Layered Queueing Networks – Performance Modelling, Analysis and Optimisation
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The MVA Priority Approximation
The MVA Priority Approximation RAYMOND M. BRYANT and ANTHONY E. KRZESINSKI IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center and M. SEETHA LAKSHMI and K. MANI CHANDY University of Texas at Austin A Mean Value Analysis (MVA) approximation is presented for computing the average performance measures of closed-, open-, and mixed-type multiclass queuing networks containing Preemptive Resume (PR) and nonpreemptive Head-Of-Line (HOL) priority service centers. The approximation has essentially the same storage and computational requirements as MVA, thus allowing computa- tionally efficient solutions of large priority queuing networks. The accuracy of the MVA approxima- tion is systematically investigated and presented. It is shown that the approximation can compute the average performance measures of priority networks to within an accuracy of 5 percent for a large range of network parameter values. Accuracy of the method is shown to be superior to that of Sevcik's shadow approximation. Categories and Subject Descriptors: D.4.4 [Operating Systems]: Communications Management-- network communication; D.4.8 [Operating Systems]: Performance--modeling and prediction; queuing theory General Terms: Performance, Theory Additional Key Words and Phrases: Approximate solutions, error analysis, mean value analysis, multiclass queuing networks, priority queuing networks, product form solutions 1. INTRODUCTION Multiclass queuing networks with product-form solutions [3] are widely used to model the performance of computer systems and computer communication net- works [11]. The effective application of these models is largely due to the efficient computational methods [5, 9, 13, 18, 21] that have been developed for the solution of product-form queuing networks. However, many interesting and significant system characteristics cannot be modeled by product-form networks. -
Queueing-Theoretic Solution Methods for Models of Parallel and Distributed Systems·
1 Queueing-Theoretic Solution Methods for Models of Parallel and Distributed Systems· Onno Boxmat, Ger Koolet & Zhen Liui t CW/, Amsterdam, The Netherlands t INRIA-Sophia Antipolis, France This paper aims to give an overview of solution methods for the performance analysis of parallel and distributed systems. After a brief review of some important general solution methods, we discuss key models of parallel and distributed systems, and optimization issues, from the viewpoint of solution methodology. 1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to present a survey of queueing theoretic methods for the quantitative modeling and analysis of parallel and distributed systems. We discuss a number of queueing models that can be viewed as key models for the performance analysis and optimization of parallel and distributed systems. Most of these models are very simple, but display an essential feature of dis tributed processing. In their simplest form they allow an exact analysis. We explore the possibilities and limitations of existing solution methods for these key models, with the purpose of obtaining insight into the potential of these solution methods for more realistic complex quantitative models. As far as references is concerned, we have restricted ourselves in the text mainly to key references that make a methodological contribution, and to sur veys that give the reader further access to the literature; we apologize for any inadvertent omissions. The reader is referred to Gelenbe's book [65] for a general introduction to the area of multiprocessor performance modeling and analysis. Stochastic Petri nets provide another formalism for modeling and perfor mance analysis of discrete event systems. -
Product-Form in Queueing Networks
