SHORTLAND WETLANDS Site Management Plan – version 1 2013- 2023
Photo by Carolyn Gillard 2010
SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 - 2023
The Wetlands Centre Australia PO Box 292 WALLSEND NSW 2287 Phone 02 49516466 Fax 02 4950 1875 Email [email protected] Web www.wetlands.org.au
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Author 1990 Geoff Winning 2002 Update Peter Ekert 2013 Update Ken Conway/Paul Trute
Editors
Christine Prietto Carolyn Gillard Review Panel
Paddy Lighfoot Steve Wisniewski
Ken Bayliss Geoff Nicholls
Carolyn Gillard Jenny Castles
Stephen Schmidt John Simpson
Alan Stuart Paul Trute
Cal Cotter (HCRCMA) Mary Greenwood
Paddy Lightfoot Georgina Usher (SEWPAC)
Louise Duff
Community consultation workshop participants
Carolyn Gillard Paddy Lightfoot Jenny Castles Steve Wisniewski Cal Cotter (HCRCMA) Paul Trute Matt Stow Ken Conway Stuart Greville (RPS Consultants)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III 4.4.2 Values ...... 30
TABLE OF CONTENTS IV 5.0 SOCIAL VALUES 32
INTRODUCTION 2 5.1 CULTURAL HERITAGE ...... 32 1.0 ABOUT THIS PLAN 3 5.2 EDUCATION ...... 33 5.3 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT ...... 35 1.1 PURPOSE OF SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 3 5.4 RESEARCH ...... 35 1.2 MANAGEMENT AIMS ...... 4 5.5 PARTNERSHIPS ...... 36 1.3 CONSULTATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 4 1.4 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND POLICIES ...... 4 6.0 ECONOMIC VALUES 37
2.0 ABOUT THE WETLANDS CENTRE 7 6.1 RECREATION AND TOURISM ...... 37 6.2 PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CAPACITY 2.1 HISTORY ...... 7 BUILDING ...... 39 2.2 THE WETLANDS CENTRE TODAY ...... 8 2.3 FUNDING ...... 9 7.0 MANAGEMENT AIMS 40
3.0 SITE LOCATION 10 7.1 AIMS ...... 40 7.2 KEY RISKS...... 42 3.1 SHORTLAND WETLANDS ...... 10 7.2.1 HYDROLOGY AND POLLUTION ...... 42 3.2 THE HUNTER ESTUARY ...... 10 7.2.2 PEST PLANTS ...... 43 3.3 IRONBARK CREEK CATCHMENT ...... 11 7.2.3 PEST ANIMALS ...... 44 3.4 HEXHAM SWAMP ...... 11 7.3 MANAGEMENT ACTIONS FOR NATURAL VALUES 46 4.0 NATURAL VALUES 14 7.4 MANAGEMENT ACTIONS FOR SOCIAL VALUES . 63 4.1 ECOLOGICAL CHARACTER ...... 14 7. 5 MANAGEMENT ACTIONS FOR ECONOMIC VALUES RAMSAR ROLLING REVIEW: ...... 14 ...... 67 4.2 FLORA OF SHORTLAND WETLANDS ...... 15 8.0 ORGANISATION 71 4.2.1 Description ...... 15 8.1 FUNDING ...... 71 4.2.2 Values ...... 16 8.2 ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE AND WORK FLOWS 4.2.3 HWCA Nursery ...... 17 ...... 72 4.3 FAUNA OF SHORTLAND WETLANDS ...... 18 8.3 MONITORING ...... 72 4.3.1 Birds ...... 18 8.4 REVIEW ...... 73 4.3.2 Mammals ...... 21 4.3.3 Amphibians and Reptiles ...... 23 9.0 REFERENCES (TO BE UPDATED) 73
4.3.4 Re-Introduction of the Green and APPENDICES 79 Golden Bell Frog ...... 24 APPENDIX 1: MAPS ...... 79 4.3.5 Fish ...... 26 APPENDIX 2: CRITERIA FOR RAMSAR LISTING OF 4.3.6 Macro-Invertebrates ...... 26 SHORTLAND WETLANDS ...... 84 4.4 HYDROLOGY ...... 28 4.4.1 Description ...... 28 iv SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
APPENDIX 3 ENTRY IN THE DIRECTORY OF Appendix 6.6 Reptiles recorded at IMPORTANT WETLANDS ...... 85 Shortland Wetlands in 2010 ...... 111 APPENDIX 4 PLANT SPECIES LIST ...... 88 Appendix 6.7 Bats of HWCA and APPENDIX 5 SHORTLAND WETLANDS FLORA Surrounding Wetlands ...... 111 RESTORATION 98 Appendix 6.8 Fish species recorded at Annual Planting Record ...... 101 Shortland Wetlands ...... 112 APPENDIX 6 FAUNA SPECIES LISTS ...... 102 Appendix 6.9 Macro-Invertibrates .... 112 Appendix 6.1 Bird Species ...... 102 APPENDIX 7 VISITOR PROFILES TO BE APPENDIX 6.2 BUTTERFLIES OF THE UPDATED 113 WETLANDS CENTRE ...... 109 Visitor Motivation . Error! Bookmark not APPENDIX 6.3 MOTHS OF THE defined.114 WETLANDS CENTRE ...... 110 Visitor Satisfaction Error! Bookmark not Appendix 6.4 FROGS OF THE WETLANDS defined.114 CENTRE...... 110 APPENDIX 8 WETLAND VALUES ...... 115 Appendix 6.5 Terrestrial Mammal APPENDIX 9 ...... 116115 species recorded at Shortland Wetlands AUSTRALIAN RAMSAR MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES ...... 110 ...... 116115
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INTRODUCTION
Shortland Wetlands Centre Limited was formed in 1986 with two overriding objectives: to rehabilitate a degraded wetland and to foster an understanding and appreciation for wetlands through communication, education and public awareness. It was to become the Lower Hunter’s first successful wetland rehabilitation project, paving the way for three other significant wetland projects in the ensuing years. It was Australia’s first dedicated wetlands centre, modelled on and assisted by the famous Slimbridge in the UK. Today trading as Hunter Wetlands Centre, Australia, it remains Australia’s only dedicated Wetlands Centre managed by a community organisation.
This Site Management Plan (SMP) builds on the 2002-2009 SMP, compiled as part of the 2002 successful Ramsar Convention listing process by the then Chairman Christine Prietto and her team of dedicated assistants. This SMP also reflects the Australian Ramsar Management Principles as described in the Commonwealth’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, 1999 (EPBC Act) and the Ramsar Convention’s Frameworks for managing wetlands of international importance and other wetlands (2000). It builds on years of progress on the site rehabilitation process, changes to the surrounding estuary as a result of the Hexham Swamp Rehabilitation Project and changes necessary to ensure the financial survival and the changing composition of the staff and volunteer base over time.
Today Hunter Wetlands Centre, Australia, represents a mature wetland rehabilitation project involving a complex of restored wetlands and artificial wetlands. The environmental, social and economic values of Hunter Wetlands Centre, Australia, complement values delivered by other wetlands in the Hunter Estuary. Visitor facilities and services offered by the centre, including a new $2.5 million education facility opened in 2011, add important dimensions to those values. The involvement of the community in the rehabilitation and on-going management of the wetlands has become an important facet of the centre's operations as, has the need to promote an active tourism and education face to ensure financial viability.
The Hunter Wetlands Centre, Australia is dedicated to maintaining its central role in the conservation of the Hunter Estuary as: a demonstration site for community involvement and wise-use of wetlands; a public access gateway to wetlands in the Lower Hunter; and a national non-government focal point for wetland communication, education and public awareness.
The adoption and implementation of this Site Management Plan, along with the guiding principles of its Ramsar site listing, will support Hunter Wetlands Centre, Australia to realise that vision.
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1.0 ABOUT THIS PLAN
1.1 Purpose of Site Management Plan
Shortland Wetlands are located 12 km northwest of the city of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. They cover 45 hectares of freshwater ponds, marshes and tidal canoe trail in the Ironbark Creek Catchment on the Central Coastal Plain of the Hunter Valley. The Wetlands could be described as Urban or Peri-Urban wetlands as they lie within the boundaries of Newcastle City.
The primary purpose of this Site Management Plan (SMP) is to ensure we manage Shortland Wetlands Ramsar Site in order to maintain its ecological character and values. It covers the period 2013-2023 and is an update to the two previous management plans that covered the periods 1990-2012. A major review has been necessitated following the 2008 Hydrology and Water Quality Study, the 2010 Environmental Impact Statement – Hydrology and Ecological Restoration, and a further 10 years of restoration works since 2002, coupled with financial imperatives which play a major role in framing this plan. As private owners and Site Managers of a Ramsar listed wetland we are required under the EPBC Act to seek approval prior to undertaking an action within or outside a declared Ramsar wetland if the action has, will have or is likely to have a significant impact on the ecological character of the Ramsar wetland. The action could be a project, a development, an undertaking, an activity or series of activities, or an alteration to any of these things.1
Site Managers/landowners are encouraged to consider the Australian Ramsar management principles when developing management arrangements, including to: manage the Ramsar site to maintain ecological character through applying the principles of wise use and sustainable resource management. This may be through the development and implementation of a management plan or system for the site; have procedures and monitoring in place to detect if any threatening processes are likely to, or have altered the site’s ecological character. This will help to identify if there are any actual or likely changes to ecological character of the site; take action to manage or remediate Ramsar sites that have undergone an actual or likely change in ecological character. Site managers/landowners are also encouraged to: report any actual or likely changes in ecological character to the Australian Government; undertake required site level updates and reporting as required (e.g. Ramsar Information Sheet updates);
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seek guidance and assistance about managing and representing the needs of wetlands, if required; inform the Australian and relevant state governments of any intention to transfer ownership or otherwise sell land on which the wetland is situated; and notify future land managers of the property’s Ramsar status, should the property be sold or otherwise change ownership.
As private Site Managers we are being actively supported by the relevant federal and state government departments and instrumentalities in implementing our site responsibilities and fulfilling our Ramsar obligations. It is acknowledge that the updating of this plan has been made possible with the financial assistance of the Hunter Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority.
1.2 Management Aims
To maximise the values for biodiversity and sustainable ecological function. To maximise the opportunities for education and communication without diminishing ecological function. To involve the indigenous and non indigenous community in the effective management of the wetlands. To actively demonstrate “wise sustainable use” of wetlands. To improve the opportunities for recreation and eco-tourism without diminishing ecological function. To ensure a safe workplace for staff, volunteers and visitors.
1.3 Consultative Framework
This SMP was initiated with various planning workshops and at The Wetlands Centre during 2011 and 12 and was also a point of focus of the Site Management Committee and HWCA Board in 2012.
A number of comprehensive technical reviews and documents were compiled from 2008 to 2012 to inform the review process comprehensive technical review of appendices was conducted by members of the Hunter Bird Observers and Australian Plants Society and Native Animal Trust fund. Stephen Schmidt representing the Awabakal Local Aboriginal Land Council (ALALC) also assisted in indigenous and other related matters. Following a final opportunity for comment from HWCA volunteers and Stakeholders in early May 2013, the Site Management Plan will be adopted by the Board of Directors in June 2013
1.4 Legislative Framework and Policies
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The Ramsar Convention The Convention on Wetlands commonly known as The Ramsar gives the following Convention was signed in the Iranian city of Ramsar in 1971. definitions adopted in Australia became a signatory in 1974. Countries that are parties 2005 to this convention undertake to implement policies that guarantee “Wise use of wetlands is wise and sustainable use of their wetlands. the maintenance of their ecological character, In Australia by 2002, 57 wetlands have been designated on the achieved through the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance (Environment implementation of Australia 2002). The Hunter Ramsar Committee was successful in ecosystem approaches, seeking Ramsar nomination for Shortland Wetlands in November within the context of 2002. sustainable development”
To be listed as a Ramsar site, wetlands must meet one or more “Sustainable use yields internationally accepted criteria in relation to their zoology, the greatest continuous botany, ecology, hydrology, limnology or importance to benefit to present waterfowl. Information on how Shortland Wetlands contributes to generations while these criteria is detailed in Appendix 2. maintaining its potential to meet the needs and The Ramsar Convention states that the primary purpose of aspirations of future management of a declared Ramsar wetland must be: generations”. To describe and maintain the ecological character of the wetland. To formulate and implement planning that promotes conservation, wise and sustainable use of the wetland.
The ecological character of Shortland Wetlands is described later in this SMP, and in the Ramsar Information Sheet prepared as part of the nomination process. Management strategies to maintain the ecological character are provided in this SMP and in the Memorandum of Understanding with government agencies and local council. Table 1. Summary of the Ramsar Criteria met by Shortland Wetlands Criterion 1 It provides a representative example of a near-natural wetland type characteristic of the Sydney Basin biogeographic region. Criterion 4 It supports a range of bird species at a critical stage in their life cycles, and provides refuge during adverse conditions
In addition to the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance, there are 178 wetlands listed in the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia (Environment Australia, 2001). Shortland Wetlands have featured in this Directory since 1992. A copy of the report from the Directory is provided in Appendix 3.
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Migratory species that occur on the site are protected under international agreements ratified by the Australian Government. Australia's listed migratory species are animals that are listed under the:
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (the Bonn Convention); China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement 1986 (CAMBA); and Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement 1986 (JAMBA). Korea-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement 2006 (ROKAMBA)
“The East Asian–Australasian Flyway Partnership (EAAFP): Australia views ongoing support for the EAAFP as the primary mechanism through which to address loss of critical migratory waterbird habitat throughout the Flyway, and supports ongoing development of a Flyway Site Network to aid continued migration of waterbird species”. (Georgina Usher Aust Govt report to NSW Ramsar Managers Network April 2013).
The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) regulates actions that will, or are likely to, have a significant impact on any matter of national environmental significance, including migratory species and Ramsar wetlands. Actions with potential to have a significant impact on a listed migratory species or a Ramsar listed wetland must be subject to a rigorous environmental assessment and approval regime. The EPBC Act also sets out the Australian Ramsar Management Principles for Ramsar listed wetlands. More information on the Ramsar Convention is featured below.
This Site Management Plan is also guided by the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act 1995). This Act sets out legislative responsibilities to conserve threatened species, populations and ecological communities of animals and plants that occur in NSW.
Some areas of Shortland Wetlands are covered by State Environmental Planning Policy 14 (SEPP 14) – Coastal Wetlands, which restricts development of these areas. Appendix 1 shows a map of Shortland Wetlands showing the SEPP 14 wetlands and their boundaries. SEPP 14 ensures coastal wetlands are preserved and protected for environmental and economic reasons. Land clearing, levee construction, drainage work or filling may only be carried out within these wetlands with the consent of the local council and the agreement of the Director-General of Planning NSW. Such development also requires an environmental impact statement to be lodged with a development application.
This SMP recognises the Hunter-Central Rivers Catchment Action Plan 2013 and CAP Targets developed by the Hunter Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority (HRCMA) and the NSW
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Department of Water Conservation to set strategic directions for the management of natural resources within the Hunter Catchment. Targets relevant to management of Shortland Wetlands fall under the First Order Objective: “Water bodies are managed to balance natural ecosystem requirements with community needs”.
The Newcastle Stormwater Management Plan 2005, the Hunter Estuary Coastal Zone Management Plan September 2009 and Newcastle Biodiversity Strategy 2006 are also considered.
Other Main Acts of Relevance Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act), The NSW Workers Health and Safety Act 2011
2.0 ABOUT THE WETLANDS CENTRE
2.1 History
Prior to white settlement the lands now occupied by The Hunter Wetland Centre were occupied by the customary owner for thousands of years we therefore acknowledge and respect the Pambalong clan of the Awabakal people, traditional custodians of the land on which the Hunter Wetlands Centre is situated.
Lands occupied by The Wetlands Centre were altered in several Wetlands are found on ways by urban settlement. Prior to their development as a land which is temporarily wetlands centre, the most significant impacts on the wetlands or permanently covered by were limited filling and changes in hydrology. Originally, some of fresh, brackish or saline the wetlands were part of the estuarine wetlands of lower water. They are Ironbark Creek that flowed into the Hunter Estuary. At this time, characterised by the saltmarsh and mangroves extended well into Shortland Wetlands. dominant influence of Changes in the natural flow regime were caused by a number of moisture on their flora, factors. These included the construction of floodgates on Ironbark fauna and soils. Creek, the establishment of Newcastle City Council's Astra Street (S.V Briggs, NPWS) garbage dump, the construction of a drainage canal from Sandgate Road to Ironbark Creek, and the construction of a power transmission line. These events obstructed the natural drainage lines, and restricted the entry of saline tidal water, changing the wetlands from a partly brackish to fresh water regime (Winning 1989).
In 1984, The Wetlands Centre site consisted of an abandoned building, sports fields constructed on filled wetlands, and areas of mildly disturbed wetlands. Despite the impacts, Shortland Wetlands supported a nesting colony with four species of egrets and two cormorant species. In September of
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that year, a group of community representatives from the Newcastle Flora and Fauna Protection Society recognised the potential of the site for conservation, education and research and formed the Hunter Wetlands Trust.
The Hunter Wetlands Trust conducted a successful campaign to secure funding and purchase the site. A not-for-profit company was established, and began trading as the Shortland Wetlands Centre Ltd in 1985.
Shortland Wetlands Centre hosted a NSW Department of Education Field Studies Centre, Visitors Centre and a wetlands consultancy. Numerous volunteers worked to rehabilitate the site. Two new ponds, a canoe canal and an extensive network of walking trails, boardwalks, bird hides and the observation tower were constructed. Over 180,000 native plants have been planted and continued bush regeneration is being conducted on the site.
2.2 The Wetlands Centre today
The Shortland Wetlands Centre Ltd. now trades as Hunter Wetlands Centre Australia, which remains a not-for-profit community based company. It is managed by an honorary Board of Directors and has over 600 members. The Board of Directors employs the equivalent of six 9 time staff. These staff are responsible for visitor services including Spoonbill Café and facilities, grounds maintenance, fund-raising, financial management and funded projects. Recently the Ecotourism focus of the site has leaned toward a more active tourism focus including the introduction of Segway Tours and more recently an approval to build an education/tourism focused adventure ropes course has been obtained.
One hundred and fifty volunteers contribute over 1000 hours of assistance each month. They play an active role in administration, catering, site maintenance, animal husbandry and bush regeneration. A Site Management Committee guides site management with the assistance of grounds staff, volunteers, the Australian Plants Society and two registered Landcare groups.
Outdoor visitor facilities include interpretive trails, boardwalks, canoe trail, an observation tower, picnic pavilions, rainforest shelter and barbecues. Indoors, the Visitors Centre has a gift shop, café, interpretive displays, and research library. Two seminar rooms and a theatrette are in strong demand by special interest groups and government agencies. The Wetlands Centre hosts the Wetlands Environmental Education Centre (WEEC) operated by the NSW Department of Education and Communities It is operated under a 20 year Partnership Agreement between HWCA and NSW DEC). In 2010 a $2.5m grant federal was provided under a Local Schools Working Together Grant. The grant was facilitated by a partnership between HWCA, WEEC, NSW DEC and Catholic Schools Office (CSO). In February 2011 a new 3 classroom facility was completed and opened for students
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providing the potential to increase the annual student capacity (subject to teaching staff availability) above 8000 students.
Visitor services include a comprehensive program of enjoyable educational activities. Volunteer guides lead canoe safaris, twilight treks, breakfasts with the birds, beginner bird watching, Segway Tours, corporate training facilities and a Wild! Kids club during school holidays. The Wetlands Centre attracts around 100,000 visitors each year, of which approximately 25 percent are of school age. The Centre has a national and international reputation in wetland rehabilitation.
2.3 Funding
The Wetlands Centre was initiated with a considerable amount of foundation funding from government and the private sector as a project for Australia's bicentenary. Maintaining ongoing funding has proven to be a difficult task, resulting in financial constraints and limitations. In recent years the Centre has survived staff changes, periodic reductions in volunteer numbers, loss of private sector sponsorship, competition and increasing operational costs. The ability of The Wetlands Centre to survive and improve is, for the most part, due to the high level of community support and participation it attracts. The next five years however will prevent great challenges at a volunteer level as the founding group of volunteers have commenced retiring from active duty. The challenge will be to ensure that group replaced by a new crop of leaders that are equally dedicated.
A recent focus of the annual Board Strategic Review meetings is focussed on this and finding new revenue streams that ensure HWCA’s survival as a community run organisation dedicated to achieving its previously stated aims.
At the commencement of this plan, a number of multi year grants are in place to assist with the ongoing rehabilitation of the site. They are a Federal Government 6 years Biodiversity Fund Grant running until 2017 to facilitate the weeding and revegetation of up to 8ha of the site. Its focus is expanding rainforest communities on site. A 3 State Government Environmental Trust Grant running until mid 2015 is also in place. This grant subsidises our Site Managers employment and assists in managing a broad range of site improvements.
Current income streams raise approximately 80-90% of annual costs and include: Visitor entry Corporate training events School education programs Merchandising, café and gift shop Membership of The Wetlands Centre Donations. Special Events Grants, project specific and untied Room Hire Fundraising events such as the Hunter Canoe hire Paddle Challenge. Segway Tours Corporate and private sponsorship. Orienteering
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3.0 SITE LOCATION
3.1 Shortland Wetlands
Shortland Wetlands are located in the lower part of Ironbark Creek Catchment on the Central Coastal Plain of the Hunter Valley in the suburb of Shortland, 12km northwest of Newcastle, NSW (32 53 S, 151 42). The wetlands occupy an area of 45 hectares and are situated on Quaternary estuarine/lacustrine sediments including silts and clays (Matthei 1995). The close proximity and ecological connections with Hexham Swamp, Kooragang Island and other parts of the Hunter Estuary facilitate the movement of birds and other wetland fauna throughout the area (Martindale 1998).
3.2 The Hunter Estuary
The Hunter is one of the major catchments of eastern NSW. The Hunter Estuary includes a rich mosaic of wetland types that together deliver a wide range of ecological values. It is recognised as the most important area for shorebirds in NSW, with 42 species being reported (Smith 1991).
