Design & Engineering Services
L PRIZE LAB EVALUATION
ET10SCE1230 Report
Prepared by:
Design & Engineering Services Customer Service Business Unit Southern California Edison
December 20, 2010
L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
Acknowledgements Southern California Edison’s Design & Engineering Services (DES) group is responsible for this project. It was developed as part of Southern California Edison’s Emerging Technology program under internal project number ET10SCE1230. DES project manager Sean Gouw conducted this technology evaluation with technical guidance from Grant Davis and Teren Abear, with overall guidance and management from Paul Delaney and Ramin Faramarzi. For more information on this project, contact [email protected].
Disclaimer This report was prepared by Southern California Edison (SCE) and funded by California utility customers under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. Reproduction or distribution of the whole or any part of the contents of this document without the express written permission of SCE is prohibited. This work was performed with reasonable care and in accordance with professional standards. However, neither SCE nor any entity performing the work pursuant to SCE’s authority make any warranty or representation, expressed, or implied, with regard to this report, the merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose of the results of the work, or any analyses, or conclusions contained in this report. The results reflected in the work are generally representative of operating conditions; however, the results in any other situation may vary depending upon particular operating conditions.
Southern California Edison Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AC Alternating Current
CCT Correlated Color Temperature
CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp
CT Current Transformer
DC Direct Current
DES Design & Engineering Services
DOE Department of Energy
ELV Electronic Low Voltage
F Fahrenheit
FCC Federal Communications Commission
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
K Kelvin
kHz Kilo Hertz
kVA Kilo Volt Amp
LED Light Emitting Diode
lm Lumen
lm/W Lumen per Watt
LTTC Lighting Technology Test Center
mW Radiant Flux
PF Power Factor
Southern California Edison Page iii Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
P-N Positive-Negative
rms Root Mean Square
SCE Southern California Edison
SSL Solid State Lighting
THD Total Harmonic Distortion
USB Universal Serial Bus
V Volts
W Watts
Southern California Edison Page iv Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURES
Figure 1. The L Prize Lamp Entry ...... 9 Figure 2. “Base Down” Lamp Test Orientation ...... 13 Figure 3. Lamp Seasoning...... 13 Figure 4. Lightolier ELV Slide Dimmer ...... 15 Figure 5. Lutron Rotary Dimmer ...... 15 Figure 6. The Integrating Sphere ...... 18 Figure 7. The Tenma Power Supply ...... 18 Figure 8. The Elgar Power Supply ...... 19 Figure 9. Hioki Power Quality Analyzer ...... 19 Figure 10. Non-Dimming Test Configuration ...... 20 Figure 11. Dimming Test Configuration ...... 20 Figure 12. Thermocouple Module/Chassis ...... 21 Figure 13. Lamp Data Scatter Plot: Power vs Luminous Flux ...... 30 Figure 14. Comparing Performance Averages: Efficacy ...... 30 Figure 15. Comparing Performance Averages: Luminous Flux...... 31 Figure 16. Comparing Performance Averages: Power ...... 31 Figure 17. Comparing Performance Averages: CCT ...... 32 Figure 18. Comparing Performance Averages: CRI ...... 32 Figure 19. Comparing Performance Averages: Power Factor ...... 33 Figure 20. Dimming Performance: Efficacy ...... 34 Figure 21. Dimming Performance: Luminous Flux ...... 34 Figure 22. Dimming Performance: Power ...... 35 Figure 23. Dimming Performance: CCT ...... 35 Figure 24. Dimming Performance: CRI ...... 36 Figure 25. Dimming Performance: Power Factor ...... 36 Figure 26. Dimming Performance: Sphere Inside Temperature Conditions ...... 37 Figure 27. Baseline Efficacy ...... 40 Figure 28. Baseline Luminous Flux ...... 40 Figure 29. Baseline Power ...... 41 Figure 30. Baseline CCT ...... 41 Figure 31. Baseline CRI ...... 42
Southern California Edison Page v Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
Figure 32. Baseline Power Factor ...... 42 Figure 33. Baseline Sphere Inside Temperature Conditions ...... 43 Figure 34. Fluctuation of Measured Luminous Flux ...... 44 Figure 35. Fluctuation of Measured Power ...... 44 Figure 36. Exploring Power and Luminous Flux as a Function of Sphere Inside Temperature ...... 46 Figure 37. Exploring CCT and CRI as a Function of Sphere Inside Temperature...... 46 Figure 38. L Prize Dimming Waveforms – 100% Position ...... 47 Figure 39. L Prize Dimming Waveforms – 75% Position ...... 48 Figure 40. L Prize Dimming Waveforms – 50% Position ...... 49 Figure 41. L Prize Dimming Waveforms – 25% Position ...... 50 Figure 42. L Prize Dimming Waveforms – 0% Position ...... 51 Figure 43. CFL Dimming Waveforms – 100% Position ...... 52 Figure 44. CFL Dimming Waveforms – 75% Position ...... 53 Figure 45. CFL Dimming Waveforms – 50% Position ...... 54 Figure 46. CFL Dimming Waveforms – 25% Position ...... 55 Figure 47. Incandescent Dimming Waveforms – 100% Position ...... 56 Figure 48. Incandescent Dimming Waveforms – 75% Position ...... 57 Figure 49. Incandescent Dimming Waveforms – 50% Position ...... 58 Figure 50. Incandescent Dimming Waveforms – 25% Position ...... 59 Figure 51. Thermal Image ~15 minute Runtime ...... 60 Figure 52. Thermal Image ~ 1 hour Runtime ...... 60 Figure 53. L Prize Lamps Fully On ...... 61 Figure 54. L Prize Lamps Fully Dimmed Color Shift (Camera auto adjusts for brightness) ...... 61 Figure 55. L Prize Lamps Flicker Movie Screenshot #1...... 62 Figure 56. L Prize Lamps Flicker Movie Screenshot #2...... 62
Southern California Edison Page vi Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
TABLES
Table 1. Product Requirements (All Categories) ...... 4 Table 2. Product Requirements (All Categories) ...... 5 Table 3. Product Requirements (60-Watt Incandescent Replacement) ...... 5 Table 4. Manufacturer Specifications ...... 16 Table 5. Performance Data, Light ...... 22 Table 6. Performance Data, Electrical ...... 22 Table 7. Field Testing Data ...... 23 Table 8. Baseline Performance Data, Light ...... 24 Table 9. Dimming Performance Data, Electrical ...... 24 Table 10. Dimming Performance Data, Light ...... 25 Table 11. Dimming Performance Data, Electrical, Temp...... 26 Table 12. Product Requirements (All Categories) ...... 27 Table 13. Product Requirements (All Categories) ...... 27 Table 14. Product Requirements (60-Watt Incandescent Replacement) ...... 28 Table 15. % Deviation: Key Parameters, Light ...... 28 Table 16. % Deviation: Key Parameters, Electrical ...... 29 Table 17. List of Tested L Prize Lamps ...... 39 Table 18. Sample Stabilization Measurements/Calculations (L Prize Lamp, NETL #0618) ...... 45 Table 19. L Prize Dimming: Total Harmonic Distortion ...... 46 Table 20. CFL Dimming: Total Harmonic Distortion ...... 52 Table 21. Incandescent Dimming: Total Harmonic Distortion ...... 56
Southern California Edison Page vii Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ______1
INTRODUCTION ______3
BACKGROUND ______4 Incandescent Lamps ...... 6 Compact Fluorescent Lamps ...... 6 Light-Emitting Diodes ...... 6
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES ______8
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION ______9
TECHNICAL APPROACH/TEST METHODOLOGY ______11 Key Parameters ...... 11 Efficacy ...... 11 Power ...... 11 Power Factor ...... 11 Luminous Flux ...... 11 Correlated Color Temperature ...... 12 Color Rendering Index ...... 12 Test Scenarios ...... 12 Lamp Seasoning...... 13 Performance Testing ...... 13 Dimming Tests ...... 14 Units Tested ...... 16 LTTC Test Equipment ...... 17 Integrating Sphere ...... 17 Regulated Power Supply ...... 18 Power Quality Analyzer ...... 19 Thermocouple Module ...... 21
RESULTS______22 Performance Data: L Prize Entry ...... 22 Performance Data: Baseline CFLs and Incandescents ...... 24 Dimming Performance Data ...... 25
EVALUATIONS ______27 Conformance With L Prize Specifications ...... 27 Field Testing Performance Changes ...... 28
Southern California Edison Page viii Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
L Prize vs Baseline CFLs and Incandescents ...... 29
DIMMING ______33
PERFORMANCE FACTORS ARE PLOTTED WITH DIMMER POSITION IN ______33
RECOMMENDATIONS ______38
APPENDIX A: TEST DATA ______39 Baseline Technologies: Incandescent and CFL ...... 39 Lamp Stabilization ...... 43 Temperature analysis ...... 45 L Prize Entry Dimming: Waveforms ...... 46 CFL Dimming: Waveforms ...... 51
INCANDESCENT DIMMING: WAVEFORMS ______55
APPENDIX B: IMAGES ______60
APPENDIX C: VIDEO ______62
APPENDIX D: TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTERS ______63
REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER ______64 Responsibilities ...... 64 Test Chambers and Equipment ...... 65
HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER ___ 66 Responsibilities ...... 66 Test Chambers and Equipment ...... 66
LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER ______67 Responsibilities ...... 67 Test Areas and Equipment ...... 67
ZERO NET ENERGY TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER ______69 Responsibilities ...... 69 Test Areas and Equipment ...... 69
REFERENCES ______70
Southern California Edison Page ix Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The DOE hosted the L Prize competition to encourage manufacturers to develop efficient Solid State Lighting (SSL) equivalents to incandescent lighting technologies. One category in the competition is the 60-Watt incandescent lamp. This lab evaluation sought to independently test and analyze the performance characteristics of the first entry to the 60- Watt incandescent lamp category for the L Prize competition. This lab study aimed to do the following: - Assess the performance of the SSL technology with respect to: o Conformance with L Prize specifications o Degradation from field usage o Dimming characteristics - Compare SSL performance with baseline incandescent and compact fluorescent technologies. SSL technologies which comply with the performance specifications in the L Prize competition meet rigorous efficiency levels (10 Watts, 900 lumens, 2700K Correlated Color Temp, 90% Color Rendering Index) while maintaining a consistent level of lighting performance seen in baseline technologies. A sample set of SSL lamps from a concurrent field test were selected for evaluation. Several key parameters used in quantifying performance were efficacy, power, luminous flux, correlated color temperature, color rendering index, and power factor. Performance was measured with a set of lamps directly before, and after field-testing. Performance was also measured in a sample set of baseline incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), chosen from commonly available models. Performance was also measured with the L Prize lamps paired to an appropriate dimmer at several prescribed slider/knob positions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). One lamp per technology was tested with dimming. The SSL lamp was paired with an Electronic Low Voltage (ELV) dimmer as per manufacturer recommendations, while the CFL and incandescent lamps were paired with typical in-line dimmers. The SSL product’s measured performance in several key parameters showed that it seemed to fall in line with the rigorous L Prize specifications. Relative to SSL product lifetime, field- testing run hours were not long enough to show significant performance variations. The highest variation, seen in Luminous Flux, was marginal at best. Surprisingly, this showed a marginal increase on average of 2.61%. Dimming test observations showed that the product was continuously dimmable, dimmed down to approximately 20% of light output in a fully dimmed position, and encountered a visible green color shift when fully dimmed. When the ON/OFF function was toggled on the dimmer paired with this product, the product was not able to shut off. It encountered visible flickering at a dimly lit state in the OFF position. When comparing SSL (pre-field test data), CFL, and Incandescent technologies, the SSL product demonstrated the lowest power consumption, high luminous flux output, the highest efficacy, and high power factor, while maintaining comparable correlated color