Product-form in queueing networks VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Product-form in queueing networks ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit te Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus dr. C. Datema, hoogleraar aan de faculteit der letteren, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de faculteit der economische wetenschappen en econometrie op donderdag 21 mei 1992 te 15.30 uur in het hoofdgebouw van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Richardus Johannes Boucherie geboren te Oost- en West-Souburg Thesis Publishers Amsterdam 1992 Promotoren: prof.dr. N.M. van Dijk prof.dr. H.C. Tijms Referenten: prof.dr. A. Hordijk prof.dr. P. Whittle Preface This monograph studies product-form distributions for queueing networks. The celebrated product-form distribution is a closed-form expression, that is an analytical formula, for the queue-length distribution at the stations of a queueing network. Based on this product-form distribution various so- lution techniques for queueing networks can be derived. For example, ag- gregation and decomposition results for product-form queueing networks yield Norton's theorem for queueing networks, and the arrival theorem implies the validity of mean value analysis for product-form queueing net- works. This monograph aims to characterize the class of queueing net- works that possess a product-form queue-length distribution. To this end, the transient behaviour of the queue-length distribution is discussed in Chapters 3 and 4, then in Chapters 5, 6 and 7 the equilibrium behaviour of the queue-length distribution is studied under the assumption that in each transition a single customer is allowed to route among the stations only, and finally, in Chapters 8, 9 and 10 the assumption that a single cus- tomer is allowed to route in a transition only is relaxed to allow customers to route in batches. -
Informs 2007 Proceedings
informs14th ® Applied Probability Conference July 9–11, 2007 Program Monday July 9, 2007 Track 1 Track 2 Track 3 Track 4 Track 5 Track 6 Track 7 Track 8 Track 9 Room CZ 4 CZ 5 CZ 10 CZ 11 CZ 12 CZ 13 CZ 14 CZ 15 CZ 16 9:00am - 9:15am Opening (Room: Blauwe Zaal) 9:15am - 10:15am Plenary - Peter Glynn (Room: Blauwe Zaal) MA Financial Random Fields Rare Event Asymptotic Scheduling Call Centers 1 MDP 1 Retrial Inventory 1 10:45am - 12:15pm Engineering 1 Simulation 1 Analysis 1 Queues Kou Kaj Dupuis Bassamboo / Borst / Koole Feinberg Artalejo Van Houtum Randhawa Wierman Keppo Scheffler Blanchet Lin Gupta Taylor Bispo Machihara Buyukkaramikli DeGuest Ruiz-Medina Glasserman Tezcan Ayesta Jongbloed Van der Laan Nobel Qiu Peng Kaj Juneja Gurvich Wierman Henderson Haijema Shin Timmer Weber Mahmoodi Dupuis Randhawa Winands Koole Feinberg Artalejo Van Houtum 12:45pm - 1.45pm Tutorial Philippe Robert MB Financial Percolation and Simulation 1 Stability of Stoch. Communication Many-server Games 1 Fluid Queues Search 2:00pm - 3:30pm Engineering 2 Related Topics Networks Systems 1 Models 1 Models Schoutens / Van den Berg Henderson Ramanan Choi Armony Economou Adan Klafter Valdivieso Werker Newman Chick Gamarnik Bae Tezcan Economou Dieker Benichou Koch Newman Haas Reiman Kim Jennings Amir Nazarathy Oshanin Scherer Meester Blanchet Williams Park Ward Dube Margolius Eliazar Valdivieso Kurtz Henderson Zachary Roubos Armony Economou Adan Metzler MC Exit Times Interacting Stoch. Prog. Stoch. Netw. & Flow-Level Markov Control Queueing Inventory 2 4:00pm - 5:30pm -
Italic Entries Indicatefigures. 319-320,320
Index A Analytic hierarchy process, 16-24, role of ORIMS, 29-30 17-18 Availability,31 A * algorithm, 1 absolute, relative measurement Averch-lohnson hypothesis, 31 Acceptance sampling, 1 structural information, 17 Accounting prices. 1 absolute measurement, 23t, 23-24, Accreditation, 1 24 B Active constraint, 1 applications in industry, Active set methods, 1 government, 24 Backward chaining, 33 Activity, 1 comments on costlbenefit analysis, Backward Kolmogorov equations, 33 Activity-analysis problem, 1 17-19 Backward-recurrence time, 33 Activity level, 1 decomposition of problem into Balance equations, 33 Acyclic network, 1 hierarchy, 21 Balking, 33 Adjacency requirements formulation, eigenvector solution for weights, Banking, 33-36 facilities layout, 210 consistency, 19-20, 20t banking, 33-36 Adjacent, 1 employee evaluation hierarchy, 24 portfolio diversification, 35-36 Adjacent extreme points, 1 examples, 21-24 portfolio immunization, 34-35 Advertising, 1-2, 1-3 fundamental scale, 17, 18, 18t pricing contingent cash flows, competition, 3 hierarchic synthesis, rank, 20-21 33-34 optimal advertising