Figure 1. Locality map of Shortland Wetlands Kooragang Nature Reserve
Within the Hunter Estuary, Kooragang Nature Reserve (NR) incorporates Fullerton Cove, the north- eastern section of Kooragang Island, and adjacent intertidal and aquatic areas. It was listed as a Ramsar site in 1984. Kooragang NR is widely recognised as an important estuarine wetland complex, with particular significance for the conservation of migratory shorebirds and other waterbirds (Geering 1995; Martindale 1998). It supports over 30 species of migratory shorebirds including the
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Pacific Golden Plover, Eastern Curlew, Common Greenshank, Marsh Sandpiper, Terek Sandpiper, and Bar-tailed Godwit (Martindale 1998). These species are protected under the EPBC Act, 1999.
In 1993, the Kooragang Wetland Rehabilitation Project was initiated to rehabilitate degraded habitat and create healthy habitat for fish, crustaceans and other wildlife, notably shorebirds in the Hunter Estuary. The project covers an area of over 1,300ha comprising approximately 500ha on Ash Island at the western end of Kooragang Island, 800ha in the Tomago-Fullerton Cove area and the 10ha sandspit at the base of Stockton Bridge. It shares a border with the Kooragang Nature Reserve on Kooragang Island.
3.3 Ironbark Creek Catchment
Ironbark Creek is the largest tidal creek in the Hunter Catchment. Its catchment covers an area of 12,500 hectares (DPWS 2000; NCC 2000). The catchment supports a diversity of land use, including urban and limited rural residential, industrial and commercial, important transport and communication corridors, recreation, conservation, agriculture, mining, forested land and wetland (DPWS 2000; NCC 2000).
Urban development since 1824 has resulted in the clearing of approximately 2,000 hectares of land or approximately 16% of the catchment which is now categorised as urban land (NCC 2000). The catchment also includes 3,800 hectares of swamp land and 6,700 hectares of forests and rural lands.
3.4 Hexham Swamp
Hexham Swamp, including Hexham Nature Reserve, is separated from Shortland Wetlands by Ironbark Creek. It was the largest freshwater swamp on the north coast of NSW, with an area of 2,500ha. It represents about 45% of allthe remaining freshwater wetland habitat in the Hunter Valley (NPWS 1998). Hexham Swamp NR has regional and national importance for wildlife (Joint Committee to advise on Land Use in Hexham Swamp, 1978). The swamp contains estuarine habitat in the north-eastern corner adjacent to the Hunter River. This continues along Ironbark Creek to form strong ecological links between Hexham Swamp, Shortland Wetlands and the western end of Kooragang Nature Reserve (NPWS 1998). It was separated from the Hunter River in 1972 by floodgates constructed to minimise flooding in the Hexham Swamp, Wallsend area. An unintended consequence was the reduction in areas available for the breeding areas for fish, prawns and crustaceans as areas of the swamp which were previously tidal became dominated by freshwater swamps and vegetation types.
In 2009 a 4 stage process to reopen the flood gates to allow tidal inundation again commenced. In 2011 stage 3 of the reopening was undertaken with 6 of the 8 gates now opened. The outcome is as follows:
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Date: 8-Mar-2012
With stage 3 of the project well underway, the extra saltwater entering through the six open floodgates on Ironbark Creek since September 2011 is having a positive impact on the vegetation in Hexham Swamp.
The swamp is on the Hunter River floodplain, and supports a rich mosaic of wetland habitats including mangroves, saltmarsh and open water. Recent vegetation mapping has shown the area of freshwater reed Phragmites, is reducing in size and being replaced by brackish ponds and mangroves. These saltwater vegetation communities were dominant in the swamp prior to the exclusion of saltwater when the floodgates were installed in the early 1970s. The area today is being transformed to valuable habitat for fish, prawns and waterbirds including migratory species from as far as the Arctic Circle. http://www.hcr.cma.nsw.gov.au/default.asp?section_id=49
The tidal salt inundation process has impacted on the Shortland Wetlands along two riparian corridors. Prior to opening the gates the Hunter Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority (HRCMA) funded a program of fitting one way flap gates to the sites drainage points and raising the access road around the site to prevent salt water inundation of the bulk of the site. This work protected and continues to protect the sites fresh water Ramsar values and ecological character.
The Ironbark Creek eastern bank at the beginning of the process was fringed with mangroves and was immediately backed by a range of freshwater tolerant trees and grasses. This corridor is up to 20 metres wide. It is now open to tidal inundation and has become a major transition zone with fresh water trees such as casuarinas an melaleucas dying off and mangroves self propagating in the zone. A process of removal of dead and dying trees and other dying freshwater plants has commenced and is being funded under the Biodiversity grant. This transition process will be aided by planting of salt tolerant species where necessary and will be completed during the life of this plan.
The second area affected is the canoe channel. Prior to the opening the water level in the channel was fairly static and erosion of the banks was not a concern. Following stage 3 of the opening process tidal movement in the channel can be up to 1 meter and the resulting currents have commenced undermining the banks in a number of places. In May 2013 a stakeholder workshop will be undertaken to review the issue and determine a management response. It is the intention that a solution will be found and implemented during the life of this plan.
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Figure 2: Shortland Wetlands and the Kooragang Nature Reserve (NPWS). This map shows the original Hunter Estuary Ramsar site incorporating Kooragang and Shortland Wetlands.
Figure 3: Shortland Wetlands Source: NPWS
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4.0 NATURAL VALUES
4.1 Ecological Character
The "ecological character" is the structure and inter-relationships between the biological, chemical, and physical components of the wetland. These derive from the interactions of individual processes, functions, attributes and values of the ecosystem (Annex to Resolution VI.I, the Ramsar Convention).
The Shortland Wetlands complex contains diverse wetland habitats, including freshwater ponds, marshes, non-tidal freshwater forested wetlands, tidal creek and brackish canoe trail. The site has benefited from continuous management which has guided the creation of artificial wetlands and rehabilitation of degraded wetlands over 17 years. Successful rehabilitation has supported the development of significant ecological values, some specific to the site and others that enhance values represented in the Hunter Estuary.
The diversity of wetland habitats provides important natural habitat for a diverse range of animals in all seasons including water birds, frogs, invertebrates and fish. They also provide habitat for a range of water-loving plants including sedges, rushes and various trees. The natural processes of the wetlands, their role in catchment management and the biodiversity they support are discussed in detail in the sections that follow.
Shortland Wetlands and the operations of The Wetlands Centre provide a range of ecological, social and economic values. Some values form part of the criteria met for Ramsar listing, while others fall outside this framework. All are equally important in delivering unique and important services to wetland conservation and capacity-building for community involvement in wetland management.
Ramsar Rolling Review:
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In 2011 HWCA participated in a trial of a new document called a Site Status Form. This document outlines Shortland Wetlands Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC’s) as determined in the Sites 2001 Ecological Character Description. The is designed to facilitate Ramsar Site Managers ability to report on the sites Ramsar values to the Federal Government on the status of the sites key environmental health indicators (LAC’s). It also provides an ideal template for site monitoring. It is our intention over the life of this plan to ensure we undertake the necessary training to gain the capacity to report on all LAC’s on an annual basis.
4.2 Flora of Shortland Wetlands
4.2.1 Description Shortland Wetlands feature a high diversity of both original and rehabilitated plant communities. In addition to the remnant vegetation present on site, there has been a committed landscaping effort. Prior to 1988, Greening Australia (Hunter Valley) planted 2,290 trees. Since then, under the direction of the HWCA Site Committee and the Australian Plant Society, over 100,000 trees and 80,000 understory plants have been propagated, planted and documented. The initial planting was guided by a landscape plan which divided the site into five zones:
Visitor Centre Zone: Plants from throughout Australia. Landscaped Parklands Zone: Playground and grassed areas. Constructed Wetland: Plants from throughout Lower Hunter Region. Natural Wetlands: Plants indigenous to the site. Rainforest Zone: A rehabilitated and reconstructed rainforest.
In 2008 Geoff Winning (Deceased Life Member) completed a comprehensive planting guide for Shortland Wetlands. This guide has provided an up to date study of the site dividing it into 9 different soil landscapes as follows:
Residual clayey soil, Residual sandy soil, Estuarine alluvial soil, Demolition fill, Excavation fill and imported clean fill, excavated waterway, Excavated pond, Impounded previous estuarine pond and Sand swamp.
It then divides the site into 4 main vegetation landscape zones each of which are divided into a number of sub zones. The main zones are:
Gardens, Parklands, Reveg and Special Purpose. Full details are to be found in the Hunter Wetlands Centre Planting Lists (Report Citation: “Winning G 2009, ‘Hunter Wetlands Centre, planting lists’, report to Hunter Wetlands Centre, Australia by HWR Pty Ltd.”)
The success rate of plantings has remains excellent as a result of a process involving weed removal, and laying cardboard under a thick layer of mulch to minimise weed reinfestation and maximise water retention in the subsoil prior to and after planting. The plantings have significantly changed the landscape, enhancing biodiversity, hydrology and natural processes on the site.
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In 2013 Over 280 native and exotic floral species have been recorded within Shortland Wetlands (Appendix 4). These species predominately occur within the 22 vegetation communities that have been identified as occurring on the site, as shown in Table 4.1 (Baretta 1998). Common water plants include Club Rush (Bolboschoenus caldwellii), Common Reed (Phragmites australis), Water Couch (Paspalum distichum), Water Ribbon (Triglochin procerum) and Cumbungi (Typha orientalis).
4.2.2 Values The mosaic of plant communities at Shortland Wetlands has significant value for biodiversity. The variety of plant communities represent a unique complex found nowhere else in the Sydney Basin biogeographic region. The Melaleuca Swamp provides nesting and roosting habitat for egrets, herons and ibises. Reedy margins provide breeding areas for native waterfowl. Shallow pond margins provide foraging sites for shorebirds.
Vegetation plays a vital role in hydrological processes. Wetland plants stabilise shorelines, reducing soil erosion. They filter and trap sediment from stormwater inflows, reducing turbidity and sedimentation. This contributes to high water quality and aquatic life.
The rehabilitation of wetland and terrestrial plant communities serves as a demonstration site for community involvement in vegetation management. Bush regeneration activities on the site provide project and training opportunities for volunteers including TAFE students, Green Reserve and Conservation Volunteers, Australia.
Plants on the site have educational values, providing opportunities for a range of interpretive themes including backyard biodiversity, stormwater improvement and wildlife habitat.
Table 4.1. Plant communities at Shortland Wetlands (modified from Baretta, 1998)
Plant Community Type Dominant or Common Species
Closed Commersonia Forest Commersonia fraseri Brush Kurrajong Closed Mangrove Forest Avicennia marina (Grey Mangrove) Omalanthus populifolius (Bleeding Heart) Toona ciliata (Red Cedar) Open Planted Rainforest Synoum glandulosum (Scentless Rosewood) Stenocarpus sinuatus (Fire-wheel Tree). Casuarina Forest Casuarina glauca (Swamp Oak) Open Melaleuca Swamp Forest Melaleuca quinquenervia (Broad-leaved Paperbark) Eucalyptus gummifera (Red Bloodwood) Open Planted Woodland E. robusta (Swamp Mahogany) E. punctata (Grey Gum)
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Corymbia maculata (Spotted Gum) Solanum mauritianum (Wild Tobacco Bush) Open Woodland Acacia longifolia (Sydney Golden Wattle) A. parramattensis (Parramatta Green Wattle) Corymbia maculata (Spotted Gum) Eucalyptus siderophloia (Grey Ironbark) Isolated Eucalypt Trees Eucalyptus propinqua (Small-fruited Grey Gum) Pteridium esculentum (Bracken Fem) Melaleuca nodosa (Ball Honeymyrtle) M. ericifolia (Swamp Paperbark) Melaleuca Shrubland M. styphelioides (Prickly-leaved Paperbark) Isachne globosa (Swamp Millet). Callistemon citrinus (Crimson Bottlebrush) Planted Shrubland Leptospermum polygalifolium (Lemon-scented Tea Tree) Banksia Shrubland Banksia integrifolia (Coastal Banksia) Acacia Shrubland Acacia longifolia (Sydney Golden Wattle) Closed Panicum Grassland Panicum maximum (Guinea Grass) Kikuyu Grassland Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu) Water Couch Wet Meadow Paspalum distichum (Water Couch). Closed Typha Swamp Rushland Typha orientalis (Bulrushes or Cumbungi), Closed Phragmites Reed Swamp Phragmites australis (Common Reed) Juncus Rushland Juncus krausii (Sea Rush) Fennel Forbland Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) Senecio linearifolius (Fireweed Groundsel) Fireweed Groundsel Forbland Verbena bonariensis (Purpletop) Open Pond Vallisneria sp Closed Verbena Forbland Verbena bonariensis (Purpletop)
4.2.3 HWCA Nursery Former Site Manager Boyd Carney commenced nursery operations at HWCA in 2009. The project was commenced to facilitate propagation of plants from seed or cuttings from plants re established on site in previous years. Its initial aims included capacity building objectives as well as financial savings to ensure maximum value was gained from Grant funds. Before he joined NPWS he proposed expanding the nursery and seeking commercial contracts. That expansion was undertaken and initially increased capacity to 50,000 plants.
In late 2010 volunteer Ken Baylis took on the role of Nursery Manager and capacity has been expanded further. He provided the following information in 2013.
Nursery plant capacity has increased from 50,000 plants per year to more than 100,000 plants per year with nursery personnel attending 4 days per week instead of 1 day per week. Also we have 17 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
updated the nursery Standard Operating Procedure Documents (SOP’s) and introduced a comprehensive WHS Policy.
Two new hot house buildings have been erected at the nursery this now allows us to have approx 200 plant trays under propagation at any one time.
A purchase of plant species from Burrinbah nursery allowed us to diversify our plant species. The collection of plant species seed from the site is now a very important function of the nursery activities as is collection of plant cuttings for those species that are difficult to propagate from seed
A comprehensive environmental management system (EMS) was developed in 2012 with funding from HCRCMA. It was implemented in 2013 to protect Ironbark Creek from nutrient and sediment contamination as a result of the expanded capacity for the nursery area a weed control programme has been established along with the management of water run off and sediment control. The principals established in the EMS system will be applied across the whole site. They include a quarterly audit of the systems effectiveness and constant monitoring of water quality across the site.
This will ensure the nursery is sustainable and assist achieving our goal of creating an income stream for the organisation as well as a great focus for volunteer involvement, capacity building and cost savings by supplying the vast majority of plants required for our own revegetation efforts.
In the lifetime of this plan we aim to increase species under propagation to fulfil our own requirements and enable the establishment of a commercially viable nursery. To date we have sold 26,000 plants to commercial customers.
4.3 Fauna of Shortland Wetlands
Wetlands are known as “hotspots” for biodiversity. The interface of aquatic and terrestrial habitats and variety of vegetation communities support a high diversity of wildlife. Shortland Wetlands supports species of birds, frogs, mammals and reptiles, despite being surrounded by an urban landscape with its associated impacts.
4.3.1 Birds A total of 217 bird species, represented in 56 families have been recorded at the site (Appendix 6). The species list includes: 67 waterbirds and 9 migratory shorebirds; 18 raptors; 8 pigeons and doves; 15 species of parrots and cockatoos;
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9 cuckoos; 17 honeyeaters.
In deeper ponds, areas of open water are suitable for waterfowl such as teal, Magpie Geese, swans and many duck species. The freshwater swamp forest has been utilised as a heronry by up to 2000 breeding pairs of 4 egret species in summer. This forest is also a seasonal evening roost for approximately 4000 Australian White Ibis and Straw- necked Ibis in winter months (M. Maddock pers. comm.). During seasonal cycles and local droughts, the drop in water level exposes mudflats and shallow margins which provide foraging areas for migratory shorebirds. During inland drought episodes, Shortland Wetlands act as an important strategic refuge for a range of bird species.
Many migratory species recorded at Kooragang NR have also been recorded at Shortland Wetlands, particularly when muddy margins of the ponds are exposed. These include Australasian Bittern, Latham’s Snipe, Marsh Sandpiper, Common Greenshank, Wood Sandpiper, Red-necked Stint, Sharp- tailed Sandpiper and Curlew Sandpiper. Shortland Wetlands also provides an extension of habitat to Kooragang NR for the following wetland vulnerable and endangered species:
Easter2010
Black-necked Stork (endangered) Freckled Duck (vulnerable) Australasian Bittern, (vulnerable) Comb-crested Jacana (vulnerable) 19 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
Blue Billed Duck (vulnerable) Black Bittern (vulnerable)
Appendix 6 lists all endangered and vulnerable birds that have been sighted at Shortland Wetlands
Shortland Wetlands support a high diversity of species, some in great abundance, at a critical stage of their seasonal breeding and migration cycles. A total of 28 species have been observed breeding within the Wetlands (Appendix 2 ;).
A total of 16 migratory species recorded at Shortland Wetlands are listed under the China- Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA); and 14 species are listed under the Japan- Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA) with 12 species common to both agreements. There are 7 vulnerable species and 1 endangered species listed under the NSW TSC Act 1995. Appendix 6 shows the legislative status of species that have been recorded at Shortland Wetlands.
Shortland Wetlands particularly provides important habitat for a rare species in NSW, the Magpie Goose. The Magpie Goose is distributed across northern Australia including western NSW, southern and western Victoria and south-east South Australia (Emison et al. 1987; Smith et al. 1995). The species is a vagrant to south-west Australia and Tasmania, New Guinea and regularly crosses Torres Strait (Draffan et al. 1983; Marchant and Higgins 1990). In NSW, small numbers of the Magpie Goose have returned to north-east NSW, after a decline that was probably the result of swamp drainage and hunting (Marchant and Higgins 1990).
In 1987, The Wetlands Centre initiated a re-introduction program of the Magpie Goose to Shortland Wetlands with 41 juvenile geese from Serendip Wildlife Research Station (Murray 1990). In 1988, a further 41 juvenile Magpie Geese were obtained from Serendip Wildlife Research Station, and 44 from the Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, also 5 one day old goslings were obtained in May 1990 (Murray 1990). The Magpie Geese bred in the wild for the first time in 1992. Magpie Geese can be observed on a daily basis foraging and roosting on BHP pond, adjacent to the visitors centre. This project is ongoing with significant breeding occurring on site and in the estuary. The flock count in February 2012 was 98 and in March 2013
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volunteer Paul Davidson counted 113 which was verified the next day. A supplementary feeding program remains in place to support the population. It is now not unusual to sight these magnificent geese at Kooragang and other nearby wetlands.
The Wetlands Centre is one of only four centres around Australia to be chosen as a host site for the Freckled Duck captive-breeding program. This program was initiated by the CSIRO in the early 1980’s and commenced with distribution of Freckled Ducks that were hand reared from eggs collected in the Paroo Valley (NSW).
In 1993, The Wetlands Centre received 17 ducks for the captive-breeding program. Breeding of the Freckled Duck first commenced in 1998. Since that time there have been 69 ducklings hatched and 43 have survived, of which 23 have been given to Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve as part of their captive breeding program. Due to management issues, this program has now been reduced. In 2013 a workshop will discuss the viability of a release program for future ducklings.
4.3.2 Mammals There has been one mammal survey conducted on Shortland Wetlands site. This survey was conducted as part of the ecological study of the State Highway No. 23 – Shortland to Pacific Highway Corridor (Macdonald Wagner 1984). It was found during this survey that the relatively small size of Shortland Wetlands (45ha) and its close proximity to a highly disturbed urban environment meant that the site supported very few native mammal species (McDonald and Winning 1986). A total of six mammal species were recorded. Of these, only two species were native Australian mammals (Table 4.2). Another species, the European Rabbit, has been recorded opportunistically at the site. Several bat species, including the native Grey-headed Flying Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus), have also been recorded.
Since Shortland Wetlands was opened to the public volunteer John Simpson who guides our Spotlight Prowl Tours has also identified Fishing Bats (Myotis macropus) as a regular visitor to the sight
In 2009 agreement was reached with the Native Animal Trust Fund and National Parks and Wildlife Service to use the sight as a conditional release site for rehabilitated animals and birds. Over the last 3 years Common Ringtail Possums and Common Brushtail Possums have been released. To facilitate this program we will install up to 80 bird and possum nesting boxes on site by mid 2017. The program entails an element of mammal reintroduction as populations were eliminated by previous land use regimes.
As part of this mammal reintroduction program conditional approval has been given for the reintroduction of Swamp Wallabies. This process relies on funding the purchase of GPS tracking equipment to ensure the program can be properly monitored and breeding tracked. We will continue to apply for grant funds to set up the necessary infrastructure.
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It is our intention to conduct a new survey during the life of this plan as the massive revegetation program may have attracted additional mammals
Table 4.2. Terrestrial Mammal species recorded at Shortl and Wetlands Scientific Name Common Name
Isoodon macrourus Northern Brown Bandicoot (native) Hydromys chrysogaster Water Rat (native) Pteropus policephalus Grey-Headed Flying Fox Mus musculus House Mouse Rattus rattus Black Rat Lepus capensis Brown Hare Oryctolagus cuniculus European Rabbit Vulpes vulpes Red Fox Pseudocheirus peregrinus Common Ringtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum Myotis macropus Fishing Bat (vulnerable NSW)
The WBM BMT 2010 EIS offers the following: The megabat Grey-headed Flying Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) is a seasonal visitor to the HWCA in response to the seasonal availability of its food, especially flowering eucalypts, such as Swamp Mahogany, and fruiting trees, such as lily pillies (Acmena and Syzygium). Up to ten species of microbat have also been recorded in Hexham Swamp and/or the Hunter River estuary and are potential visitors to the HWCA site. These bat species are listed in Table 4-32.
