Outer North East Consortium

Historic Settlement Study Outer North East

Outer North East Consortium

Historic Settlement Study Leeds Outer North East

m b Heritage & Planning Ltd Leeds

E: [email protected]

m b Heritage & Planning Ltd : Registered in 06873383 HISTORIC SETTLEMENT STUDY LEEDS OUTER NORTH EAST AUGUST 2017

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 This Study report, prepared on behalf of the Outer North East Consortium, sets out a desk- based summary of the historic development of a number of settlements falling within the Outer North East area of Leeds and identifies key built heritage assets, designated and non- designated which may influence or constrain future potential housing development. Six settlements are reviewed and comprise:

§ § Bramham § Collingham § Bardsey-cum-Rigton § Barwick-in-Elmet § Scholes

1.2 Baseline data on historic development and the identification of designated heritage assets has been informed by reference to the following sources:

§ The National Heritage List for England (NHLE) § The National Record for the Historic Environment/National Monuments Record (NRHE/NMR) § The Heritage Gateway online resource § The West Historic Landscape Characterisation Project - Archaeology Advisory Service (January 2017) § Conservation Area Appraisals and Management Plans § Historic Ordnance Survey (OS) mapping record

1.3 The summaries provided below are essentially ‘snap-shot’ overviews of historic settlement morphology and principal designated heritage assets that may be affected by future development proposals. It identifies areas to the urban fringes of the study settlements where potentially significant effects upon the historic environment are anticipated, for example where development would impact upon significant or positive elements within the setting of a heritage asset or where development would lead to the coalescence of historic settlements. It is intended as an initial broad baseline to inform more detailed site-specific

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studies for each settlement. The archaeological potential of land falling within the setting of the study areas is not considered in detail within this report.

1.4 The Study report is intended to inform future representations by the Outer North East Consortium with regard to the Leeds City Council Site Allocations Plan Revised Publication Draft Outer North East (May 2017).

1.5 For the six study settlements a sensitivity map has been produced to indicate areas where development may potentially impact upon the significance of one or more heritage assets, including conservation areas and their setting. Where potential development sites fall within these areas further more detailed study is recommended in order to fully understand the nature and extent of impacts upon the built historic environment. This current study does not consider potential site allocations.

1.6 The Assessment set out below is desk-based and undertaken at a high level predominantly focussing upon potential development constraints arising from designated heritage assets. Given this, the assessment and accompanying maps, should not influence the determination of future planning applications within or adjoining the study settlements where more detailed studies will be required.

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2.0 SETTLEMENT STUDIES

BOSTON SPA Historical Development 2.1 Some evidence of Iron Age and Roman period activity in the area around the existing settlement does exist and Roman Road number 280, now known as Rudgate ran to the east of Boston Spa close to the Roman fort at Newton Kyme.

2.2 Unlike settlement at nearby Clifford and Thorpe Arch, both of which evidence medieval foundation, Boston Spa itself is not of ancient origin and emerged as a spa during the mid-18th century. Originally known as Boston and falling within Clifford Township the Spa name extension was added during the 19th century. Prior to settlement the land on which the town is now situated formed part of the open field system connected with Clifford. The lanes of Church Street, Clifford Road and Clifford Moor Road mark the edges of the former field system and land between the fields and the River Wharf, known as Oxclose was used as common grazing land.

2.3 The spa was discovered by a farm labourer, John Shires, in 1744. Joseph Taite constructed the first house, the Royal Hotel, for the accommodation of visitors in 1753 and in 1767 a pump was fitted to the spring. Following this people were charged for access to the spa water and the town began to develop as a spa resort. A second hotel, The Terrace, was built in 1788 and during the late 18th and early 19th centuries buildings, both for visitors and residents, were constructed along the High Street.

2.4 Growth continued throughout the 19th century with a mix of villa development and high status terraced rows contrasting with simpler dwellings built for working-class families, many employed as servants to the wealthier families. The latter were constructed in linear strips along lanes leading off the High Street and set away from the grander residences within the village. The 1842 Clifford cum Boston tithe plan and the 1849 OS map (surveyed 1846-47) confirm the predominantly linear form of development along the High Street with development extending along lanes off the main Street, most notably along Church Street (west side) and the northern section of Clifford Street. The majority of development falls to the south of the High Street notable exceptions being the Boston Spa, Spa Lane Baths, St.

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Kits House and St. Mary’s Church. The land between the High Street and River retains evidence of the historic field enclosure patterns.

2.5 By the mid-19th century the popularity of the spa town began to decline reflected in the bankruptcy of one of the town’s spa companies. Development did however continue during the latter half of the 19th century with suburban growth stimulated in part by the construction of the Railway Station in 1848 (the rail line was closed in 1964). This development included additional villa and town house development along with civic development including chapels and Sunday schools. The linear form of settlement continues during this period and is shown on the 1894 OS map and remains largely intact through the early part of the 20th century.

2.6 The 1938 OS map highlights the sub-urban expansion of the settlement and the erosion of the linear patterns of historic development and gradual loss of historic field divisions surrounding the 18th and 19th core. By 1938 residential estate development has taken place around Boston Grove to the south-east of the settlement and smaller pockets of development can be seen to the north side of the Main Street around Lynton Avenue and Pine Tree Avenue. To the south continuing linear development along Clifford Road, in the form of detached and semi-detached plots, is evident.