policy, 2-3 pairwise comparison matrix for BarChart, 37 sales-advertising relationship, 2 levell, 21t, 22 Barrier, distance functions, 37-39 Affiliated values bidding model, 4 random consistency index, 20t modified barrier functions, 37-38 Affine-scaling algorithm, 4 ranking alternatives, 23t modified interior distance Affine transformation, 4 ranking intensities, 23t functions, 38-39 Agency theory, 4 relative measurement, 21, 21-22t, Basic feasible solution, 40 Agriculture 21-24 Basic solution, 40 crop production problems at farm structural difference between Basic vector, 40, 41 level,429 linear, nonlinear network, 18 Basis,40 food industry and, 4-6 structuring hierarchy, 20 Basis inverse, 40 natural resources, 428-429 synthesis, 23t Batch shops, 41 regional planning problems, 429 three level hierarchy, 17 Battle modeling, 41-44 AHP, 7 Animation, 24 attrition laws, 42-43 AI, 7. -
CONDITIONAL ERGODICITY in INFINITE DIMENSION∗ by Xin
CONDITIONAL ERGODICITY IN INFINITE DIMENSION∗ By Xin Thomson Tong and Ramon van Handel Princeton University The goal of this paper is to develop a general method to establish conditional ergodicity of infinite-dimensional Markov chains. Given a Markov chain in a product space, we aim to understand the ergodic properties of its conditional distributions given one of the compo- nents. Such questions play a fundamental role in the ergodic theory of nonlinear filters. In the setting of Harris chains, conditional ergod- icity has been established under general nondegeneracy assumptions. Unfortunately, Markov chains in infinite-dimensional state spaces are rarely amenable to the classical theory of Harris chains due to the sin- gularity of their transition probabilities, while topological and func- tional methods that have been developed in the ergodic theory of infinite-dimensional Markov chains are not well suited to the inves- tigation of conditional distributions. We must therefore develop new measure-theoretic tools in the ergodic theory of Markov chains that enable the investigation of conditional ergodicity for infinite dimen- sional or weak-* ergodic processes. To this end, we first develop local counterparts of zero-two laws that arise in the theory of Harris chains. These results give rise to ergodic theorems for Markov chains that ad- mit asymptotic couplings or that are locally mixing in the sense of H. F¨ollmer,and to a non-Markovian ergodic theorem for stationary ab- solutely regular sequences. We proceed to show that local ergodicity is inherited by conditioning on a nondegenerate observation process. This is used to prove stability and unique ergodicity of the nonlinear filter. -
The Generalized Join the Shortest Orbit Queue System: Stability, Exact Tail Asymptotics and Stationary Approximations
The generalized join the shortest orbit queue system: Stability, exact tail asymptotics and stationary approximations Ioannis Dimitriou∗ Department of Mathematics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece April 19, 2021 Abstract We introduce the generalized join the shortest queue model with retrials and two infinite capac- ity orbit queues. Three independent Poisson streams of jobs, namely a smart, and two dedicated streams, flow into a single server system, which can hold at most one job. Arriving jobs that find the server occupied are routed to the orbits as follows: Blocked jobs from the smart stream are routed to the shortest orbit queue, and in case of a tie, they choose an orbit randomly. Blocked jobs from the dedicated streams are routed directly to their orbits. Orbiting jobs retry to connect with the server at different retrial rates, i.e., heterogeneous orbit queues. Applications of such a system are found in the modelling of wireless cooperative networks. We are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the stationary distribution of this model, provided that the system is stable. More precisely, we investigate the conditions under which the tail asymptotic of the minimum orbit queue length is exactly geometric. Moreover, we apply a heuristic asymptotic approach to obtain approx- imations of the steady-state joint orbit queue-length distribution. Useful numerical examples are presented and shown that the results obtained through the asymptotic analysis and the heuristic approach agreed. Keywords: Generalized Join the Shortest Orbit Queue; Retrials; Exact tail asymptotics; Station- ary approximations; Stability 1 Introduction In this work, we focus on the asymptotic stationary behaviour of the generalized join the shortest orbit queue (GJSOQ) policy with retrials. -