Table 4.2.1 Bats of HWCA and Surrounding Wetlands Scientific Name Common Name Megabats Pteropus poliocephalus Grey-headed Flying Fox Microbats Chalinolobus gouldii Gould’s Wattled Bat
Chalinolobus morio Chocolate Wattled Miniopterus australis Little Bentwing-bat Miniopterus schreibersii Eastern Bentwing-bat oceanensis Vespadelus vulturnus Little Forest Bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi * Lesser Long-eared Bat
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Nyctophilus gouldii * Gould’s Long-eared Bat
Myotis Myotis adversus † Large-footed Myotis Scoteanax rueppellii Greater Broad-nosed Bat
Mormopterus norfolkensis East-coast Free-tail Bat Mormopterus loriae ? Little Northern Free-tail Bat
Nyctinomus australis White-striped Freetail-bat
* These two species are difficult to distinguish from calls and either or both species may have been recorded. † While not having been recorded in the referenced studies this species if almost certainly a visitor to the site. ? The characterisation of this species from the call data was inconclusive A more definitive on site study is required to establish how many of these visit however with our increasing biodiversity plantings it may be possible to attract them
® denotes reintroduced in conjunction with Native Animal Trust Fund. 4.3.3 Amphibians and Reptiles Two studies have been conducted to identify the distribution and abundance of frogs at Shortland Wetlands (McDonald and Winning 1986; Little 1999). These studies have shown that since 1986, the site has supported a total of eight frog species (Table 4.3). These species are recognised as commonly found throughout eastern Australia (Barker et al. 1995). Table 4.3. Frogs identified at Shortland Wetlands .
Scientific Name Common Name Location/s
Litoria dentata Bleating Tree Frog Melaleuca Swamp Litoria fallax Dwarf Green Tree Frog all locations Litoria peroni Peron’s Tree Frog Melaleuca Swamp Cat-tail Swamp/Reed Litoria tyleri Tyler’s Tree Frog Marsh Litoria caerulea Green Tree Frog - Crinia signifera Common Eastern Froglet walking tracks Frog Pond/walking Limnodynastes peroni Striped Marsh Frog tracks Lymnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Grass Frog Back Swamp
Of the species recorded, only one species, the Green Tree Frog, was recorded in 1986 but not during 1999. The cause of its absence may be due to habitat changes that occurred at the site between 1986-1999. In this period, the removal of natural bushland that occurred as part of housing and other development surrounding Shortland
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Wetlands reduced the variety of habitat types available to frog species such as the Green Tree Frog (Little 1999).
There was a survey of reptiles at Shortland Wetlands (Macdonald Wagner 1984) which recorded a total of nine species (Table 4.4). These reptiles are found throughout the coastal regions of eastern Australia, and like most reptile species have suffered the effects of heavy development on the coastal fringe (Cogger 1975). Other reptiles found on the site include the Blue-tongue Lizard, Water Dragon, Bearded Dragon, Short-necked Turtle and Swamp Snake.
The 2010 Hydrology EIS (BMT WBM) updated the list
Table 4.4. Reptiles recorded at Shortland Wetlands in 2010
Scientific Name Common Name Cheladina longicollis Long-necked Turtle Ctenotus robustus Striped Skink Lampropholis delicata Grass Skink L. mustelinum Weasel Skink Saiphos equalis Three-toed Skink Sphenomorphus quoyii Eastern Water Skink Tiliqua casuarinae She-oak Skink Hemiaspis signata Swamp Snake Pseudechis porphyriacus Red-bellied Black Snake Physignathus leseurii Astern Water Dragon Tiliqua scincoides Common Blue-tongue Lizard Dendrelaphis punctulata Green Tree Snake
4.3.4 Re-Introduction of the Green and Golden Bell Frog The Green and Golden Bell Frog, Litoria aurea, was once common in the Hexham Swamp region but now appears to be absent (Hamer 1998). Numbers crashed during the late 1980’s and the frog is now listed as a threatened species under Commonwealth and State legislation. Suspected causes include changes to hydrology, disease, pollution, habitat destruction and the introduction of predators. Green and Golden Bell Frogs are known to have occurred at Shortland Wetlands, but have not been recorded in recent years. Local populations inhabit sites at Kooragang Island to the North and Sandgate to the northwest. Kooragang Island supports one of the largest known remaining populations of the Green and Golden Bell Frog in NSW, with population 24 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
studies indicating that up to 1,000 individuals occur (Hamer, Lane and Mahony 2002). Both sites are less than 5 kilometres from Shortland Wetlands.
A project was commenced in 2002 with the construction of several ponds. The objectives were:
To assist conservation of the Bell Frog by establishing a permanent habitat at Shortland Wetlands, reintroducing a breeding colony to the site and monitoring their progress. To provide the community with opportunities to view Bell Frogs, understand their value and generate support for their conservation. To facilitate research into successful strategies for Bell Frog translocation. To feature the Bell Frog as an ambassador species for wetland conservation.
The re-introduction of the species to the site was undertaken using tadpoles originally sourced from Kooragang Island and bred by the University of Newcastle. Tadpoles were released into artificial ponds specifically designed and constructed for the project.
Habitat and frog colonisation was being monitored and periodically reviewed by The Wetlands Centre staff and ecology students from the University of Newcastle. Water quality, population numbers, and habitat were monitored on a regular basis to evaluate breeding success and measure the outcome of the reintroduction program. The program was as follows:
Green and golden bell frogs were first reintroduced to the site in 2004, when 20 tadpoles were released into one the ponds. At least three of these individuals survived for more than two years within the reintroduction site, suggesting that the created habitat was likely to be suitable. In 2005, a further 850 bell frog tadpoles were released at the site. Shortly after these tadpoles began to metamorphose into frogs, their numbers began to decline and all bell frogs disappeared from the site 13 months after they were released. The cause of the decline was attributed to infection by the amphibian chytrid fungus. The site was then extended with the addition of three new ponds, and salt, which inhibits the growth of the chytrid fungus, was added to four of the six ponds at the site. A third reintroduction of 720 bell frog tadpoles took place at the end of 2009, and the addition of salt was found to increase the survival of bell frogs while they were metamorphosing into frogs. For the first time, a natural breeding event occurred at the reintroduction site at the beginning of 2011. Unfortunately, no breeding occurred the following summer and bell frog numbers declined until they could no longer be found at the site by May 2012. It is possible that fluctuating water levels and decreases in pond salinity meant that the frogs were not protected from the chytrid fungus and this may have again been the cause of bell frogs disappearing from the site. The next step for this project is to discuss possible ways to maintain salinity levels in the presence of water fluctuation, and if this problem can be solved then another bell frog release may be appropriate. (Carla Pollard University of Newcastle April 2013)
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4.3.5 Fish There has been one fish survey conducted at Shortland Wetlands. This survey was conducted as part of the ecological study of the State Highway No. 23 – Shortland to Pacific Highway Corridor (Macdonald Wagner 1984). A total of six species were recorded during this survey, of which one, the Mosquito Fish is an introduced species (Table 4.5). Other salt water fish are found in the canoe trail.
In 2010 Koi Carp (Cyprinis carpio) and Sea Mullet (Mugil cephalus) were recorded in various natural ponds that make up Shortland Wetlands. In 2010 when as all ponds dried out during a localised drought pelicans moved in to feed on the struggling fish and many also expired as a result of lack of oxygen in the shallow water. It is thought that they entered the system in June 2007 during the major flood event caused by an East Coast Low.
Table 4.5. Fish species recorded at Shortland Wetlands Scientific Name Common Name
Gambusia holbrooki Mosquito Fish Gobiomorphus coxii Cox’s Gudgeon Hypseleotris galii Firetail Gudgeon Philypnodon grandiceps Flathead Gudgeon Philypnodon sp. none Anguilla australis Short-finned Eel Cyprinus Carpio Koi Carp -2010 Mugil cephalus Sea Mullet-2010
It is intended to conduct a new survey during the life of this plan if funding allows
4.3.6 Macro-Invertebrates Pond life at Shortland Wetlands is abundant. A wide diversity of macro-invertebrates is present including many sensitive insect larvae. Macro-invertebrate surveys of Shortland Wetlands routinely record molluscs, bloodworms, caddisfly larvae, gastropods, beetles, bugs, water fleas, seed shrimps, copepods and nymph forms of dragonfly, damselfly, and mayfly (Bischof and Brown, 1996).
The Wetland Environmental Education Centre (WEEC) regularly surveys BHP and Brambles ponds. The following list is of those regularly in various the surveys in early 2013. Informattion supplied by Carolyn Gillard.
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Table 4.6. Macro-Invertibrate species recorded at Shortland Wetlands
Class: Insecta Order Family Name Common Name Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Mayfly Odonata Coenagriinidae Damselfly Suborder Zygoptera Megapodagrionidae Damselfly Suborder: Anisoptera Corduliidae Dragonfly Libellulidae Dragonfly Hemiptera Gerridae Water strider Notonectidae Backswimmer Corixidae Water boatman Nepidae Water scorpion Belostomatidae Water scorpion Megaloptera Sialidae Alderflies
Corydalidae Dobsonflies Coleoptera Dystiscidae Diving Beetle Hydrophilidae Diving beetle Diptera Stratiomyidae Soldier Fly Tipulidae Crane fly Chronomidae Midge fly Trichoptera Odontoceridae Caddisfly Leptoceridae Caddisfly Calamoceratidae Caddisfly Lepidoptera Moth Others: Phyllum Common Name Chordata Tadpoles Gudgeon Mosquito Fish Mollusca Ramshorn snail Pond snail Arthropoda Cyclops Ostracoda Seed shrimp Cladocera Water fleas Arachnid Water mite Species: Water Spider Megadolomedes australianus Decapoda Freshwater shrimp 27 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
Tricladida Planarian Phyllum: Annelida Freshwater worms Leech
4.4 Hydrology
4.4.1 Description Shortland Wetlands are a natural drainage depression, a remnant of extensive tidal and floodplain wetlands that once extended east of Ironbark Creek. The land has been altered significantly by urban development around and within the site, including land-filling, the construction of electricity infrastructure, access roads and a sporting complex, causing significant changes in hydrology. The landscape design for the development of a wetland centre on the site sought to maximize the existing drainage and storage capacity while encouraging the improvement of biodiversity values and the quality of water entering and leaving the site.
Water flowing into Shortland Wetlands is generated by local rainfall and run-off from nearby suburbs. A series of stormwater pipes and culverts collect stormwater from lands and suburbs to the south, east and north and deliver water to Shortland Wetlands.
Shortland Wetlands delivers water to Ironbark Creek via a constructed channel and a series of drainage points along Ironbark Marsh and the northern boundary of the site. However, the flow traditionally occurs only after periods of heavy rain or when Ironbark Marsh is at full capacity. Flooding of the swamps requires significant and successive rainfall events. In the past this has occurred predominantly in the summer months. Historically low rainfall resulted in low water levels or drying out of most of the ponds on the site however the history of the site since HWC took control has indicated that the drying out has become the exception leading to health problems for the trees in Melaleuca Swamp. Various engineering works over 100 years including the construction of the Ironbark Creek flood gates in 1972 and the western end of sites conversion to fresh water wetland created a situation where Ironbark Marsh has become choked with fresh water reed growth. This created a damming effect causing water to build up on the site and create a semi permanent state of inundation.
It became apparent by 2007 that the health of the Melaleuca Swamp Forest which is the location of the egret and ibis breeding colony was in a poor state. Trees were falling over and or dying and there had been a continual decline in the number of egret nests counted in the annual Project Egret Watch bird count which caused alarm as a result The Wetland Centre commissioned engaged BMT WBM in 2008 to undertake a Hydrology and Water Study to provide an understanding of the hydrology and water quality and hydrology problems of the HWC site. Based on the results of this study, five management strategies were formulated with the aim of improving the hydrology and/or
28 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
water quality within the site. Following various meetings a project was designed to implement two of those management two of these management strategies, albeit with some minor alterations. Application was made to the Federal government through the Ramsar Managers Planning Process and Caring for Our Country Grant streams for funding for an EIS and on ground works to implement the two management strategies. Funding was granted in 2010.
Overview of the Project: (BMT WBM EIS HWC Hydrology and Ecological Restoration Set 2010)
The Project has been separated into two separate management strategies, each with their own individual objective and subsequent construction and management requirements. The two management strategies are as follows:
A. Management of the water level and water quality in the Melaleuca Swamp by pumping it out; and
B. Water level control throughout all of the ponds on site by use of a series of flow control gates and a drainage channel through Ironbark Marsh.
Strategy A is considered a short-term strategy that addresses an immediate and acute need within Melaleuca Swamp.
Strategy B will ultimately also address hydrology issues in Melaleuca Swamp over a longer timeframe. It is envisaged that as the changes associated with Strategy B start to transpire, the need for pro-active management of water levels in Melaleuca Swamp (i.e. Strategy A) will diminish. The aims, construction and resource requirements, and risks associated with each of the proposed management strategies are outlined in Section 2.3 and Section 2.4 of the EIS
It is anticipated the work will be completed by mid 2013 weather permitting. An Operations Management Plan was also completed in 2012 to guide a new era of active water management on the site.
Strategy B involves installing a number of water control gates coupled with cleaning out a choked drainage channel through Ironbark Marsh and extending it from the Marsh to Reed Marsh Pond to facilitate movement of water through the site into Ironbark Creek. The photo below is of the completed channel in late 2012. The second photo shows pelicans arriving to clean out a drying Water Ribbon Pond in 2010
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An Operations Managment Plan is in place to control the timing and conditions of pumping and release of water into Ironbark Creek. The Plan was approved by the NSW Office of Water and Newcastle City Council.
4.4.2 Values Storage of rainfall and stormwater to provide habitat for significant wetland fauna and flora species. Recycling of nutrients that enter the site in stormwater or through the activity of nesting birds. Improvements in water quality draining to Ironbark Creek and Hunter River from the site It is necessary to complete the hydrology construction works to give full effect to the EIS and Hydrology Management Plan
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Figure 4: Map of Shortland Wetlands showing some key features, including the location of ponds, buildings, walking trails and hydrological flows (indicated by blue arrows). 31 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
5.0 SOCIAL VALUES
5.1 Cultural Heritage
The Worimi and Awabakal Aboriginal tribes were the earliest inhabitants of the Lower Hunter Estuary (NPWS 1998). There are numerous middens and campsites scattered throughout the Lower Hunter but they occur particularly along riverbanks and within the dunes of Stockton Bight (NPWS 1998). Substantial changes to the estuary from river bank works, land reclamation, industrialisation, and urbanisation, led to nearly all traces of Aboriginal occupation being destroyed (NPWS 1998).
Middens were once located along the river from Port Waratah to Sandgate but according to the NPWS Aboriginal sites register, there is now only one midden located within Kooragang Nature Reserve (NPWS 1998). Animals and plants found in wetlands of the Lower Hunter featured strongly in the mythology, culture and lifestyle of Aboriginal people. A number of wetland plants were used for food, medicines and as materials for containers. Many wetland animals would have been relatively easy to catch and would have contributed greatly to the diet of Aboriginal people in certain seasons.
During revegetation work in1986 at The Wetlands Centre, a significant Aboriginal archaeological site was discovered. (Martindale 1998). It has been determined that the site was a silcrete quarry used for the making of stone tools (Martindale 1998). The site has been protected from human interference and access to the site has been managed in accordance with the Centre's Interpretation Plan, and in consultation with local Aboriginal Land Council representatives and the NPWS.
In 2009 the Board of HWCA adopted an Indigenous Engagement Policy. Practical actions that have been taken since that policy was approved include: The recruitment of a representative of the Awabakal Local Area Land Council (Steve Schmidt) to our Site Committee Employment of two indigenous land care trainees for 2 years under a Jobs Fund Grant, one of whom is now a full time Biodiversity Officer at HWCA.
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5.2 Education
Hunter Wetlands Centre, Australia has been dedicated to wetland education since its inception and has made a substantial contribution to wetland conservation at the local, state, national and international levels. There is no doubt that the leadership through wetland education delivered by Hunter Wetlands Centre has played a key role in the development of a greater understanding and appreciation of wetlands in the Hunter Region and further afield.
Education programs and services aim to promote wetland values, conservation and sustainable ecosystem management. Education values offered by Hunter Wetlands Centre include:
promoting wetland values through communication, education and public awareness; demonstrating sustainable wetland restoration and management; community capacity-building in wise use of wetlands; demonstrating sustainable wetland based recreation; and Providing a venue for wetland-related community organisations.
The Education Programs have evolved into an excellent demonstration of the Ramsar Convention’s Outreach Program (Resolution 7.9). This promotes the role education can play to encourage understanding of wetland values, conservation and wise use management. Communication, education and public awareness are all employed in a variety of programs delivered informally and formally.
Visitors can directly experience wetlands and wildlife: through static and live displays within the visitors centre; through the use of tracks, platforms and hides; and by canoe. by Segway by bicycle
The School Education Program is underpinned by a valuable partnership with the NSW Department of Education and Communities (DEC). The Wetlands Environmental Education Centre, a NSW DEC facility, has been located at Hunter Wetlands Centre since its inception. This partnership has supported the development of a highly regarded and well-used wetlands education program accessed by over 7,000 students, representing 200 schools, annually.
The school program caters for students from Kindergarten through to Year 12 and offers a series of topics to cater for students across a range of age and ability levels, the program reflect topics in the NSW School Curriculum. The ability to deliver the program in a managed wetland ecosystem
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adds a critical dimension to the program. Programs focused on wetland animals, wetland habitats, ecosystem values and functions, and management are greatly enhanced. The ability of these programs to be delivered was greatly enhanced in 2011, with the opening of the new specialty built education building. A national Local Schools Working Together grant was awarded in 2010 and provided the funding for the design and construction of the new classroom, theatre, outdoor learning area and administration offices. The new facility is featured below.
Community education programs include static displays, guided walks and programs such as canoe tours, twilight walks and Breakfast with the Birds, wetland-related education classes and annual events such as World Wetlands Day. Wetland education is also achieved through hands-on involvement of community volunteers in all aspects of the Hunter Wetlands Centre’s operations, especially site management.
This community education provides a range of social benefits. Visitors are provided with life long learning opportunities, stimulating intellectual development and personal growth. Many activities are suitable for all ages. The opportunity for grandparents, parents and children to learn together fosters social cohesion. The focus on learning about and experiencing the site builds a sense of place, helping people identify with their region and feeling they belong. Responsible environmental behaviour is encouraged and supported.
Since 2012 Hunter Wetlands Centre Ecotourism Manager, has been conducting a research project on behalf of the Office of Environment and Heritage called the ‘Our Places’ project. The program began with a number of focus groups that engaged sustainability educators throughout Newcastle, Lake Macquarie and the Hunter Region. The focus of the sessions was to identify successes and challenges with engaging community with environmental education. Following on from the focus groups are larger Community Forums to be held through 2013 that aim to link community members with established groups and educators to identify projects and ways to improve ‘place’. Both the forums and the focus groups aim not only to serve as information for the research paper but endeavour to link and build networks between the various groups and individuals throughout the
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Hunter Region whose goal it is to engage the community with taking care of the environment. The Our Places project is also taking place in Western Sydney and in the Albury regions and is ongoing.
5.3 Community Involvement
Since the inception of the Hunter Wetlands Trust in 1984, Shortland Wetlands has been a focal point for community involvement in wetland rehabilitation and education. Community involvement today is evident in the volunteer program and the partnerships with other community conservation groups who share the site.
The Wetlands Centre’s volunteer program demonstrates the principles recommended by the Ramsar Convention to involve local communities in the management of wetlands (Resolution VII.8). Volunteers are involved in many facets of the Centre's operations. Community participation develops a greater understanding of wetland functions and values. In many instances involvement offers significant retraining opportunities for unemployed volunteers and meaningful work for the disabled and elderly. Long-term volunteers are particularly important as they help fulfil the Centre's mission to provide opportunities to connect with and learn about wetlands. Volunteers include:
two long-standing groups directly involved in site management and bush regeneration a long-term group that delivers visitor services and guiding services a volunteer Board of Directors a broadly based volunteer Site Management Committee numerous volunteers involved in administrative duties, school holiday programs and special events Volunteers involved with grounds and Centre maintenance Volunteers involved in fundraising Volunteers establishing and managing our on site Nursery operations.
5.4 Research
The Wetlands Centre has produced 37 scientific publications, 4 reports, poster papers at international conferences and contributions to three books. In 2012 we self published a book compiled by Ken Bayliss on Bush Tucker found at the HWCA site and in our Bush Tucker Garden. Results of the Wetlands Centre’s research activities are archived in the Library collection held at the Centre. They include studies on frogs, dunal swamp forests, wetland rehabilitation, artificial wetlands and educational values of Hunter Valley Wetlands in a heritage context. University higher degree research studies (8 Honours and 2 Doctoral theses) and several other projects have been carried out in conjunction with the Centre’s research programs.
One particular study, Project Egret Watch brought together more than 200 volunteer field workers 35 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
throughout Australia and New Zealand to study the biology of heron species, particularly egrets, since 1985. The major contribution to the understanding of egret breeding biology, ecology and migration has received international recognition. Project Egret Watch was conducted as a cooperative research venture with the Ornithological Society of New Zealand’s Cattle Egret project team. Egret and Ibis nest counts are still an annual feature of ???
In recent years because of changes in staff composition and success in attracting major grants the focus of the Centre has shifted away from research to on ground works with some spectacular improvements being achieved as the revegetation process has been ramped up. Scope still exists to re-establish the research effort and discussions are underway with Newcastle University in relation to a number of joint projects.
5.5 Partnerships
In addition to projects at the Shortland site, the Centre has supported numerous activities at other wetlands in the Hunter Region and has actively supported all the major wetland conservation proposals in the Hunter. The Wetlands Centre cooperates with the Hunter Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority and is represented on a number of their committees, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service and local councils to support Landcare groups in wetland areas. The Ironbark Creek Catchment Management Committee and more recently the Hexham Swamp Rehabilitation Committee both operate out of The Wetlands Centre. The Centre provides meeting facilities for a number of special interest groups, including: The Australian Plant Society (APS)(Newcastle Group) Hunter Bird Observers (HBOC) Hunter Native Fish Native Animal Trust Fund (NATF) Lions and Rotary Clubs
Close links have also been forged with The University of Newcastle, Hunter Tafe’s through research students and volunteering programs. We also receive significant support from those organisations mentioned above, Additionally Hunter Councils, Hunter Water, Newcastle University, National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS), NSW Department of Education and Communities, APS and HBOC have representation on the HWCA Board
HBOC, APS, Awabakal Local area Land Council, NPWS, Hunter Landcare and HWCA Volunteers are also represented on the Site Management Committee. This committee is active in matters pertaining to on - ground works.
