Corfu and Great Britain took place, the geographic location, the Channel was ruled by the laws of armed conflict since Greece relevance of the historic and geostrategic contexts and the other had in place a state of war against Albania (which remained parties involved in it. The inquiry provides comprehensive such up to the 1980s). Considering that Great Britain was an referential evidence from British and Albanian sources alike, so ally of Greece and Greece had the enemy status, Great Britain as to avoid a possible slide into subjective assessment. The body of the article is written to stay as truthful as possible to the sequence obviously could not be considered a neutral State by Albania. of events which ultimately concluded with ICJ’s decision in favor Both parties, however, did not see it reasonable to settle this of Great Britain. The author maintains that, for a variety of issue through a mere exchange of diplomatic notes. -
The Films of Theo Angelopoulos: a Voyage in Time
The Films of Theo Angelopoulos: A Voyage in Time Evangelos Makrygiannakis Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2008 Abstract This thesis provides a critical enquiry into the films of Theo Angelopoulos. Dividing his films into two periods—the one running through the seventies and the other starting with the advent of the eighties—I will examine the representation of history in the first period of Angelopoulos and the metaphor of the journey in his subsequent films. Furthermore, I will trace the development of an aesthetic based on long takes which evokes a particular sense of time in his films. This aesthetic, which is based on the internal rhythm of the shot, inscribes a temporality where past, present, and future coexist in a contemporaneous image. Being free from the requirements of an evolving plot, this image is an autonomous image which allows the passing of time to be felt. Autonomy, which I will define after philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis as an immanent movement towards change, can be also used to describe the process of changing oneself or a given society from within. In exploring the resonances autonomy has, I will make a connection between the social and the cinematic; an attempt which is informed by what Angelopoulos’ films do of their own accord. In this way, I will suggest that Angelopoulos is important not only for the history of film but also for one’s modus vivendi. iii iv Acknowledgements I would like to deeply thank my supervisors, the late Professor Dietrich Scheunemann, Professor Martine Beugnet and Professor John Orr, for all their precious feedback and support throughout the years. -
The Decision of the International Court of Justice for the Corfu Channel
ISSN 2519-1284 European Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences Vol. 5 No. 2 Acces online at www.iipccl.org IIPCCL Publishing, Graz-Austria June, 2021 The decision of the International Court of Justice for the Corfu Channel Incident in light of New Discoveries Erlis Hereni Legal Advisor to the Minister of Infrastructure and Energy, Government of Albania Abstract The incident of Corfu Channel constitutes, without doubt, one of the most important events of the Albanian diplomatic history issue after World War II, an event that defined or, at least, did much during the following Albania’s relations with Western countries, especially with Great Britain. Regarding several attempts to resolve the incident of October 22, 1946, diplomatically, the British Government addressed a separate letter to the Secretary-General of the UN. In order to investigate this problem as soon as possible by the Council of Security, under chapter VII of the UN Charter, as the situation “jeopardizes international peace and security”, British intention was to achieve the adoption of a Security Council resolution, through which Albania declared responsibility for the incident of October 22, “after mines close to the Albanian coast could not be decided without the knowledge of the Albanian authorities”. Regarding the second question posed by the compromise agreement between the parties, the Court unanimously (with parallel reasoning only British judge) stated that the operation of the British battleship mine clearance Corfu Channel, undertaken on 12-13 November 1946, violated the sovereignty of the People’s Republic of Albania. The Court dismissed, in this case, the British claims that the operation undertaken for mine clearance could be justified by the right of intervention or self-help, etc.