Introduction to Queueing Theory Review on Poisson Process
Contents ELL 785–Computer Communication Networks Motivations Lecture 3 Discrete-time Markov processes Introduction to Queueing theory Review on Poisson process Continuous-time Markov processes Queueing systems 3-1 3-2 Circuit switching networks - I Circuit switching networks - II Traffic fluctuates as calls initiated & terminated Fluctuation in Trunk Occupancy Telephone calls come and go • Number of busy trunks People activity follow patterns: Mid-morning & mid-afternoon at All trunks busy, new call requests blocked • office, Evening at home, Summer vacation, etc. Outlier Days are extra busy (Mother’s Day, Christmas, ...), • disasters & other events cause surges in traffic Providing resources so Call requests always met is too expensive 1 active • Call requests met most of the time cost-effective 2 active • 3 active Switches concentrate traffic onto shared trunks: blocking of requests 4 active active will occur from time to time 5 active Trunk number Trunk 6 active active 7 active active Many Fewer lines trunks – minimize the number of trunks subject to a blocking probability 3-3 3-4 Packet switching networks - I Packet switching networks - II Statistical multiplexing Fluctuations in Packets in the System Dedicated lines involve not waiting for other users, but lines are • used inefficiently when user traffic is bursty (a) Dedicated lines A1 A2 Shared lines concentrate packets into shared line; packets buffered • (delayed) when line is not immediately available B1 B2 C1 C2 (a) Dedicated lines A1 A2 B1 B2 (b) Shared line A1 C1 B1 A2 B2 C2 C1 C2 A (b) -
Markov-Modulated and Feedback Fluid Queues
Markov-modulated and feedback fluid queues Werner Scheinhardt Faculty of Mathematical Sciences University of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands ISBN 90-3651248-4 MARKOV-MODULATED AND FEEDBACK FLUID QUEUES PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Twente, op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. F.A. van Vught, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 4 december 1998 te 15.00 uur. door Willem Richard Werner Scheinhardt geboren op 24 februari 1969 te Santiago Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor en de assistent promotor, prof. dr. ir. J.H.A. de Smit dr. ir. E.A. van Doorn Voorwoord Aan het eind van dit proefschrift gekomen, rest nog het schrijven van het begin ervan, het voorwoord. Gebruikelijk is om daarin allen te bedanken die op ´e´en of andere wijze aan de totstandkoming van het proefschrift hebben bijgedragen. Graag houd ik deze traditie in ere, en wel omdat de volgende personen dit ten volle verdienen. Uiteraard wil ik beginnen met mijn dagelijks begeleider Erik van Doorn hartelijk te bedanken voor zijn inzet en enthousiasme. Van v´o´or het eerste sollicitatiegesprek tot na het laatste 2-teken was hij intensief betrokken bij mijn doen en laten. Een belangrijk deel van het onderzoek in dit proefschrift is in samenwerking met hem tot stand gekomen. Ook de samenwerking met Dick Kroese was aangenaam en productief. Hij wist vaak antwoorden die ik zelf niet zou hebben gevonden, en leerde mij omgaan met het symbolisch manipulatie-pakket \Mathematica", dat heel wat \tiresome analysis" heeft uitgevoerd. -
Handling Decisions and Traffic Dependencies in Layered