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Close working relationships also exist with the NSW Ramsar Managers Network, Wetland Care Australia (both based at HWCA) and NSW Office of Environment and Heritage through the “our Places” collaboration project.
At the time of publishing this plan HWCA Director Christine Prietto holds the following positions:
Australian Communication, Education, Participation and Awareness(CEPA) Non-government Focal Point for the Ramsar Convention Vice Chair and Thematic Expert for Education, Ramsar Convention Scientific and Technical Panel 2013-2015 Member, Winton Wetlands Committee of Management’s Scientific and Technical Advisory Group Member, East Asian Australasian Flyway Partnership CEPA Working Group
CEO Ken Conway is Chair of the NSW Ramsar Managers Network and is a member of the Australian Wetland Network Advisory Group.
Grant Morgan is the co-ordinator of the NSW Ramsar Managers Network Post Graduate Student Representative Healthy Universities Steering Committee Post Graduate Student Representative Callaghan Campus Landscape Consultative Committee President of Newcastle University Postgraduate Students Association Representative on the Hunter Volunteering Network Member of Australasian Association of Managers of Volunteers
6.0 ECONOMIC VALUES
6.1 Recreation and Tourism
Shortland Wetlands offers a range of outdoor recreation opportunities with very easy access to high conservation value wetlands for the local community. Activities can be physical and fun, such as bushwalking and canoeing, Segway tours or tranquil and contemplative, such as birdwatching. Visitors are exposed to a range of educational experiences, from interactive displays and interpretive signs to presentations, guided tours, and self-guiding brochures. Facilities include a café, bushwalking trails, boardwalks, observation decks, bird hides and much more.
In recent years the focus has shifted toward more active tourism and recreation pursuits at Shortland Wetlands to attract a larger and younger demographic and to assist the organisation to fulfil its mission to promote understanding, enjoyment and conservation of wetlands. Visitors also 37 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
provide income to support The Wetlands Centre’s continued operations. In 2013 an educational adventure ropes course will be added to the sites attractions.
As an ecotourism attraction, Shortland Wetlands can provide these same benefits to visitors from outside our region. It has potential to shift public perception of Newcastle from an industrial city to an ecologically sustainable city that values its natural environment. Similarly, it projects a strong sense of community to outsiders.
We have also ventured into the corporate training market. This has been made possible by the construction of the new Wetland Environmental Education Centre which freed up the ground floor of the Visitor Centre for use as training and conference rooms.
To facilitate quality service HWCA has also re-established ownership of the café and rebranded it as Spoonbill Café. The intention is to create a new profit centre.
There is great potential to package The Wetlands Centre with other natural attractions in the area such as Kooragang Nature Reserve, Blackbutt Reserve, Hunter Region Botanic Gardens, the Bathers Way and Glenrock SRA. If properly promoted, such packages would be attractive to the Sydney ecotourism market, bringing economic benefits to the region.
The location of Shortland Wetlands in relation to other wetlands in the estuary and in concert with the public access facilities and wetland education capabilities position The Wetlands Centre to serve as a gateway for education, public access and community involvement for all wetland areas in the lower Hunter. While this already occurs to some extent, partnership with other agencies and organisations with an interest in wetlands, in this concept could deliver greatly improved and better-integrated management for the conservation and long term maintenance of all lower Hunter wetlands.
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6.2 Professional Development and Capacity Building
Although the number of paid positions offered through The Wetlands Centre is small, they offer significant opportunities in the fields of administration, conservation, ecotourism and natural resource management in a non-government setting. The involvement of volunteers in the operations of The Wetlands Centre and ongoing management of Shortland Wetlands offers training opportunities to many more individuals. Together these represent valuable training opportunities in a region which has unusually high retraining needs due to industrial changes. The hands-on involvement of community volunteers in site management and landscaping is especially significant. The local community has developed good capacity levels in this area due to the number of wetland projects which have followed. As on-going maintenance of wetlands will always be an area of need in the Hunter Estuary, this capacity is of significant value.
As part of our Indigenous Engagement Policy we will also focus on helping build the capacity of our Indigenous community to facilitate their involvement in managing our natural resources by creating employment and training opportunities through grant based projects.
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7.0 MANAGEMENT AIMS
7.1 Aims
Flora To increase the current species diversity and structural characteristics of aquatic and terrestrial plant communities through the guidance of the 2009 Hunter Wetlands Centre Planting Lists (Winning 2009), research and Australian Plant Society with the focus being on local native plants.
Fauna To maintain the ecological characteristics that support species diversity, with an emphasis on avifauna that use the site at a critical stage of their life cycle and during adverse conditions. We will also work with Native Animal Trust Fund, NPWS and other research bodies to reintroduce species where the facility and relevant research provide suitable levels of support.
Hydrology To complete the instillation of infrastructure necessary to implement the 2011 Hydrology Operations Management Plan which will enable HWCA to ensure the quantity and quality of water entering and leaving the site is consistent with the site’s geography and is sufficient to maintain the diversity of habitat types present.
Cultural Heritage To protect and interpret the cultural values of the site in consultation with traditional owner groups using their traditional and unique knowledge to build social capital and capacity
Education To maintain the natural values, facilities and services that support school and community education and to promote the use of communication and education for wetland conservation
Community Involvement To engage, involve and guide the community in implementing site management actions building social capital and community capacity in wetland care.
Research To promote Shortland Wetlands as a site for wetland research.
Partnerships To facilitate partnerships that foster skills transfer and conservation outcomes that benefit all wetlands in the Hunter Estuary.
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Tourism and Recreation To maintain the ecological character, facilities and services that support ecotourism and foster responsible visitor use of wetland environments while providing income to support our ecological goals.
To promote understanding, appreciation, wise use and conservation of wetlands.
Capacity Building To provide training opportunities and capacity-building in wetland conservation, rehabilitation and interpretation.
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7.2 Key Risks
Some of the key risks to the natural, social and economic values of Shortland Wetlands are discussed below.
7.2.1 Hydrology and Pollution
Prior to 1990, the natural hydrology of Shorthand Wetlands had been significantly altered by developments on and around the site. The drainage of the wetlands resulted in most of the run-off from the site flowing into the drainage canal along the northern boundary of the site (Winning 1989).
Most of the remnant natural wetlands on the site have exhibited occasional signs of eutrophication, such as emission of odorous gases (e.g. Hydrogen sulphide), algal blooms, and dominance by eutrophytes (e.g. Triglochin procera, Spirodela pusilla, Azolla spp.). Limited measurements of water quality have indicated occasional high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, especially in the Paperbark Swamp and the Water Ribbon Pond. The BHP pond has also exhibited occasional signs of eutrophication (algal blooms). At the Water Ribbon Pond, a study by Bischof and Brown (1996) showed that the pond was eutrophic with high levels of total phosphorus recorded throughout their 5-month study (June to October 1996). They also found that micro-invertebrate diversity was very low indicating some pollution problems.
Eutrophication previously caused by a number of factors including excessive nutrient input from sources such as sewage overflow (an overflow pipe discharges into the Melaleuca Swamp) and urban run-off should have been eliminated by the 2012 sewerage upgrade carried out by Hunter Water. It will need to be monitored during flood events to ensure the upgrade has eliminated the problem
Other sources of eutrophication, including bird faeces and the substrate of the artificial ponds containing high nutrient material which was previously dumped on the site as fill, may be contributing to the eutrophication problem. Eutrophication may also occur in a pond or part of a pond as a result of concentration of nutrients due to evaporation or stagnation, particularly during periods of low rainfall. Changes in other water quality parameters, especially pH, may also result in the release of nutrients trapped in sediments.
These issues lead HWCA to commission various studies and reports to facilitate systems return to health.
The BMT WBM Hunter Wetlands Centre Hydrology and Water Quality Study June 2008, Hunter Wetlands Centre Planting Lists 2009 (G Winning), BMT WBM Environmental Impact Statement: Hunter Wetlands Centre Hydrological and Ecological Restoration September 2010 and BMT WBM
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Hydrology Operations Management Plan Hunter Wetlands Centre October 2011 represents a serious body of research which will facilitate the management of the Hydrology and pollution issues discussed above and elsewhere in the document. In 2012 the Wetland Centre in conjunction with Wetland Care Australia and HCRCMA also designed an implemented an Environmental Management System to control potential pollution flowing from the operation of the APS and HWCA nurseries located adjacent to the Canoe Channel which feeds into Ironbark Creek.
7.2.2 Pest Plants
There are many exotic plant species that occur at Shortland Wetlands, and in the backyards of neighbouring residents. Occasionally, local residents dump rubbish on the site, clear vegetation near their fences, and plant exotic tree species, which are all activities that can enhance the spread of weeds on the site. Many exotic plants that occur at Shortland Wetlands have the potential to become environmental weeds and therefore pose a threat to the site’s values. If not controlled, pest plants may dramatically alter the structure and composition of remaining native plant communities, leading to a loss of native plant species and changes in habitat characteristics for native fauna (MacArthur and MacArthur 1961; Loyn and French 1991; Lott and Duggin 1993; Recher et al. 1995; French and Zubovic 1997; Ekert and Bucher 1999). Many weed species existed on the site because of its prior use as a dump. Others however are distributed from nearby areas by, various means such as wind borne seed, movement of storm water, imported mulch, and via people and birds.
‘Environmental’ weeds are exotic plants that invade native vegetation, adversely affecting native flora. When environmental weeds invade native vegetation, they often form mono-specific stands, causing changes in food resources and habitat structure, usually resulting in a reduction of the diversity and abundance of native plant and animal species (MacArthur and MacArthur 1961).
Our main focus will be to remove those weeds which are listed in the WON’s list and or the HCRCMA priority list of weeds as these have catchment wide implications if left to spread although all weeds in a revegetation area will be removed as part of the revegetation process. The control of such weeds is a requirement by law; they are listed by type and class via the local Council, and other government departments, along with level of control and related information on control methods.
The most serious terrestrial weed species that occur at Shortland Wetlands include Bitou Bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera), Small-leaved Privet (Ligustrum sinense), Wandering Jew (Tradescantia albiflora), Lantana (Lantana camara), Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana), Balloon Vine (Cardiospermum grandiflorum), Madeira Vine (Anredera cordifolia), Moth Vine (Araujia sericifera), Green Cestrum (Cestrum parqui), Camphor Laurel (Cinnamon camphora) and Kikuyu (Pennisetum
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clandestinum). Dock (Rumex spp.), Water Primrose (Ludwigia peruviana), and Pennywort (Hydrocotyle bonariensis), African Olive (Olea euopea spp), Broad-Leaf Privet (ligustrum lucidum), Jasmine (Mandevilla laxa), Morning Glory (Ipomoea indica), Mexican Pine (Pinus spp), Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum var.maximum), Asparagus Fern (Asparagus virgatus), Onion Weed (Nothoscordum borbonicum or N gracile), Canna Lily (Canna x generslis), Wandering Creeper (Trandescantia Fuminensis oralbiflora or zebrine), Couch (Cynodon dactylon), African Daisy (Senecio pterophorus), Easter Cassia ( Senna pendula var. glabrata), Purpletop (Verbina bonariensis), Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and Elm (Ulmus spp)
Because of past uses of site the understory is also made up of a large number of weed grasses and annuals
The most serious aquatic weed species that occur on the site include Alligator Weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) which is currently being attacked by an ongoing spraying campaign , Torpedo Grass (Panicum repens) which grows in or near shallow waters forming monocultures where it can quickly displace native vegetation. It has taken hold in BHP Pond, Brambles Pond and Moorhen Swamp. Sharp Rush (Juncus acutus) which is closely related to a number of native rush species but is invasive also poses a significant threat as it also displaces native vegetation. Isolated plants have been found on various locations close to Ironbark Creek. It appears to be well established in Hexham Swamp.
Management actions and or plans backed by grant funds are underway to control or diminish most of these threats.
7.2.3 Pest Animals
Introduced animals that occur at The Wetlands Centre and which pose the most serious threat to native fauna include the Black Rat (Rattus rattus), House Mouse (Mus musculus), Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), Domestic Cat (Felis catus), Common Myna (Acridotheres tristus), Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), and Mosquito Fish (Gambusia holbrooki). The Black Rat and House Mouse breed prolifically especially after rainfall events. These species are most abundant in and around the feed distribution areas. Apart from the threat of both of these species spreading disease, the Black Rat poses a threat to shore-breeding birds, shorebirds, and the Long-necked Tortoise by predating eggs and nestlings. Red Foxes gain entry to Shortland Wetlands via gaps in the predator-proof fence that surrounds the site. The fence was completed around 3 sides of the site in 2009 leaving the western boundary with Ironbark Creek and a gap at the canoe channel site exit as the two remaining points from which foxes, feral cats and dogs can now gain entry to the site. Their main target is the Melaleuca Swamp Forest and they have been recorded preying on juvenile Egrets that nest at high densities within the forest (G. Nichols pers. comm.) Red Foxes also pose a threat to other species such as ground nesting and ground feeding bird species. Brown Hares also occur on site and their
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preference for new grass shoots and newly planted trees as a source of food poses a threat to the regeneration of vegetation. Along with rabbits, they present competition for grazing, protective cover and habitat, and can be a threatening process to some native fauna and avi-fauna.
In 2009 permission was gained to commence fox baiting on site. The program involves three rounds per year at key control times including one to coincide with the commencement of egret breeding. This has significantly reduced the incidence of fox, feral cat and dog predation on site. A comprehensive monitoring program is in place to ensure it is effective.
Baiting for rabbits and hares commenced in 2013. Their population has tended to increase as a result of a reduction in foxes.
The Mosquito Fish occurs in all of the freshwater and saline ponds and waterways across Shortland Wetlands site. This species is a small fish with its origins in Central America. Currently, Mosquito Fish can be found in most permanent water-bodies in Australia where a low flow regime exists, and there is adequate vegetation in which to shelter (Lund, 1994). Mosquito Fish pose a threat to macro invertebrate communitiesas well as rotifers, cladocerans, ostracods, copepods, odonata and snails. Considerable field and laboratory evidence has been gathered to indicate that the Mosquito Fish (Gambusia holbrooki) has a negative impact on native frogs, fish and invertebrates in Australia and therefore may pose a serious threat to these communities that occur on the site, including being listed as a threatening process for the Green and Golden Bell Frogs.
Management is investigation possible solutions. A shelf project is being developed to include methods for control, including establishing required permits and associated review of environmental factors, and research into possible native replacement species suitable for the local area. Planning will include identifying possible sources of applications for funding.
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7.3 Management Actions for Natural Values
VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES FLORA Purpose: To maintain and increase the current species diversity and structural characteristics of aquatic and terrestrial plant communities.
The mosaic of wetland To provide a model of wetlands that Lack of planting and subsequent Use Winning Planting List 2009 and APS vegetation communities support endemic plants and a mosaic of representation of aquatic plants advice in relation to plant selection. Apply and species. vegetation communities. and ‘edge’ species. for grants to revegetate wetlands. Use HWCA Nursery to maintain and Propagate selected species in HWCA extend biodiversity of plant nursery and buy in additional species if
communities and species on site. required as stock plants
Weed Invasion Manage weed species removal as grant funds are available and ensure a mosaic pattern of compensatory habitat is
available to counter the possibility of local fauna population extinction events
Establish a Bush Fire Committee. Fire Prepare a Bushfire Risk Management Plan (BRMP). Committee function is currently performed via the HWCA Site Management Committee. The BRMP must be reviewed and updated at 5 year intervals. With annual monitoring and reporting requirements.
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
Estuarine plant Weed invasion of shoreline. Manage weed species by application of communities. grant funding. Maintain established communities in suitable habitat. Increase biodiversity of propagation for nursery and plantings
Fresh water aquatic plant To maintain representative samples of Weed invasion, especially Work in partnership with neighbouring land communities. fresh water aquatic plant communities. Alligator Weed, Juncus acutus management agencies to control Alligator and Torpedo Grass. Weed. Map and monitor Alligator Weed. Seek grant funding to suppress Alligator weed in partnership with a community-
based contractor such as Greening Australia or Trees in Newcastle. Engage volunteers to conduct annual follow-up control.
Seek Grant funding to suppress Torpedo
Grass and Juncus acutus Monitor and map Torpedo Grass
Changes to natural hydrology Implement Hydrology Operations Management Plan (OMP)
Algal blooms. Maintain water quality and manage nutrient levels by completing infrastructure and implementing OMP
Terrestrial margin Maintain ecological character of Weeds Map critical weed infestations, monitor and vegetation Communities terrestrial wetland interface. remove and revegetate with biodiverse
plantings as grant funds allow
Inappropriate use Direct visitors away from wetland margins, except in strategic locations. Manage these locations for purpose intended.
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
Hydrology change. Implement Hydrology OMP on completion of infrastructure works
Terrestrial plant Maintain ecological character of Weeds. Manage weed species listed in 7.2.2 plus communities terrestrial communities any others that occur.
.
Nutrients. Manage site runoff water quality.
Senescence. Manage ecological processes, including fire (Refer Bush Fire Hazard Assessment March 2010 0106124_BFA_01 Final ERM)
Plant species disturbance Monitor for disturbance events such as sudden survival loss, and develop appropriate response as required.
Melaleuca Swamp Forest Maintain ecological character of mature Fire. Investigate need to Develop Fire Melaleuca Swamp Forest. Management Plan and ensure appropriate
fire mosaic regime. Refer Bush Fire Hazard Assessment March 2010 0106124_BFA_01 Final ERM
Prolonged flooding and/or Ensure regulated natural hydrological inundation. regime. Refer Hydrology EIS 2010 and Hydrology Operations Management Plan 2011
Chronic decline from roosting bird Maintain health of trees. Refer Hydrology population and nesting. EIS 2010 and Hydrology Operations Management Plan 2011
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
Loss of survival of Hunter Water Monitor survival and replace plantings as Offset Plantings in and around required. Melaleuca Swamp Forest, or re- Perform annual weed maintenance runs for infestation by weeds. HCRCMA priority weeds and WONS.
Mature terrestrial forest Maintain ecological character of mature Fire. Ensure natural mosaic fire regime. terrestrial forest.
Senescence. Provide artificial mature forest habitat (nest boxes)- 80 being installed by July 2017
Weeds. Manage weeds.
Showcase horticultural To promote the use of Australian native Ongoing cost Continue to work in partnership with the values of Australian native flora for gardening. Australian Plants Society (APS) to propagate plants. plant and maintain native flora gardens surrounding the Visitor's Centre.
Expand and complete Bush Tucker and Butterfly Display Gardens including interpretive signage.
Demonstration site for To utilise and demonstrate best Lack of available qualified staff Continue to recruit and support volunteer Bush Regeneration. practice in bush regeneration methods. and volunteer resources. participants in the Landcare groups on site.
Link into local networks to gain access to training opportunities and further resources.
Lack of expertise. Continue to provide training opportunities for Landcare volunteers.
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
Assist staff to upgrade training in bush regeneration. When employing additional site staff ensure they bring appropriate skill base. FAUNA Purpose: To maintain the ecological characteristics that support species diversity, with an emphasis on avifauna that use the site at a critical stage of their life cycle and during adverse conditions. Species diversity. To increase species diversity. Lack of data on variations in Establish integrated monitoring and abundance, diversity etc. reporting systems for key species. Maintain and expand species reintroduction project in conjunction with NATF and NPWS
Lack of species and individuals on Work with NATF and NPWS to continue to site release species appropriate to site.
Lack of suitably qualified staff. Identify and apply for grants or self-fund a qualified ecologist to manage the site for fauna biodiversity.
Feral animals. Continue fox and rabbit control in partnership with NPWS, Local Land Services and Newcastle Council.
Regularly inspect and maintain predator proof fence.
Conduct education campaigns with neighbours in partnership with NCC to promote responsible pet ownership.
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES Birds To continue to provide habitat for a Shortage of suitable nesting and Where suitable, erect nesting boxes for wide range of sedentary, nomadic and roosting sites. targeted bird species. Biodiversity Fund migratory bird species. project includes 80 nest boxes by July 2017. Manage weed removal process to avoid local population extinction events by ensuring compensatory habitat exists nearby.
To maintain reedy margins and open Weed growth and overplanting Maintain healthy habitat around pond grass lands for warblers. margins.
Enhance understorey foliage cover for Understorey clearing Ensure diversity in planting strategies. passerines.
Maintain open flyways for swans and Inappropriate tree planting Clear flyways when necessary and avoid pelicans. unnecessary planting. Clarify Flyways with HBOC assistance
Maintain existing habitat diversity for Altering habitat Improve diversity in native planting to raptors. increase food load on site for all species. Heron and Ibis species To manage the Melaleuca Swamp Forest Defoliation of Melaleuca caused Complete Hydrology Infrastructure works as a key breeding and roosting habitat. by a high abundance of nesting and implement Hydrology OMP and roosting birds.
Maintain Melaleuca biomass by strategic revegetation / regeneration.
Retain dead trees as perch and roost sites for bird species.
Implement management of water regime to encourage drying at appropriate times.
Eutrophication. See "Hydrology". 51 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
To record and report on use patterns Lack of resources. Maintain partnership with Hunter Bird and breeding success of Egret spp. and Observers and provide training in Project Loss of involvement of project co- Ibis spp. Egret Watch and Ibis counts for a group of ordinator. volunteers and ground staff at HWCA Migratory waders Perception that dry ponds are not (shorebirds). attractive to visitors. Maintain migratory shorebird habitat Interpret positive values of ephemeral area and quality. nature of water quality, flora and fauna and breeding.
Artificial water level in To allow seasonal drying of ponds to create constructed ponds. ephemeral muddy margins by implementing Hydrology OMP on completion of hydrology construction works.