2.7 The construction of the Thorp Arch munitions factory during World War II in around 1940 provided a further stimulus to growth with incoming factory workers, many of whom were housed in Boston Spa. The West End estate to the north of Boston Lodge and High Street West was constructed during this period, originally as an accommodation camp consisting of pre-fabricated housing. The 1958 OS map also shows estate development within the grounds of Chesnut Grove House, this originally being an RAF camp. The later 20th century saw the rapid expansion with substantial housing development to the west of the settlement and south of the High Street around Clifford Moor Road and north of Primrose Lane. Further development to the east has included estate development around Lonsdale Meadows and River View and more recently the Church Fields development to the north of the High Street.

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Principal Heritage Assets 2.8 The majority of designated heritage assets recorded on the National Heritage List for England (NHLE) relate to buildings and structures comprising the linear development of Boston Spa during the 18th and 19th century along the High Street and extending along Bridge Road towards Thorp Arch to the north. These are all listed buildings, Grade II, and include residential and commercial developments along the High Street and 19th century villa development set back from the road and originally in extended grounds. Religious and civic buildings are also listed and include significant landmark or gateway buildings such as the Church of St. Mary the Virgin (list entry number 1299362, Grade II). A number of buildings to the north of the are also notable given visual prominence and landmark qualities. These include buildings and land associated with Thorpe Arch Mill (list entry numbers 13113486 and 1319990, Grade II) and Thorpe Arch Hall (list entry number 1116216, Grade II*).

2.9 The Boston Spa Conservation Area was designated in 1969 and originally extended to take in land and buildings falling within Thorp Arch. The boundaries were reviewed in 2009 and split into two conservation areas following parish boundary lines. The extent of the Boston Spa area was also amended to exclude areas of post-1969 residential development and extended west to include the West End and eastward along the High Street towards the western edge of Firgreen Beck. Coinciding with the review of the conservation area in 2009 the Council published the Boston Spa Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan.

2.10 The Appraisal notes the linear form of settlement, running either side of the A659/High Street and parallel to the River Wharfe. The central point within the historic core is at the junction of High Street with Bridge Road. It notes strip forms of development off the High Street following historic strip field patterns and tracks/footways. This character is however disrupted by post-war development that tends to be suburban in character and layout.

2.11 The Appraisal identifies three significant gateway points into and out from the conservation area these being at the western edge of the conservation area on High Street near its junction with Clifford Moor Road, to the south at the junction with Primrose Lane and Church Street and at the east approach along the High Street. A number of significant views, taking in landmarks or rural landscape, are also identified:

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§ View north and east from the River Wharfe corridor which take in the open landscape to the west and east of Thorp Arch, including the parkland setting to Thorp Arch Hall § Views across Church Field to the north available from the High Street although now diminished following residential development § Views from the Church towards Thorp Arch Hall and dynamic linear views of the Church along the High Street § Views of the open agricultural landscape available from Leys Lane and Deepdale Lane to the west of the settlement. § South-westerly views from the junction of Primrose Lane with Church Street onto agricultural landscape and more directly to the south allowing views onto the tower of Clifford Church (Roman Catholic Church of St. Edward, list entry number 1313483, Grade II). Additional southward views onto open landscape are also identified to the east of the settlement from High Street and from the junction of Grove Road with Green Lane.

Potential Development 2.12 The northern edges of settlement within Boston Spa are defined by the extent of the conservation area and provide comparatively open aspects and significant views onto the surrounding rural landscape. Much of this landscape falls within the Thorp Arch Conservation Area and the visual inter-relationship and spatial separation of the two settlements remains significant. These areas of land to the north of the River Wharf can therefore be considered highly sensitive to new development through direct and indirect impacts upon both conservation areas and individual heritage assets.

2.13 The eastern and western extent of the Boston Spa Conservation Area adjoins open landscape and includes significant gateways into the historic core of the settlement. Whilst much of the development to the outer edges of the area is related to the early-mid 20th century suburban expansion of the settlement the visual connectivity with this landscape remains significant and any development would need to maintain this sense of openness and seek to reinforce and enhance existing gateways.

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2.14 Later 20th century estate development to the south of the settlement has tended to detach the historic core from its historic rural hinterland although more direct views to the south, particularly those taking in views of the Clifford parish church tower are significant. Overall land falling to the south of the settlement is of lower sensitivity given distancing from the conservation area and from principal designated heritage assets. It will however be important to avoid coalescence with settlement in Clifford and it is notable that the boundaries of the Clifford Conservation Area extend westwards from the church along High Street and take in the southern section of Cinder Lane. Views northwards from the High Street and grounds of the church are significant in evidencing the agrarian foundations of settlement and in providing visual separation between the two settlements.