Southern California Edison Page 1 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230 temperature and color rendering index. When comparing averages of tested technologies, SSL uses - 24% less power than tested non-dimmable CFLs - 33% less power than the tested dimmable CFL - 83% less power than tested incandescent lamps
The technology shows promise in terms of meeting the efficiency and performance criteria set forth in the L Prize. However, to better assess feasible implementation into incentive programs, more investigation is recommended in three key areas: - Lifetime Testing o The variation of savings realized with these products throughout their lifetime is not well understood at this point. Long lifetimes are one of the significant advantages of SSL technology, and should be better understood with this product application. - Dimming capabilities/issues o It is not currently known how these products perform when used with other dimmers. o Their observed inability to toggle off with the selected ELV dimmer presents a large barrier, which needs to be overcome for successful implementation. o The issue of green color shift at low dimming is a barrier to investigate/address for successful implementation. - Thermal effects on product performance o These lamps are specified to use in dry locations, and not within totally enclosed fixtures. The effects of ambient temperatures/humidities on this technology’s performance and lifetime are not well understood at this point. The conditions these lamps were subjected to in this lab assessment are within a narrow range, when taking into consideration the various climate zones/applications these general-purpose devices may see. These key areas represent significant barriers to acceptance of this technology when compared with baseline CFLs and incandescents. Further efforts are recommended to fully understand the benefits of SSL technology in this application, and ensure that product utility is not significantly impacted when encouraging customers to purchase products that are more efficient. It is recommended that the results of the DOE’s evaluation of the first entry to the “60 Watt incandescent” category be closely monitored; further understanding of this technology may be achieved through more collaboration with DOE testing, as DOE efforts are initiated/completed.
Southern California Edison Page 2 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
INTRODUCTION
As authorized by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, the US Department of Energy (DOE) is offering the “Bright Tomorrow Lighting Competition”, commonly referred to as the “L Prize”. This competition pushes manufacturers to develop efficient solid-state lighting (SSL) technologies to replace current incandescent products. SSL products must meet specific performance requirements in order to ensure that efficiency is achieved without sacrificing performance. Evaluation of products is on a first come, first serve basis, and the first product to meet L Prize specifications wins. Winners receive: - A cash prize - An opportunity for federal procurement/use - An opportunity for participation in energy efficiency programs - An automatic Energy Star® designation One family of products assessed is the 60-Watt (W) A19 incandescent lamp. Currently, Philips made the first and only entry to this category. Entries are put through a multi-step evaluation process to ensure confidence in the entry’s performance. Southern California Edison (SCE) is signed on as a key partner in the L Prize competition. SCE is playing an active role in the competition by supporting DOE’s field evaluation of the Philips L Prize entry. SCE’s field assessment focuses on hotel applications. This independent lab assessment was initiated in support of both SCE’s L Prize field testing efforts, as well as its energy efficiency incentive/rebate programs. SCE’s lab testing capabilities present an enormous resource in understanding and developing confidence in the performance of these units. A winning product stands to undergo considerable mileage in terms of usage/acceptance across the United States. As leaders in energy efficiency, it is important that California utilities stay active in monitoring/assessing such technologies.
Southern California Edison Page 3 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
BACKGROUND
Philips is the first and only manufacturer to submit a qualifying entry to the L Prize competition, for the 60W A19 incandescent lamp replacement category. This product is currently in prototype form, and is anticipated to be commercially available in the near future. Furthermore, it is one of the few solid state lighting (SSL) products capable of similar performance to a 60W A19 incandescent lamp, using the same form factor. When compared with equivalent compact fluorescent (CFL) and incandescent lamps, SSL products are faced with disadvantages including high initial cost, temperature-sensitive operation, application challenges from the directional nature of SSL technologies, and sensitivity to voltage fluctuation. SSL products boast significant advantages such as lower demand/energy consumption, longer lifetime, lower heat gain contributions to surrounding space, instantaneous operation, and capabilities for dimming applications. In particular, conformance with L Prize specifications may give this product considerable efficiency advantages over the majority of commercially available technologies, with few sacrifices to performance. The L Prize competition specifications are listed in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3.
TABLE 1. PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (ALL CATEGORIES)
The variation of chromaticity in different directions (i.e., with a change in Color Spatial Uniformity viewing angle) shall be within 0.004 from the weighted average point on the CIE 1976 (u’,v’) diagram. The change of color over the lifetime of the product shall be within 0.007 on the Color Maintenance CIE 1976 (u’,v’) diagram. Color Rendering Index Products shall have a CRI ≥ to 90. (CRI) Products shall not draw power in the off state. Exception: Luminaires with integral occupancy, motion, photo-controls, or Off-state Power individually addressable fixtures with external control and intelligence are exempt from this requirement. The power draw for such luminaires shall not exceed 0.5W when in the OFF state. Product manufacturers shall adhere to light-emitting diode (LED) device Thermal Management manufacturer guidelines, certification programs, and test procedures for thermal management. Products shall meet the following requirements: - Must be compatible with at least three (3) widely available residential Dimming dimmers. - Must be continuously dimmable to at least 20% of maximum light output without visible flickering. Incompatibility with Included documentation must clearly state any known incompatibility with Controls and Application photo-controls, dimmers or timing devices. Exceptions Starting Time Light source shall illuminate within 0.5 seconds after power is applied.
Southern California Edison Page 4 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
TABLE 2. PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (ALL CATEGORIES)
Power supplies for the 60W incandescent replacement and PAR 38 products shall Operating Voltage be capable of operation on 120 Volts (V) alternating current (AC) circuits. Power supply shall have the following power factors: Residential ≥ 0.70 Power Factor (PF) Commercial ≥ 0.90 Minimum Operating Power Supply shall have a minimum operating temperature of -20°C or below Temperature when used in luminaires intended for outdoor applications. ≥ 120 Hertz (Hz) Note: This performance characteristic addresses problems with visible flicker due Output Operating to low frequency operation and applies to steady-state as well as dimmed Frequency operation. Products shall meet the requirements at all light output levels when operated with compatible dimmers. Power supply designated by the manufacturer for residential applications shall Electromagnetic and meet Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements for consumer use Radio Frequency (FCC 47 CFR Part 15/18 Consumer Emission Limits). • Power supply designated Interference by the manufacturer for commercial applications shall meet FCC requirements for non-consumer use (FCC 47 CFR Part 15/18 Non-consumer Emission Limits). Noise Power supply shall have a Class A sound rating. Power supply shall comply with IEEE C.62.41-1991, Class A operation. The line Transient Protection transient shall consist of seven strikes of a 100 kHz ring wave, 2.5 kV level, for both common mode and differential mode. Power supply shall meet applicable safety ratings for self-ballasted lamps, lamp Safety Ratings adapters, portable fixtures, and hardwired fixtures.
TABLE 3. PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (60-WATT INCANDESCENT REPLACEMENT)
Light Output Products shall deliver a luminous flux greater than 900 lumens (initial). Wattage Products shall consume less than or equal to 10W. Luminous Efficacy Products shall have an efficacy greater than 90 lumens per watt (lm/W). Products shall have an even distribution of luminous intensity within the 0° to 150° Luminous Intensity zone (axially symmetrical). Luminous intensity at any angle within this zone shall Distribution not differ from the mean luminous intensity for the entire 0° to 150° zone by more than 10%. Products shall have CCT of not less than 2,700 K (2,725 ± 80) and not more than Correlated Color 3,000 K (3,045 ± 100). On the CIE 1976 (u', v') chromaticity diagram, the target Temperatures (CCTs) distance from the Planckian locus (Duv) is 0.000 with a tolerance of ± 0.004. For complete definition of Duv, please see ANSI_NEMA_ANSLG C78.377-2008. Product size and shape shall fit within the maximum dimensions and form factor of Dimensions an A19 bulb in accordance with ANSI C78.20-2003, figure C78.20211. Base Type Products shall consist of a single contact medium screw base E26/24.