To maintain some shallow margins of Growth of terrestrial reed species Map and monitor the growth of reed Brambles and Water Ribbon ponds with that inhibit feeding and provide species in shallow margins of all ponds
minimal vegetation cover to provide cover for prey species.
foraging areas for shorebirds.
Remove vegetation if necessary.
Waterfowl To maintain breeding and foraging sites Lack of density of reed species Maintain reedy margins of wetlands for waterfowl. that provide habitat and nesting Encourage water plant growth by sites for small insectivorous birds, periodically drying of ponds once Hydrology and waterfowl. OMP is implemented.
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
To provide roosting sites for waterfowl. Erosion on the margins of Maintain condition of islands in BHP and Gilligan’s Island and water level Brambles. Maintain Brambles water level to in Brambles Pond submerging expose 3 islands where weather allows
islands. Australasian Bittern To manage the Iron Bark Marsh and Choked swamp from Phragmities Open up drainage channels and removal of Reed Marsh Swamps to allow suitable and reeds weed species. habitat to remain part of the wetland Monitor for visitation, and record field mosaic. observations on preference areas when sighted as visiting the site. Continue to consult expertise and conduct research that will allow appropriate management of potential habitat areas. Seek funding for project management of habitat areas. Magpie Geese To showcase this locally threatened Interpret the history of threats to this species as an ambassador for wetland species in the Hunter in the context of conservation. wetland conservation.
To encourage Magpie Geese to forage Overfeeding and reliance on Gradually reduce the frequency of hand for natural food and be self sufficient being hand fed. feeding of Magpie Geese.
To provide breeding habitat for Magpie Constant site inundation reducing Research ecological parameters for Geese. nesting opportunities breeding sites for Magpie Geese; identify potential sites in Reed Marsh and Moorhen Swamp.
Encourage the growth of Eleocharis (spike- rush), a known breeding plant used by Magpie Geese, in Reed Marsh and Moorhen Swamp by periodic drying.
To document key areas for breeding and Lack of knowledge of breeding Seek grant funding for research into the movements of the Magpie Goose within sites and movements of the Magpie Goose in the Lower Hunter. 53 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES the region. Magpie Goose within the region. Work in partnership with University of Newcastle and Hunter Bird Observers to undertake banding of some of the Magpie Geese and monitor the movements of those birds.
Monitor other wetlands within the region during the breeding season of Magpie Geese. Freckled Duck To showcase a captive population of Lack of interest by visitors Seek grant funding to improve the Freckled Duck as an ambassador species education outcomes of the Freckled Duck for wetland conservation. display.
Seek funding to continue employ suitably qualified staff to manage fauna conservation including breeding and release programs such as the freckle duck.
To provide a high quality of life for the Eutrophication of enclosure Monitor and improve water quality in captive Freckled Ducks. ponds. Freckled Duck ponds by pumping from Water Ribbon to flush pond.
Lack of resources. Seek grants and sponsorships to fund improvements to viewing ducks in enclosure.
To maintain an active breeding program Lack of resources. Investigate release program requirements with a view to release. and establish protocols for release. Aging breeding colony Examine breeding DNA management, and instigate changes where identified as important for ongoing breeding performance. Transfer excess stock to other breeders
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
To practice humane husbandry that Lack of knowledge and potential Research and trial manipulation of shelter minimises the chance of breeding to reduce quality of life for the and feeding regimes to discourage breeding amongst Freckled Ducks on site. ducks. on site.
Protect any ducklings. Predation of ducklings by eels and Maintain eel trapping and rat baiting during rats. breeding periods and prior to expected hatching of ducklings
Maintain predator proofing of enclosure
Overcrowding of breeding pairs Transfer stock to other breeding centres and capacity of enclosure. such as Tidbinbilla
Nesting and feeding requirements Provide suitable nest sites and feed will need to be varied from regimes for breeding females in the nursery standard regime, and females enclosure. must be isolated from competitors.
To investigate the biology of and Lack of personnel/expertise to Employ a suitable Officer responsible for husbandry of the species, record data, maintain enclosure, monitor enclosure maintenance, bird monitoring, interpret results, and produce regular birds, update records, order and banding, micro-chipping, and scientific scientific reports apply bands and microchips report writing.
Encourage University of Newcastle students to continue research. Mammals To maintain and enhance the existing Competition and predation by Regular inspections and maintenance of population of native mammals. exotic animals. predator proof fence.
Continue Fox and Rabbit abatement programs
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
Scarcity of suitable habitat. Continue to establish locally endemic plant species to provide habitat and corridors for native mammals. Manage regenerating habitat for native mammals. Establish artificial habitats in strategic locations by adding biodiversity piles in newly weeded revegetated areas. Add nesting boxes for possums during as part of Biodiversity Fund Grant program Continue to seek advice from SMC, NATF and NPWS on mammal related release on site and management of habitat requirements. Frogs To maintain suitable habitat for the Eutrophication of ponds from bird See "hydrology". existing diversity of frog species. faeces and sewerage overflow.
Chemical pollution from See "hydrology". stormwater entering the site.
Chemical use on site. Research and implement best practice in herbicide use for weed control based on the precautionary principle. Only use environmentally friendly and appropriate chemicals in the GGBF area and ensure WHS obligations are met. Continue to seek funding and provide training where required to volunteers and staff involved in chemical use on site.
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
To understand and promote frog Lack of regular data on frog Introduce and conduct regular frog surveys habitation on site. species diversity and abundance. as part of on site monitoring when capacity allows. Link in with University of Newcastle monitoring programs.
Report on and interpret results as part of integrated monitoring program.
Lack of education resources Develop a display on frogs, using the Green promoting frogs. and Golden Bell Frog as an icon (see below). Green and Golden Bell To assist conservation of the Bell Frog Threatening process - Mosquito Ensure water used to fill the ponds is Frog by establishing a permanent habitat at Fish. pumped through mesh to keep out Shortland Wetlands, reintroducing a Gambusia. breeding colony to the site. Investigate and pursue funding and project development for Gambusia control on site.
Dispersal of the population. Maintain fencing regime to University research requirements around ponds to keep frogs on site for research program.
Predation by birds, especially Monitor predation. Utilise orchard netting heron spp. on the fenced pond to exclude birds if required.
Fungal and viral infection. Autopsy specimens to ascertain cause of death.
Lack of adequate breeding, Cultivate native reeds at waters edge in foraging and shelter conditions. constructed ponds, and manage water to reed balance as advised by UON in research area.
Ensure ponds hold water all year round.
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
Ensure drying of ponds approximately once every two years.
Provide rock walls for over-winter crevices and bask sites.
To monitor progress of translocated Lack of resources. Work in partnership with University of frogs and publish results Newcastle to monitor research and report on the introduced colony.
To promote Bell Frogs as an ambassador Potential stall in ongoing support Develop a display aquarium and species for wetland and frog and research momentum educational signage that interprets the conservation. history of population decline amongst the species in the context of wetland conservation. Include in Wetlands on Wheels and tank talk presentations content. Continue to work with UON on research and help to communicate educational information.
Reptiles To maintain and enhance habitat values Predation by introduced animals. to support the endemic reptile Provide adequate habitat and continue populations. baiting programs established since 2009.
Lack of suitable habitat. Improve structural diversity of habitat for reptiles by retaining fallen timber, dense understoreys, rocks, dead trees etc.
Reintroduce additional species in Lack of availability or failure to Research availability and suitability of conjunction with NATF where have necessary permission in species opportunity arises place Research legal requirements.
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
To minimise risk of snake bite for Lack of awareness of risk Provide warning signs at known snake bask visitors. minimisation. sites and lairs.
Warn visitors entering the site to stay on paths. Keep vegetation piles away from track margins. Aquatic Macro To maintain species diversity and Poor habitat or water quality. See hydrology. invertebrates and Fish abundance. Also expand the monitoring process to establish population, diversity and health of population Control of Gambusia on site to eliminate native predation and competition for habitat and food resources.
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES HYDROLOGY Purpose: To ensure the quantity and quality of water entering and leaving the site is sufficient to maintain the diversity of habitat types. Water quality To monitor water quality Funding and staff constraints. Work in partnership with the Wetlands Environmental on site. Education Centre (WEEC) to undertake quarterly water quality
monitoring (Waterwatch) at a range of locations representing inlets, ponds and outlets.
Lack of integrated monitoring and Enter results in the Waterwatch database monitor results and reporting system. utilise in the implementation of the Hydrology OMPs. To improve water quality Increased residential development in Develop a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to formalise a entering the site. the catchment. partnership with Newcastle City Council (NCC).
Work with NCC to provide buffers and/or filters between stormwater inlets and Wetlands Centre ponds. Pollution from run off water. Work with NCC and neighbours to promote responsible behaviours that protect stormwater quality in the surrounding catchment. Promote stringent development controls to protect stormwater quality associated with new developments in the catchment. To protect water quality on Excessive erosion and sedimentation. Monitor and maintain vegetation cover around pond margins. site.
Implement erosion and sediment controls where necessary. Investigate and implement a plan to minimise Canoe Channel erosion caused by tidal movement and flood events
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
Stabilise high use shores with retaining walls, mulch matting etc. Establish erosion controls to protect establish pathways and maintain existing infrastructure to ensure protection against erosion and mitigation is in place. Provide access to water bodies via boardwalks.
Pollution from run off generated on Discourage visitor traffic around pond margins using native site, especially around Visitors vegetation buffer zones and track design. Centre and access road. Develop car park erosion control and storm water run off management to prevent sedimentation and localised flooding of compound and VC ground floor amenities in high rainfall events.
Sewerage overflows. Develop an MOU and protocol with Hunter Water to manage and report on sewerage overflows.
Report all overflow incidents to Hunter Water and request infrastructure improvements and regular maintenance.
Maintain vegetated buffer zones between sewer discharge points and ponds.
Nutrient loading, eutrophication and Monitor nutrient levels in Melaleuca Swamp Forests on a subsequent outbreaks of algae monthly basis. caused by high concentration of bird faeces in rookeries. Implement Hydrology OMP on completion of infrastructure works.
To manage changes in Changes in management of Ironbark Monitor and manage inundation by saline waters, impacts of salinity. Creek floodgates tidal flows on vegetation, and benthic fauna.
Ensure saline water in the canoe canal and Ironbark Creek does not enter the freshwater ponds.
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
To demonstrate the values Funding constraints. Seek grant funding for site interpretation. of wetlands for stormwater treatment. Interpret hydrological services through a range of media including signage, displays, guided tours and brochures. Water flows To ensure natural Earth barriers used as trails and Implement Hydrology OMP on completion of infrastructure hydrological flow regime roads. through the site. Investigate pipe installation where necessary.
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7.4 Management Actions for Social Values
VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES CULTURAL Purpose: To protect and interpret the cultural values of the site. HERITAGE
Aboriginal heritage To protect the integrity of the archaeological Accidental damage to Involve local Aboriginal community in the site. archaeological sites from other management of significant sites. developments and activities. Seek advice from Aboriginal Community on management actions to inform pro-active protection of cultural assets and appropriate listing of, and identification of actions to protect and conserve assets discussed in the Hydrology EIS.
Showcase the value of wetlands to Aboriginal Lack of participation and/or Involve local Aboriginal community in the people. employment opportunities for interpretation of natural and cultural heritage cultural involvement. and the ongoing site rehabilitation effort both as volunteers and employees. Conduct joint cultural displays with the indigenous community.
Interpret wetland and archaeological values.
History of To record and present the history of Loss of local community Update recording and documentation, outlining rehabilitation community involvement with the site for knowledge. the history of operations, restoration effort. volunteers and visitors.
Insufficient resources and/or Develop a presentation on site rehabilitation interest to document history. history using suitable media.
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
To showcase the site as demonstration site for Ongoing issues in volunteer Provide interpretive signage and displays that community involvement in habitat/wetland recruitment and ongoing feature volunteer involvement. rehabilitation. retention and participation, renewal of leadership and generational change. EDUCATION Purpose: To maintain the natural values, facilities and services that support school and community education and to promote the use of communication and education for wetland conservation
Community To provide high-quality community education Insufficient funding to support Continue to monitor and evaluate participation education services programs that meet market needs while programs. rates in education programs. promoting wetland understanding,
appreciation and conservation. Recruit and provide training opportunities and resources for volunteer guides.
Ensure all recreational activities have an educational component.
Implement the Hunter Ramsar Communication Strategy.
Insufficient trained guides. Upgrade interpretive displays and signage and develop WEB and phone based applications.
School education To provide a high-quality school wetland Demand for bookings which Maintain license agreement with the services education program that reflects NSW DEC cannot be met by current Department of Education and Training (DEC) to priorities and maximises use of site. staffing. operate the Wetlands Environmental Education Centre.
Ensure routine maintenance of vantage points, tracks and boardwalks is of sufficient standard to meet DET needs.
Maintain a high level of safety on-site.
Evaluate progress regularly via user surveys.
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
Lack of integration between site Collaborate fully with DEC staff to provide management and DET needs. facilities, infrastructure and interpretive displays and products that meet their needs. COMMUNITY Purpose: To engage, involve and guide the community in implementing site management actions. INVOLVEMENT
Community To provide opportunities for volunteering Lack of experience and personnel Identify and work with appropriate agencies to involvement in which increase capacity and contributes to to facilitate volunteers. recruit and train volunteers and create greater wetland the objectives of the organisation and create public awareness of the need and opportunities rehabilitation. social capital. created.
Provide a safe work and meeting environment by maintaining a comprehensive WHS system and training/SOP regime for volunteers
To consolidate regional expertise in Lack of community interest. Provide appropriate training for volunteers. conservation volunteering. Collaborate fully with volunteers in site management planning.
Hub for community To support partnerships and collaboration Public liability insurance. Continue to provide meeting space and access to based conservation. between special interest and conservation community groups. groups in the area. Lack of facilities and Continue to host public events with community infrastructure. groups and provide spaces for community activity around the site.
Partner with private organisations and grant bodies to ensure facilities are contemporary and meet market needs
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
Threats to security associated Continue to support partnership projects with with multiple users and night use. community groups.
Provide training, support and networking opportunities for community groups.
Membership Maintain a strong community support base as Drop in membership numbers. Maintain continuous and regular communication a source of funding, market for services and with members, including both recreational
for advocacy. activity programs and scientific/conservation news.
Disengaged membership. Regularly review member services.
Non-government To represent community interests in wetland Lack of resources. Build networks and affiliations with other Non status conservation, education, rehabilitation and Government Organisations. wise use. Utilise social media and promote wetlands status in public best interest and represent community interests to maintain value for the community
Maintain professional standards of the organisation while continuing to engage the community. RESEARCH Purpose: To promote Shortland Wetlands as a site for wetland research. Scientific research To realise research opportunities offered by Insufficient funds to support Seek partnerships with the University of site and operations. research. Newcastle, Hunter Tafe’s and other public and private research bodies
To provide high quality data for management Lack of qualified personnel. Implement monitoring to meet the requirements planning. of the Ramsar Site Status Form to enable annual reporting on the Ramsar LAC’s
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES PARTNERSHIPS Purpose: To facilitate partnerships that foster skills transfer and conservation outcomes that benefit all wetlands in the Hunter Estuary.
Conservation To build partnerships with other organisations Lack of resources (time, Seek opportunities to collaborate with HCRCMA partnerships in the Hunter associated with bush personnel, funding) (Local Land Services), KWRP, Landcare, HBOC, regeneration and wetland rehabilitation. APS, NATF, SOFAR, Hunter Native Fish and wetland-based conservation groups in the region.
7. 5 Management Actions for Economic Values
VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES TOURISM AND Purpose: To maintain the ecological character, facilities and services that support ecotourism. RECREATION To promote understanding, appreciation, wise use and conservation of wetlands.
Ecotourism attraction To manage visitor impacts to maintain Erosion and compaction of Maintain boardwalks and pontoons to provide natural values while providing high class shorelines. safe access to ponds while protecting shorelines visitor experiences. from erosion.
Visitor interference with bird Monitor visitor impacts on breeding behaviour. breeding Implement temporary track closures if necessary.
Visitor impacts on tranquil Manage bookings and guiding programs to ensure experience of wetlands. a high quality experience for all groups. Create appropriately placed public places and trails to ensure quality opportunities exist for visitors to interact with environmental values without degrading them.
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
To promote To provide interpretation that enhances Existing interpretation is of Provide new interpretive signage for the site understanding, visitor understanding, appreciation, generally poor standard. with particular attention to the Butterfly Garden appreciation and enjoyment and support for conservation and an Aboriginal occupation timeline series of conservation of wetlands of wetlands. signage. to visitors.
Enhance interactive displays in the Visitor’s Centre and change displays regularly to engage return visitors.
Review and improve information on self guiding brochures.
Improve interpretive services by providing a guiding manual and regular guide training workshops.
Purchase more binoculars and promote hire.
Train guides from volunteer cohort. Provide WEB and phone based tour applications
Incorporate presentations, walks and bird watching activities into catered functions.
Maintain all tracks, bridges and boardwalks and ensure adequate linkage of public places.
Introduce art to engage the imagination of visitors.
Apply for grants that fund enhanced visitor services and facilities and public places.
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VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES
To attract visitors to the site as a source Competition from other providers Work with other ecotourism providers to create of funding and target group for in the region. attractive packages and contemporary products education. are introduced with the assistance of private and government funding.
Services that fail to meet Ensure services meet market demands. demand.
Passive Recreation To provide a network of tracks, Lack of space for public being Ensure tourism objectives and public places are observation points and public spaces that provided for in site revegetation considered in revegetation planning process. E.g.: is safe and easy to negotiate for all planning process
Bushwalking visitors.
Bird watching Insufficient staffing and resources Review and improve tracks and enhance public Camping to maintain tracks places and ensure ongoing maintenance of Picnicking existing Public Places. These should address mowing, spraying, overhanging branches, trip hazards, weeds, resurfacing gravel paths etc.
Map vantage points and public places used by teachers and guides and develop a schedule for maintenance.
Maintain clear sight lines to the wetlands from all vantage points and public places.
Review track routes with a view to incorporating informal tracks into the network and improving traffic flow.
Active Recreation To facilitate an alternative recreational Safety and risk management. Provide trained staff and volunteers to experience and access to Ironbark Creek facilitate contemporary products e.g. to introduce an additional demographic Canoeing, Ropes Course, to the natural values of the site and Review legislative and WHS requirements for all activities and ensure PL insurance is adequate.
69 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
VALUE OBJECTIVES THREATS STRATEGIES wetlands in general Bike Riding, Orienteering Failure to maintain a Develop a schedule for maintenance of all contemporary product offering infrastructure and public places to ensure it remains contemporary and update products and service standards regularly
Public safety To minimise risks to public safety Identify and manage risks though the developing and maintaining a comprehensive WHS policy and procedures system. Ensure all contractors use trained staff have WHS systems and adequate insurance cover for staff and public. CAPACITY BUILDING Purpose: To provide training opportunities and capacity-building in wetland conservation, rehabilitation and interpretation and ecotourism.
Training in wetland Maximise opportunities for training Insufficient staffing and Identify and engage relevant partners to provide rehabilitation and associated with site operations for resources. and or assist in organising and conducting ecotourism guiding for indigenous and non indigenous staff and training workshops staff, volunteers and the volunteers. wider community. Fund and support staff and volunteer training in Investigate the availability of new appropriate fields. technologies and its application to capacity building. Develop a range of training products incorporating the use of modern technologies and contemporary research to service HWCA and our partners’ needs.
Seek recognition and funding to train staff and community volunteers in wetland rehabilitation and ecotourism ventures.
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8.0 ORGANISATION
8.1 Funding
The Wetlands Centre must secure real and ongoing financial support to continue site restoration and meet the other objectives of this plan. This support will allow The Centre to achieve the next level of development, add value to an existing community asset and increase HWCA's capacity to self- generate income. Our main areas of funding are:
Grant Funding and Sponsorship
o Project tied philanthropic grants and sponsorship from private companies o Project tied grants from Federal and State Government departments and instrumentalities. o Private Sponsorship
Ecotourism Income Spoonbill Café Nursery Income o External sales o Staff contracting of land and conservation management consultation, weed control and landcare team leading, planting and nursery related skills and tasks. Education income o Student activity o Building Lease
Since 2009 HWCA has put in place an income diversification strategy to assist with financial viability issues. Despite this HWCA still remains grant dependant to continue the massive task of completing site revegetation and improving the biodiversity of the site.
Current strategies for increasing income include: A product diversification plan e.g. the intended introduction of an adventure ropes course in 2013, commercialising of the nursery in 2012, increasedcanoeing for schools, refurbishing the bottom floor of the Visitor Centre for training rooms and small conferences, investigation on site camping opportunities and conducting fundraising events such as The Hunter Canoe Challenge. The Board and management hold a Strategy Day each January to brainstorm ideas with the intention of improving financial outcomes. 71 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
Continuing of a detailed marketing program to increase visitation and membership of The Wetlands Centre. A sponsorship package with comprehensive benefits for major sponsors and supporters. Applications for grant funding at local, state and federal levels.
8.2 Organisational Structure and Work Flows
Site management is guided by the Site Management Committee, which meets bi monthly. It has a reporting and consultation role with the HWCA Board and is usually chaired by a Director of HWCA. The committee currently has eleven members, including the Chief Executive Officer, Site Manager, two Site Staff volunteers representing the Australian Plants Society, HWCA Directors, The Thursday Mob, Hunter Land care, the Wetlands Environmental Education Centre, National Parks and Wildlife Service, Awabakal Local Area Land Council and other interested parties. Tasks identified during the bi monthly site inspections are prioritised and allocated to staff and volunteer groups for completion as resources allow.
The Committee and its members also identify and discuss various projects that are capable of supporting a range of grant applications which can form the basis of applications to various levels of government, be funded as environmental offset projects or by philanthropic companies or individuals.