BRAMHAM Historical Development 2.15 Early settlement within and around Bramham is evidenced by relatively extensive evidence of Iron Age and Roman/Romano-British settlement in the form of earthwork enclosures, ditches, trackways and field boundaries to the west and south. These include Iron Age/Roman field systems to the west of the settlement (NRHE monument number 1399065) and south-east (NRHE 1399149) showing as extensive crop markings on aerial photography. The settlement is situated at the crossroads of two Roman Roads, the Great North Road (broadly aligning with the A1 by-pass to the west) and the road from to running on an east-west alignment. A small settlement may have been based at the crossroads broadly in the location of the war memorial and there is some evidence that the oval shape of the churchyard is derived from an earlier Roman period church.

2.16 Bramham is recorded in Domesday as Braham and developed in a radial or nucleated pattern around the war memorial crossroads of Bowcliffe Road, Tenter Hill and Town Hill and extending northwards along the line of Front Street and to the east towards All Saints church. Evidence of medieval agrarian settlement is recorded in the form of ridge and furrow crop marks seen as earthworks on aerial photography to the east of the settlement (NRHE 1398948) and a series of lynchets identified to the north, north of the Old Hall. The 1843 Tithe map and first edition OS map, published in 1849 confirm the radial focus of settlement around the location of the present war memorial with development extending westwards

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and evidences medieval ‘toft and croft’ patterns of building to the north and south of the High Street and suggests retained burgage plots to the west of the settlement.

2.17 The 1849 OS map indicates the construction of a number of high status houses set within formally landscaped grounds that had a strong influence on the setting of the settlement during the 18th and early 19th century. These included Bowcliffe Hall (1805) and Bramham Park (1700-1710) to the west of the settlement and A1, Bramham House (1806) and Bramham Lodge (early 19th century) to the south and The Old Hall (dated 1681 but remodelled during the late 18th century) to the north. The formal landscaped grounds and parkland settings to these houses clearly influenced and constrained the form of settlement growth during the 19th and 20th century and tended to direct development towards the north-west.

2.18 The 20th century residential expansion of Bramham occurred relatively late, during the latter half of the 20th century with little inter-war period building. The 1952 OS map indicates the commencement of residential estate development to the north-west around Lyndon Avenue and Croft Road and this continued to the west and east of Road. Later developments to the west of Front Street and around Folly Lane have eroded the historic patterns of plot development and, along with development to the east of churchyard, has tended to enclose the historic core of settlement. The construction and upgrading of the A1 by-pass during the late 20th and early 21st century provides a clear physical and visual boundary to the western edge of the settlement.

Principal Heritage Assets 2.19 The NHLE holds relatively few records of designated heritage assets falling within the historic core of Bramham. The Church of All Saints (list entry number 1313180, Grade II*) is a key landmark on Vicarage Lane and was founded in the 12th century and the former ‘grand houses’ of Old Hall House (list entry number 1135631, Grade II) and Bramham Lodge (list entry number 1313174, Grade II) with retained landscaped grounds are significant buildings to the north and south edges of the settlement. Evidence of the agrarian basis of settlement is retained within the main built up area with listed buildings such as Manor House (list entry number 1200537, Grade II) and Heygate Farmhouse (list entry number 1135645, Grade II) to

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the south of High Street. To the north the tower remains of an 18th century windmill (list entry number 1200606, Grade II) is notable at the settlement edge.

2.20 A number of significant designated assets are located to the west and south-west of the A1 corridor. These include Bowcliffe Hall (list entry number 1135644, Grade II) and Bramham Park house (list entry 1135635, Grade I). The extensive parkland associated with the main house is also a Grade I registered park and garden (list entry number 1000546), Both residences have a number of associated listed buildings and structures falling within their grounds.

2.21 The Bramham Conservation Area was designated in 1975 and takes in the historic core of settlement along with areas of open space falling to the south. The boundary of the area was reviewed in 2010 and extended to include the area of lynchet earthworks to the north of the settlement and to the south to take in Bowcliffe Farmhouse and Old Fox Cottage. The western boundary of the area is defined by the A1 corridor and to the east by Road. To the north the later 20th century residential development around and to the west Clifford Road is excluded. Areas of 20th century residential development are included around Folly Lane and Milnthorpe Way.

2.22 The Council’s Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan was published in 2010. It notes the radial pattern of historic development and the unified character of the historic core. The significance of open spaces around Bramham House and Bramham Lodge is noted along with the more formal settings provided by Bramham Park and Biggin Park to the west and south-west. The parish church and war memorial are identified as landmark structures. A number of key long and short range views are identified into and from the conservation area:

§ Long range views towards the conservation area from Windmill Lane from elevated ground taking in the historic core of settlement and parkland of Bramham Park beyond § Long distance views out from the conservation area along Headley Lane taking in the agricultural landscape.

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§ Long distance views towards the conservation area along Clifford Road from the existing settlement edge and from the A1 corridor to the north-west § Long distance views towards and from the conservation area along Bowcliffe Road. § Internal short distance views including those taking in the parish church

Development Potential 2.23 It is notable the extent to which post-medieval development has been influenced by the parkland and garden settings of the high status houses at Bramham Park, Bowcliffe Hall, Bramham House, Bramham Lodge and the Old Hall. Its seems evident that the location of these houses was a major influence on the 20th century expansion of Boston Spa to the north-west. The historic extent of settlement, notwithstanding later development, remains evidenced by the visual and physical boundary formed by Aberford Road to the east and the connection with the historic agricultural landscape is important to the setting of the conservation area. Views from elevated ground to the north along Windmill Road provide important views taking in the village core with Bramham Park beyond. Areas of open agricultural land contribute positively to the setting of the conservation area and the boundary extends to the north taking in areas of woodland to the west of Windmill Road. To the east the A1 corridor provides a clear boundary to the extent of settlement and the land beyond contains significant areas of parkland at Biggin Park and the registered Bramham Park.