Southern California Edison Page 5 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
INCANDESCENT LAMPS1 Traditional 60W A19 lamps work on the relatively simple principle of incandescence. Incandescent lamps consist of sealed glass bulbs containing an electric circuit (a wound wire filament, typically tungsten) and an inert gas (typically argon). As electric current passes through the filament, it encounters resistance due to the filament’s small diameter. The tungsten atoms undergo excitation, and the filament heats up. Excitation occurs through collisions between the flowing electrons and tungsten atoms. In this excitation process, the tungsten atoms’ electrons momentarily jump into higher orbitals/energy levels. Once they fall back into their original orbitals/energy levels, they release energy in the form of photons (electromagnetic radiation). These photons are released at varying wavelengths. For incandescent lamps, only 10% of the energy is released in the visible spectrum (useful light for general illumination). In order to extend the life of the filament, the inert gas within the lamp serves two functions: 1) to prevent reaction between oxygen and the filament (tungsten combusts at high temperatures), and 2) to prevent deposits on the inner surface of the bulb from tungsten sublimation. Argon molecules lessen this effect by acting as a barrier. Another, less common method is to maintain a vacuum within the bulb.
COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS2 Operation of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) is more complex than incandescent lamps. CFLs consist of sealed glass tubes containing an inside coating of phosphor powders, an inert gas fill (typically argon), mercury, and an electrode at each end of the tube. When the correct alternating current voltage and frequency is delivered to the electrodes, the inert gas becomes ionized, allowing current to flow through the tube. The resulting energy transfer causes the mercury to vaporize. Collisions occur between the vaporized mercury and other electrons and ions. These collisions excite the mercury atoms, causing their electrons to jump momentarily into higher orbitals/energy levels. When these electrons fall back into their original orbitals/energy levels, they release excess energy in the form of photons. The photons released are within the ultraviolet spectrum, and are not able to be perceived by the human eye. However, the ultraviolet photons collide with the atoms in the phosphor powder coating, causing a second excitation process. This process causes the phosphor’s electrons to jump and fall, releasing light in the visible spectrum. Different wavelengths of light are achieved with the use of different phosphors. While there are minor losses associated with an intermediate step to producing visible light, CFLs are able to convert more of their energy to the release of photons in the visible spectrum when compared to incandescent.
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES3 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) also referred to as solid state lighting (SSL), are a form of semiconductor electronics. Two dissimilar, doped semiconductor materials are mated together. One doped semiconductor contains extra free electrons (negative, N-layer) while the other has spaces for free electrons to fill (positive, P-layer). When
Southern California Edison Page 6 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
these two are mated together, a positive-negative (P-N) junction exists at the point of connection. Local to this junction, free electrons fill the available spaces and create a neutral zone. When direct current (DC) voltage is applied across the P-N junction, electrons flow from the N-layer to the P-layer. This flow continually pushes electrons out of their original positions as new electrons fall into the free spaces. Electrons falling into lower states release energy in the form of photons (electromagnetic radiation) at various wavelengths, depending on the doping of the semiconductor. Compared to incandescent lamps and CFLs, the range of wavelengths is narrower. As a result, less energy is lost to emission of photons in the non-visible portions of the spectrum. Different colors may be achieved by using different doping processes, as well as coating the lens of the LED with phosphors.
Southern California Edison Page 7 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
This Southern California Edison (SCE) Emerging Technologies Program, laboratory technology assessment ET 10.23, evaluates the Philips L Prize entry under the following objectives: 1. Provide independent performance data to establish confidence in evaluation of this technology for SCE’s energy efficiency rebate/incentive programs 2. Support the concurrent SCE L Prize field assessment, ET 10.24 The SCE field assessment project, ET 10.24, assists the DOE with field evaluation of the Philips L Prize entry. DOE has established the following goals for the field test: A. Evaluate energy use B. Characterize lighting system performance C. Assess reliability D. Evaluate customer acceptance E. Assess criteria for cost effective deployment through utility energy efficiency programs This lab assessment will meet its two main objectives by supporting DOE field assessment goals A, B & C. The following elements were addressed in order to satisfy the three goals: I. Quantify the L Prize entry’s steady state photometric and electrical performance II. Examine the L Prize entry’s dimming performance Note: due to assessment time constraints, testing could not be performed prior to field deployment to capture changes in dimming performance from field usage. III. Quantify the L Prize entry’s degradation by evaluating pre- and post-field testing performance Note: this element attempts to give a partial idea on reliability/lifetime of these units, for the purposes of this assessment, extended durability testing could not be performed. IV. Compare the L Prize entry’s performance to incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps
Southern California Edison Page 8 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
The product evaluated was the Philips entry to the DOE L Prize competition for the 60W incandescent A19 lamp replacement category, see Figure 1. This product was compared to currently available CFL and incandescent A19 lamp replacements. Lab testing was performed at SCE’s Lighting Technology Test Center (LTTC) in Irwindale, CA. All testing was conducted by employees of SCE’s Design & Engineering Services group. The following warnings and cautions were given by DOE, about the lamps issued to SCE for evaluation: - Engineering samples only - For evaluation only - Dimmable with Electronic Low Voltage (ELV) type dimmers - Not for use in totally enclosed fixtures - Not intended for use in emergency exit/lighting fixtures. - Turn off power prior to change out of lamp. - Lamp is fragile, handle with care. Do not drop. Do not apply high forces when changing the lamp. Do not twist hard. - If mechanical parts loosen, treat as a broken device, do not touch internal parts. - Caution: Risk of electric shock. - Use in dry locations only. Not for use in applications exposed to weather. - Note: this device complies with Part 18 of the FCC rule. This product may cause interference with other devices. If interference occurs, change the location of products.
FIGURE 1. THE L PRIZE LAMP ENTRY
Southern California Edison Page 9 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
Lab testing is the most appropriate choice in terms of quantifying photometric and electrical performance in support of SCE’s field test efforts. Light measurements made in the field are sensitive to variables that may not be easily controlled (such as temperature, influence from other light sources, and lack of regulated power sources). Many challenges are inherent with field measurement of electrical characteristics of individual lamps as well (difficulties in isolating multi-lamp fixtures, lack of regulated power sources, and less accurate instrumentation). By performing measurements in a lab environment, these variables can be controlled and monitored for more repeatable and accurate results.
Southern California Edison Page 10 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
TECHNICAL APPROACH/TEST METHODOLOGY
As previously mentioned, lab-testing addresses the following elements: 1. Quantify the measure’s steady state photometric and electrical performance 2. Examine the measure’s dimming performance 3. Quantify performance degradation by evaluating pre and post performance with regards to concurrent field testing 4. Compare the measure’s performance to incandescent and compact fluorescent products
KEY PARAMETERS The following is presented for the purpose of providing high-level descriptions of the key parameters measured/calculated for the purposes of quantifying lamp performance.
EFFICACY4 An important indication of overall lamp performance is efficacy. This value, in lumens per watt (lm/W), is a measure of light output over power input. A higher efficacy lamp provides more lumens of light output per watt than a lower one. Though LED wattage may be lower than their fluorescent counterpart, it must do so while providing the same amount of light. A lamp with a higher efficacy has the most energy savings potential.
POWER In the context of this lab assessment, power refers to the instantaneous rate at which electrical energy is transferred to enable a device to operate. The unit of measurement is the Watt (W).
POWER FACTOR5 Power factor (PF) is defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power. It is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1, typically also expressed as a percentage. Real power is reflective of the useful portion of total apparent power, used in a circuit to perform work.
LUMINOUS FLUX6 Luminous flux is a measurement of the perceived power of light. It takes the radiant flux, the total power of light, and adjusts it to account for the human eye’s varying perception of intensity for different wavelengths of light. The unit of measurement is the lumen (lm).
Southern California Edison Page 11 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE4 Correlated color temperature (CCT) indicates whether a white light source appears more yellow/gold or blue, in terms of the range of available shades of white. CCT is derived by a theoretical object in physics, referred to as a “black body” that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation. When heated to high temperatures, this object emits different colors of light based on the exact temperature. Hence, the CCT of a light source is the temperature (in Kelvin) at which the heated black body matches the color of the light source in question. Higher temperatures correspond to a blue appearance; lower temperatures correspond to a red appearance. CCT data is obtained from the integrating sphere.
COLOR RENDERING INDEX4 Color rending index (CRI) is a quantitative measure that describes how well a light source renders color compared to a reference light source of similar color temperature. This index is scaled from 0 to 100. CRI affects visual perception. The CRI is directly related to the colors or spectral characteristics that the lamp produces. CRI data is obtained from the integrating sphere.
TEST SCENARIOS In order to address the main elements identified above, the following test scenarios were conducted: 1. Incandescent and CFL lamp seasoning 2. L Prize Entry a. Pre-field performance testing b. Post-field performance testing c. Dimming testing 3. Incandescent a. Performance testing b. Dimming testing 4. CFL a. Performance testing b. Dimming testing Lamps were arranged in a base down position for all testing to reflect the common “table lamp” fixtures observed in the hotel applications relevant to SCE’s concurrent field assessment, see Figure 2.
Southern California Edison Page 12 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 2. “BASE DOWN” LAMP TEST ORIENTATION
LAMP SEASONING Lamp seasoning was conducted with guidance from the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America’s Lighting Measurement (IESNA LM) series. The relevant standard is LM-54-99, “IESNA Guide to Lamp Seasoning”. See Appendix A for a summary of key test protocols associated with this standard. Baseline incandescent and CFL lamps are required to be seasoned for a set number of hours prior to testing. SSL technologies currently do not have this requirement. All lamps were seasoned in a “base down” position, in a common bathroom fixture, as illustrated in Figure 3.
FIGURE 3. LAMP SEASONING
PERFORMANCE TESTING Performance testing was conducted with guidance from the SCE LTTC Sphere- Spectroradiometer Test Guide v2.17. This test guide incorporates key elements from IESNA LM-79-08, along with the instructions for using the LTTC-specific test equipment. Care was taken in modifying the test guide as appropriate when incorporating all of the relevant IESNA LM publications applicable to this lab assessment. All applicable methods are listed below. The base down position was
Southern California Edison Page 13 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
selected for all testing to reflect the common “table lamp” applications observed in the field assessment. See Appendix A for a summary of key test protocols associated with each standard. LM-45-00 IESNA Approved Method for the Electrical and Photometric Measurements of General Service Incandescent Filament Lamps LM-66-00 IESNA Approved Method for the Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Single-Ended Compact Fluorescent Lamps LM-79-08 Approved Method: Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid- State Lighting Products Protocols from the LM series were followed with care. However, it was observed during testing that the temperature swings local to the test lamp (sphere inside temperature) had a swing of approximately four degrees Fahrenheit (F). This is inherent to the nature of LTTC’s Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system controls. Through numerous tests these temperature swings did not allow stabilization of the L Prize lamps as defined in LM-79-08. In these cases, testing was conducted with the HVAC system turned off, and temperatures were monitored and logged. See appendix for data/figures illustrating this point.