Handling Decisions and Traffic Dependencies in Layered Queueing Networks by Lianhua Li, B.A.Eng., M.Sc. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Computer Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario, Canada c 2016 Lianhua Li ii Abstract A Layered Queueing Network (LQN) is a recognized performance modelling technique for performance prediction and evaluation of distributed systems. However, at present LQNs do not handle models with state-based behaviour such as timeouts and aborts, called ‘decisions’ here. This research extends LQNs by incorporating decisions into the model. The XML input language used to describe LQNs has been extended to handle these decisions. Both the LQN simulator, lqsim, and analytic solver, lqns, were then modified to solve models with decisions. The analytic solver uses decomposition and mean value analysis to solve models. Unfortunately, mean value analysis cannot be used to solve models with state-based behaviour. To overcome this limitation, a new approach called Dynamic Parameter Substitution (DPS) is used where intermediate results found while solving the model are used to alter the input parameters for subsequent iterations of the solution. To accomplish this goal, Layered Queueing eXperiment (LQX) language functions were derived to handle timeout and retry decisions and to handle fair-share queueing. The results from solving models using DPS were compared to results found from hybrid modelling, simulation, and where feasible, Petri nets. This research also improves the accuracy of the LQN analytic solver when solv- ing models with traffic dependencies, namely interlocking and sub-chain dependent behaviour. -
On the Solution of Cooperating Stochastic Models
Scuola Dottorale di Ateneo Graduate School Dottorato di ricerca in Informatica Ciclo XXVI Anno di discussione 2013 On the Solution of Cooperating Stochastic Models SETTORE SCIENTIFICO DISCIPLINARE DI AFFERENZA: INF/01 Tesi di Dottorato di Gian-Luca Dei Rossi, matricola 955834 Coordinatore del Dottorato Tutore del Dottorando Prof. Riccardo Focardi Prof.ssa Simonetta Balsamo To the future readers of this thesis, for their patience. Abstract Stochastic models are widely used in the performance evaluation community. In particular, Markov processes, and more precisely, Continuous Time Markov Chains (CTMCs), often serve as underlying stochastic processes for models written in higher-level formalisms, such as Queueing Networks, Stochastic Petri Nets and Stochastic Process Algebras. While compositionality, i.e., the ability to express a complex model as a combination of simpler components, is a key feature of most of those formalisms, CTMCs, by themselves, don't allow for mechanisms to ex- press the interaction with other CTMCs. In order to mitigate this problem various lower-level formalisms have been proposed in literature, e.g., Stochastic Automata Networks (SANs) [146], Communicating Markov Processes [46], Interactive Markov chains [100] and the labelled transition systems derived from PEPA models [101]. However, while the compositionality of those formalism is a useful property which makes the modelling phase easier, exploiting it to get solutions more efficiently is a non-trivial task. Ideally one should be able to either detect a product-form solution and analyse the components in isolation or, if a product form cannot be detected, use other techniques to reduce the complexity of the solution, e.g., reducing the state space of either the single components or the joint process. -
EUROPEAN CONFERENCE on QUEUEING THEORY 2016 Urtzi Ayesta, Marko Boon, Balakrishna Prabhu, Rhonda Righter, Maaike Verloop
EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON QUEUEING THEORY 2016 Urtzi Ayesta, Marko Boon, Balakrishna Prabhu, Rhonda Righter, Maaike Verloop To cite this version: Urtzi Ayesta, Marko Boon, Balakrishna Prabhu, Rhonda Righter, Maaike Verloop. EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON QUEUEING THEORY 2016. Jul 2016, Toulouse, France. 72p, 2016. hal- 01368218 HAL Id: hal-01368218 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01368218 Submitted on 19 Sep 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON QUEUEING THEORY 2016 Toulouse July 18 – 20, 2016 Booklet edited by Urtzi Ayesta LAAS-CNRS, France Marko Boon Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands‘ Balakrishna Prabhu LAAS-CNRS, France Rhonda Righter UC Berkeley, USA Maaike Verloop IRIT-CNRS, France 2 Contents 1 Welcome Address 4 2 Organization 5 3 Sponsors 7 4 Program at a Glance 8 5 Plenaries 11 6 Takács Award 13 7 Social Events 15 8 Sessions 16 9 Abstracts 24 10 Author Index 71 3 1 Welcome Address Dear Participant, It is our pleasure to welcome you to the second edition of the European Conference on Queueing Theory (ECQT) to be held from the 18th to the 20th of July 2016 at the engineering school ENSEEIHT in Toulouse.