The Site Management Committee and SMP process also results in the following:
A significant number of workshops being held each year with staff and volunteers to: . Identify actions and projects to be pursued in the coming year that will facilitate the implementation SMP strategies. . Identify volunteer-led projects and ensure they meet the SMP objectives. Ensure that Grant and funding applications and work plans align with the SMP objectives and strategies. Review the progress of on site work and grant projects Review the general environmental health of the site Report on and review the actions that implement SMP strategies and objectives The reporting of outcomes to the board and monitoring the acquittal process of all grants
8.3 Monitoring
Many of the SMP strategies involve monitoring, reporting and analysing scientific data on a range of ecological parameters. Important data is collected and recorded by staff and volunteers covering a range of projects and environmental factors. A lot of the data which includes photographs is used to
72 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
facilitate grant acquittals and to monitor the environmental health of the site. HWCA encourages volunteer participation in the monitoring program.
In 2011 the Ramsar Rolling Review process designed a Site Status Form (SSF) which lists all the sites Limits of Acceptable Change for significant environmental factors that form the basis of the sites Ecological Character Description (ECD). The ECD was the basis of the sites 2002 Ramsar Listing.
It is HWCA’s aim to extend its already comprehensive monitoring plan which was completed and signed off by the NSW Environmental Trust in 2012 to enable the SSF to be completed on an annual basis. The in - depth study of the site brought about by the monitoring process uncovers a continuing list of projects upon which grant applications can be based. It also provides exciting education and training opportunities.
Coupled with this most grantor bodies require a significant level monitoring and reporting to ensure ongoing funding and the timely completion of projects to the required standard.
8.4 Review
The Shortland Wetlands SMP will be comprehensively reviewed on an annual basis to ensure it remains contemporary. The Site Management Committee will provide an overview role to ensure the regular reviews reflect the progress of on ground works.
A complete review will take place after 7 years or earlier in the event of an unanticipated change in ecological character.
9.0 REFERENCES (TO BE UPDATED)
Archer, D. (1998). Visitor satisfaction, the Wetlands Centre. Unpublished thesis, University of Newcastle. Callaghan, NSW.
Barker, J. et al (1995). A Field Guide to Australian Frogs. Chipping Norton, NSW, Surry Beatty.
Beretta, M. (1998). Flora of the Shortland Wetlands, NSW. University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW. Unpublished thesis.
Bischof, H. and Brown, N. (1996). Hydrology, water quality and macroinvertebrates of the Shortland Wetlands. University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW. Unpublished thesis.
73 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
BMT WBM (2008) Hunter Wetlands Centre Hydrology and Water Quality Study R.N1506.001.00 June 2008 BMT WBM (2010) Environmental Impact Statement: Hunter WetlandsCentre Hydrological and Ecological Restoration R.N1879.001.01 September 2010
BMT WBM (2011) Hydrology Operations Management Plan Hunter Wetlands Centre Final Version R.N 1879.004.02 October 2011
Briggs, S.V. (year unrecorded) Wetlands, an introduction. Wetlands in NSW edited by Haigh, C. National Parks and Wildlife Service.
Clarke, P.J. (1993). Mangrove, saltmarsh and peripheral vegetation of Jervis Bay. Cunninghamia 3, 231-54.
Cogger, H.G. (1975). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. Ah & AW Reed Pty Ltd, NSW.
Department of Natural Resources and Environment (2000). Threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, VIC.
Department of Public Works and Services, (1972). Hunter Valley flood mitigation: Hexham Swamp Environmental Impact Statement. DPWS, NSW.
Department of Public Works and Services, (2000). Ironbark Creek Water Quality Monitoring Interim Report. DPWS, NSW.
Department of Primary Industries – work instructions are used for pest control methodology and reference knowledge, Rabbits, Fox’s, etc.
Department of Primary Industries – Saunders and McLeod “ Improving Fox Management Strategies in Australia.”
Draffen, R.D.W., Garnett, S.T. and Malone, G.J. (1983) Birds of the Torres Strait; an annotated list and biogeographical analysis. Emu, 4, 207-234.
Ekert, P.A. and Bucher, D.J. (1999). The winter use of Large-leafed Privet Ligustrum lucidum (Family: Oleaceae) by birds in suburban Lismore. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of NSW. 121, 31-40.
74 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
Environment Australia (2001). A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia. Third Edition. Environment Australia, Canberra.
ERM Pty Ltd (2010) Environmental Learning Centre Bush Fire Hazard Assessment Hunter Wetland Centre Australia March 2010 0106124_BFHA_01 Final
French, K. and Zubovic, A. (1997). Effect of the weed Chrysanthemoides monilifera (bitou bush) on bird communities. Australian Wildlife Research 24 (6): 727-735.
Geering, D. (1995). Ecology of migratory shorebirds in the Hunter River Estuary. Shortland Wetlands
Centre, NSW.
Hamer, A. (1998). Aspects of the ecology of the green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea) on
Kooragang Island, New South Wales, Australia. The University of Newcastle, Geography and
Environmental Science Dept, NSW.
Hamer, Lane and Mahony (2002), “Management of Freshwater Wetlands for the Management of
Green and Golden Bell Frogs (Litoria aurea): roles of habitat determinants and space. Biological
Conservation 106, 413 – 424
Heritage and Brougham (2011) “Butterflies and Bushland The Illustrated Guide tio Ash Island butterflies” Greg Tapp Printing, Mayfield Australia.**
HCRCMA (2009) “Aboriginal Culturally Significant Landscapes in the Hunter-Central Rivers Region” HCRCMA, Paterson, Australia.**
HRCMA – Catchment Action Plan** ()
Ironbark Creek Total Catchment Management (TCM) Committee. (1996). Ironbark Creek TCM
Strategy, Volume 1, Summary Report. Hunter Catchment Management Trust, NSW.
Ironbark Creek TCM Committee. (1996). Ironbark Creek TCM Strategy, Volume 2, Summary Report.
Hunter Catchment Management Trust, NSW.
75 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
Little, G. (1999). Report on frogs found at Shortland Wetlands Centre, Shortland. Conservation
Committee, The Wetlands Centre. Shortland, NSW.
Lott, R. L. and Duggin, J. A. (1993). Conservation and long-term viability of subtropical rainforest remnants of the Big Scrub, north-eastern NSW. Department of Ecosystem Management, University of New England, Armidale.
Loyn, R. H. and French, K. (1991). Birds and environmental weeds in south-eastern Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 6,137-148.
MacArthur, R. W. and MacArthur, J. W. (1961). On bird species diversity. Ecology 42, 594-598.
MacDonald Wagner (1984). Ecological study of State Highway No. 23 (Shortland to Pacific Highway Corridor). Department of Main Roads, Hunter Division, NSW.
Maddock, M. (2000a). Egret information sheet: Hunter Valley colonies. The Wetlands Centre Australia, Shortland, NSW.
Maddock, M. (2000b). Herons in Australasia and Oceania. In Kushlan, J. A. and Hafner, H (Eds.) Heron Conservation. Academic Press: London
Marchant, S. and Higgins, P.J. (1990). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol. 1, Part. B: Australian Pelicans to Ducks. O.U.P. Melbourne, VIC.
Martindale, J. (1998). Kooragang Nature Reserve and Hexham Swamp Nature Reserve Plan of Management. National Parks and Wildlife Service. Hurstville, NSW.
Matthei, L.E. 1995, Soil Landscapes of the Newcastle 1:100 000 Sheet Map. Department of Land & Water Conservation, Sydney.
McDonald, K. and Winning, G. (1986). Flora and Fauna of Shortland Wetlands, Newcastle. Hunter Wetlands Trust.
Mitch, W.J. and Gosselink, J.G. (1986). Wetlands. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Montague, C.L., Bunker, S.M., Haines, E.B., Pace, M.L. & Wetzel, R.L. (1981). Aquatic macroconsumers. In: The Ecology of a Saltmarsh (Eds L.R. Pomeroy & R.G. Weigert), pp. 69-85. Springer-Verlag, New York.
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Murray, M. (1990). The re-introduction of the Magpie Goose, Anseranas semipalmata (Latham) to the Shortland Wetlands. University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW (Unpublished thesis).
Newcastle City Council, (2000). Newcastle Stormwater Management Plan. Newcastle City Council, NSW.
Noake, C. et al, (2001). How does the community perceive the offerings of the Wetlands Centre? Unpublished thesis, University of Newcastle. Callaghan, NSW.
NRM – Outcomes, Prospectus, Native Vegetation, Biodiversity and Wildlife Corridor Plans.
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Odum, E.P. (1961). The role of tidal marshes in estuarine production. The Conserv. 35, 12-5.
Odum, E.P. (1980). The status of three ecosystem-level hypotheses regarding saltmarsh estuaries: tidal subsidy, outwelling, and detritus-based food chains. In: Estuarine Perspectives (ed. V.S. Kennedy), 485-95. Academic Press, New York.
Olympic Co-ordination Authority (1996). Homebush Bay Ecological Studies 1993-1995. Vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing, Sydney.
Prichard (2008) “Wetland Plants of the Hunter and NSW Coastal Regions” Port Stephens Council, Australia.
Port Stephens Council. (1999). Draft Environmental Management Plan. Port Stephens Council, NSW.
Pomeroy, L.R., Darley, W.M., Dunn, E.L.,Gallagher, J.L., Haines, E.B. & Whitney, D.M. (1981). Primary production. In: The Ecology of a saltmarsh. (eds. L.R. Pomeroy & R.G. Weigert), 39-69. Springer-Verlag, New York.
PPI Services Pty Ltd (2013) .Site Aspects and Environmental Impacts Study
Ramsar et al, “Wetland Management Planning, A Guide for Site Managers.”- DVD
Recher, H. F., Date, E. M and Ford, H. A. (1995). The Biology and Management of Rainforest
Pigeons in NSW. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney.
Sainty (2012) – Estuary Plants… 77 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
SEWPAC “Australian Government Report to NSW Ramsar Managers Network 24 April 2013”
SEWPAC “Australian Ramsar Site Nomination Guidelines Module 4 of the Guidelines for Ramsar Wetlands- Implimenting the Ramsar Convention in Australia” ISBN: 978-1-921733-66-6 Stevens, L. (2001). Captive breeding of the Freckled Duck at The Wetlands Centre. University of Newcastle, NSW. Unpublished thesis.
SEWPAC 5 Ramsar Pamphlets
Stricker, J. & Adam, P. (1989). Wetlands of the Sydney region. Final report to the 1988 National Estate Grants Program project no. 55. Department of Planning, Sydney (unpub. Report).
Stuart, A. (2000). Hunter Region of New South Wales: Annual bird report for 1999. Hunter Bird Observers Club Inc., New Lambton, NSW.
Sydney Metropolitan CMA (2008) “Buhscare with care. A Field Guide for Bush Regenerators. Protecting and Conserving Aboriginal Landscapes.” Clickmedia Digital Printers Pty Ltd, Parramatta, Australia.
Native Plants Field Guide – Les Robinson… Winning, G. (1989). The Wetlands Centre: site management plan 1990-1994. Unpublished report for The Wetlands Centre, Shortland NSW.
Winning G (2009) HWCA Planting List
Wisniewski, S. (1999). The Shortland Wetlands remnant rainforest management plan. University of Newcastle. Unpublished report.
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Maps
Figure 1.1 : Shortland Wetlands showing areas protected by State Environmental Planning Policy 14.
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Figure 1.2. Vegetation landscape zones. The boundaries between zones are not intended to be precise delineations but, rather, a general indication of the extent of the zones and some overlap of plantings is not only acceptable but desirable Source HWCA Planting List 2009 G. Winning 80 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
Figure 1.3 CMA Quarantined work areas at commencement of this plan. Refer full document for CAP Targets covered.
Fig 1.4 Biodiversity Project LSP – 947797-335 – June 2012 to June 2017 areas are white shaded areas in map below
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Fig 1.5 Origional Vegetation Communities and Ponds
Fig 1.6 Bird Flight Paths (Open Areas) 2013. Low Vegetation only to be planted inside red perimiters. Flight paths of raptors and other birds including Lathams Snipe
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Fig 1.7 Newcastle Council Zoning Map 2013 Dark Green Zoning – Environmental Conservation Yellow Zoning Low Density Residential.
Fig 1.8 Cadastral and Ramsar Boundaries
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Appendix 2: Criteria for Ramsar listing of Shortland Wetlands
Criterion 1: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it contains a representative, rare or unique example of a natural or near-natural wetland type found within the appropriate biogeographic region. Shortland Wetlands is unique in that it has, within its 45ha site, a combination of high conservation value near-natural wetlands (Melaleuca Swamp Forest, freshwater reed marsh, coastal estuarine mangrove-lined creek) and high conservation value artificial wetlands (constructed freshwater lagoons, coastal estuarine Casuarina-lined channel, model farm dam). It is the only complex of this type found within the Sydney Basin biogeographic region. The Melaleuca Swamp Forest in particular represents a wetland type that, although once very widespread, is poorly represented in the Sydney Basin biogeographic region.
Criterion 4: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports species at a critical stage in their life cycles, or provides refuge during adverse conditions. Shortland Wetlands supports a large number of species, some in very large numbers, at a critical seasonal stage of their breeding cycle and as a refuge during adverse conditions. Twenty-eight bird species have been recorded breeding at Shortland Wetlands .
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The Great Egret (Ardea alba), Intermediate (Ardea intermedia), Little (Egretta garzetta) and Cattle Egrets (Ardea ibis) are seasonal migrants to the site from long distance wintering locations in New Zealand. They arrive in spring for their breeding season and depart on their winter migration after nesting.
Over 1000 Australian White Ibis (Threskiornis molucca) use the Melaleuca Swamp Forest as a night roost throughout the year, but numbers increase significantly over autumn and winter as migrants from inland breeding colonies come to the coast for non-breeding seasonal foraging.
Very few Straw-necked Ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis) are present during summer but huge numbers migrate to the region during autumn and winter. Up to 7000 of these birds use the Wetlands Centre Melaleuca Swamp Forest for night roosting. The numbers start to drop during August as they set out on their return journey inland.
Variable numbers (up to about 200 birds) of Nankeen Night Herons (Nycticorax caledonicus) use the Swamp Forest for night foraging and for day roosting during the non-breeding season.
White-faced Heron (Egretta novaehollandiae), White-necked Heron (Ardea pacifica), Royal Spoonbill (Platalea regia) and Yellow-billed Spoonbill (Platalea flavipes), fluctuating in numbers from single birds up to about 30 or more, use the Swamp Forest as a night roost throughout the year.
The site provides drought refuge for a number of species during critical inland drought episodes, recognised by a dramatic increase in numbers or sudden appearance coinciding with the onslaught of inland drought; and a compensatory drop in numbers or disappearance coinciding with breaking of the drought. These species include Freckled Duck, Stictonetta naevosa (73 were counted in a survey in 1983, small numbers of one to five birds have appeared at intervals since); Pink-eared Duck, Malacorhynchus membranaceus (small flocks); Australian Pelican, Pelecanus conspicillatus (87 have been recorded); and Glossy Ibis, Plegadis falcinellus (often 100 or more).
The site is also important during dry periods for local resident ducks, herons and other waterbirds, with the numbers of ducks being as high as 2000 birds.
Appendix 3 Entry in the Directory of Important Wetlands
A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia Shortland Wetlands Centre - NSW089 Location: Central Coastal Plain at 32 degrees 53' S, 151 degrees 42' E. Located on the eastern edge of Hexham Swamp in the suburbs of Newcastle. Area: 45 ha. Elevation: 0 m ASL. Other listed wetlands in same aggregation: Not given Wetland type: A11, A12, Criteria for inclusion: 3, 6,
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Site description: Physical features: The annual average rainfall for the area is 1145mm. Mean daily temperatures range from maximums of 24 degrees C in the summer months to minimums of 8 degrees C in the winter months (CMA, 1990b). The geology of Shortland Wetlands consists of Quaternary estuarine / lacustrine sediments including silts and clays (Matthei, 1995). Hydrological features: Many of the swamps within the Shortland Wetlands Centre are semi- permanent freshwater ponds. The construction of floodgates on the adjacent Ironbark Creek has prevented periodic inundation of brackish water from the Hunter River (Murray, 1990). Flooding of the swamps requires local rainfall, predominantly in the summer months. Ecological features: Remnant floodplain wetlands on the edge of Hexham Swamp; semi-permanent / seasonal freshwater ponds and marshes; freshwater swamp forests containing Broad-leaved Paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia. Other species include Club-rush Bolboschoenus caldwellii, Common Reed Phragmites australis, Water Couch Paspalum distichum, Water Ribbons Triglochin procera, and Cumbungi Typha orientalis (Murray, 1990). The freshwater swamp forest is utilised as a heronry by 2000 breeding pairs of four egret species, and as an evening roost for approximately 4000 Australian White Ibis Threskiornis aethiopica and Straw-necked Ibis Threskiornis spinicollis. Two waterfowl conservation projects are currently underway at the Shortland Wetlands, re-introduction of the Magpie Goose and captive breeding of the Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa. Visitor centre provides environmental education. Magpie Geese have been breeding successfully in the local area and the Freckled Duck successfully bred for the first time in Spring 1998. Also the site of a Department of School Education field studies centre. Significance: Notable flora: The regionally significant Swamp Mahogany Eucalyptus robusta is being re-established on the site. Notable fauna: An important breeding area for all four species of egrets. Species which are considered vulnerable at a state level (Sv) which have been recorded within the Shortland Wetlands include the Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata, Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis, Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa, Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus, and Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea (NPWS, 1998b). Species listed under JAMBA and / or CAMBA which have been recorded in the area include the Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus pacificus, Great Egret Ardea alba, Cattle Egret Ardea ibis, Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus, Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos, Latham's Snipe Gallinago hardwickii, and Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis (NPWS, 1998b). Other Fauna: Social and Cultural values: Focus for environmental education within the Hunter Region. Used for research by university and other tertiary students. Research projects carried out on all aspects of wetland ecology. Site of a Department of Education field studies centre. Land tenure: On site: Freehold. Surrounding area: Freehold, NPWS Nature Reserve, Crown land. Current land use: On site: Education, passive recreation & research. Surrounding area: urban area, beef cattle grazing, and light industrial.
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Disturbance or threat: Minor. Conservation measures taken: The wetlands are partly listed under SEPP 14 (Coastal Wetlands). Management Plan currently being updated. Active Site Management Committee. Prioritising and addressing weed control and introduced predators. Management authority and jurisdiction: Shortland Wetlands Centre Ltd. References: Baxter, G.S. (1988); Baxter, G.S. (1992); Central Mapping Authority (1990b); Gilligan, B. (1984); Gilligan, B. (1988a); Gilligan, B., et al. (1990); Gilligan, B. & Markwell, K. (1990); Jonathon Falk Planning Consultants Pty Ltd (1985); MacDonald Wagner (1984); McDonald, K. & Winning, G. (1986); Maddock, M.N. (1986a); Maddock, M.N. (1986b); Maddock, M.N. & Albrecht, G. (1985); Maddock, M.N. & Baxter, G.S. (1991); Matthei, L.E. (1995); Murray, M.J. (1990); National Parks & Wildlife Service (1998b); Winning, G. (1989) Compiler & date: Geoffrey Winning & Michael Murray, Shortland Wetlands Centre, December 1992. Revised, Tania Laity, NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service, & Sharryn Brown, Shortland Wetlands Centre, 1998.