DIMMING TESTS Dimming tests consisted of qualitative observations as well as quantitative measurements. Quantitative measurements were conducted using the same protocols as the performance testing. The only modifications were: 1. Execution at five prescribed dimming levels. 2. Electrical measurements at the input and output of the dimmer The prescribed dimming levels chosen were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. These percentages reflect the percent of physical travel on the dimmer knob/slide. The physical percent travel of the dimmer knob/slider was chosen because it represents the dimming levels apparent to an occupant/user. The Lightolier Sunrise Preset ELV slide dimmer (model ZP260QE) was selected, see Figure 4. It is rated for 260W max, 120V, 60 Hz loads. The dimmer features a slider type control, and an ON/OFF switch. The levels of travel are designated by measured red markings corresponding to the various percent levels of slider travel. Dimming testing was performed with one L Prize lamp, (NETL #1437).
Southern California Edison Page 14 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 4. LIGHTOLIER ELV SLIDE DIMMER
Incandescent and CFL dimming tests were conducted with a typical line dimmer. The dimmer selected was the Lutron rotary dimmer (model D-600P-WH), see Figure 5. It is rated for single pole, 600W max, 120V, 60 Hz loads. It features a rotary knob that turns to initiate dimming. From stop to stop, this knob does not rotate a full 360°. This knob may be physically pushed in to function as an ON/OFF switch. The levels of travel are designated by measured red markings corresponding to the various percent levels of knob travel.
FIGURE 5. LUTRON ROTARY DIMMER
Southern California Edison Page 15 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
UNITS TESTED L Prize Lamps Twenty-five of the 100 Philips L Prize test lamps provided to SCE were used for lab testing. Unfortunately, certain hurdles in the field assessment prevented installation at one of the test sites. As a result, 16 of the 25 lab-tested lamps were actually field- tested. See Table 17 in the appendix for the identification and serial numbers of all lab-tested lamps. Lamp NETL #1437 was chosen for dimming testing, as it did not see field use. These lamps were produced to meet the L Prize competition specifications discussed previously. Baseline Lamps Six incandescent lamps and seven CFL lamps in total were tested as a baseline for comparison. Incandescent and CFL lamps were chosen from common manufacturers available at local stores (CVS and Home Depot). The manufacturers selected included GE, Ecosmart, RTH, and Philips. Three manufacturers were selected for incandescent baseline testing, and three manufacturers were chosen for CFL baseline testing. Two lamps of the same model were chosen per manufacturer. Unfortunately, the readily available CFLs were not dimmable, so a separate dimmable CFL was purchased from a specialty store and tested. The manufacturer specifications for each lamp are shown in Table 4. Lamps are identified along the following scheme: (Make/model)_(Technology)_(Lamp #)
TABLE 4. MANUFACTURER SPECIFICATIONS
LIGHT OUTPUT CALCULATED ID (LM) POWER (W) LIFE (HOURS) CCT (K) EFFICACY (LM/W) A_CFL_1 Soft White, 900 14 10,000 64.3 A_CFL_2 2,700K B_CFL_1 900 13 12,000 Soft White 69.2 B_CFL_2 C_CFL_1 Soft White, 830 13 10,000 63.8 C_CFL_2 2,700K *D_CFL 900 15 10,000 Soft White 60.0 E_Inc_1 735 57 2,000 Soft White 12.9 E_Inc_2 F_Inc_1 780 57 1,000 Soft White 13.7 F_Inc_2 G_Inc_1 785 57 1,000 Soft White 13.8 G_Inc_2
*D_CFL is the dimmable model tested
Southern California Edison Page 16 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
LTTC TEST EQUIPMENT The following are high-level descriptions of the equipment used for this lab assessment. See the appendix for detailed lab equipment information. All test equipment was set up to record the following properties via measurements or calculations: Sphere Inside Temperature, ◦F Sphere Outside Temperature, ◦F Radiant Flux, mW Luminous Flux, lm Correlated Color Temperature, K Color Rendering Index Power, W Power factor Voltage, V rms Current, Alternate Total Harmonic Distortion (%, for both voltage and current waveforms) Efficacy was calculated by dividing luminous flux by power. However, for the purposes of this evaluation, selected variables highlighted in bold will be discussed. Other variables are presented in the appendix. All reported temperatures and electrical properties are averages, calculated from a range that spans from the time of measurement, to one minute before the time of measurement.
INTEGRATING SPHERE4 The integrating sphere (or Sphere-Spectroradiometer) measures the total light output of a light source, see Figure 6. This can be a lamp or a complete luminaire. The tested light source is placed in the center of the integrating sphere. At one side of the sphere is a spectrometer that measures the light output from the light source. A baffle is directly between the source and the spectrometer to prevent the meter from seeing any direct light from the source. This equipment is used to measure the light output of a light source, the CRI, and CCT. Local temperatures are monitored, but not controlled. Luminous flux measurements and power readings are recorded until stabilization is achieved, as defined by the appropriate IESNA LM standard. The entire inside of the sphere, including the baffle and mounting for the lamps, is coated with a highly reflective white paint that reflects all wavelengths equally. This allows for accurate measurements. The calibrated power supply is connected to the lamp wiring on the outside of the sphere. Readings from the optical sensor are processed with the accompanying software and displayed on the monitor. For information on the specifications for the integrating sphere, see the referenced document entitled “SLMS 7650 Specifications.pdf"8”. To see certificates for the calibration lamps used to calibrate the sphere, see the referenced documents entitled “E64 Calibration Certificate.pdf9,” “F64 Calibration Certificate.pdf10,” and “J64 Calibration Certificate.pdf11.” For a log of run hours used to determine expirations of
Southern California Edison Page 17 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
these certificates (current as of 12/20/2010), see the referenced document entitled “CSFS-1400 Log - E64, F64, J64.xls12”.
FIGURE 6. THE INTEGRATING SPHERE
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY Regulated power is supplied to each luminaire by a Tenma 72-7675 AC power source set at 120V rms and 60 Hz, see Figure 7. During the timeline of this lab assessment, the LTTC lab equipment was upgraded to an Elgar CW1251P AC power source set at 120V rms and 60 Hz, see Figure 8. For information on the specifications for both power supplies, see the referenced documents entitled “Tenma 72-7675 Specifications.pdf13” and “Elgar CW1251P Specifications.pdf14”.
FIGURE 7. THE TENMA POWER SUPPLY
Southern California Edison Page 18 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 8. THE ELGAR POWER SUPPLY
POWER QUALITY ANALYZER Voltage (V rms), current (A), power (W), frequency (Hz), power factor (PF), and current THD (%) are measured with a Hioki 3390 power quality analyzer, see Figure 9. The Hioki 9277 Universal Clamp-On CT was used to measure current. Readings were logged every second, and manually monitored for stability calculations (at time intervals dictated by the appropriate LM standard). For information on the specifications for the power quality analyzer and the CT, see the referenced documents entitled “Hioki 3390 Power Quality Analyzer Specifications.pdf15” and “Hioki Universal Clamp On CT - 9277 Specifications.pdf16”.
FIGURE 9. HIOKI POWER QUALITY ANALYZER
Figure 10 shows the single line diagram for electrical measurements for all non- dimming tests.
Southern California Edison Page 19 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
Regulated AC Source V I
Test Lamp
Ch1 Ch2 Power Quality Analyzer
FIGURE 10. NON-DIMMING TEST CONFIGURATION
Figure 11 shows the single line diagram for electrical measurements for all dimming tests.
Regulated AC Source V I V I
Dimmer Test Lamp
Ch1 Ch2 Power Quality Analyzer
FIGURE 11. DIMMING TEST CONFIGURATION
Southern California Edison Page 20 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
THERMOCOUPLE MODULE Temperature measurements were available through two thermocouples, connected to a National Instruments (NI) 9211 input module. This module was arranged in an NI cDAQ 9172 chassis that was connected to a computer via Universal Serial Bus (USB). Two of the thermocouples were dedicated to measurement of sphere outside and inside temperatures, while the other two were free for positioning. For the purposes of this assessment, only the sphere inside and outside temperatures were used and monitored/logged. Temperature logging was done in LabView at one- second intervals, for the duration of each test. For information on the specifications for the thermocouple module, see the referenced document entitled “NI 9211 Specifications.pdf17”.
FIGURE 12. THERMOCOUPLE MODULE/CHASSIS
Southern California Edison Page 21 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
RESULTS
PERFORMANCE DATA: L PRIZE ENTRY Table 5 and Table 6 show performance data about pre- and post-field testing of the L Prize lamps. Table 7 shows the field-testing run hours for each lab-tested lamp, and a short description about where they were installed. It should be noted that lamp NETL #1880 was observed to have visible red color shift upon its return from the field assessment. This indicates a failure mode, and therefore is analyzed separately from the other tested lamps. It should also be noted that during field testing, light loggers for certain lamp installations went missing. As a result, run hours are not available for lamp NETL #1913.
