Interacções Toxicológicas Entre O Álcool E a Ecstasy

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Interacções Toxicológicas Entre O Álcool E a Ecstasy Helena de Oliveira Pontes INTERACÇÕES TOXICOLÓGICAS ENTRE O ÁLCOOL E A ECSTASY. ESTUDOS IN VIVO E IN VITRO. Orientador: Professora Doutora Maria de Lourdes Pinho de Almeida Souteiro Bastos Co-orientadores: Professor Doutor Félix Dias Carvalho Professor Doutor Fernando Manuel Gomes Remião Porto, 2009 Aos meus pais, Arminda e João Carlos À minha irmã Diana Ao Fernando Os estudos apresentados nesta dissertação foram realizados no Laboratório Associado REQUIMTE/Serviço de Toxicologia da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto. Estes estudos contaram com o apoio financeiro da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) através da atribuição de uma Bolsa de Doutoramento (SFRH/BD/18527/2004) e do Fundo Europeu para o Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) (POCI/SAU-FCF/57187/2004). Fazem parte integrante desta dissertação os seguintes trabalhos já publicados: Artigos em revistas internacionais com arbitragem científica I. Pontes H, Duarte JA, Guedes de Pinho P, Soares ME, Fernandes E, Dinis- Oliveira RJ, Sousa C, Silva R, Carmo H, Casal S, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos ML (2008) Chronic exposure to ethanol exacerbates MDMA-induced hyperthermia and exposes liver to severe MDMA-induced toxicity in CD1 mice. Toxicology. 252: 64-71. II. Pontes H, Santos-Marques MJ, Fernandes E, Duarte JA, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos ML (2008) Effect of chronic ethanol exposure on the hepatotoxicity of ecstasy in mice: An ex vivo study. Toxicology In Vitro. 22: 910- 20. III. Pontes H, Guedes de Pinho P, Casal S, Carmo H, Santos A, Magalhães T, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos ML (2008) Gas chromatography determination of acetone, acetaldehyde, ethanol and methanol in biological matrices and cell culture. Aceite para publicação no Journal of Chromatographic Science. IV. Pontes H, Carvalho M, Guedes de Pinho P, Carmo H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos ML (2008) Ethanol, the forgotten artifact in cell culture. Archives of Toxicology. 82: 197–8. V. Pontes H, Sousa C, Silva R, Fernandes E, Carmo H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos ML (2008) Synergistic toxicity of ethanol and MDMA towards primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicology (doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.09.009) Resumos em actas de encontros científicos publicados em revistas com arbitragem cientifica I. Pontes H, Marques MJ, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos MdL (2006) The repeated exposure of mice to ethanol increases its susceptibility to ecstasy- induced hepatotoxicity. Revista Portuguesa de Farmácia. 52:33 II. Pontes H, Marques MJ, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos ML (2006) Ethanol and ecstasy: Allied enemies of freshly isolated mouse hepatocytes. Toxicology Letters. 164 (Suppl 1):S205 III. Pontes H, Fernandes E, Duarte JA, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos ML (2007) Ethanol and ecstasy: a dangerous cocktail to the liver? Toxicology Letters. 172 (Suppl 1):S240 IV. Pontes H, Silva R, Fernandes E, Carmo H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos ML (2008) Ethanol increases MDMA toxicity to primary rat hepatocytes cultures. Toxicology Letters. 180 (Suppl 1):S162 AGRADECIMENTOS Seguir trilhos é fácil, mas quando temos que pisar terrenos onde nunca ninguém andou, temos que ser nós a fazer o nosso caminho correndo o risco de ter que voltar atrás algumas vezes, mas não é esse o encanto da ciência? Um Doutoramento é, por isso, um caminho de aprendizagem que é feito pelos nossos próprios passos, à medida que crescemos quer a nível pessoal, quer a nível científico. Mas, a beleza da caminhada depende dos que vão connosco. Por isso, gostaria de agradecer a todos aqueles que contribuiram para a concretização deste trabalho, embora temendo nunca encontrar as melhores palavras ou as palavras suficientes para exprimir a minha imensa gratidão. Gostaria, assim, de expressar o meu mais sincero agradecimento: À Professora Doutora Maria de Lourdes Bastos, em primeiro lugar, por me ter aceite como aluna de Doutoramento e, sobretudo, pela orientação rigorosa e magistral desta dissertação e de todo o trabalho científico que a ela deu origem. Espero que, um dia, possa sentir-se muito orgulhosa desta sua pupila. Ao Professor Doutor Félix Dias Carvalho pela co-orientação deste trabalho e pelo constante incentivo e apoio. Obrigada por nunca desanimar e por aquelas palavras de alento nas horas em que remávamos contra a corrente porque o trabalho não corria como gostaríamos. Ao Professor Doutor Fernando Remião, pela co-orientação deste trabalho, e pela paciência e pela disponibilidade permanente para interromper tudo o que estivesse a fazer para ajudar a resolver algum imprevisto, para esclarecer alguma dúvida ou para dar uma palavra de apoio. À Engenheira Maria