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Appendix 4 Plant species list
Plant species recorded at HWCA as at 6 February 2013
Family Name Botanical Name Common Name
ACANTHACEAE Pseuderanthemum variabile Pastel Flower AGAVACEAE Cordyline stricta Narrow Leaved Palm Lilly ALLIACEAE Nothoscordum inodorum Onion Weed AMARANTHACEAE Alternanthera denticulata Lesser Joyweed # Altemanthera. philoxeroides Alligator Weed Ameranthus viridis Green Ameranthus AMARYLLIDACEAE Narcissus jonquilla Jonquills ACANTHACEAE Hypoestis floridunda Native Holly APIACEAE Foeniculum vulgare Fennel Hydrocotyle bonariensis Pennywort Hydrocotyle laxiflora Stinking Pennywort APOCYNACEAE Parsonia straminea Monkey Rope ARALIACEAE Polyscias elegans Celery Wood ARECACEAE Archontophenix cunninghamiana Banglo Palm Livistona australis Cabbage Palm ASCLEPIA # Araujia hortorum Moth Plant ASPARAGACEAE # Asparagus aethiopicus Asparagus Fern ASTERACEAE # Ageratina adenophora Crofton Weed ASTERZCEAE Ambrosia artemisiifolia Annual Ragweed Artemisia verlotiorum Mugwort Aster subulatus Wild Aster 88 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
Family Name Botanical Name Common Name
Bidens pilosa Pitchforks Cassinia quinquefaria Biddy Bush # Chrysanthemoides monilifera var. rotundata Bitou Bush Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle Conyza albida Tall Fleabane Cotula coronopifolia Water Buttons Crepsis capillaris Smooth Hawksbeard Galinsoga parviflora Potato Weed Hypochaeris radicata Flatweed # Senecio linearifolius Fireweed Groundsel # Senecio madagascariensis Fireweed Xanthium occidentale Noogoora Burr AVICENNIACEAE Avicennia marina Grey Mangrove BASELLACEAE # Anredera cordifolia Madeira Vine BIGONIACEAE Pandorea pandodana Wonga Wonga Vine BRASSICACEAE Capsella bursapastoris Shepherd’s Purse Lepidium campestre Field Cress CAESALPINCEAE Cassia aliphylla Sprawling Cassia CAPRIFOLIACEAE # Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Senna aliphylla Australian Rainforest Senna Sambucas australasica Native Elderberry CASUARINACEAE Casuarina cunninghamiana She Oak Casuarina glauca Swamp She Oak CELASTRACEAE Cassine australis Red Olive Berry CHENOPODIACEAE Atriplex australasica Native Orache Einadia hastata Scallop COMMELINACEAE Commelina cyanea Scurvy Weed # Tradescantia albiflora Wandering Jew
CONVOLVULACEAE
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Family Name Botanical Name Common Name
Dichondra repens Kidney Weed # Ipomoea indica Blue Morning Glory CUNONIACEAE Callicoma serratifolia Black Wattle CYPERACEAE Baumea articulata Jointer Twig Rush Baumea Juncea Bare Twig Rush Banksia aemula Swamp Banksia Bolboschoenus caldwellii Clubrush Carex appressa Sedge Cyperus eragrotis Umbrella Sedge Cyperus odoratus Fragrant Sedge Cyperus papyrus Papyrus Eleocharis acuta Spike Rush Gahnia clarkei Tall Saw Sedge Gahnia siberiana Red Fruit Saw Sedge Isolepis nodosa Knotted Club Rush Schoenoplectus validus River Clubrush Hibbertia scandens Golden Guinea Flower DAVIDSONIACEAE Davidsonia pruriens Davidson’s Plum ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus grandis Blue Quandong Elaeocarpus obovatus Hard Quandong Elaeocarpus reticulatus Blue Berry Ash Sloanea australis Maiden’s Blush EUPHORBIACEAE Baloghia inophylla Bush Bloodwood Breynia oblongifolia Coffee Bush Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge Glochidion ferdinandi Cheese Tree Omalanthus populifolius Bleeding Heart # Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant EUPOMATIACEAE Eupomatia laurina Native Guava FABACEAE SALPINIOIDEAE # Senna pendula Winter Senna FABACEAE / CABOIDEAE Dillwynia retorta Egg & Bacon Bush Glycine microphylla Small Leaf Glycine Hardenbergia violacea False Sarsaparilla
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Family Name Botanical Name Common Name
Hovea lineaaris Narrow Leaf Hovea Indigofera australis Australian Indigo Kennedia rubicunda Dusky Coral Pea Trifolium dubium Yellow Suckling Clover Trifolium repens White Clover Vicia sativa Common Vetch FABACEAE / FABOIDEAE # Cytisus scoparius Scotch/ English Broom Pultenaea echinula Bush Pea Pultenaea villosa Hairy Bush Pea FABACEAE / MIMOSOSOLDEAE # Acacia baileyana Cootamundra Wattle Acacia elongata Swamp Wattle Acacia falcata Falcate Wattle Acacia longifolia Sydney Golden Wattle Acacia parramattensis Parramatta Green Wattle Acacia sophorae Coastal Wattle Acacia suaveolens Sweet Scented Wattle Acacia terminalis Sunshine Wattle Acacia ulicifolia Prickly Moses FLACOURTIACEAE Scolopia braunii Flint Wood FUMIARIACEAE Fumaria bastardii Bastard's Fumitory GERANIACEAE Geranium solanderi var. solanderi Native Geranium GOODENIACEAE Goodenia ovata Hop Goodenia HYDROCHARITACEAE Vallisneria gigantea Giant Ribbon Weed IRIDACEAE Romulea rosea var. australis Onion Grass JUNCACEAE # Juncus acutus Spiny Rush Juncus krausii Sea Rush Juncus usitatus Common Rush JUNCAGINACEAE Triglochin microtuberosa Water Ribbon Triglochin multifructum Water Ribbons
LAMIACEAE
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Family Name Botanical Name Common Name
Plectranthus parviflorus Cockspur Flower Prostanthera incisa Cut Leaf Mint Prostanthera prunelloides Prunella Mint Bush Prostanthera purpurea Mint Bush Prostanthera rotundifolia Round Leaf Mint Bush LAURACEAE # Cinnamomum camphora Camphor Laurel Cryptocarya hypospodia Northern Laurel Cryptocarya rigida Forest Maple Neolistea dealbata Hairy Leaved Bolly Gum LILACEAE Dianella caerulea Blue Flax Lilly Crinum pedunculatum Swamp Lilly LOMANDRACEAE Lomandra longifolia Spiny-Headed Mat Rush MALVACEAE Brachychiton acerifolius Illawarra Flame Tree Brachychiton discolor Bottle Tree Brachychiton populeus Kurrajong Hibiscus heterophyllus Native Rosella Hibiscus tiliaceous Cottonwood Hibiscus Hibiscus trionum Bladder Ketmia Modiola caroliniana Red Flowering Mallow Sida rhombifolia Paddy’s Lucerne MELIACEAE Dysoxylum fraserianum Rose Mahogany Synoum glandulosum Scentless Rosewood Toona ciliata Red Cedar MENISPERMACEAE Stephania japonica Snake Vine MIMOSACEAE Pararchidendron pruinosum Snow Wood MORACEAE Ficus coronata Sandpaper Fig Ficus crassipes Banana Fig Ficus fraseri White Sandpaper Fig Ficus leptoclada Apricot Fig Ficus pleurocarpa Banana Fig Ficus racemosa Cluster Fig Ficus rubiginosa Port Jackson Fig Maclura cochinchinensis Cockspur Thorn
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Family Name Botanical Name Common Name
MYOPORACEAE Myoporum acuminatum Northern Boobialla MYRSINACEAE Rapanea howittiana Bush Mutton wood Rapanea variabilis Mutton Wood MYRTACEAE Austromyrtus bidwillii Python Tree Austrommyrtus dulcis Midgin Berry Backhousia citriodora Lemon Scented Myrtle Backhousia myrtifolia Grey Myrtle Callistemon brachyandrus Prickley Bottlebrush Callistemon citrinus Crimson Bottlebrush Callistemon koreelacreek Coreelacreek Callistemon linearis Narrow Leaved Bottlebrush Callistemon pachyphyllus Wallum Bottlebrush Callistemon pinifolius Pine Leaved Bottlebrush Callistemon rigidus Stiff bottlebrush Callistemon salignus White Bottlebrush Callistemon viminalis Weeping Bottlebrush Eucalyptus deanei Mountain Blue Gum Eucalyptus ficifolia Red Flowering Gum Eucalyptus gummifera Red Bloodwood Corymbia maculata Spotted Gum Eucalyptus punctata Grey Gum Eucaylptus robusta Swamp Mahogany Eucalyptus sieberi Blackash Leptosporum juniperinum Prickly Tea Tree Leptosporum laevigatum Coastal Tea Tree Leptosporum petersonii Lemon Scented Tea Tree Leptospermum polygalifolium Tantoon Melaleuca armillaris Braclet Honey Myrtle Melaleuca ericifolia Swamp Paperbark Melaleuca erubescens Pink Honeymyrtle Melaleuca hypericifolia Red Honey Myryle Melaleuca linariifolia Snow-in-Summer Melaleuca nodosa Ball Honeymyrtle Melaleuca quinquenervia Broad leaved Paperbark Melaleuca styphelioides Prickly leaved Paperbark Melaleuce thymifolia Thyme Honey Myrtle Syncarpia glomulifera Turpentine Syzygium australe Brush Cherry
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Family Name Botanical Name Common Name
Syzygium crebrinerve Purple Cherry Syzygium leuhmannii Riberry Syzygium oleosum Blue Lilly Pilly Syzygium paniculatum Magenta Lilly Pilly Syzygium smithii Lilly Pilly Syzygium spp. Tristaniopsis laurina Water Gum Waterhousea floribunda Weeping Lilly Pilly OLEACEAE # Ligustrum sinense Small-leaved Privet Notelaea longifolia Mock Olive PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora edulis Common Passionfruit Passifolia herbertiana Native Passionfruit PHILYDRACEAE Philydrum lanuginosum Frog Mouth PHYTOLACCACEAE Phytolacca octandra Inkweed PITTOSPORACEAE Hymenosporum flavum Native Frangipani Pittosporum multiflorum Orange Thorn Pittosporum phillyraeoides Weeping Pittosporum Pittosporum revolutum Rough Fruit Pittosporum Pittosporum rhombifolium White Holly Pittosporum undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Bursaria spinosa Blackthorn PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago lanceolata Plantain or Lamb's Tongues Plantago major Large Plantain POACEAE Briza maxima Quaking Grass Briza minor Shivery Grass Chloris gayana Rhodes Grass # Cortaderia selloana Pampas Grass Cynodon dactylon Couch Dichelachne micrantha Plume Grass Echinochloa crus-gali Barnyard grass # Hyparrhenia hirta Coolatai Grass Isachne globosa Swamp Millet Lolium temulentum Darnel Melinis repens Red Natal Grass
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Family Name Botanical Name Common Name
Oplismenus imbecillis Basket Grass Panicum maximum Guinea Grass Paspalum, dilatatum Paspalum Paspalum distichum Water Couch # Paspalum quadrifarium Tussock Paspalum # Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Grass Phragmites australis Native Reed Poa labillardieri Tussock Grass Sporobolus virginicus Saltwater Couch PODOCARDACEAE Podocarpus elatus Plum Pine POLYGONACEAE Muehlenbeckia gracillima Slender Lignum Persicaria decipiens Slender Knotweed P. lapathifolia Pale Knotweed Polygonum arenastrum Sandwireweed Rumex crispus Curled Dock PORTULACEAE Portulaca oleracea Pigweed POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton crispus Curly Pondweed PROTEACEAE Banksia integrifolia Coastal Banksia Grevillea robusta Silky Oak Grevillea sp. Hakea laurina Pincussion Hakea Hakea salicifolia Willow-leaved Hakea Stenocarpus salignus Scrub Beefwood Stenocarpus sinuatus Fire-wheel Tree Themeda triandra Kangaroo Grass RANUNCULACEAE Clematis glycinoides Headache Vine Ranunculus inundates River Buttercup RHAMNACEAE Alphitonia excelsa Red Ash Pomaderris lanigera Popcorn Bush ROSACEAE # Rubus fruticosus Blackberry Rubus molucianus Native Raspberry Rubus parvifolius Native Raspberry RUBIACEAE
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Family Name Botanical Name Common Name
Morinda Jasminoides Jasmin Morinda Psycotria loniceroides Hairy Psycotria RUTACEAE Acronychia oblongifolia White Aspen Citrus australasica Finger Lime Melicope micrococca Hairy Leaved Doughwood SAPINDACEAE Alectryon coriaceus Beach Birds Eye Alectryon subeinereus Wild Quince # Cardiospermum grandiflorum Balloon Vine Cupaniopsis anarcardiodes Tuckeroo Cupaniopsus wadsworthii Duck Foot Dipliglottis australis Native Tamarind Dodonaea triquetra Hop Bush Guioa semiglauca Guioa Harpullia pendula Tullipwood SAPOTACEAE Planchonella australis Black Apple SCROPHULARIACEAE Bacopa monnieri Bacopa SMILACEAE Eustrephus latifolus Wombat Berry SOLANACEAE Datura stramonium Common Thornapple # Cestrum parqui Green Cestrum Solanum aviculare Kangaroo Apple Solanum mauritianum Wild Tobacco Bush Solanum nigrum Blackberry Nightshade STERCULIACEAE Commersonia fraseri Brush Kurrajong THYMELAEACEAE Pimelia linifolia Rice Flower Wikstroemia indica No common name TROPAEOLACEAE Tropaeolum majus Nasturtium TYPHACEAE Typha orientalis Bulrush, Cumbungi ULMACEAE Trema tomentosa Native Peach
URTICACEAE
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Family Name Botanical Name Common Name
Urtica incisa Stinging Nettle VERBENACEAE Callicarpa cana Woolly Malayan Lantana camara Lantana Verbena bonariensis Purpletop VIOLACEAE Viola hederacea Ivy-Leaved Violet Class Liliopsida Monocotyledons VITACEAE Cayratia clematidea Slender Native Grape
ZINGIBERACEAE Alpinia caerulea Native Ginger Alphitonia exeisa Red Ash
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Appendix 5 Shortland Wetlands Flora Restoration
The original composition and extent of the vegetation of Shortland Wetlands is difficult to determine due largely to the lack of information on the site and partly due to the amount of reclamation and alteration that had taken place. The dominant vegetation was Swamp Oak, Casuarina glauca, and Common Reed, Phragmites australis, with the reeds becoming more dominant in the wetter ‘swamp’ communities to the west. These communities were almost totally cleared. The swamp communities on the eastern edge were also cleared and reclaimed, although the extent of the filling is unknown. Three causeways were constructed across the swamps (Winning 1989).
There were significant changes in the upland vegetation with most of the trees being removed and the natural understory being replaced by pasture species in most areas. Remnant native species suggest that the original upland vegetation comprised an open forest dominated by Spotted Gum, Corymbia maculata, and Grey Ironbark, Eucalyptus siderophloia, with an understory of various sclerophyllus shrubs (Winning 1989).
In order to obtain baseline data of the original vegetation for future planting purposes, a flora inventory of the whole Wetlands Centre site was undertaken. The entire site was mapped and divided into zones. Native plant species that were not endemic to the Hunter region were planted around the Visitors’ Centre building, while local native species representative of the existing plant community were planted around the human-altered ponds and other areas including other buildings.
Prior to 1988, 2,290 trees were planted by Greening Australia (Hunter Valley). Since 1988 all species, including the number of plants, the locality that was planted, and the person/s who planted have been recorded. The total number of trees planted to date is 33,000. Members of the Australian Plant Society and Wetlands Centre volunteers and supporters have undertaken most of the planting. The Jesmond Lions Club, Newcastle North and Newcastle Rotary Clubs, and local Scout groups have also provided assistance.
A grant from the Steel Industries Assistance Program facilitated the planting of vegetation from the Visitors Centre to Ironbark Creek. The planting of species such as Casuarina glauca, Melaleuca stypheloides, M. quinquenervia, M. nodosa, M. linearfolia, Crinum pedunculatum, Ficus coronata, Elaeocarpus obovatus, Callistemon salignus stabilised the clay banks of the canoe trail and provide a more aesthetically pleasing buffer of vegetation.
In other areas, Eucalyptus tereticornis and E. robusta were extensively planted as a means of attracting Koalas to the site. Supplementing these Eucalypts was the planting of 3,000 trees to form a wildlife corridor from the Melaleuca Swamp through to Ironbark Creek. Plants from genera
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such as Eucalyptus spp., Acacia spp., Leptospermum spp., Ficus spp., Syncarpia spp., Alphitonia spp., have all been established and have shown substantial growth in these areas.
Prior to the opening of The Wetlands Centre in 1985, a remnant rainforest that was in poor condition, existed on the western edge of the site. It had once been part of a much larger rainforest community that grew on the outer edges of Hexham Swamp. The rainforest suffered from clearing for agriculture and urban development including invasion by weed species such as Lantana camara. Recently the core of the remnant has had intensive assistant regeneration and planting of native rainforest species around the edges, increasing the size of the remnant to approximately 1ha. Native rainforest species from northern NSW and QLD were planted as a means of increasing the knowledge of rainforest species within the region. Rehabilitation of the site has been slow, mainly due to resources available and the problem with weeds (Wisniewski 1999). Since 1991, rehabilitation has dramatically changed the poor resilient patch of rainforest to a robust ecosystem.
Chronology of the early revegetation and restoration of Shortland Wetlands
1985 - First Annual Meeting of the Shortland Wetlands Centre - registered in July as Shortland Wetlands Centre Ltd. - Landscape Committee established - 1997 changed to Site Management Committee. - Decision made to only plant Australian Natives on site and to attempt in the long term to remove all exotics. 1986 - Survey made of all plants on site. Society for Growing Australian Plants (now Australian Plants Society) - Newcastle branch - involved in making a list of suitable local plants for use on site. - March - planting begun by Greening Australia Hunter Valley over 6 months. 1988 - Planting begins by Wetlands Volunteers, SGAP and local service clubs. - Decision to broadly divide the 45 hectares into 3 broad zones. Around the Visitors Centre plants from anywhere in Australia would be planted - for aesthetics, bird attraction and to demonstrate what will grow in Newcastle. - It was decided to concentrate on Lower Hunter Plants around the manmade environment - In the wild - use only local species. The exception is the rainforest near the outdoors classroom where species from the east coast of Australia have been planted to act as an arboretum of rainforest for demonstration purposes. - The total site has been further subdivided into 23 locations for entering plantings on data base. Data - From 1988 all plantings have been entered on a database. This includes area, date of planting, species and number of each species and who planted these. Special areas for consideration are the following: - Entry avenue of Eucalyptus microcorrys and Casuarina cunninghamiana. 99 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
- Silt traps beautification for demonstration purposes. - Extension of Melaleuca Swamp forest. This was made because of fear that the Egrets were destroying the original trees and would in future need a fresh area for nesting - 3,500 Melaleuca quinquenervia. - Wildlife corridor from the Melaleuca Swamp to Ironbark Creek - 3000 plants. - Casuarina glauca forest - with track through the forest to experience the sound and feel of the Casuarina areas in Australia - 1500 plants. - Melaleuca nodosa area near Freckled Duck enclosure with elevated board walk to experience walking through this type of forest. - Wallum area - wetland heath - between Brambles Pond and Triglochin Swamp. Species here small Callistemons etc. - Canoe trail artificially excavated from canoe shed to drain joining Ironbark Creek landscaped using only Ironbark Creek plants. This has been very successful and the trail looks like a natural creek. - Project for 2002 is the extension of the rainforest along the west side of the site. This will be only local rainforest species. - An avenue of figs has been planted along the east boundary road to encourage bats and fruit eating birds. - Areas around the artificial ponds have been left clear of trees in areas considered as flight paths for the larger birds - Swans and Pelicans. - Lions Sensory Trail. Developed by Jesmond Lions Club north of the Visitors Centre to experience the feel, sound and perfume of Australian plants. - Board walk across the Ironbark Marsh gives excellent views over the Phragmites Marsh.
Bush Regeneration An enormous amount of work has been undertaken over the 26 years. Main work has involved removal of Pampas Grass, Lantana, Cestrum, Honeysuckle, Blackberry, Moth Vine, Madeira Vine, Ochna and Castor Oil. There are an inordinate number of other exotic grasses and herbs. Whether these will ever be removed in total is questionable.
Plant sources Initially Plants were obtained early on by donation and purchase with APS funds. Now plants are propagated on site for use at Shortland Wetlands and for the APS to sell at shows and to the general public. Thursday morning’s plants are on sale to the general public between 9 and 12am.
Accelerated Planting since 2008
In 2008 Boyd Carney (Then Site Manager) commenced Hunter Wetland Centres own nursery in response to the Centres success in gaining grant funds for the purpose. Of the 198,469 plants planted since inception 72% have been planted since 2008. The list below discloses the remarkable effect the nursery has had on our planting regime. Increases in Site Staff numbers up to 3
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permanants plus casuals and trainees over the later years have supported volunteers in large scale plantings (where over 5000 plants are mass planted in areas) has helped accelerate the number of plants and area being planted each year.
Currently HWCA is working on a federal government Biodiversity Fund Grant which targets the planting of 120,000 local rainforest species between 2012 and 2017. There are also a number of smaller projects in train funded by HCRCMA of private philanthropic bodies. The NSW Environmental Trust is also subsidising the Site Managers wage.
Annual Planting Record Greening Australia Hunter Valley 1986 2290 Wetlands Volunteers 1988-90 4662 Wetlands Volunteers 1991 2172 Wetlands Volunteers 1992 2145 Wetlands Volunteers 1993 3350 Wetlands Volunteers 1994 2201 Wetlands Volunteers 1995 5506 Wetlands Volunteers 1996 1346 Wetlands Volunteers 1997 2397 Wetlands Volunteers 1998 2394 Wetlands Volunteers 1999 1753 Wetlands Volunteers 2000 1609 Wetlands Volunteers 2001 1857 Wetlands Volunteers 2002 3508 Wetlands Volunteers 2003 3391 Wetlands Volunteers 2004 1965 Wetlands Volunteers 2005 4020 Wetlands Volunteers 2006 3089 Wetlands Volunteers 2007 5571 Wetlands Volunteers 2008 20807 Wetlands Volunteers 2009 22077 Wetlands Volunteers 2010 42414 Wetland Volunteers 2011 24934 Wetland Volunteers 2012 33011 ------198469
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Appendix 6 Fauna Species Lists
Appendix 6.1 Bird Species Code Description Definition
I Unprotected Fauna and flora listed in Schedule 11 of the National Parks Wildlife Act 1974 (introduced species). V Vulnerable Fauna and flora species that are likely to become endangered unless the circumstances & factors threatening their survival or evolutionary development cease to operate (Schedule 2, Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995).
E Endangered Listed as Endangered under NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995) Species listed under China and Australia Migratory Bird Agreement, Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement or BONN international treaties.