TABLE 5. PERFORMANCE DATA, LIGHT
SPHERE INSIDE TEMP (F) LUMINOUS FLUX (LM) CCT (K) CRI PRE POST PRE POST PRE POST PRE POST NETL # FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD 1810 81.5 75.6 909 945 2726 2698 93.1 93.2 448 82.7 76.9 882 913 2733 2702 92.7 92.8 446 83.5 78.3 882 926 2716 2682 93.6 93.8 1913 82.7 78.5 881 910 2741 2706 92.8 93.0 1378 78.8 75.3 892 922 2746 2694 92.4 93.1 1030 81.6 80.4 889 915 2751 2747 92.4 92.5 850 81.9 81.0 892 906 2777 2747 92.5 92.6 1479 80.4 79.6 895 900 2678 2679 93.5 93.5 1454 80.0 79.2 902 935 2671 2664 93.4 93.6 1377 79.3 78.8 896 913 2742 2746 93.0 93.0 855 81.5 81.5 896 917 2685 2675 93.5 93.6 1929 78.7 79.5 911 920 2695 2696 93.2 93.3 1376 80.2 82.0 892 918 2763 2750 92.2 92.5 1050 77.5 79.5 912 928 2708 2738 93.2 92.8 1221 76.2 81.9 895 905 2694 2686 93.7 94.0 1880 81.0 76.3 914 899 2719 2252 93.4 90.2
TABLE 6. PERFORMANCE DATA, ELECTRICAL
SPHERE INSIDE TEMP (F) POWER (W) EFFICACY (LM/W) POWER FACTOR PRE POST PRE POST PRE POST PRE POST NETL # FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD 1810 81.5 81.5 9.60 9.68 94.6 97.6 0.970 0.971 448 82.7 82.7 9.74 9.89 90.5 92.4 0.969 0.969 446 83.5 83.5 9.79 9.84 90.2 94.0 0.971 0.970 1913 82.7 82.7 9.55 9.74 92.3 93.4 0.969 0.968 1378 78.8 78.8 9.70 9.73 92.0 94.7 0.971 0.972
Southern California Edison Page 22 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
SPHERE INSIDE TEMP (F) POWER (W) EFFICACY (LM/W) POWER FACTOR PRE POST PRE POST PRE POST PRE POST NETL # FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD 1030 81.6 81.6 9.63 9.66 92.3 94.7 0.970 0.965 850 81.9 81.9 9.68 9.81 92.2 92.4 0.970 0.968 1479 80.4 80.4 9.75 9.81 91.8 91.7 0.971 0.970 1454 80.0 80.0 9.68 9.76 93.2 95.8 0.971 0.971 1377 79.3 79.3 9.74 9.83 91.9 92.9 0.970 0.969 855 81.5 81.5 9.61 9.70 93.2 94.5 0.970 0.967 1929 78.7 78.7 9.67 9.68 94.1 95.0 0.969 0.967 1376 80.2 80.2 9.60 9.65 92.9 95.1 0.971 0.969 1050 77.5 77.5 9.79 9.83 93.1 94.4 0.971 0.969 1221 76.2 76.2 9.68 9.65 92.4 93.8 0.970 0.968 1880 81.0 81.0 9.79 9.86 93.3 91.2 0.971 0.971
TABLE 7. FIELD TESTING DATA
NETL # RUN HOURS DESCRIPTION Floor Lamp – Elevator seats to 1810 1473.25 left of dock 448 191.08 Bedside (Left) – Room 4053 Chandeliers (Right) – Lakeview 446 1670.92 Restaurant South Side Table Lamp – Lobby, Couch by 1913 NA Reception 1378 678.83 Chandeliers (Left) – Golf Shop 1030 92.75 Table Lamp – Room 4053 850 496.83 Bedside – Room 6139 1479 274.25 Table Lamp – Room 6066 1454 206.42 Table Lamp – Room 6054 1377 854.92 Chandeliers (Right) – Golf Shop 855 239.25 Table Lamp – Room 7161 1929 255.67 Table Lamp – Room 4137 Chandeliers (Left) – Lakeview 1376 1670.92 Restaurant South Side Table Lamp – Lobby, Concierge 1050 1659.25 Desk Southside Cylinder – Spa, Co-ed 1221 642.58 Lounge Table Lamp – Lobby, East Wall 1880 1502.42 Telephone
Southern California Edison Page 23 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
PERFORMANCE DATA: BASELINE CFLS AND INCANDESCENTS The following figures illustrate the key parameters evaluated for several baseline CFL and incandescent lamps. It is important to note that the unit labeled “D_CFL” is highlighted separately from the other CFLs as it is the only dimmable model. All other CFLs were rated as non-dimmable type.
TABLE 8. BASELINE PERFORMANCE DATA, LIGHT
LAMP ID LUMINOUS FLUX (LM) CCT (K) CRI A_CFL_1 754 2790 81.3 A_CFL_2 797 2691 82.5 B_CFL_1 858 2710 81.3 B_CFL_2 870 2695 81.8 C_CFL_1 746 2767 81.6 C_CFL_2 842 2738 81.4 D_CFL 904 2768 81.8 E_Inc_1 712 2695 99.6 E_Inc_2 718 2696 99.6 F_Inc_1 612 2663 99.2 F_Inc_2 686 2702 99.3 G_Inc_1 749 2764 99.1 G_Inc_2 746 2770 99.0
TABLE 9. DIMMING PERFORMANCE DATA, ELECTRICAL
SPHERE INSIDE LAMP ID TEMP (F) EFFICACY (LM/W) POWER (W) POWER FACTOR A_CFL_1 78.7 58.7 12.9 0.581 A_CFL_2 77.1 62.4 12.8 0.578 B_CFL_1 76.9 66.1 13.0 0.581 B_CFL_2 77.2 67.6 12.9 0.581 C_CFL_1 77.4 60.0 12.4 0.579 C_CFL_2 76.8 66.2 12.7 0.580 D_CFL 76.0 62.4 14.5 0.666 E_Inc_1 81.0 12.3 57.9 1.000 E_Inc_2 84.0 12.5 57.6 1.000 F_Inc_1 81.1 10.9 56.3 1.000 F_Inc_2 80.4 12.1 56.7 1.000 G_Inc_1 79.3 13.2 56.7 1.000 G_Inc_2 82.6 13.1 56.8 1.000
Southern California Edison Page 24 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
DIMMING PERFORMANCE DATA The following tables show performance data at several prescribed dimmed levels for all tested technologies. The L Prize lamp dimmed down continually to about 20% of its highest luminous flux at the 0% slide dimmer position. A visible color shift was noticed with the L Prize when dimming down to the 0% position. In addition, when the ON/OFF switch was toggled, the L Prize lamp could not be turned off. In the OFF position, the lamps seemed to become dimly lit and exhibit a profuse flicker (see dimming movie in appendix). It should be noted that system efficacy is calculated by dividing luminous flux by power input to the dimmer (Ch1). Lamp efficacy is calculated by dividing luminous flux by power input to the lamp (Ch2).
TABLE 10. DIMMING PERFORMANCE DATA, LIGHT
DIMMER POSITION LUMINOUS TECHNOLOGY (%) FLUX (LM) CCT (K) CRI (K) 100% 862 2687 93.7 75% 831 2666 93.6 L Prize 50% 680 2681 92.9 25% 436 2850 88.6 0% 176 3690 71.5 100% 859 2742 82.2 75% 755 2695 82.3 CFL 50% 614 2675 83.0 25% 269 2699 83.0 0% - - - 100% 635 2717 99.1 75% 357 2560 99.2 Incandescent 50% 121 2309 99.1 25% 2 0 0 0% - - -
Southern California Edison Page 25 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
TABLE 11. DIMMING PERFORMANCE DATA, ELECTRICAL, TEMP
SPHERE TECHNOLOGY DIMMER EFFICACY (LM/W) POWER (W) POWER FACTOR INSIDE POSITION TEMP (%) SYSTEM LAMP SYSTEM LAMP SYSTEM LAMP (F) 100% 80.2 89.8 93.0 9.60 9.27 93.3% 96.5% 75% 76.7 92.7 96.0 8.97 8.66 90.1% 95.3% L Prize 50% 75.9 95.6 101.2 7.11 6.72 77.8% 92.3% 25% 81.8 96.0 106.5 4.54 4.09 58.1% 86.6% 0% 80.4 78.7 107.5 2.24 1.64 35.7% 73.1% 100% 78.5 61.6 62.4 13.95 13.77 63.4% 67.6% 75% 79.3 57.9 58.8 13.02 12.82 Error Error CFL 50% 77.8 54.0 55.1 11.36 11.14 Error Error 25% 75.7 34.6 35.4 7.79 7.62 Error Error 0% 78.5 ------100% 74.6 12.0 12.1 53.00 52.40 96.0% 100% 75% 75.6 8.6 8.7 41.74 41.18 82.2% 100% Incandescent 50% 75.9 4.4 4.5 27.64 27.20 62.8% 100% 25% 76.8 0.3 0.3 8.57 8.38 29.0% 100% 0% ------Note: Nonsensical readings were recorded for power factor when the CFL was dimmed. It is suspected that THD played a role in power quality analyzer errors. For a breakdown of THD, see Appendix A.
Southern California Edison Page 26 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
EVALUATIONS
CONFORMANCE WITH L PRIZE SPECIFICATIONS Table 12 through Table 14 are a summary of several of the key L Prize specifications addressed in this evaluation. Results indicate that the L Prize entry conforms to most specifications, with some observed dimming issues.
TABLE 12. PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (ALL CATEGORIES)
Color Spatial Uniformity Not Analyzed Color Maintenance Not Analyzed Color Rendering Index Table 5 shows that CRI is consistently ≥ to 90 (CRI) Off-state Power Not Analyzed Thermal Management Not Analyzed Only for use with ELV-type dimmers. Product showed continuous dimming. Luminous flux at the lowest dimmer setting was Dimming approximately 20% of its maximum output (with visible green color shift). Incompatibility with Controls and Application Manufacturer specified ELV-type dimmers only Exceptions Starting Time Not Analyzed
TABLE 13. PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (ALL CATEGORIES)
Operating Voltage L Prize entry operated with 120V AC source Table 6 shows that power factor consistently exceeds commercial Power Factor specification of 90%. Minimum Operating Not Analyzed Temperature Output Operating Not Analyzed Frequency Electromagnetic and Radio Frequency Not Analyzed Interference Noise Not Analyzed Transient Protection Not Analyzed Safety Ratings Not Analyzed
Southern California Edison Page 27 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
TABLE 14. PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (60-WATT INCANDESCENT REPLACEMENT)
Luminous flux dips very marginally below 900 lumens. For all practical Light Output purposes, the unit seems to be in compliance. Wattage Table 6 shows power is consistently under 10W Luminous Efficacy Table 6 shows efficacy is consistently over 90 lm/W Luminous Intensity Not analyzed Distribution Table 5 shows that CCT only marginally dips a little below the 2,700K Correlated Color threshold. For all practical purposes, this product seems to be within Temperatures (CCTs) compliance. Dimensions Not Analyzed Base Type Unit came equipped with proper screw base
FIELD TESTING PERFORMANCE CHANGES Change in the L Prize lamp’s performance was not substantial, with the exception of lamp NETL #1880: red color shift failure. The magnitude of the run hours encountered did not seem substantial enough in comparison with the lifetime of the product to realize significant degradation. If anything, the only relevant performance variation observed was a minor increase in luminous flux (2.61% on average). This phenomena of initial light output increase has been presented in other lifetime test results from other LED products18; it is difficult to anticipate what the exact lifetime test curves will look like for this particular product, given the current test results. Lamp NETL #1880 saw marginal changes in all parameters except CCT.