2.24 To the north-west the historic core of the settlement has become detached from its historic agricultural hinterland and no significant views are identified towards and from the conservation area which would be impacted by development. These areas are therefore of low sensitivity in terms of potential impacts although regard should be had to the proximity of the Clifford Conservation Area to the north.

COLLINGHAM Historic Development 2.25 Whilst Collingham does not appear to be directly referenced in the Domesday survey evidence of prehistoric and Roman/Roman-British occupation in the area has been recorded. These include prehistoric enclosures and pits evidenced as crop markings on aerial photographs to the south east of the settlement (NRHE 1377778), a similar period enclosure

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ditch and tracking to the south-east (NHRE 1377881) and possible Iron Age or Roman trackway and enclosure to the north (NRHE 1377900). A number of pre-Conquest cross fragment finds within the grounds of the Church of St. Oswald, dating to the 9th and 10th century (NMR SE 34 N 3) confirm an early medieval foundation with a focus of development likely around the site of the Church and extending along Church Lane to the west.

2.26 Jeffrey’s map of 1775 confirms a linear character to development with buildings arranged around Main Street and Church Lane extending westwards from the Church. The first edition OS map, published in 1847, indicates two strands of development focused around the two streets with burgage plots indicated to the south of Main Street and extending to Back Lane, the present School Lane. St. Oswald’s Church retains a relatively isolated position to the north-east and to the west Beck House and Collingham Mill with mill dam are notable.

2.27 Colliingham rail station was opened in 1866 (closed and dismantled in 1966) to the north- east of the main settlement although only limited expansion of the settlement around the station is evidenced by the time of the 1894 OS map. Significant sub-urban expansion did take place during the early 20th century and the inter-war period as the popularity of the village as a commuter centre for both Leeds and Wetherby grew. This included residential development along The Avenue to the north of the rail line, Road to the west and to the south with linear plot developments on Garth End, Brookside and Crabtree Hill. Suburban growth continued throughout the 20th century extending the settlement to the west and south-west along Harewood Road and the A58 and to the south around Hollybush Green. Development to the north and north-east towards the River Wharfe has been more limited with little change indicated on the historic mapping record.

Principal Heritage Assets 2.28 The NHLE identifies only 4 designated heritage assets falling within the main built up area of Collingham. These include the Church of St. Oswald (list entry number 1225846, Grade II*) to the west and retained evidence of the agrarian basis of settlement in the form of Manor House Barn (list entry number 1225888). The crossing of River Wharfe at Linton Bridge is Grade II listed (list entry number 1225848) as is the bridge over Collingham Beck (list entry number 1266154) to the west of the historic core. To the south-east of the settlement is one

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scheduled monument comprising the Dalton Parlours Roman Villa and Iron Age Settlement (list entry number 1017560).

2.29 The Collingham Conservation Area was designated in 2009 and its boundary takes in the historic core of medieval and early modern period settlement extending along Church Lane and Main Street and taking in areas of open space to the north-east around the Church and Linton Bridge. The Council’s Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan, adopted in 2009 notes the significance of retained street patterns, historic structures including the focal point of St. Oswald’s Church, and of surrounding countryside and open green spaces particularly Glebe Field and Orchard Garden. The boundary of Linton Conservation Area adjoins the boundary of the Collingham designation to the north-east.

2.30 The Appraisal notes significant gateways into the conservation area from the west and east and identifies amongst others, St. Oswald’s Church as a key landmark structure. A number of important views are identified although these are inward looking along significant street views rather than outward onto the wider setting of the area. Collingham Beck and the former rail embankment are identified as significant green corridors and pedestrian routes.

2.31 The boundaries of the Linton Conservation Area (designated in 1981) extend south of the historic linear core of the settlement to take in the River Wharf and Linton Bridge. The Bridge crossing is identified as an important gateway into the village.

Development Potential 2.32 Much of the historic core of settlement within Collingham has been enclosed by later 20th century suburban expansion to the west and south of the settlement. Areas to the east and north-east retain greater integrity and connectivity with the historic agricultural landscape and these areas contribute positively to the setting of both the conservation area and St. Oswalds Church along with the setting of Linton Conservation Area to the north. These areas will therefore be highly sensitive in terms of potential development opportunities.

2.33 Areas to the west and south will be less sensitive to potential heritage impacts given visual and physical separation from the historic core and conservation area. Field patterns, particularly to the west reflect later post-medieval agglomeration although irregular field

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divisions to south, possibly reflecting edges of earlier woodland, retain greater integrity. Development to the west will tend to reinforce the linear form of development during the 20th century.