Elisa Soares, pelo apoio e preocupação com que acompanha os alunos do laboratório de Toxicologia, para que consigamos ultrapassar todas as dificuldades com que nos deparamos e encaremos cada dia com um sorriso. É de facto como uma mãe para todos nós. Obrigada pela amizade, pelo carinho, pela colaboração nos trabalhos experimentais, pelos momentos de alegria e por me ter ensinado a ser uma pessoa cada vez melhor. Nunca esquecerei os dias do famoso Coro da Toxicologia que, quando ensaiava, não deixava ninguém indiferente... À Professora Doutora Maria Helena Carmo pela amizade com que me distingue, por todos os bons momentos que passámos, quer no laboratório, quer fora dele, e pelo apoio que me deu desde o início destes trabalhos ensinando-me que um bom trabalho surge quando somos exigentes connosco próprios. Também quero agradecer a resposta pronta, e as palavras de apoio que nunca vou esquecer, nos momentos menos bons. Obrigada, Boss! Ao Professor Doutor José Alberto Duarte, pela sua valiosa colaboração neste trabalho, por nunca dizer que não quando lhe pedi ajuda ou conselho, mesmo que isso significasse trabalhar em dias feriados, por tudo o que me ensinou sobre microscopia e por me ter aceite como mais um dos seus alunos. À Doutora Paula Guedes de Pinho e à Professora Susana Casal, pelo seu contributo na selecção, validação e aplicação das técnicas de cromatografia gasosa essenciais à realização deste trabalho. Obrigada pelos conhecimentos que me transmitiram! À Renata, pela amizade que nos tornou inseparáveis, pelas gargalhadas com ou sem motivo, pelas cantorias e pelas coreografias que nos ajudavam a ultrapassar aqueles dias em que nada corria bem e pela ajuda quando o trabalho ultrapassava a capacidade das minhas duas mãos. Um obrigado muito especial por me ajudar na formatação desta dissertação. Não sei se algum dia conseguirei retribuir tudo aquilo que recebi de ti! À Professora Doutora Márcia Carvalho, pelo incentivo, pelos conselhos úteis, e sobretudo, por me alertar para os pequenos detalhes que podem dar grandes frutos. À Professora Doutora Eduarda Fernandes, pelo incentivo, pelo apoio e pela sua indispensável contribuição para este trabalho ao extrair a MDMA. A todos os companheiros de laboratório (Ricardo, Miguel, Carla, Daniel, Görkem, Maria João, João, Vera, Filipa e mais recentemente a Luciana) por fazerem com que cada dia seja diferente do anterior, pelo companheirismo, pelo bom ambiente de trabalho e pela amizade que irei sempre retribuir. Às técnicas Júlia Caramez, Conceição Morais e Graziela Fernandes (já aposentada) e à D. Celeste, pelo apoio, disponibilidade e amizade que contribuiram para que estes trabalhos corressem sempre da melhor forma. Aos amigos que me têm acompanhado neste percurso (Vera, Elvira, Horácio, Dinis, Sirigaitas de Farmácia, Ema, Marisa), pela amizade, pelo interesse demonstrado no meu trabalho e por me ajudarem a estimular o gosto pela investigação e a curiosidade científica. Finalmente, quero agradecer ao Fernando e à minha família, em especial ao meus pais, Arminda e João Carlos, e à minha irmã Diana, por tudo! Pelo apoio incondicional que me deram em todas as decisões que tomei e que, por vezes, obrigaram a alguns sacrifícios, pela paciência, pelo amor e carinho e pelas palavras de conforto, quando o trabalho não corria tão bem e o meu humor não era dos melhores. Espero que vocês possam orgulhar-se de mim da mesma forma que eu me orgulho de vocês! ÍNDICE GERAL _____________________________________________________ Índice Geral ÍNDICE GERAL RESUMO....................................................................................................... XVII ABSTRACT.................................................................................................. XXIII LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS........................................................................ XXIX 1. INTRODUÇÃO............................................................................................ 3 1.1. História da MDMA................................................................................ 4 1.2. Relação estrutura/actividade da MDMA............................................... 6 1.3. Produção de MDMA............................................................................. 7 1.4. Comercialização de MDMA.................................................................. 7 1.5. Farmacocinética da MDMA.................................................................. 8 1.5.1. Absorção....................................................................................... 8 1.5.2. Distribuição ................................................................................. 10 1.5.3. Metabolismo................................................................................ 10 1.5.4. Excreção..................................................................................... 14 1.6. Mecanismo de acção e principais efeitos da MDMA.......................... 14 1.6.1. Efeito na libertação,
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