TABLE 15. % DEVIATION: KEY PARAMETERS, LIGHT
% CHANGE: NETL # LUMINOUS FLUX % CHANGE: CCT % CHANGE: CRI 1810 3.98% -1.03% 0.11% 448 3.58% -1.13% 0.11% 446 4.89% -1.25% 0.21% 1913 3.27% -1.28% 0.22% 1378 3.27% -1.89% 0.76% 1030 2.91% -0.15% 0.11% 850 1.56% -1.08% 0.11% 1479 0.55% 0.04% 0.00% 1454 3.64% -0.26% 0.21% 1377 1.96% 0.15% 0.00% 855 2.27% -0.37% 0.11% 1929 0.98% 0.04% 0.11% 1376 2.89% -0.47% 0.33% 1050 1.76% 1.11% -0.43% 1221 1.16% -0.30% 0.32% Average 2.58% -0.53% 0.15% 1880 -1.63% -17.18% -3.43%
Southern California Edison Page 28 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
TABLE 16. % DEVIATION: KEY PARAMETERS, ELECTRICAL
NETL # % DEVIATION: POWER % DEVIATION: EFFICACY % DEVIATION: POWER FACTOR 1810 0.85% 3.11% 0.01% 448 1.46% 2.09% -0.07% 446 0.59% 4.28% -0.10% 1913 2.03% 1.22% -0.08% 1378 0.25% 3.02% 0.10% 1030 0.28% 2.62% -0.52% 850 1.36% 0.20% -0.25% 1479 0.58% -0.03% -0.05% 1454 0.90% 2.72% 0.01% 1377 0.86% 1.09% -0.07% 855 0.88% 1.38% -0.36% 1929 0.10% 0.88% -0.23% 1376 0.53% 2.35% -0.21% 1050 0.43% 1.32% -0.22% 1221 -0.37% 1.54% -0.24% Average 0.71% 1.85% -0.15% 1880 0.67% -2.29% -0.03%
L PRIZE VS BASELINE CFLS AND INCANDESCENTS Performance Figure 13 illustrates the grouping of all tested lamps about power and luminous flux (SSL pre-field data used). Figure 14 through Figure 19 show performance averages for all tested technologies. When comparing the three technologies, the SSL product demonstrates the lowest power consumption, high luminous flux output, the highest efficacy, and high PF while maintaining comparable CCT and CRI. When comparing initial performance averages of tested technologies samples, SSL uses: o 24% less power than tested non-dimmable CFLs o 33% less power than the tested dimmable CFL o 83% less power than tested incandescent lamps
Southern California Edison Page 29 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
1000
800
600
400
200 LuminousFlux (lm) 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Power (W)
L Prize Entry CFL Dimmable CFL Incandescent
FIGURE 13. LAMP DATA SCATTER PLOT: POWER VS LUMINOUS FLUX
100 92.4 90 80 70 63.5 62.4 60 50 40
30 Efficacy (lm/W) Efficacy 20 12.3 10 0 L Prize Entry CFL Dimmable CFL Incandescent
FIGURE 14. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: EFFICACY
Southern California Edison Page 30 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
1000 895 904 900 812 800 704 700 600 500 400 300
LuminousFlux (lm) 200 100 0 L Prize Entry CFL Dimmable CFL Incandescent
FIGURE 15. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: LUMINOUS FLUX
60 57.00
50
40
30
Power (W)Power 20 12.77 14.49 9.68 10
0 L Prize Entry CFL Dimmable CFL Incandescent
FIGURE 16. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: POWER
Southern California Edison Page 31 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
3000 2719 2732 2768 2715
2500
2000
1500 CCT (K) CCT 1000
500
0 L Prize Entry CFL Dimmable CFL Incandescent
FIGURE 17. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: CCT
120
99.3 100 93.1 81.7 81.8 80
60 CRI (%)CRI 40
20
0 L Prize Entry CFL Dimmable CFL Incandescent
FIGURE 18. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: CRI
Southern California Edison Page 32 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
1.2
0.970 1.000 1
0.8 0.666 0.580 0.6
Power Factor Power 0.4
0.2
0 L Prize Entry CFL Dimmable CFL Incandescent
FIGURE 19. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: POWER FACTOR
Dimming All three technologies were continuously dimmable. The L Prize lamp was the only technology to stay lit when moving respective dimmers to the 0% position. In addition, the L Prize lamp was the only lamp unable to be shut off through toggling of the integrated dimmer ON/OFF switches. The incandescent and dimmable CFL turned off at the 0% position; no measurements were taken at the 0% position. It was observed that the CFL required warming up before dimming could be properly performed. Without proper warm up, the CFL did not dim properly; it would shut off at roughly 50% of dimmer travel. Regardless of warm up, once the CFL turned off, the dimmer would have to be cranked back up to nearly the 100% position to re-start. Performance factors are plotted with dimmer position in Figure 20 through Figure 25. Figure 26 shows the inside sphere temperatures corresponding to each dimming test.
Southern California Edison Page 33 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
Efficacy - System & Lamp
120
107.5
106.5
101.2
96.0
96.0
95.6
93.0 92.7
100 89.8
80 78.7
62.4
61.6
58.8
57.9 55.1
60 54.0 35.4
40 34.6
12.1 12.0
Efficacy (lm/W) Efficacy 20
8.6 8.7
4.4 4.5 0.3 0 0.3 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% % Slider/Knob Travel D_CFL - System D_CFL - Lamp G_Inc_1 - System G_Inc_1 - Lamp L Prize - System L Prize - Lamp
FIGURE 20. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: EFFICACY
Luminous Flux
1000
862
859 831
800 755
680 635
600 614 436
400 357
269 176
200 121 2
LuminousFlux (lm) 0 100% 75% 50% 25% % Slider/Knob Travel D_CFL G_Inc_1 L Prize Entry
FIGURE 21. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: LUMINOUS FLUX
Southern California Edison Page 34 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
Power - System & Lamp
60
53.0 52.4
50
41.7 41.2
40 27.6 30 27.2
20
14.0
13.8
13.0
12.8
11.4
11.1
9.60
9.27
8.97
Power (W)
8.66
8.6
8.4
7.8
7.6
7.11 6.72
10 4.54
4.09
2.24 1.64 0 100% 75% 50% 25% % Slider/Knob Travel D_CFL - System D_CFL - Lamp G_Inc_1 - System G_Inc_1 - Lamp L Prize - System L Prize - Lamp
FIGURE 22. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: POWER
CCT
4000 3690
2850
2742
2717
2699
2695
2687
2681 2675
3000 2666
2560 2309 2000
CCT(K) 1000
0 0 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% % Slider/Knob Travel D_CFL G_Inc_1 L Prize Entry
FIGURE 23. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: CCT
Southern California Edison Page 35 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
CRI
120
99.1 99.2 99.1
93.7
93.6 92.9
100 88.6
83 83
82.3 82.2
80 71.5 60 40 CRI (%) CRI 20 0 0 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% % Slider/Knob Travel D_CFL G_Inc_1 L Prize Entry
FIGURE 24. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: CRI
Power Factor - System & Lamp
120%
100% 100% 100% 100%
96.5%
96.0%
95.3%
93.3% 92.3%
100% 90.1%
86.6%
82.2% 77.8%
80% 73.1%
67.6%
63.4% 62.8%
60% 58.1% 35.7%
40% 29.0% 20% 0% Power Factor (%) Power 100% 75% 50% 25% 0%
% Slider/Knob Travel D_CFL - Ch1 D_CFL - Ch2 G_Inc_1 - Ch1 G_Inc_1 - Ch2 L Prize - Ch1 L Prize - Ch2
FIGURE 25. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: POWER FACTOR
Southern California Edison Page 36 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
Sphere Inside Temperature
90
81.8
80.4
80.2
79.3
78.5
77.8
76.7 76.8
75.9 75.9 75.7
80 75.6 74.6 70 60
50 Sphere Inside Inside Sphere Temperature(F) 40 100% 75% 50% 25% 0%
% Slider/Knob Travel D_CFL G_Inc_1 L Prize Entry
FIGURE 26. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: SPHERE INSIDE TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS
Southern California Edison Page 37 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
RECOMMENDATIONS
This technology shows promise in terms of meeting the efficiency and performance criteria set forth in the L Prize. However, to better assess feasible implementation into incentive programs, more investigation is recommended in three key areas: - Lifetime Testing o The variation of savings realized with these products throughout their lifetime is not well understood at this point. Long lifetimes are one of the significant advantages of SSL technology, and should be better understood with this product application. - Dimming capabilities/issues o It is not currently known how these products perform when used with other dimmers. o Their observed inability to toggle off with the selected ELV dimmer presents a large barrier, which needs to be overcome for successful implementation. o The issue of green color shift at low dimming is a barrier to investigate/address for successful implementation. - Thermal effects on product performance o These lamps are specified to be used in dry locations, and not within totally enclosed fixtures. The effects of ambient temperatures/humidities on this technology’s performance and lifetime are not well understood at this point. The conditions these lamps were subjected to in this lab assessment are within a fairly narrow range, when taking into consideration the various climate zones/applications these general- purpose devices may see. These key areas represent significant barriers to acceptance of this technology when compared with baseline CFLs and incandescents. Further efforts are recommended to fully understand the benefits of SSL technology in this application, and ensure that product utility is not significantly impacted when encouraging customers to purchase products that are more efficient. It is recommended that the results of the DOE’s evaluation of the first entry to the “60 Watt incandescent” category be closely monitored; further understanding of this technology may be achieved through more collaboration with DOE testing, as DOE efforts are initiated/completed.