BARDSEY-CUM-RIGTON Historic Development 2.34 Extensive evidence of settlement and activity during the Iron Age and Roman periods has been recorded within the vicinity of Bardsey. This includes five enclosures (one prehistoric), pit, field boundaries and ditch identified from aerial photography and located to the south of the settlement (NHRE 1375885) and field system, enclosures, ditches and pits to the west near Wike Lane. Evidence of a Bronze Age burial mound has also been suggested from underlying landscape to the east of East Rigton Farm.

2.35 The current settlement has Anglo-Saxon origins with All Hallows Church incorporating a tower dating to between 850-950AD and likely providing the focus for early settlement. The village is referenced in Domesday as Berdesei although this may reference a possible earlier settlement around Bardsey Hill. The remains of a 12th century motte and bailey castle, thought to have been constructed by Adam de Bruce, survives as earthworks located to the north of the church at Castle Hill. The lands and manor of Bardsey were granted to Abbey and remained in its ownership until dissolution of 1539. A manorial survey of 1735 shows a sparse low density pattern of development with a small group of houses shown along Church Lane and to the west around Smithy Lane. Bardsey Grange is shown to the north of Castle Hill and dates to around 1717 and may have formed the site of the manorial corn mill although the current building dates to the 18th or 19th century. The map shows East Rigton as having a more nucleated pattern focused around a large village green and evidencing ‘toft and croft’ patterns of development.

2.36 Mapping from the mid-19th century confirms a dispersed pattern of development within Bardsey with limited development along Church Lane and Woodacre Lane extending west and south from the Church. A detached nucleated cluster of development is shown at Bardsey Hill to the south. Both the 1845 Tithe plan and first edition OS map, published in 1849, confirm a continuing small scale agricultural economy with little sign of industrial activity throughout the 19th century. Some stimulus to growth was provided by the opening

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of the turnpike road between Leeds and Wetherby, aligned with the current A58 , and the opening of a rail station at Bardsey in 1877. This encouraged some small scale commuter growth with a number of residential properties built to the west of Arms, on Tithe Barn Lane and to the south west of Church Lane.

2.37 The inter-war period expansion of Bardsey and East Rigton was more substantial as the popularity of the settlement for commuters increased. Significant estate development took place along Margaret Avenue and Wood Lane and continued north around Keswick Lane, the Drive and Bankfield. A further significant inter-war estate development took place around Woodacre Crescent to the west of Castle Hill. Further developments during the 20th century have taken place to the south of Church Lane on Bingley Bank and around the site of Bardsey Grange on Cornmill Lane. Bardsey primary school was constructed in the mid-20th century on Woodacre Lane to the north of the settlement. The 20th century expansion effectively conjoined the historically separate settlements of Bardsey and East Rigton.

Principal Heritage Assets 2.38 The NHLE holds a number of records relating to the medieval and later 17th, 18th and 19th century development of settlement within Bardsey and East Rigton. The Castle Hill motte and bailey castle is a scheduled monument (list entry 1012774) extending north from the settlement edge. Immediately to the north of Castle Hill is Bardsey Grange (list entry number 1135656) and associated barn, granary and cowhouse. Within the historic core of Bardsey the Church of All Hallows is Grade I listed (list entry number 1135652) and the Bingley Arms (list entry number 1313185) is situated at the edge of the mid-19th century extent of settlement. The eastern edge of East Rigton retains evidence of its agrarian foundations in the form of East Rigton Farmhouse (list entry 1135658, Grade II).

2.39 The Bardsey-cum-Rigton Conservation Area was designated in 1975, initially taking in the extent of historic settlement in Bardsey, and was extended in 2009 to include East Rigton as a separately bounded area and to include areas of inter-war housing at Woodacre Crescent and Wayside Gardens, the latter an outlying estate to the south. The boundary was also extended north to include the Bardsey Primary School and Village Hall.

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2.40 The Council’s Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan was published in 2009. It notes that the village cores of East Rigton and Bardsey retain a distinct rural character with contrasting patterns of historical development. Bardsey centres on All Hallows Church with a pattern of dispersed settlement, including historically isolated cottages and farmsteads located to the southwest including the cluster of buildings around a green at Bardsey Hill. East Rigton centres on a number of greens with two large farm complexes. The early 20th century suburban development of the settlements is also noted as part of the special interest of the conservation area and includes Woodacre Crescent and Wayside Gardens incorporating mock-Tudor and Arts and Crafts styles.

2.41 The Appraisal notes the strong sense of enclosure of the historic core of Bardsey created by its location at the valley floor with rising land to the north, south and west providing separation from surrounding development. The valley topography does however allow for longer distance views from the valley sides that take in the wider settlement form. East Rigton is set on higher ground with a flatter terrain and historic core focused on the village green. The Appraisal provides a summary a key views and landmarks within the conservation area:

§ The Church and its tower is the principal landmark within the village § Long distance and wide ranging views from higher ground on Smithy Lane and Tithe Barn Lane taking in the Church tower and wooded valley sides towards Gill Beck § Views available across the valley from Woodacre Lane north-east across East Rigton and vice versa § Views from Rigton Bank west § Views around and in approaches to the village greens which provide focal points for the wider settlement § General views out to surrounding agricultural land and woodland. These include views from the eastern edge of East Rigton, from Castle Hill towards the north and from the public right of way network to the south of the settlement

Development Potential 2.42 It is clear that, given the extended nature of the conservation area boundaries, including the separately bound area of East Rigton, further development within and adjoining the

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settlement will need to carefully consider impacts upon setting. This consideration should include assessment of potential affects upon longer distance views and vistas from and towards the valley sides include highly sensitive views that take in the Church tower. The setting of Castle Hill, including views over agricultural land to the north, are significant and a number of areas of open land are important in maintaining separation between distinct built elements. This includes the separation between Bardsey and Bardsey Hill and between the historic core of East Rigton and later residential estate development. The retention of agricultural land to the east of East Rigton also provides evidential value of the agrarian basis of settlement emphasised by the comparative isolation of the Rigton and East Rigton farmsteads at the edge of the village.