Table 6.1. All bird species recorded at Shortland Wetlands Scientific Name Common Name Status Treaties ORDER: GALLIFORMES Family: Phasianidae Old World Quail and Pheasant Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail Excalfactoria chinensis King Quail ORDER: ANSERIFORMES WATERFOWL Family: Anseranatidae Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata Magpie Goose V Family: Anatidae Ducks, Geese and Swans Dendrocygna eytoni Plumed Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna arcuata Wandering Whistling-Duck Biziura lobata Musk Duck Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck V Cygnus atratus Black Swan Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck Malacorhynchus membranaceus Pink-eared Duck Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler Anas gracilis Grey Teal Anas castanea Chestnut Teal Anas platyrhynchos Northern Mallard Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aythya australis Hardhead Oxyura australis Blue-billed Duck V ORDER: PODICIPEDIFORMES GREBES
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Family: Podicipedidae Grebes Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe ORDER: COLUMBIFORMES PIGEONS AND DOVES Family: Columbidae Pigeons and Doves Columba livia Rock DoveI I Columba leucomela White-headed Pigeon Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove I Macropygia amboinensis Brown Cuckoo-Dove Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Geopelia humeralis Bar-shouldered Dove Lopholaimus antarcticus Topknot Pigeon ORDER: CAPRIMULGIFORMES NIGHTJARS AND RELATIVES Family: Podargidae Frogmouths Podargus strigoides Tawny Frogmouth ORDER: APODIFORMES SWIFTS Family: Apodidae Swifts Hirundapus caudacutus White-throated Needletail Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift ORDER : PHALACROCORACIFORMES Family: Anhingidae Darters Anhinga novaehollandiae Australasian Darter Family: Phalacrocoracidae Cormorants Microcarbo melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant ORDER: CICONIIFORMES HERONS, STORKS , IBIS Family: Pelecanidae Pelicans Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Family: Ciconiidae Storks Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus Black-necked Stork E Family: Ardeidae Bitterns, Herons and Egrets Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern V Ixobrychus dubius Australian Little Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis Black Bittern V Ardea pacifica White-necked Heron Ardea modesta Eastern Great Egret Ardea intermedia Intermediate Egret Ardea ibis Cattle Egret Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Egretta garzetta Little Egret 103 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron Family: Threskiornithidae Ibis and Spoonbills Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Threskiornis spinicollis Straw-necked Ibis Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill Platalea flavipes Yellow-billed Spoonbill ORDER: ACCIPITRIFORMES Family: Accipitridae Hawks, Eagles and Kites Pandion cristatus Eastern Osprey V Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aviceda subcristata Pacific Baza Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Milvus migrans Black Kite Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk Accipiter cirrocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk Accipiter novaehollandiae Grey Goshawk Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier V Circus approximans Swamp Harrier Aquila audax Wedge-tailed Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle V ORDER: FALCONIFORMES Family: Falconidae Falcons Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Falco berigora Brown Falcon Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon ORDER: GRUIFORMES RAILS, CRANES AND BUSTARDS Family: Rallidae Rails, Crakes and Gallinules Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamp-hen Lewinia pectoralis Lewin’s Rail Gallirallus philippensis Buff-banded Rail Porzana pusilla Baillon's Crake Porzana fluminea Australian Spotted Crake Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake Tribonyx ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen Fulica atra Eurasian Coot ORDER: CHARADRIIFORMES Family: Recurvirostridae Stilts and Avocets Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt 104 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet Family: Charadriidae Plovers and Lapwings Elseyornis melanops Black-fronted Dotterel Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Family: Jacanidae Jacanas Irediparra gallinacea Comb-crested Jacana V Family: Scolopacidae Sandpipers and Allies Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper E Family Turnicidae Button-quails Turnix Varius Painted Button-quail Family: Laridae Gulls and Terns Hydroprogne caspia Caspian Tern Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered Tern Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Black Tern Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae Silver Gull ORDER: PSITTACIFORMES COCKATOOS, PARROTS AND LORIKEETS Family: Cacatuidae Cockatoos Calyptorhynchus funereus Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo Eolophus roseicapillus Galah Cacatua tenuirostris Long-billed Corella Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella Cacatua galerita Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Nymphicus hollandicus Cockatiel Family: Psittacidae Parrots and Lorikeets Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus Scaly-breasted Lorikeet Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet Glossopsitta pusilla Little Lorikeet V Alisterus scapularis Australian King-Parrot Platycercus eximius Eastern Rosella Platycercus adscitus Pale-headed Rosella Psephotus haematonotus Red-rumped Parrot Neophema pulchella Turquoise Parrot V ORDER: CUCULIFORMES CUCKOOS AND COUCALS Family: Cuculidae Cuckoos Centropus phasianinus Pheasant Coucal
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Eudynamys orientalis Eastern Koel Scythrops novaehollandiae Channel-billed Cuckoo Chalcites basalis Horsfield's Bronze-Cuckoo Chalcites lucidus Shining Bronze-Cuckoo Cacomantis pallidus Pallid Cuckoo Cacomantis flabelliformis Fan-tailed Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus Brush Cuckoo Cuculus optatus Oriental Cuckoo ORDER: STRIGIFORMES OWLS Family: Strigidae Typical (Hawk) Owl Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook Family: Tytonidae Barn Owls Tyto novaehollandiae Masked Owl V Tyto javanica Eastern Barn Owl ORDER: CORACIIFORMES KINGFISHERS, ROLLERS AND BEE-EATERS Family: Alcedinidae Water Kingfishers Ceyx azureus Azure Kingfisher Family: Halcyonidae Tree Kingfishers Dacelo novaeguineae Laughing Kookaburra Todiramphus macleayii Forest Kingfisher Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher Family: Meropidae Bee-eaters Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater Family: Coraciidae Rollers Eurystomus orientalis Dollarbird ORDER: PASSERIFORMES SONGBIRDS Family Ptilonorhynchidae Bowerbirds Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Satin Bowerbird Family: Maluridae Fairy-wrens Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren Malurus lamberti Variegated Fairy-wren Stipiturus malachurus Southern Emu-wren Family Acanthizidae Gerygones, Scrubwrens, Thornbills Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren Gerygone mouki Brown Gerygone Gerygone levigaster Mangrove Gerygone Gerygone albogularis White-throated Gerygone Acanthiza lineata Striated Thornbill Acanthiza nana Yellow Thornbill Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza reguloides Buff-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza pusilla Brown Thornbill Family: Pardalotidae Pardalotes Pardalotus punctatus Spotted Pardalote
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Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote Family: Meliphagidae Honeyeaters Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Eastern Spinebill Meliphaga lewinii Lewin's Honeyeater Lichenostomus chrysops Yellow-faced Honeyeater Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Myzomela sanguinolenta Scarlet Honeyeater Lichmera indistincta Brown Honeyeater Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Phylidonyris niger White-cheeked Honeyeater Melithreptus brevirostris Brown-headed Honeyeater Melithreptus lunatus White-naped Honeyeater Entomyzon cyanotis Blue-faced Honeyeater Philemon corniculatus Noisy Friarbird Philemon citreogularis Little Friarbird Plectorhyncha lanceolata Striped Honeyeater Family: Psophodidae Whipbirds and Quail-thrushes Psophodes olivaceus Eastern Whipbird Family: Campephagidae Cuckoo-shrikes and Trillers Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Coracina tenuirostris Cicadabird Lalage sueurii White-winged Triller Family: Pachycephalidae Whistlers and Shrike-thrushes Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shrike-tit Pachycephala pectoralis Golden Whistler Pachycephala rufiventris Rufous Whistler Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush Family: Oriolidae Orioles Sphecotheres vieilloti Australasian Figbird Oriolus sagittatus Olive-backed Oriole Family: Artamidae Woodswallows, Magpies, Butcherbirds and Currawongs Artamus leucorynchus White-breasted Woodswallow Artamus superciliosis White-browed Woodswallow Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird Cracticus nigrogularis Pied Butcherbird Cracticus tibicen Australian Magpie Strepera graculina Pied Currawong Family Dicruridae Dicrurus bracteatus SpangledDrongo Family Rhipiduridae Fantails
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Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa Grey Fantail Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Family: Corvidae Ravens and Crows Corvus coronoides Australian Raven Corvus orru Torresian Crow Family Monarchidae Monarch Flycatchers Myiagra rubecula Leaden Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca Satin Flycatcher Myiagra inquieta Restless Flycatcher Monarcha melanopsis Black-faced Monarch Symposiarchus trivirgatus Spectacled Monarch Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Family: Petroicidae Australasian Robins Petroica boodang Scarlet Robin Petroica rosea Rose Robin Eopsaltria australis Eastern Yellow Robin Family Cisticolidae Cisticolas Cisticola exilis Golden-headed Cisticola Family: Acrocephalidae Marsh Warblers Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed-Warbler Family Megaluridae Megalarid Warblers Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird Cincloramphus mathewsi Rufous Songlark Family: Timaliidae White-eyes Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Family: Hirundinidae Swallows and Martins Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Family: Turdidae Zoothera lunulata Bassian Thrush Turdus merula Common BlackbirdI I Family: Sturnidae Starlings Sturnus vulgaris Common StarlingI I Sturnis tristis Common MynaI I Family: Nectariniidae Flowerpeckers Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoebird Family Estrildidae Grass Finches Taeniopygia guttata Zebra Finch Taeniopygia bichenovii Double-barred Finch
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Neochmia modesta Plum-headed Finch Neochmia temporalis Red-browed Finch Lonchura castaneothorax Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Family: Passeridae House Sparrows House Sparrow Passer domesticus I Family: Motacillidae Pipits and Wagtails Anthus novaeseelandiae Australasian Pipit Motacilla tschutschensis Eastern Yellow Wagtail Family: Fringillidae Finches Carduelis carduelis European GoldfinchI I
APPENDIX 6.2 BUTTERFLIES OF THE WETLANDS CENTRE
PAPILIONIDAE
Graphium macleayanum Macleay’s Swallowtail Graphium sarpedon Blue Triangle Papilio aegeus Orchard Butterfly Papilio demoleus Chequered Swallowtail ?Cressida cressida Big Greasy PIERIDAE COLIADINAE Eurema smilax Small Grass Yellow PIERINAE Delias aganippe Wood White Delias nigrina Common Jezabel Anaphaeis java Caper White Appias paulina Common Albatross Pieris rapae Cabbage White NYMPHALIDAE DANAINAE Danaus plexippus Wanderer Danaus hamatus Blue Tiger Euploea core Common Crow, Oleander Butterfly SATYRINAE NYMPHALINAE Hypolimnas bolina Common Eggfly Hypolimnas misippus Danaid Eggfly Hypolimnas alimena lamina Blue-banded Eggfly Vanessa kershawi Australian Painted Lady Vanessa itea Australian Admiral Junonia villida Meadow Argus LYCAENIDAE LYCAENINAE Danis hymetus Small-Green-banded Blue
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APPENDIX 6.3 MOTHS OF THE WETLANDS CENTRE Family Scientific name PALAEPHATIDAE Azaleodes fuscipes ETHMIIDAE Ethmia clytodoxa PYRALIDAE Lygropia quarternalis Sceliodes cordallis GEOMETRIDAE Agathia prasimaspis Oenochroma vinaria
ANTHELIDAE Anthela varia LYMANTRIIDAE Utetheisa pulchelloides NOCTUIDAE Grammodes justa
Appendix 6.4 FROGS OF THE WETLANDS CENTRE Compiled by Wilma Barden from data recorded by Greg Little (1998-99) and Macdonald & Winning, 1986) Scientific Name Common Name Location/s
Litoria dentata Bleating Tree Frog Melaleuca Swamp Litoria fallax Dwarf Green Tree Frog all locations Litoria peroni Peron’s Tree Frog Melaleuca Swamp Litoria tyleri Tyler’s Tree Frog Cat-tail Swamp/Reed Marsh Litoria caerulea Green Tree Frog - Lymnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted ( Grass) Marsh Back Swamp Frog Crinia signifera Common Eastern Froglet walking tracks Limnodynastes peroni Striped Marsh Frog Frog Pond/walking tracks
Appendix 6.5 Terrestrial Mammal species recorded at Shortland Wetlands
Scientific Name Common Name
Isoodon macrourus Northern Brown Bandicoot (native)
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Hydromys chrysogaster Water Rat (native) Pteropus policephalus Grey-Headed Flying Fox Mus musculus House Mouse Rattus rattus Black Rat Lepus capensis Brown Hare Oryctolagus cuniculus European Rabbit Vulpes vulpes Red Fox Pseudocheirus peregrinus Common Ringtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum Myotis macropus Fishing Bat (vulnerable NSW)
Appendix 6.6 Reptiles recorded at Shortland Wetlands in 2010
Scientific Name Common Name Cheladina longicollis Long-necked Turtle Ctenotus robustus Striped Skink Lampropholis delicata Grass Skink L. mustelinum Weasel Skink Saiphos equalis Three-toed Skink Sphenomorphus quoyii Eastern Water Skink Tiliqua casuarinae She-oak Skink Hemiaspis signata Swamp Snake Pseudechis porphyriacus Red-bellied Black Snake Physignathus leseurii Astern Water Dragon Tiliqua scincoides Common Blue-tongue Lizard Dendrelaphis punctulata Green Tree Snake
Appendix 6.7 Bats of HWCA and Surrounding Wetlands
Scientific Name Common Name Megabats Pteropus poliocephalus Grey-headed Flying Fox Microbats Chalinolobus gouldii Gould’s Wattled Bat
Chalinolobus morio Chocolate Wattled Miniopterus australis Little Bentwing-bat Miniopterus schreibersii Eastern Bentwing-bat oceanensis Vespadelus vulturnus Little Forest Bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi * Lesser Long-eared Bat
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Nyctophilus gouldii * Gould’s Long-eared Bat
Myotis Myotis adversus † Large-footed Myotis Scoteanax rueppellii Greater Broad-nosed Bat
Mormopterus norfolkensis East-coast Free-tail Bat Mormopterus loriae ? Little Northern Free-tail Bat
Nyctinomus australis White-striped Freetail-bat
Appendix 6.8 Fish species recorded at Shortland Wetlands Scientific Name Common Name
Gambusia holbrooki Mosquito Fish Gobiomorphus coxii Cox’s Gudgeon Hypseleotris galii Firetail Gudgeon Philypnodon grandiceps Flathead Gudgeon Philypnodon sp. none Anguilla australis Short-finned Eel Cyprinus Carpio Koi Carp -2010 Mugil cephalus Sea Mullet-2010
Appendix 6.9 Macro-Invertibrates
Class: Insecta Order Family Name Common Name Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae Mayfly Odonata Coenagriinidae Damselfly Suborder Zygoptera Megapodagrionidae Damselfly Suborder: Anisoptera Corduliidae Dragonfly Libellulidae Dragonfly Hemiptera Gerridae Water strider Notonectidae Backswimmer Corixidae Water boatman Nepidae Water scorpion Belostomatidae Water scorpion Megaloptera Sialidae Alderflies
Corydalidae Dobsonflies Coleoptera Dystiscidae Diving Beetle Hydrophilidae Diving beetle Diptera Stratiomyidae Soldier Fly
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Tipulidae Crane fly Chronomidae Midge fly Trichoptera Odontoceridae Caddisfly Leptoceridae Caddisfly Calamoceratidae Caddisfly Lepidoptera Moth Others: Phyllum Common Name Chordata Tadpoles Gudgeon Mosquito Fish Mollusca Ramshorn snail Pond snail Arthropoda Cyclops Ostracoda Seed shrimp Cladocera Water fleas Arachnid Water mite Species: Water Spider Megadolomedes australianus Decapoda Freshwater shrimp Tricladida Planarian Phyllum: Annelida Freshwater worms Leech
Appendix 7 Visitor Profiles
Visitor data on the Hunter Wetlands Centre is collected and recorded through reception. A thorough visitor survey has been flagged for 2013/ 2014 that will record visitor’s experiences and motivations as well as visitor locations, referrals and numbers. Extensive visitor surveys were carried out by University of Newcastle students to analyse various aspects of visitor experience (Archer 1998 and Noakes et al 2001). The Hunter Wetlands Centre attracts approximately 100,000 visitors each year. Visitors generally fall into two key areas. Those who visit the centre with a focus on spending time with family, outdoor activities and personal fitness who take the opportunity to do Segway tours, canoeing, walking or bbqs. The family visitors are more likely to take advantage of various event days on site with much higher numbers than our other visitor groups. Our other primary visitors come because of the environmental aspects and value opportunities to experience and learn about nature close at hand.
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The Department of Education and Training’s Environmental Education Centre (WEEC) leases ‘The Wetlands’, a purpose built education centre on site. Annual Student visitation currently sits between 6 000 – 8 000 and students range from yr 1 – yr12. The WEEC depends on resources provided and maintained by the Hunter Wetlands Centre including walking paths, interpretive displays and signage, canoes, boardwalks, bird hides, the egret observation tower and live animal displays in the visitors centre.
Visitors to the centre include recreational visitors, volunteers and corporate and community groups. While there has been a marginal increase in these groups over the past 5 years, there is a recognised need to continue to attract this demographic to ensure the Hunter Wetlands Centre continues to attract enough visitors to the site. An adventure ropes course will be built on the site to attract recreational visitors. Conference and meeting rooms have been renovated and created to attract corporate groups.
Visitor Locations
Location of Visitors
Central Coast 14% Upper Overseas Local 3% Hunter 5% Sydney Other State Mid North Other State 4% Coast Central Coast 0% Overseas
Local Upper Hunter 65% Mid North Coast Sydney 9%
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Visitor Referrals Website 8% VIC 5% Schools 1% Returned Media 26% 10% Promotion 5% Word of mouth 13% Brochure 10% Members 15% Banner/front sign 7%
Appendix 8 Wetland Values
Appreciating and understanding wetlands and their value is fundamental to our well being. Wetlands are among the most important ecosystems on Earth and play a vital role in maintaining biological diversity (Mitch and Gosselink 1986; Environment Australia 2001). Wetlands are often referred to as the ‘kidneys of the landscape’ for the functions they perform in hydrologic and chemical cycles and as downstream receivers of wastes from both natural and human sources (Mitch and Gosselink 1986). They perform vital functions such as water purification, nutrient retention, maintenance of water tables, storm protection, flood mitigation, shoreline stabilisation, erosion control, and groundwater recharge (Environment Australia 2001). Freshwater wetlands and their associated vegetation communities have long been recognised as important to the health and productivity of estuaries (e.g. Odum 1961, 1980; Montague et al. 1981; Pomeroy et al. 1981).
Unfortunately, wetlands are amongst the most threatened ecosystems worldwide due largely to destructive practices such as draining, infilling, pollution, and overexploitation of their resources (Environment Australia 2001). Over 80% of saltmarsh in the Sydney Basin biogeographic region, including the Lower Hunter Estuary, has been lost since European settlement (Stricker and Adam 115 SHORTLAND WETLANDS – Site Management Plan 2013 – 2023
1989). In 1985, there was only an estimated 57km2 of saltmarsh in New South Wales, giving the remaining remnants a high conservation value (Clarke 1993). These communities are an important ‘stepping stone’ to the remaining coastal vegetation and they form an integral part of the coastal corridor of New South Wales (OCA 1996).
Appendix 9
Australian Ramsar Management Principles
The Commonwealth Government’s Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act 1999 outlines the requirements for the management of Ramsar wetlands. Management documents need to reflect the Australian obligations under the Convention on Wetlands and satisfy the Australian Ramsar Management Principles.
Table X outlines the requirements under the EPBC Act and gives an indication of management responses for Shortland Wetlands.
Management requirements Response Describe the ecological character. See Site Management Plan Natural Values – Ecological Character (page 14) and Ramsar Information Sheet - Section 16 – Ecological Features State the characteristics that make the wetland See Site Management Plan Appendix 2 – Criteria a Wetland of International Importance under the for Ramsar Listing of Shortland Wetlands (page Ramsar Convention. 63) and Ramsar Information Sheet - Section 12: Justification of the Criteria. State what must be done to maintain its See Site Management Plan – Managing the Site: ecological character. Management Actions for Natural Values (pages 36) and Ramsar Information Sheet - Section 24: Conservation Measures proposed but not yet undertaken. Promote its conservation and sustainable use for See Site Management Plan - Managing the Site: the benefit of humanity in a way that is Management Actions: Management Actions for compatible with maintenance of the natural Social Values (pages 49) and Ramsar Information properties of the ecosystem. Sheet – Section 23: Conservation measures taken, Section 24: Current scientific research and facilities, and Section 26: Current Conservation Education. State mechanisms to deal with the impacts of See Site Management Plan – Managing the Site:
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actions that individually or cumulatively Key Risks (pages 33). endanger its ecological character, including risks arising from physical loss, modification or The planning table (pages 31-52) also outlines encroachment on the wetland; loss of threats to flora, fauna and hydrological values biodiversity; pollution and nutrient input; and includes planning actions to monitor and changes of water regime; utilisation of resources manage pollution, nutrient levels, invasive or introduction of invasive species. species, water levels and the impact of visitors on the site.
The impact of potential development near the site is covered by the EPBC Act 1999 and may in same cases require an Environmental Impact Assessment under State legislation. State whether the wetland needs restoration or Shortland Wetlands contains areas where there rehabilitation. has been extensive rehabilitation and restoration. It also contains areas where rehabilitation was not necessary. Shortland Wetlands will continue to be restored as described in the Site Management Plan. If restoration or rehabilitation is needed – See Site Management Plan – About The Wetlands explain how management plans provide for this. Centre: History and The Wetlands Centre Today (pages 8-9) which details the history of the restoration of Shortland Wetlands. Appendix 5 describes the Shortland Wetlands Flora Restoration (page 61).
The management plan for ongoing restoration is described in the Table – Management Actions for Natural Values specifically Management Actions for Flora, Fauna and Hydrological Values (pages 36-49). Provide for continuing monitoring and reporting Many of the Site Management Plan strategies on the state of ecological character. involve monitoring, reporting and analysing scientific data on a range of ecological parameters. Historically this data has been collected and stored by volunteers. To facilitate the implementation of the Site Management Plan an integrated data base and collection system will be put in place. Partnerships already in
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place with special interest groups that use the site and with the University of Newcastle will be fostered to encourage volunteer participation in the monitoring program. The Wetland Centre will seek funding to engage staff in developing adequate monitoring to meet management requirements. Be based on an integrated catchment See Ramsar Information Sheet 23. Conservation management approach. Measures taken. A catchment management approach has been used from the start in the restoration of the wetlands and the development of the site as a wetland centre, taking into account the restoration of habitat and ecosystem values, public access infrastructure, the needs of use groups and land-uses in surrounding areas. In on- going management of the site staff and volunteers have always sought a balance between the impacts of visitors and conservation management for ecosystem values. Include adequate processes for public The development of the Site Management Plan consultation on the elements of the plan. has included - a stakeholders workshops in 2011 and 2012 to gain early input to values and management strategies - production of draft - a staff/volunteer review - a technical review - editing to accommodate comments received through the technical review - Submission of draft to HRCMA, SEWPAC and NPWS - a Site Committee review - an invitation to the community to view and comment on the Site Management Plan via HWCA WEB Site. - final edit involving key staff.
Following the adoption of the Site Management
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Plan the following process will be implemented: - facilitate an annual workshop with staff and volunteers to identify actions for the coming year that implement Site Management Plan - develop grant specific action plans based on SMP principals each year - present the Grant Action Plans to Site management Committee for Review - review the Grant Action Plans and progress to each bi monthly Site management Meeting. - Forward Site Management Committee reports to the HWCA Board - report on actions that implement Site Management Plan strategies and objectives to the HWCA Board on an annual basis and report on outcomes to the Annual General Meeting of Members
Be reviewed at intervals of not more than 7 The Shortland Wetlands Site Management Plan years. will be comprehensively reviewed on an annual basis. A full report will be provided at the Annual General Meeting of The Wetland Centre. At the end of seven years, there will be a review process that initiates preparation of the next Site Management Plan.
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