Southern California Edison Page 38 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
APPENDIX A: TEST DATA
TABLE 17. LIST OF TESTED L PRIZE LAMPS
LAB TESTED? NETL # SERIAL NUMBER PRE-FIELD INSTALL POST-FIELD INSTALL 1 446 1762 Y Y 2 448 1489 Y Y 3 850 2900 Y Y 4 855 2660 Y Y 5 999 2188 Y N 6 1030 2107 Y N 7 1033 1448 Y Y 8 1050 3676 Y Y 9 1221 2682 Y Y 10 1376 2285 Y Y 11 1377 2111 Y Y 12 1378 2289 Y Y 13 1436 3928 Y N 14 1437 3375 Y N 15 1438 3033 Y N 16 1439 2833 Y N 17 1454 2505 Y Y 18 1455 3779 Y N 19 1479 3911 Y Y 20 1480 3862 Y N 21 1481 3792 Y N 22 1810 2611 Y Y 23 1880 3895 Y Y 24 1913 1615 Y Y 25 1929 3826 Y Y
BASELINE TECHNOLOGIES: INCANDESCENT AND CFL Figure 27 through Figure 33 illustrate performance data for all tested baseline technologies.
Southern California Edison Page 39 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 27. BASELINE EFFICACY
FIGURE 28. BASELINE LUMINOUS FLUX
Southern California Edison Page 40 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 29. BASELINE POWER
FIGURE 30. BASELINE CCT
Southern California Edison Page 41 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 31. BASELINE CRI
FIGURE 32. BASELINE POWER FACTOR
Southern California Edison Page 42 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 33. BASELINE SPHERE INSIDE TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS
LAMP STABILIZATION Lamp stabilization is defined for SSL as per IESNA LM-79-08 by specifying a maximum percent variation for luminous flux and power illustrated with the following equation: D = (A – B)/C*100 Where A set of three readings is analyzed; each reading is separated by a minimum of 15 minutes A = The highest value B = The lowest value C = The latest reading D = Percent deviation, which must be below 0.5% During testing, it was observed that the cycling of the LTTC’s HVAC system allowed for a sphere internal temperature swing of approximately 4°F. These temperature fluctuations allow for the +/- 1°C (range 75.2°F to 78.8°F) temperature control specified for SSL testing, but the corresponding power and luminous flux variations impeded lamp stabilization (see Figure 34 & Figure 35). Power stabilization is evident, but luminous flux measurements do not stabilize (see Table 18). In order to proceed with testing in a timely manner, the LTTC’s HVAC system was disabled. Note: Luminous flux absolute values are nonsensical; stabilization testing for SSL is performed with an open integrating sphere to prevent high sphere inside temperatures.
Southern California Edison Page 43 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 34. FLUCTUATION OF MEASURED LUMINOUS FLUX
FIGURE 35. FLUCTUATION OF MEASURED POWER
Southern California Edison Page 44 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
LUMINOUS FLUX % VARIATION: TIME POWER (W) % VARIATION: POWER (LM) LUMINOUS FLUX 4:37 PM 60.7 9.98 NA NA 4:52 PM 56.9 9.85 NA NA 5:07 PM 56.7 9.83 7.01% 1.53% 5:22 PM 57.0 9.84 0.61% 0.20% 5:37 PM 56.6 9.75 0.86% 1.01% 5:52 PM 56.4 9.74 1.15% 1.07% 6:07 PM 56.1 9.76 0.76% 0.23% 6:22 PM 56.8 9.77 1.19% 0.33% 6:37 PM 57.1 9.76 1.63% 0.10% 6:52 PM 56.7 9.83 0.62% 0.64%
Note: Luminous flux absolute values are nonsensical; stabilization testing for SSL is performed with an open integrating sphere to prevent overly excessive sphere inside temperatures.
TABLE 18. SAMPLE STABILIZATION MEASUREMENTS/CALCULATIONS (L PRIZE LAMP, NETL #0618)
TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS Initially, the pre/post field testing data sets for the L Prize lamps were analyzed with increasing sphere inside temperatures. Impacts were marginal, and no concrete correlation could be drawn with respect to inside sphere temperature variation. Figure 36 & Figure 37 illustrate Power, luminous flux, CCT, & CRI along with varying sphere inside temperatures, for all tested L Prize lamps. Lamp NETL #1880 is highlighted since it saw a red color shift failure from field-testing.
Southern California Edison Page 45 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 36. EXPLORING POWER AND LUMINOUS FLUX AS A FUNCTION OF SPHERE INSIDE TEMPERATURE
FIGURE 37. EXPLORING CCT AND CRI AS A FUNCTION OF SPHERE INSIDE TEMPERATURE
L PRIZE ENTRY DIMMING: WAVEFORMS The following figures illustrate the Voltage (U) and Current (I) waveforms on the dimmer input (Ch1) and output (Ch2), for several prescribed dimming positions. Table 19 shows the total harmonic distortion measurements. Figure 38 through Figure 42 illustrate the waveforms. The more distorted the waveform, the higher the percent THD measurements will be. Higher THD causes electrical line noise and may interfere with other electronic devices. Combined effects of THD on utility distribution systems may also interfere with the operation of circuit protection devices such as circuit breakers.
DIMMER CH1 – V_THD CH2 – V_THD Ch1 – I_THD (%) Ch2 – I_THD (%) POSITION (%) (%) (%) 100 0.151 6.49 27.3 25.2 75 0.160 13.72 32.8 33.3 50 0.162 25.27 49.4 52.1 25 0.160 31.56 73.8 79.1 0 0.160 30.93 115.5 119.1
TABLE 19. L PRIZE DIMMING: TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
Southern California Edison Page 46 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 38. L PRIZE DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 100% POSITION
Southern California Edison Page 47 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 39. L PRIZE DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 75% POSITION
Southern California Edison Page 48 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 40. L PRIZE DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 50% POSITION
Southern California Edison Page 49 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 41. L PRIZE DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 25% POSITION
Southern California Edison Page 50 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 42. L PRIZE DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 0% POSITION
CFL DIMMING: WAVEFORMS The following figures illustrate the Voltage (U) and Current (I) waveforms on the dimmer input (Ch1) and output (Ch2), for several prescribed dimming positions. Table 20 shows the THD measurements. Figure 43 through Figure 46 illustrate the waveforms. The more distorted the waveform, the higher the percent THD measurements will be. Higher THD causes electrical line noise and may interfere with other electronic devices. Combined effects of THD on utility distribution systems may also interfere with the operation of circuit protection devices such as circuit breakers.
Southern California Edison Page 51 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
TABLE 20. CFL DIMMING: TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
DIMMER CH1 – V_THD CH2 – V_THD Ch1 – I_THD (%) Ch2 – I_THD (%) POSITION (%) (%) (%) 100 0.341 18.0 113 113 75 0.861 41.4 207 207 50 0.988 82.0 234 233 25 1.153 125.2 272 269
FIGURE 43. CFL DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 100% POSITION
Southern California Edison Page 52 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 44. CFL DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 75% POSITION
Southern California Edison Page 53 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 45. CFL DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 50% POSITION
Southern California Edison Page 54 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 46. CFL DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 25% POSITION
INCANDESCENT DIMMING: WAVEFORMS The following figures illustrate the Voltage (U) and Current (I) waveforms on the dimmer input (Ch1) and output (Ch2), for several prescribed dimming positions. Table 21 shows the total harmonic distortion measurements. Figure 47 through Figure 50 illustrate the waveforms. The more distorted the waveform, the higher the percent THD measurements will be. Higher THD causes electrical line noise and may interfere with other electronic devices. Combined effects of THD on utility distribution systems may also interfere with the operation of circuit protection devices such as circuit breakers.
Southern California Edison Page 55 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
TABLE 21. INCANDESCENT DIMMING: TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
DIMMER CH1 – V_THD CH2 – V_THD Ch1 – I_THD (%) Ch2 – I_THD (%) POSITION (%) (%) (%) 100 0.381 24.0 24.5 24.4 75 0.512 49.3 50.0 49.8 50 0.539 75.3 76.1 75.8 25 0.547 133.7 135.6 134.6
FIGURE 47. INCANDESCENT DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 100% POSITION
Southern California Edison Page 56 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 48. INCANDESCENT DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 75% POSITION
Southern California Edison Page 57 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 49. INCANDESCENT DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 50% POSITION
Southern California Edison Page 58 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 50. INCANDESCENT DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 25% POSITION
Southern California Edison Page 59 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
APPENDIX B: IMAGES
Error! Reference source not found. and Figure 52 are photos taken with a thermal camera. These images assist in giving visual qualitative feel for how temperature is distributed across the lamp. Figure 53 and Figure 54 are photos taken with a normal camera to illustrate the color shift seen when dimming the L Prize lamps to the 0% position. It is important to note that brightness levels were auto-adjusted from the camera settings, falsely implying no brightness decrease (falsely seeming almost like an increase). Figure 55 and Figure 56 are screenshots taken from a recorded movie19, which illustrates the two phenomena associated with dimming testing: green dimmed color shift and dimmed/flickering state that the L Prize lamps undergo when paired with the tested ELV dimmer in the toggled OFF position.
FIGURE 51. THERMAL IMAGE ~15 MINUTE RUNTIME
FIGURE 52. THERMAL IMAGE ~ 1 HOUR RUNTIME
Note: The false color temperature scale varies between both photographs to accommodate the higher temperatures seen between both scenarios.