2.43 The northern extent of the settlement around Keswick Lane and Wetherby Road is less constrained by heritage issues although the setting of both Castle Hill and the conservation area will influence the scale of potential development. Development will also need to prevent the coalescence of settlement with East Kewick, a nucleated settlement to the north-west. The comparative isolation of the Wayside Gardens estate to the south is of note and may allow consideration of potential for better integration with the main settlement although the openness to the setting of the conservation area to the south of All Hallows Church will be a key consideration. A further constraint will relate to the need to retain separation between the built up areas of Bardsey and .

BARWICK-IN-ELMET Historic Development 2.44 Early evidence of settlement within Barwick-in-Elmet is provided by the remains of an univallate Iron Age hill fort which originally enclosed the tops of Wendal Hill and Hall Tower Hill, extending to an area of 6.1 hectares. The hill fort is one of the largest in northern England and is a scheduled ancient monument. The fort may have been the stronghold of the Kingdom of Elmet following the Roman period. A 12th century motte and bailey castle built by the de Lacy family was constructed within the extent of the fort on Hall Tower Hill. Further evidence of Iron Age and Roman period settlement has been recorded to the east of the settlement comprising crop markings indicating field systems, ditches and enclosures (NHRE 1401273, NHRE 1401300).

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2.45 Post Conquest the medieval layout of Barwick was linear in character exhibiting a toft and croft arrangement extending south to the west side of Main Street, north along The Boyle and east along the line of the present day Aberford Road. The remains of a medieval cross base (NRHE 52852) survive at the northern end of Main Street and evidence of an extensive field system around the settlement is retained in the form of ridge and furrow earthworks to the south-east and east.

2.46 Very limited post-medieval industrial activity is evident in Barwick beyond areas of local limestone quarrying although a large area of coal extraction, undertaken by the Gasgcoine family, did take place around 2km to the south around Moor and was operated by the colliery company. The impact of this does though appear to have been limited and no purpose built worker accommodation was constructed within the village.

2.47 The first edition OS map, published in 1849, confirms the relatively small scale and contained nature of settlement with the toft and croft patterns of development remaining evident along Main Street, extending to Back Lane and as strip fields to the west. A cluster of development is apparent around All Saints Church and a Wesleyan Chapel to the east of the village. The medieval field patterns set behind development on The Boyle is also apparent around the Wendal Hill area. Very little change is indicated on late 19th and early 20th century mapping although by the time of the publication of the 1938 OS map new plot developments of housing can be seen to the south of All Saints Church along Chapel Lane and along Barwick Road to the south of the settlement. The beginning of the fragmentation of the field patterns to the west of Main Street is also apparent with residential plot development beginning to take place along the Back Lane.

2.48 Inter-war development was however relatively small scale and even by the time of 1950s mapping the village remained relatively contained and small scale. Post 1950s suburban development was however more pronounced with the largest being that of the Flats Lane estate extending to the west and east of Long Lane. Further estate development took place along and to the west of Elmwood Lane (previously Back Lane), north of Leeds Road and largely removing evidence of the former crofts. Smaller scale estate development also took place to the south of Aberford Road and along Potterton Lane to the north. Areas around the Church and The Boyle remain relatively unchanged although a number of piecemeal

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developments can be seen around Rakehill Road and at the foot of Tower Hill and Wendal Hill

Principal Heritage Assets 2.49 The NHLE records five listed buildings falling within the settlement. These include the Church of All Saints (list entry number 1357161, Grade II*), the medieval cross base and war memorial (list entry number 1357446, Grade II) and elements of the linear development along the west side of Main Street including Lime Trees Farmhouse (list entry number 1065981, Grade II) and Elmwood House (list entry number 1065980, Grade II). The Barwick in Elmet univallate hillfort and motte and bailey castle are recorded as a scheduled monument (list entry 1010924) comprising two bounded areas around Tower Hill and Wendal Hill.

2.50 A number of designated assets are also recorded on the NHLE to the north and north-east of Barwick and include the scheduled monuments of the deserted medieval village of Potterton (list entry number 1005780) and the linear earthworks of Becca Banks, forming part of the Aberford Dyke system (list entry number 1016951).

2.51 The Barwick-in-Elmet Conservation Area was designated by the Council in 1981 with minor boundary revisions and review undertaken in 2010. The boundary of the area extends from the north, taking in the setting of Tower Hill and Wendal Hill, along Main Street and is bounded for much of its western extent by Elmwood Lane defining the edges of the former burgage plots divisions. The southern boundary adjoins the junction of Main Street with Leeds Road and to the east adjoins Welfare Avenue, taking in areas of open space to the east of Main Street and extending northwards to take in the Church and grounds.

