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Transnational Migrants Remittances and Social Development Empirical Evidence from Benin City, South-South Nigeria

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Transnational Migrants Remittances and Social Development Empirical Evidence from Benin City, South-South Nigeria Transnational Migrants Remittances and Social Development Empirical Evidence from Benin City, South-South Nigeria Inaugural – Dissertation Zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Albert – Ludwigs – Universität Freiburg i. Br. Vorgelegt von Uyi Benjamin Edegbe aus Benin City/ Nigeria WS 2019/2020 Erstgutachter/in: Prof. Dr. Manuela Boatcă Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Institut für Soziologie & Global Studies Programme Rempartstraße 15 D–79085 Freiburg im Breisgau Zweitgutachter/in: Prof. Dr. Andreas Mehler Arnold-Bergstraesser-Institut e. V. Windausstr. 16 79110 Freiburg Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen und der Philosophischen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Dietmar Neutatz Datum der Disputation: Juli 2, 2020. Abstrakt Das zunehmende Tempo der Globalisierung in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten hat wesentlich zur globalen Vernetzung und Verflechtung beigetragen, was zu einer transnationalen Mobilität von Menschen zwischen den Ländern in verschiedenen Teilen der Welt geführt hat. Eine der Begleiterscheinungen dieser Bewegungen ist der enorme Fluss von Überweisungen, insbesondere von transnationalen Migranten in den Zielländern in ihre Herkunftsländer, was zu einem wachsenden Interesse von Forschern und Entwicklungspraktikern an den Auswirkungen dieser Ströme auf die Entwicklung in den Herkunftsländern führt. Daher konzentrierte sich diese Studie auf die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen dieser Überweisungen auf Haushalte und Familienmitglieder in Benin City, Süd-Süd Nigeria. Die Studie nahm eine Mischmethodenforschung an, bei der empirische Daten aus qualitativen und quantitativen Quellen gesammelt wurden. Erstens wurde der Fragebogen an eine Stichprobe von 120 Haushalten aus Remittances Receiving Households und Non-Remittances Receiving Households in Benin City verteilt. Dies sollte einen Vergleich der Indikatoren für die soziale Entwicklung und das allgemeine Wohlbefinden beider Haushalte ermöglichen. Zweitens wurde eine Befragung von 20 ausgewählten transnationalen Migranten beninischer Herkunft mit Wohnsitz in Deutschland durchgeführt. Die quantitativen Daten wurden mit dem Statistischen Paket für Sozialwissenschaften (SPSS Version 22) analysiert. Anschließend wurden deskriptive Statistiken wie Häufigkeitstabellen, Grafiken und Kontingenztabellen verwendet, um die Ergebnisse zu präsentieren. Die qualitativen Daten wurden mit Wolcots (1994) drei Analysemodellen analysiert nämlich: Beschreibung, Analyse und Interpretation. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigten, dass Remittances Receiving Households bessere Verbesserungen bei den wichtigsten Indikatoren für die soziale Entwicklung aufweisen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten auch, dass eine Kombination aus altruistischen und eigennützigen Faktoren den Überweisungsfluss nach Benin City bestimmt. Die Studie enthielt auch einige Empfehlungen für die Politik- und Zukunftsforschung. i Declaration I certify that this research work in parts and whole have not been submitted to another University for the purpose of a degree and also to the best of my knowledge it contains no elements that have been published elsewhere by me or another person except materials that was used and duly referenced in the course of the research Uyi Benjamin Edegbe Freiburg, October 1, 2020. ii Dedication This research project is dedicated to the almighty God for his grace and protection and to the memory of my late, dearly beloved father, Simon Ekogiawe Edegbe who always had passion for education. Continue to rest on baba, till we meet to part no more. And also to my dear and beloved mother for your endless love, prayers and support, I know you will be very delighted. iii Acknowledgement I thank God almighty for his grace and protection that enabled me to complete this study. I use this medium to acknowledge Late Emeritus Prof. (Dr.) Hermann Schwengel who first accepted my proposal to supervise me before his demise, may his soul rest in peace. To my amiable and indefatigable supervisor, Prof. (Dr.) Manuela Boatcă, I thank you immensely for your supervision, guidance and support throughout the duration of this study. I also thank Prof. (Dr.) Ulrich Bröckling for his support especially at the earlier part of this study. Generally, I am grateful to the Institute of Sociology and the great Uni-Freiburg (Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg) for giving me the opportunity to pursue my postgraduate education. The experiences have been great and memorable. I am also grateful to the Uni-Freiburg International office for their financial support for some period during the course of this study, and to the Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Freiburg im Breisgau for their support that enabled me to journey to Benin City, Nigeria for the first part of the field work of this study. I thank Mr. Divora of SWFR Freiburg for approving accommodation for me at crucial period of this study. To the women in my life: My dear and lovely Iye(mummy), words are not enough to thank you for your unquantifiable love, prayers, care and support. May the good God continue to protect you and grant you long life. My dear and lovely wife, thank you most immensely for the love, prayers, support and above all patience in the last three years, without these, this journey would have been a mirage. To my lovely children, Eseosa and Oyenmwenosa, daddy loves you greatly. I must not forget my God given siblings both in Nigeria and in Diaspora, your love, prayers, support and kindness have been immeasurable From the eldest to the last born (Meg Abati; Nosa Imadojemun; Uhunekpenma Edegbe; Nogheghase Omoragbon; Omosefe Ugiagbe; Osaigbovo iv Edegbe and Amarukhor Edegbe) I thank you all immensely and pray God to continue to guide and protect us all. I also thank all my friends both in Nigeria and Germany too numerous to mention. Particularly I thank Richard Imade (for his support and quality feedback despite his busy schedules), Mr. Andy Edosa, Mr. Owo Ekhator, Dr. Samson Ajagbe, Adeleye Adeyeme, Samson Wheso, Praise, Tunde, Cecilia, Jonah and all members of Edo Union and Nisig Freiburg. I must not forget my spiritual father, Rev. Father Ehigie for his prayers and support. My sincere thanks also go to the management of the University of Benin for approving my study leave and to my colleagues especially Prof. Falodun, Dr. Osunde, Dr. Tracy Omorogiuwa, Dr(Mrs.), Mr. Odighizuwa, Helen Eweka, Kelly, Mrs Asabor and present and past HOD’s. Saving the best for last I heartwarmingly acknowledge and thank my big brother, friend, senior colleague and mentor Prof. Ernest Osas Ugiagbe who’s numerous supports, opinions, frequent reminders and feedbacks contributed to the successful completion of this study. May God continue to bless you and your family. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASB Africa Statistical Bulletin ASYB Africa Statistical Year Book ATR African Traditional Religion CBN Central Bank of Nigeria EU European Union GDP Gross Domestic Products IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IMF International Monetary Fund IOM International Organization of Migration MTO Money Transfer Operators NGO Non-Governmental Organization OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development RSP Remittance Service Providers UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UK United Kingdom US United States SAP Structural Adjustment Programme WB World Bank WWII World War Two vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….i Declaration…………………………………………………………………………………....ii Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………….iii Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………iv Lists of Abbreviation………………………………………………………………………….vi Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………..vii Lists of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………xi Lists of Figures……………………………………………………………………………….xiii CHAPTER ONE……………………………………..…………………………………….1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………... 1 1.1: Background of the Study……………………………………………………………… 1 1.2: Statement of the Research Problem…………………………………………………… 5 1.3: Objectives of the study………………………………………………………………... 8 1.4: Research Questions…………………………………………………………………… 8 1.5: Significance of the Study……………………………………………………………...9 1.6: Operational Definition of Key Concepts……………………………………………… 9 CHAPTER TWO…………………………...……………..…………………………….…16 TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND REMITTANCES……………. 16 2.0. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 16 2.1 Trends in International Migration……………………………………………………… 16 2.2: Migration Trends in Africa…………………………………………………………… 20 2.3 International Migration Trends in Nigeria…………………………………………… 24 2.4: Why do People Move: A Review of Theories of International Migration……………. 27 2.5: Trends, Magnitude in International Remittance Flow……………………………….. 36 2.6: Determinants and Motivations of Remittances……………………………………….. 42 vii 2.7: Empirical Literatures on Impact of Remittances on Social Development……………. 45 2.8: Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………………… 50 CHAPTER THREE……………………………………………………..………………….54 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………. 54 3.1: Introduction…………………………………………………………………………… 54 3.2: Ontological, Epistemological and Methodological Perspectives…………………….. 54 3.3: Research Design………………………………………………………………………. 61 3.4: The Area of Study…………………………………………………………………….. 62 3.5: Population of Study…………………………………………………………………… 65 3.6: Sampling Method ………………………………………………………………………65 3.7: Sample Size…………………………………………………………………………… 66 3.8: Ethical Considerations………………………………………………………………… 67 3.9:
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