Southern California Edison Page 60 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
FIGURE 53. L PRIZE LAMPS FULLY ON
FIGURE 54. L PRIZE LAMPS FULLY DIMMED COLOR SHIFT (CAMERA AUTO ADJUSTS FOR BRIGHTNESS)
Southern California Edison Page 61 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
APPENDIX C: VIDEO
FIGURE 55. L PRIZE LAMPS FLICKER MOVIE SCREENSHOT #1
FIGURE 56. L PRIZE LAMPS FLICKER MOVIE SCREENSHOT #2
Southern California Edison Page 62 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
APPENDIX D: TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTERS
Southern California Edison’s (SCE) Technology Test Centers (TTC) are a collection of technology assessment laboratories specializing in testing the performance of integrated demand side management (IDSM) strategies for SCE's energy efficiency (EE), demand response (DR), and Codes and Standards (C&S) programs. Located in Irwindale, CA, TTC is comprised of four centers focused on distinct energy end uses: Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Technology Test Center (HTTC), Refrigeration Technology Test Center (RTTC), Lighting Technology Test Center (LTTC), and Zero Net Energy Technology Test Center (ZTTC), which is in development. By conducting independent lab testing and analysis, TTC widens the scope of available IDSM solutions with verified performance and efficiency. TTC tests are thorough and repeatable, and conducted in realistic, impartial, and consistent laboratory environments to ensure the best quality results and recommendations. The Design and Engineering Services (DES) group of SCE's Customer Service Business Unit manages TTC as a sub-element of the Emerging Technologies program.
Southern California Edison Page 63 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER
Founded in 1996, the Refrigeration Technology Test Center (RTTC) combines state-of-the- art research facilities with staff expertise to promote IDSM in refrigeration and other thermal technology applications. RTTC is responsible for sharing the EE benefits of thermal technologies with SCE customers and other public entities through technical test reports, workshops, publications, seminars, and presentations.
RESPONSIBILITIES The key responsibilities include: Testing: Globally recognized for its scientific simulation and testing capabilities, RTTC tests existing and emerging IDSM technologies. Many test projects are conducted in support of California's statewide Emerging Technologies, Codes and Standards, and Demand Response. Testing includes: . Equipment testing in accordance with the standards provided by industry and regulatory organizations, including: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) National Sanitary Foundation (NSF) American National Standard Institute (ANSI) United States Department of Energy (DOE) California Energy Commission (CEC) . Supermarket and cold storage refrigeration equipment testing . Calorimetric testing . Refrigerant testing . Fluid flow visualization and quantification experiments using Laser Doppler Velocimetry and Digital Particle Image Velocimetry techniques . Development of end-use monitoring plans for evaluations conducted at customer sites . Technical analysis: Using results from test projects and various other sources of industry data, RTTC can provide the following detailed technical analyses to customers: . Computer modeling of energy systems in supermarkets and cold storage facilities . Infiltration and air curtain modeling and analysis . Computational fluid dynamics modeling . Refrigeration load analysis
Southern California Edison Page 64 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
Evaluation: RTTC helps customers make informed purchasing decisions regarding refrigeration equipment. RTTC employees work to provide expert, unbiased performance evaluations of energy-efficient technologies. Trusted Energy Advisor: RTTC uses its knowledge of customer operations and needs, its alliance with leading industry manufacturers, and expertise in thermal science to transform theory into practical applications. Energy- efficiency consulting is available to SCE customers at no cost. Collaborative Studies: Results obtained from RTTC research are available at no cost to SCE customers and other interested parties. This research plays an instrumental role in evaluating and promoting energy-efficient technologies in collaboration with the CEC’s codes and standards initiatives and statewide EE incentive programs. Equipment Efficiency Enhancement: With funding support from statewide programs and research grants, RTTC works with manufacturers, state, and federal agencies to improve EE regulations addressing refrigeration equipment.
TEST CHAMBERS AND EQUIPMENT Several test chambers are present to serve the RTTC's testing needs. Each is equipped with state-of-the-art data acquisition equipment as well as comprehensive supervisory control systems to maintain test conditions: Supermarket Test Chamber: This 300 square foot isolated controlled environment room is served by independent heating, cooling, and humidification systems. It is used to test self-contained refrigeration equipment as well as remotely fed low- and medium-temperature display cases via refrigerant feeds from the neighboring mechanical room. Condensing pressures for remotely fed equipment can be held constant through the use of a separate heat rejection loop. Walk-in Cooler Test Chambers: Two 284 square foot test chambers are capable of maintaining a wide range of indoor conditions found in walk-in coolers. They generally operate in the +15 - +40° Fahrenheit (F) range. One of these chambers can also be used to simulate various outdoor conditions for typical loading dock configurations. Walk-in Freezer Test Chamber: This 90 square foot test chamber can maintain temperatures as low as -40°F.
Southern California Edison Page 65 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Technology Test Center (HTTC) evaluates the latest residential and commercial heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment. By testing systems and strategies in controlled environment chambers capable of surpassing industry standards and producing realistic climatic conditions, the HTTC can help EE program designers, customers, and the industry make informed HVAC design and specification decisions.
RESPONSIBILITIES Key responsibilities include: Testing: HTTC tests HVAC equipment in support of California’s statewide Emerging Technologies, Codes and Standards, and Demand Response. Testing capabilities include: . Packaged units (up to 7.5 tons) . Split systems . Control systems . Fault detection and diagnostic systems (FDD) Evaluation: HTTC evaluates the latest residential and commercial heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment to provide customers with the information necessary to make informed equipment purchasing decisions. Equipment Efficiency Enhancement: With funding support from statewide programs and research grants, HTTC works with manufacturers, state, and federal agencies to improve EE regulations addressing HVAC equipment.
TEST CHAMBERS AND EQUIPMENT Test chambers and equipment include: HVAC Indoor Test Chamber: This 292 square foot test chamber provides thermal conditions typically found in air-conditioned spaces of residential and commercial buildings, where maintaining desirable human comfort is critical. It is used to collect precise data on temperature, airflow, and humidity in order to test various cooling strategies. HVAC Outdoor Test Chamber: This 250 square foot test chamber is used to replicate outdoor weather conditions, and to examine how air conditioning units respond under realistic climatic conditions. Temperatures can be maintained as high as 130°F.
Southern California Edison Page 66 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER
In partnership with the Southern California Lighting Technology Center in Davis, CA, the Lighting Technology Test Center’s (LTTC) mission is to foster the application of energy- efficient lighting and daylighting, in cooperation with the lighting industry, lighting professionals, and the design engineering community. Unique lighting and daylighting test equipment, energy-efficient lighting displays, a model kitchen, and flexible blackout test areas enable the evaluation and demonstration of various lighting technologies and applications.
RESPONSIBILITIES Key responsibilities include: Measuring large-source total luminous flux, correlated color temperature, color rendering index, and spectral distribution. Measuring and calculating light sources, fixtures, and systems. Measuring luminance, illuminance, contrast, uniformity, and chromaticity. Performing burn-in and long-term durability testing. Performing cold-start and re-start analysis. Performing automated model-based daylighting analysis. Testing of daylighting strategies and controls. Communicating incandescent, high intensity discharge (HID), fluorescent, cold cathode, and light-emitting diode (LED) lighting expertise.
TEST AREAS AND EQUIPMENT Test areas and equipment include: Integrating Sphere: The 76-inch diameter spectral light measurement system is one of the largest integrating spheres produced and is capable of measuring luminous flux, correlated color temperature, color rendering index, and the spectral distribution of larger light sources, including linear fluorescent fixtures and LED street lights. SLM 40: The 40-inch diameter sphere-spectrometer is a highly sensitive integrating sphere capable of 2pi and 4pi calibrated measurements of smaller light sources such as solid state PAR30 and MR16 integrated LED lamps. The sphere is also portable to RTTC’s controlled environment chambers, allowing for environmental testing under varying temperatures. Calibrated Power Supplies: Calibrated low-voltage and line-voltage regulated AC and DC power supplies enable the consistent powering of lighting technologies during spectral measurement, burn-in, and long-term durability testing.
Southern California Edison Page 67 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
Collapsible Dark Room: A custom-built collapsible dark room provides complete blackout for measuring the luminance, contrast, and chromaticity of architectural lighting, neon signs, channel lettering, menu boards, and other contrast and color-sensitive lighting applications. Movable Ceiling Room: Currently configured to test office lighting strategies, this unique room has a motorized movable t-bar ceiling that can be raised and lowered to test a variety of different direct/indirect lighting fixtures under varying ceiling heights and furniture arrangements. By changing ceiling height, occupant acceptance, and uniformity of desk and ceiling-mounted lighting can be analyzed and adjusted.
Southern California Edison Page 68 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
ZERO NET ENERGY TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER
RESPONSIBILITIES The Zero Net Energy Technology Test Center (ZNETTC) will be used to investigate the viability of integrated EE, demand response, smart meters, and on-site renewable generation in ways that meet builder and occupant needs. ZNETTC will accommodate a range of different envelope, space conditioning, lighting, plug load, and renewable technologies. In addition, a "garage of the future" and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PEV) are anticipated.
TEST AREAS AND EQUIPMENT ZNETTC is currently under development. Test areas and equipment will be finalized later.
Southern California Edison Page 69 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
REFERENCES
1 Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia (12/16/2010), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb
2 Tom Harris (12/16/2010), How Fluorescent Lamps Work, http://home.howstuffworks.com/fluorescent-lamp2.htm
3 Tom Harris (12/4/2010), How Light Emitting Diodes Work, http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm
4 Teren Abear (12/31/2009), ET 09.01 Report: LED Street Lighting Assessment
5 Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia (12/16/2010), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor
6 Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia (12/16/2010), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_flux
7 SCE LTTC Sphere-Spectroradiometer Test Guide v1.2 (IESNA LM-79-08)
8 SLMS 7650 Specifications.pdf
9 E64 Calibration Certificate.pdf
10 F64 Calibration Certificate.pdf
11 J64 Calibration Certificate.pdf
12 CSFS-1400 Log - E64, F64, J64.xls
13 Tenma 72-7675 Specifications.pdf
14 Elgar CW1251P Specifications.pdf
15 Hioki 3390 Power Quality Analyzer Specifications.pdf
16 Hioki Universal Clamp On CT - 9277 Specifications.pdf
17 NI 9211 Specifications.pdf
Southern California Edison Page 70 Design & Engineering Services December 2010 L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
18 http://www.ledzworld.com/lm80compliance.html
19 Dimming & Flicker - NETL # 1221, 1376, 1377, 1033, 1030 & 0855.wmv
Southern California Edison Page 71 Design & Engineering Services December 2010