2.52 The Council’s Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan was published in 2010. It notes the significance of the retained evidence of the Iron Age hill fort and motte and bailey castle and of the planned medieval expansion of the settlement along Main Street and The Boyle. The Appraisal identifies a number of key landmarks including Tower Hill/Wendal Hill, the Church and the perceived village centre marked by a tall maypole. Principal gateways are identified at the edges of the area on Aberford Road to the east, Potterton Lane to the north and the junction of The Boyle with Rakehill Lane to the north-west.

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2.53 The majority of significant views, reflecting the extent of enclosure of the historic settlement by later suburban development, are progressive in nature and internal to the conservation area along streets and terminating on landmark structures and destination points. Significant longer distance and elevated views are however identified from the northern sections of the conservation area and from Tower Hill where important views are identified over the wider landscape to the west, north and east.

Potential Development 2.54 Whilst much of the historic core of settlement within Barwick has been enclosed by later 20th century suburban development it remains well evidenced to the north and north-west where connectivity with the wider historic landscape is retained. This along with the importance of the setting of the scheduled monument and available views from Tower Hill mean these areas will be highly sensitive the new development. The openness to the setting of the Church and views of the Church tower in approaches along Aberford Road from the east will also constrain development given potential impact upon the setting of the conservation area and the character of the gateway approach. Limited development along to the east side of Potterton Lane, reflecting the linear form of development to the west side can potentially be accommodated with limited impact.

2.55 Areas of land to the south and south-west of the settlement are relatively unconstrained by designated heritage assets and development will have little influence upon the historic core of the settlement given the extent of intervening suburban estate development. Any development to the north side of Leeds Road should however respond to potential interaction with views from Tower Hill although this would not be likely to raise in principle objections on built heritage grounds subject to layout and scale considerations.

SCHOLES Historic Development 2.56 There is no evidence of prehistoric or Romano-British period settlement in the location of the current village although a number of records do indicate activity within the wider area. These records primarily relate to interpretation of crop markings indicated on air photography. They include Iron Age/Roman rectilinear enclosures to the south of the village

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(NRHE 1386249), prehistoric/Roman ring ditch to the north-west (NRHE 1386208), prehistoric curvilinear enclosure to the north (NRHE 1386247) and evidence of an Iron Age/Roman double ditched enclosure, macula, pits and field boundaries to the east (NHRE 1386295).

2.57 Scholes is not referenced in the Domesday survey and likely formed part of the land held by Ilbert de Lacy during the post-Conquest period. Settlement likely emerged on an agrarian basis developing into a manorial complex by the 14th century. Nine tenants are recorded in a survey of 1341 and settlement fell within the wider Scholes Park which was used for hunting, grazing, coppicing and timber supply (Leeds City Council 2011). The moated site of the former manorial manor house is evidenced by earthwork remains located to the south of Main Street and bisected by the Leeds Road (NRHE 52849). The earthwork remains of the moated site is annotated on OS mapping through the 19th and 20th centuries. The former Manor House appears to have been demolished during the 17th century.

2.58 Further evidence of medieval settlement can be seen in the form of retained strip field patterns, including ridge and furrow, to the north side of Main Street. Jeffery’s Map of Yorkshire 1775 and the later first edition OS map, published 1849, suggest a dispersed linear pattern of development to the north and south of Main Street. The opening of the railway to the north-west of the settlement (closed in 1964), along with the construction of a brick and tile works, provided some stimulus to development although even by the time of the 1894 OS map the settlement remains small scale. Some expansions is indicated with the construction of the first St. Phillip’s Church in around 1875, later the village hall, and a Methodist Chapel, circa 1879. The present St. Phillip’s Church was constructed in around 1966.

2.59 The 1938 OS map indicates the extent of sub-urban expansion during the inter-war period. Development continues in a linear pattern with semi-detached and detached houses extending eastwards along Main Street and the Leeds Road. To the west this linear pattern continues along Main Street turning north along Station Road. A number of cul-de-sacs extend off these roads including, by 1938, the Belle Vue Estate, Elmete Avenue and Milton Road. The primary school to the west of Station Road had also been constructed by this

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point. The expansion continued during the latter half of the 20th century with Belle Vue Avenue built out by the 1960s.

2.60 Whilst later 20th buildings have encroached upon the historic core of settlement to the west and east it remains a distinctive and readable elements of the village. Connectivity with the historic agricultural hinterland remains to the north and south of the core and it is notable the extent to which historic strip field patterns remain to the north side of Main Street.

Principal Heritage Assets 2.61 No NHLE records fall within the main built up area of Scholes. The nearest record, located to the north-west of the settlement and just south of the A64, is Morwick Hall (list entry number 1065993, Grade II) which was constructed in the mid-18th century for Edward Gray who was the Lord Mayor of Leeds in 1749 and 1768.

2.62 The Scholes Conservation Area was designated in 2012 and the boundary extends to take in the dispersed historic core of the village to the north and south of Main Street and taking in open land to the south. To the east the boundary includes the remaining earthworks associated with the manorial moated site to its boundary with the Leeds Road.

2.63 The Council’s Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan (2012) identifies, amongst others, the modernist St. Phillip’s Church to the south of Main Street as a key landmark structure. Areas of open land to the south of the historic core are indicated as key green areas and important long distance views from Main Street and the Scholes Lodge Farm development are identified towards to south and facilitated by the green areas.

Potential Development 2.64 The 20th century expansion of Scholes has largely taken place to the north-west of the historic core and to the east in linear form along Main Street and Leeds Road. Whilst some encroachment of later development has taken place and the integrity of the historic core diluted to some extent been diminished by infill development, the early settlement form, character and appearance remains distinct. This is reflected in the boundaries of the conservation area and open land to the north and south of the area boundaries provides an important and positive element to setting. Particularly to the south significant views can be

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identified and to the north the integrity of historic field patterns contributes to some degree to the understanding of the agrarian basis of settlement. Potential development may be feasible to the north where visual connectively is less defined and new building form reflects the linear pattern of latter 20th century development.

2.65 To the east of the settlement development continues in linear form to the north and south of Main Street and to the south of the Leeds road as it turnings to the south-west. Expansion beyond this linear pattern will remove openness to the wider setting of the conservation area and again can be considered, to some degree, sensitive to change. Similarly to the west development to south of Main Street would potentially impact upon setting and would erode the linear pattern of settlement. It would also diminish the openness of the Scholes Park farm group which retains elements of an earlier farmstead. The comparative isolation of the farmstead complex contributes positively to the historic and contemporary setting of the conservation area.

2.66 To the north of the historic core, around Station Road and Rakehill Road, land is less sensitive to development change in terms of potential impact upon heritage assets. Development within these areas, subject to layout considerations, would not substantively impact upon the openness to the setting of conservation area or diminish the historic settlement morphology.

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3.0 CONCLUSIONS

3.1 This Study has set out a high level desk-based assessment of the extent to which a number of settlements within the defined Outer North East area of Leeds can be considered constrained by potential built heritage issues. It provides a summary of the historic development of each settlement and identifies principal heritage assets, including conservation areas, scheduled monuments and registered landscapes, which may be impacted by development within their vicinity. This includes potential impacts upon the setting of these assets and upon significant views, for example towards and from conservation areas or landmark structures. It finally considers potential development options for each settlement and identifies, in broad terms, areas of sensitivity to new development.

3.2 Within each of the settlements considered the historic core is included within designated conservation areas, the boundaries of which extend to include significant areas of open space, landmark structures and later 19th century development. In some instances boundaries include early 20th century residential estate development for example in Boston Spa. Later 20th century suburban estate development has tended to enclose the earlier cores although where these still bound the historic landscape the scope for development, with consequential impacts upon setting, is likely to be limited. Similarly development can be considered constrained where it may lead to the coalescence of historically separated settlements. This is particularly notable between Boston Spa and Thorpe Arch, Collingham and Linton and, Bardsey and /Scarcroft.

3.3 Whilst a number of areas to the fringes of settlements have been identified as constrained and sensitive to new development this does not necessarily prevent sites being brought forward. In a number of instances development has potential to reinforce historic settlement morphology or allow for a continuation or rounding off of settlements. This is notable for example in Boston Spa, Bramham, Collingham and Scholes. More detailed study would be required in order to properly assess the potential impacts of such developments subject to consideration of layout, scale, design, materials, landscaping and disposition of open space.

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3.4 Whilst potential constraints have been identified it is evident that within each settlement further development can be accommodated in areas of comparatively lower sensitivity and relatively unconstrained by built heritage issues. The extent of potential development areas and consequentially development capacity clearly varies between each settlement although in no instance is it considered that heritage issues will prevent, on an in principle basis, development within the study settlements.

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APPENDIX 1: SENSITIVITY MAP

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Boston Spa CLIENT: Outer North East Consortum SITE: Boston Spa Development Sensitvity PROJECT: Historic Setlement Study OS Mapping (c) Crown Copyright and Landmark Informaton Group 2016 Bramham CLIENT: Outer North East Consortum SITE: Bramham Development Sensitvity PROJECT: Historic Setlement Study OS Mapping (c) Crown Copyright and Landmark Informaton Group 2016 Collingham CLIENT: Outer North East Consortum SITE: Collingham Development Sensitvity PROJECT: Historic Setlement Study OS Mapping (c) Crown Copyright and Landmark Informaton Group 2016 Bardsey-cum-Rigton CLIENT: Outer North East Consortum SITE: Bardsey-cum-Rigton Development Sensitvity PROJECT: Historic Setlement Study OS Mapping (c) Crown Copyright and Landmark Informaton Group 2016 Barwick in Elmet CLIENT: Outer North East Consortum SITE: Barwick in Elmet Development Sensitvity PROJECT: Historic Setlement Study OS Mapping (c) Crown Copyright and Landmark Informaton Group 2016 Scholes CLIENT: Outer North East Consortum SITE: Scholes Development Sensitvity PROJECT: Historic Setlement Study OS Mapping (c) Crown Copyright and Landmark Informaton Group 2016